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  • Wilson Cap 6

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    Esteban Vega
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    Wilson Cap 6

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    Wilson Cap 6

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    0 vistas8 páginas

    Wilson Cap 6

    Cargado por

    Esteban Vega
    Wilson Cap 6

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descargue como PDF o lea en línea desde Scribd
    Marcar por contenido inapropiado
    de 8
    ‘The Forces of Evolution Wear ones motonon? This ts the question thar Darwin snswered in cecence and rwentietscentuy bologts, have refed to produce the sie, called nec- Darina, wits whieh we now lve a uneasy consensus, ‘To anaes modem ftom i to ceacend below species and subspecies to the gener and chromosomes, and thence to the utiate sources of biological vert “The fundamental evcluionary event Is a change in the equeney of genes and chromosome configurations ina population. tf population of buries ifr dzouph tine fom 40 percent hoo indus to 6D percent Biss Individuals, and fd color Bue recur, evoudon ofa simple Md bas ‘oecamed. Lager tansfomiatons are eccomplehee by a greet many such no elfect on wing clr oF any other oud walt. Bur Whatever thelr nanae oF ‘magnitude, the changes in progress are alvays expresied in prcenages of fnciidunls shin or mong populadons. Evoltion i absolutly 3 phenomenon of populations. Individuals and thet immediate descendants do not evolve Populations evolve inte sense tat he propoons of caters of Cterent genes change trough cine. Tis conception of evolution at the population lel folowsinluctaby from the ies of natural selection, which ‘he cove of Darwinism. There ate other causes of evolution, bur natal selecion is ovenrbeingty dominant tlnon by naar selection a¢ we understand ft today f 2 continunas cle that can be stopped only by the deth ofthe ante population. The srarcag polnt fe the origin of vasadon by mucadone, which ae random changes inthe chemical makeup of the genes inthe osions of he genes on @e ponions of the DNA thar uldnatelypresibe ouwatd uals, 2 simple as the color of wings and as complex a5 the power of fight. Each gone fc composed of up to several thousand nucleotide pis, or genetic “eters” ‘Tuge nucleodée pals nr specify an amino ac. The amino als ta cam ae assembled inc proteins pros are the bing blocks ofthe cells, nd ens ae te bling loess o organisa. ‘Toe numberof genes in ype Inger organism, such x human blog, ‘on the onder of 100,000, tess iv anes on diferent chromosome posions atfect variation in quantitative tits such asthe date of lowering in plants, frat le the ee ameter of fish, and sin cole tn human Belngs. As many 25 fone hunéred ganes work together to peseibe walt s complex sear stactre ‘Alege number of molecular steps anise the muceoide code ate the sembly ofthe dsinctve quads of a spets. The precise outer of mach less from the tpt lesters of DNA fo messenger RNA and fom there fo sequence ro uansfr RNA ad ano ais; teaming sce Bond ogee na reins some of the pocalns assemble ico cell smucrures, and others into enzymes that cataze the coll constuction tcl; additonal exe: sceeleate metabolism: and aly he whole sa organizing ensembie projec: ‘to the world those properties of anatomy, physlology, and behavior by wien ‘he organism lives or des, reproduces or not “Toe commonest and most slamentary Kind of mutation fan aeration inthe chemsuy ofa gene spediealy «chance subsduton of one audeodde par for another, ikea sem n human beings ‘The lifecycle and the gene pool. The diploid organisms, each ‘with two genes of a Kind per cell, produce sex cells that Individually carey only one gene of a kind. The sex cells, ‘composed of sperm and eggs are the haploid generation inthe yee. Sperm combine with eggs t ereate the next crop of ipl organisms. Taus the genes in a population collectively the gene poot—repeatedly separate and recombine to ereate new variations te be scted on by natural selection. (The animal rmodbled hate is the saltmatsh harvest mouse, 4 threatened specoe of Californias watland) 15 one ofthe most thoroughly researched of all examples of erolon this uldmte molecular Ive. The sickle-cell condton eiintes In pets one out of 100,000 persons esehgenetcon, a he steration of singe gene. when present in double dose (unopposed by a normal counterpart in each cll he ‘mutant gene causes fllbiown anemia, Recall chat each cell contains two ctramosomes ofeach ype and hence wo posslons i whlch ether «non lors sekecell nei located, The scke-cell gone restora change inthe chemistry of the hemoglobin molecules that ryztalias them into an elongata foxm when the enygen level falls ln te surounding blood. Hemoglobin ts cafe fo the rad blood cells, hich ave nommallyakahaped th thin centr. Ar the moifed homcplobin molocule: of the sicHecall core lengthen, they suetch the ed blood call ac dhe ahape of lel, The etange ‘in form causes the celle to block the smallest Blood vessels fn sues ‘nwoughout me body, slowing dzeuution downstream and there inducing ‘schema, of locaiod anemia. m spite of it debittasng effec, the motant sckecell gene hs steed widely in some human populations Blogss have placed together the full sequence of this smal bic of human evolution from ene chemistry to ecology to el he folosing story. ‘he siekecell murcon was the accldent, random substution of one along the 46 human chromesomes. ‘This change na gene leer wales nto the replacement of one amino acid (@utamkc acid) by another (alte) In two OF the posidons on the ‘benoglobin molecule. Thee ae 574 Such pesions, of 574 smn seas tht make up each hemoglobin molecule ‘Te substition of valine for gluamie acd causes the hemoglobin ‘molecule olin up in fon spindles when the hemoglobin sves up is oxszen ‘o sunounding tissues. The vealigamear cst the re blood ells inc tle ape | double dose ofthe gene causes singin more than 2 third ofthe cells, snd severe anemia, A single dove sels in len than 1 percent sling and st, ‘most mild ann. But and di i he most important par. he canter of one cr to sll cell genes Is alo protected from maligna: mala, This second endly diseme is caused by the amocbrlte pasie Plamadim foc, ‘wile invades and consumes red blood cells. The seb fom of hemoglbin fs Iker vulnerable othe Plasma invaders. ‘As 2 result of the restance it cones 2 half dose of sce cl ene, one per cl avanageous in those pats ofthe weld whete malignant mala is ‘common, Until racene historical rns, hie danger tone Snead? opie ‘of ths ses, nar salaeion favored the slede-cell gene. frequency ‘commonly hovered above 5 percent andi eset a high as 20 percenc in 2 few roplone of Mozambique, Teaznia nd Urands, The natural clecson ie Duanesd. When the gene Become: common, mere people segue a double ose and dle off fom heedaryanem. when i becomes rare, more people ene obverved in Aca and eiewhere have moved up or down according to the frequen with which they encounter malian mals, (Of de mulitude of gene mutaons and chromosomal rearrangements that ‘se tuoughou ¢populaion in each generation, many ae 50 mlnor 3510 be ‘neural n effect, nalther favoring nor disfvering sural and reproduction. Either that, or they affect such quanstative tats 2s height and longer adding or subeating from the wales in ways tha ate euro detect. The ‘ast mses of genetic changes whose effet te lnge enough 20 be aaele detected are aso harmful By dafinion they are opposed by natural selection snd therfore sesee,n human blogs chase genet defect are elle genet

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