19 century Nationalism &

Imperialism
th

Napoleonic Empire 1812

Congress of Vienna

Austria, Russia, Prussia &

England (later France)

Age of Diplomacy
Will govern by accord, diplomatic
balance of power within Europe.
Decides to restore order in the old,
conservative ways with KINGS.
No wars between the states of Europe
Promotion of national interests
WHAT IS NATIONALISM? How do you get
people behind it?

European Imperialism
Imperialism becomes intricately tied to
Nationalism both economically and
politically.
An expression of a nations wealth and
influence
Furthering the previous colonial interests
to supply raw goods for production of
finished goods through industrialization.
Primary areas: Africa, Asia, Latin America

Imperial Problems
German and Italian Unification in the
1860-70s.
Attempts to control the rate of change
and prevent political upheaval.
Nationalism fuels unification through
non-wars.
Franco-Prussian War, Austrian-Prussian
War.
Crimean War 1855

Concerns over
Russias expansion
in Crimean War
(1855)
Declining Ottoman
Empire, including SE
Europe.
Access to
Mediterranean
Shift of balance of
power
Fr & Eng. Help the
Ottomans AGAINST
Russia

British Empire 19 c.
th

Opening of Suez Canal,

1869
French English venture for access to the Red Sea from
Mediterranean; crucial for access to Asia by Europe.

akg-images

Congress of Berlin 1872

Gathered to apportion the
empires of Europe
Competition for colonies among
non-empires sets up alliances for
WW I
Otto von Bismarck sets up this
conference to try to deal with
Partitioning of Africa
Decline of the Ottoman
Empire
Territories in Asia
Stop expansion of Russia

Ottoman Empire ca. 1900 -- Decline

Ottoman Empire declines over several

centuries
Attempts to save by reforming Sultans
over the 19th century
Major Problems:
Provincial structure, unruly army
(Janissaries)
Economic threat from European
industrialization as well as colonial
interests
Some Ottoman provinces resist
colonization by Europeans.
Egypt is critical to Englands
overseas trade.
Egypt is semi-autonomous, under
governer Muhammad Ali (after

Muhammad Ali
Born: Macedonia, 1769
Led Albanian contingent against Napoleon: 1799
Granted title of Pasha and made governor of Egypt:
1805
Conquered Sudan: 1822-1823
Put down insurrection in Crete: 1824
Conquered Ottoman provinces of Palestine, Syria:
1831
Treaty of London denies Ali rule over Levant but
forces emperor to recognize Alis dynastic rule over
Egypt
Died: 1849

Mahmud II
Born: 1785
Became Sultan: 1808
Abolished Jannisaries:
1826
Initiated Tanzimat
reforms: 1839
Died: 1839

Young Turks
Calls for a new Ottoman constitution
1876: radicals seize power and force
Sultan Abdul Hamid II to grant
constitution
Hamid then suspended the constitution
and ruled without parliament
Committee/Society of Union and
Progress formed in 1889
Wanted restoration of constitutional rule