Design Core: The 3 Product Design Specification’ 3.1 ItRopuction The total achvty of design has abeady been discussed in some detail ‘with emphasis on understanding the whe activity stemming fom the sign core, The establishment and evolution of the product design ‘Speatication (PDS), ands acting lke a mantle enveloping, the whole core activity, is Bow considered in greater detail (Pugh, 19869), ‘Wherever we are in the design core, whatever the stage: we at concemed with at. pardcular tine, this specication is our bes feference. By designing in particular productprocess ares, we are, oF should he, attempting ii Tote tha the PDS Hvel isa sense dvnamic wther than Sa us, doang ie design Ba product, tere good reason for changing the base PDS, then change it It mst be ‘consklered 38am ‘voliionary, comprehensively writen document which upon comple fon of the design activity, has iat evolved to match the charac teristics ofthe nal product, Note that soar cae he POS may be 9 convacial document this, the implations of proposed changes ‘spon the contract shoul be considered "Te tring po for any design atv thus aaket esearch, competion analy erature searching, patent exacting, ee frm ‘which comprehensive PDS must be propceé. reduce based On ‘nk hs paper dense a) ae aay compete with, ay, japanese products, unless you are extemely {orate and lucky, Japanese products are used aban earple here Since thers det evtlence tot they Py grest tention to the vee of the Customer embodied in the POS and to systomate working = "aml nef fem pein of Sting opens Design Cow The Patt Design Specfinton ‘ire so than any other industrial nation. To be success, yous have to bbe systematic and thorough, paying meticulous attention to deta fom ‘the beginning tothe end ofthe toa design activity. The PDS ts thus the fundamental eootiel mechanism that allows. this success to sonics itll The PDS is essential in all fells of design actitty from architecture to shipbuilding, eleonics to mechanical engineering, A POS must be comprehensive and unambiguous, It an expenenced designer is asked to design something with lee than cotnprchensive POS; he wil alms, without thinking, fl in the geps based on his texpetience and feelings if these happen tobe at variance with the tue taser needs, he will be designing to the tong tase. Flguce 21 reinforces this view. [A the end of the design activity, the design of the pretuct must be in ‘balance’ with the PDS, even though the PDS may have changed ‘on the way through. We have aheady discussed the eects of poor ot omexistent user needs in design, the same ressit may be expected Wwith inadequate POSs, Remember that, im this d2y aol age, the absence of a PDS wl result in designs that slmost without doubt wil fail in the market: poor PDS lesa f poor designs; good PUSe de not necessarily result inthe best designs but they do however make that goal atleast atainabie, ‘The constituent elements of » POS ate applicable to all products, irrespective of technelogy, be they pumps or process plants. The major primary specication elements are shaven in Figure 31. (These wil be Considered in some detain following sections) Remomher that they are the primary triggers from which the PDS will evolve the information on which they are based will have come (or shold have) from the preceding user need definition stage. In preparing ¢ PDS, do ‘ot cat out any of the elements, even though the information they generate starts to overlap and integrate. The PDS ses the design in ‘context, representing as it does a comprehensive set of constaias Which ere always in a unigue combination, ‘As with the previous markevuser need stage, the fal spectrum of this stage of the total design activity has been revealed ~ the design boundary encompassing the major clements, Notwithstanding. this fact, the previous arguments in sespect of rigour sill apply. Ina frst design projec, ii preferable to cover the full spect] of elements, albeit toa superficial level. As a course proceeds,» more professional theroughnese should be expected, but within the leit tions ofthe knowledge and experiance ofthe parscpant to that point ‘Mest courses will provide coorsewock and exereises potalning to an engineering discipline; these wil sometimes be caled ‘desig’ but in relation to fal design they muy be consklred ae ‘pata as satedTotal Design Chapter 1. Since it 6 recognized that, particu in fist degree route, full comprehensive coverage can racely be achieved ‘with Jesign, you wil be given patil PDSs appropriate to the exercises at he time, I you conser tha a task is partial but does not mptch the PDS, you should clr this with yous tloro» your immediate superior 1 appropriate (Figure 3.2). 5.2. THE CONTENTS OF A PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATION in discussing the preparation of specifications, mast engineers think primary in tenms of performance, since performance achievement ors a sor part of their design actvty. We wil therefore commence pur discussion with performance 3.21 Performance the perfomance demanded oe kely tobe demanded shouldbe ily fetinads how fst how slow, how often ~ continionsly oF acon Smuousiy, lings Hely elect, hydra or preumat, tolerance speed, tte of working ele Remember tha the more complex the product the more Ielhood there is of abigues ar cont Refween the eviormance gure spetied for example, the specication of an let cable to cary 20 AVA fo an urerter hie when th sum ofthe vehicle power reguizements amounted AVA? Is the performance demanded atanable in an economic manner? A common ang in speclving peormance iso ask for the climate, rer than that whichis obtainable, Research eedence shows thet sucess design leas pay get alention to establishing objectives hat can be tained Ii the toposphesc seri] ample given in Chapter 10, the owable physi variations to the specified tae parabola ciate the approach fo the design Infact, the decision to design the cah in 38 sectors ws based primary on the stated tolerances fom microwave experts nthe event ft wes thown that these fleaneet could have Seen sgncaty relaxed inthis instance es extremely easy t tight up 3 performance speication to wich an extent thi i one designed to test that pesormance, the ine wuld not wing aoe i he company cl possibly afford fo'make Hin the fs pace. Ses deparenens mt nts never em abe amazed hat 2 pri sone fom tel speciation ents so much. t takes lite effort or Shoup f spe Ser fc any parsote, Wich in reliy means inte con Design Ci The Pratt Design Sitio 49 occu ns te Pes of yr apeing Cl and re samen in mass production industries, is move My fe sate specialist equipment, particulrly ithe k the ely the lage anol eld wher te Glen does not rely now the adequate etl of pononeanee wee {et fe inert vate tl trerspeccaiy formance, and also remember “Wat paroorenet a ‘component of the PDS, a eee Tis notun 'pnotuncommon, sy, wih hydauli pumps, or manufacturers to specyperirmance paramotrs Ra are nate een ch bul independ with retuctons father parame ample, pressure and flow for variable delivery pumps. In other words, masa donot always accor opether PUMP: other 32.2 Environment AIL aspects of the oducts likely envionment sho Me of te ly hold be considered © temperature range © pressure range (lide) © umicity shock loading (gravity forces) S$ dicty or dusty — ow dsty? ~ how clean? J) Sion om ts — ype i ot cena © vibration type of labour or persons who w 3B gf Btver oF persons who wil se the equipment — bly + s3y unforesn hazards ocuslomes, wer or the enviar for example, inclusion of CFCs? ar ‘ manaactrd hems expen » number of tee ensonment henge inany oral of hearse ioe beng ete ee chen ay oc ae hee ae 4 Dusng mastic enone acting uy, x (ow dering) a Sang ond cay ean 4 Dutag worpe ep > Dasng ey Rent ‘sssembly forces, contamination fom sweating50 Toa Depe Dring packoging During transportation During storage - at 9 wholesalers warehouse, Daring display. During use. ‘These environmental subsets must be considered at the outset, otherwise the essential performance cequzed during Usage may never ber achieved, or at best may be somewhat less than the user expectation 3.2.3. Life in service (performance) Should service Ife be short of long and against which enter shoul this be applied? Against which part of the PDS is (or should) the product Ife be assessed? One year on fill performance, 4 hours 2 ay, Seven days a week, or what? 3.24 Maintenance Is regolar maintenance availble or desble? Will designing for rmaintenancesfee operation prejaic the design to such an exten that the product vil become too expensive to ay In te fist place? Does the ‘company, or indeed the market inte. which the product will ‘ultimately go, have 2 deinive maintenance policy? Is the market used to maintaining equipment ance i is purchased? The following points are relevant ‘© Speciy ease of access to the pasts thet ave Hkely to require tintenance. tis no pod calling for regular maintenance if i takes 10 days to seach the part 18 What i the maintenance and spares philosophy of the company and market? © What is the likely need and desirability of special tools for In the design ofthe hydrate powerpack dicussed in Chae 7 the fiat prodcion mov had the ff er ap on one act of the Fmpltor troche (Figure 33). Tn pratt pk were pled Eose together alongside rock walls arin many Instances 1 wos cxtremely dict ofp up the tank. The design shown has provision {or mounting te fier onthe sue of he base tank Drs Cow: The Pau! Design Spcation 51 an 2 Garyncreotno, Ferre teat 56 ton can A, Patan Figuce 33 Evolution of pumplnescr suppor breka. 3.2.5 Target product cost Tage produton costs shouldbe exes from the outset and chet ping eng He potent tpt as othe low sie, and’ many cases they ae unladen he ‘constraints of the PDS. + eee Cate should be ken at hs sag to ascertain whether the target ‘ests comple with competion’ prof an, most mapa ‘ith the manufacturing fact salle fo mae the prodace, Cot ters should fe estabaned nd tad In deta Bee seg te et cost if hole costing atte being 8 ade is being apse by the compan matt een into when yon are enn hen ie shoul oe ‘onsidesed, with particular reference to moiklenance. ta senses wi ‘ deo and 3.2.6 Competition A thorough anaiss of eompetiion must be cited out, incuding Comprehensive erature sarc, tants and passe Inca ce52 Tom! Design relating not only tothe proposed product are, but also to analogous product areas,"These must be arabe. The nature and extent of bnstng aod likely competition is probably the most important aspect fof @ PDS, a last from » comparative viewpoint. for example, the ‘evolving speciation shows serious mismatches or defences when ‘compared with what already exists, then the reasons for such ‘Gepartures mst be fully understood. Therefor, it eesenial Ut 4 fail paramedic analysis be cared cut. Chapter 2 demonseates this sore fll. ‘Typial magelindes of gach searches are: Useful papers: 300-600 Relevant patents: 10-100 Competing products: 2-80 Useful paramette graphs: 5-30 (rom a selection of, say, 100. Incrder to stayin business, more and more companies are caying ut these Sort of searches very thoscughly lndeed, and ate looking for ‘world -dass parameters 3.2.7 Shipping It ia necessary to determine how the product isto be delivered ‘© By land, sea oF aie — home or oversees; what type and size of ‘ack, pallet container (ISO) oF typeof aizerat used for the typeof product under consideration. It not unknown fer equipment pot tobe able to pass theaigh cargo hatches of crate or hips, oF to be expensive in term of shipping volume. This cm ales the subassembly breakdown of the posit © A product may betcompettive in the UK but by the time itis Shipped overteas st may have become loo expensive. For example, 2 pump designed for land wrigaton and sold mainly ‘overseas became non-competitive because it was made portable (8 good idea) by putting it on a trolly. The consequent doubling of Shipping volume rendered it uncompetitive even though the increase in basic prime cost of the pump itself was very stall (Figure 3.0. ing cpt, pono of Mig pln. A prt maybe compe in the'UX ut bythe tine kl shipped overseas stay have beat too expendi eign Coe: The Pat Desi Spats 53 gure 3.4 Pump dimension and shipping tnormaton,4 Toat Des 32.8 Packing Bagenting on the eof ort ting dnd, some tm of nay be necessary or transport, stomge et The cos Fucking wil asd tothe produces and ohne, shold the chang Protect against the environmental effects of shipping such 36 salt ner covmsion.shocceading, etc? 32.9 Quantity = wl tet at ty numbers to be ran of =the 58 0 the ran pete ofs product de, A one-off nay rite sry ie toting. Sithough there are exceptions, suchas the Chanel Tunnel. Moderate rs may ere chs empoary ong WN iy re pemanent expensive tuling, Thi has ¢ conser {et onthe sopprtive fester rere andthe pla lead ing thease 3.2.10 Manufacturing facility 9 and machi ve designing ol an exsting plant rs the plan id machincy Involved a crs to ov desig Wt ae spine pnt nd machinery? tls no good design onesplnt Setup to ind 3 Pew ae sce by the Bw on pane aren ‘hater lee simultane engineeing sda - ken ‘or buy-out policy: is the product constrained tects with which de company i ami? ot 1 pee Bese manutd e ins Bre adore conse rag 0 suborn starr which mill make thm ies opt neve a ther ined cnt eo afows them the late in lesb fem of anufatring proses and technologies 32.11 Size Soo tae ieee Se eet elon ey ae ne Sabra eyestrain a espn Con The Padet sien Spin 35 32:12 Weight Whats the device weigh? (Remember tht fora given technology, eight frequently directly related to cos.) Allied fo izes weet, important when it comes to handling the product on the shes’ hey using eanufseture, in transi, dusing insllaion of in uke oe situation withthe customer. Should the design be modi to see, the size/weight ares? Should biting points be proved 3.2.13 Aesthetics, appearance and finish The appearance of 4 product is a dict thing to spocty and {hereore, in many instances, i let fo the designer the romplaons come afterwards, CColut, shape, form and texture of Srish should aiays be sonsidered from the outset Advice snd opinion should siege he ought eiher fom within the company er without, Soles, marking, Droduction and thers will always enicize a derign once It orn Terelore, efforts shoud be made to obtain these opinions before the csign commences, and certainly a8 i progresers, Every pecoon fe design cic, accomplished or othensise. So olen the ral cppenanen of 8 Product just happens’ and then stenous efforts sie mare se ‘ake it look better, whiot usualy prejudices tho design i ll ape Newer forget, whatever the product, that the customers f st, before he buys it the physical perlormance comes nes, Te sean Performance ts always st 3.2.4 Materials he choice of materia for a parca rodct eesig envoy ee tothe design ten. Usa this is nt tba thing owen eee naterals sre necersy, they shuld be speed eae Biting the appropiate standart The converse asd wee own that cetsn mater, sch a kabel po ere Products, must nl Be used they ahould mot be specie Aine i allyson expend. sues for uerroun, ater ‘Squpient fron inthe UR bat fa se 3.2.15 Product life span Some indication ofthe He fa product a 3 marketable entity shad be sought I itely to resin in practioner shea a56 Total Dag answers cri sit an aft the design approach ad ‘rie marl and comps, oon poy, anufcrrng cs Tae he Ike Peoduc Me span ave selec eapy or ale Efarpaleutors change ther designe appronmaily vet sh months 3.2.16 Standards and specifications the product 10 te designed to cient strana andr Bash anasto, thon se shouldbe speed se copies obtained. ‘Gvaoloor of such standards suid Be canted out pie ‘cpm othe Ss ial, Gyn oming Sheet to atterpttetonpective nalcng of desig arene raze to such star, so Eat nnd tho we andar are ‘sel ucla ese in many ares, they perl epee Shires or ecinaopyande consis t's parent pont ve ‘They mua nt be allowed fees innovation 3.2.17 Exgonomies 1 products have, to some degre, 4 man-nachine nei, cortinly ding ennufactre an Ho dec dong age gan othe tne sth manera isu there ate oat te Sy matre othe lean ofthe product th nan What Fight reach onces and oprtng tue cepa othe ute, Potees {gen shld be soe te sess nt eg oe ote ou rot be cree. 32.18 Customer 1 ena sin ethan nforatn on camer as likes prerences and. prj, Pyealsoeyebll season Sueston Sod anower, and examination of compestory ends and Spectators areal cul input othe speccaon, “o's prest exten nich ipa il depend on whether there are product Ine prevents sendy onthe market of whether Is 8 Froct treading new gtound ‘Castomer ingot neverhesy ccna fo sues Te Seg fifty wth which ths input Sitsred wanes enomealy tom the age one trbey Fe pret wher the degre trac dec withthe voy, TTetnas produc proc where hemi nots posts conde in'more deals Chapter Design Cove Te Pe Cri Spttion 87 3.2.19 Quality and reliability ‘The laying down of levels of quay and relablity necesary to ensue prodect sucess and acceptability ins parculer market lea cave or Increasing concern. They ave the most dificult aspects to quaniy in absolute terms, although statisueal data from company pret! precedents are helpfal ere. In elections, mean time belore tare (MTBF) and mean time to repair (MTTR) are familar expressions, although it must be remembered that by comparison with inechane hydraulic, pneumatic and even electrical components, electronic components experience a relatively controlled, sheltered fle. Nonethes Jess, some quantitative expression must be made in respect of dy and rellabty atthe specication stage, Reference shoul be made tor + 85473), Quaity Stine pants Pat 1), Sionin or Design, Development, Production, Installation and Seroicing. i © Guite to Use of 855750, Part 1, Speciation for Design. Delors, Production, stalin ond Serine +85 5760, Reishi of ysiome, Epuiment and Components in gree Pats. Pert 3. Guide to Retiabity Pacis: Epes ‘A company mast ensure adequate feedback of any failure analysis to the design tex 3.2.20 Shelf life (storage) ‘actor fen veoked in psn iat sal Me’ ppd tun) or elamge on ses apie fo complet pam). Wh eat to units, shelf ie must be apeced atthe sutnee andthe meses te com decay considered (ae Tavonment Beeson 32°), hence rusty gearboxes perished rubber coniponens ssnd eocge les tive lungs, comoion and enerl decay il Occ The designers af «complex plant saul ais be aware ofthese roblens tne esupent designed on the sssumpton of enone insallaton and commisioning may be around on ae fr Monhe oe nid without adequate protection apd serge 3.2.21 Processes Fechouse process specications, as opposed to manufacturing teche _Biques, ae vitally important. Ii speil processes are toe weed ter og manufscture, they should be defined ~ for example, pisting spect8 Tol Desig ions, wiring specifications, Altematively, the relevant standards — fish, foreign. in-house, et. ~ should be called upon. 222 Time-seales Nat isthe time-scale fr the project asa whole, in parts or phases? Is here a need toi In with the time-scales of oxhersconcermed with the roe" Lead times allowed for design activity are érequently inade- ate, but they determine the time-scale forthe whole projet up to nanfacture and product launch. Design time must be adequate 10 ste thatthe produc is designed effectively and efcently an other cords, professionally. Lack of adequate time spent atthe beginning of Ndesigh projet will be made up for later and to other people's ime-scles due to defective products, market mismaiches, overwhelm ng competition and the like. There is ao alternative to adequate design 2.25 Testing fost products reste some form of testing after manufac, ether he lactory, on aie or bth. Products forthe consumer or engincenng, rvkets esualy require afacry tet to von the quay of the oduct end is compliance with the POS. Curious this usualy cate tothe performance especs wis though ese epresea “naow view ef the whole question of pot evasion ‘Dove sample ltt ne inten, one a handred or what? Do we cd ne te ty? Hs me be re tht te rd signed to have capil engagernent with and detachment fram the test Data clon and prciua havo ave mended to awe thee ction, An inal tes spoon should be writen att stage It oo Late afer the design as boon completes! Proets plants and projects ofthis nature asualy hae acceptance oa nen etn ition to atoy tests As wth ll testing these mite crf planing and enceton, not oly fo ensoecomplance th the PDS, but alo to limit the cost 12.24 Safely me safety aapecs ofthe proposed design ad iy place inthe market rus be fonaaered led, there maybe elation and standerds rs be onsite ch ae HASAWA, BEC lopatc on prot ore tht Pear apencnons felevant te parte prot Drain "he Pract Deion Spsifction 5p fos uth 888 524, St Renton pl Mata Boe Exner The folowing att hon he a it MICROM 160 (see Figure 1.15) is typical: _ i ty (0) Th sepet is comprehensively covered by Hospi covered by Hovpitl Techical Meno No.8, ity Cle for Encl Atanas The oe ne {298 apres Helo The speciation then goes on ene he ah fetenhs fom te memorindon, BS 520 sere coped (2) Sharp comers ace wo be avoided ded 25 fra poet Forse! and the sping of sural doce © Asfares pose any componet shoul te alae an performance (3) Desig of the manjpaater must be eye level areata iat al pease size the sk wo "hat horn arme jt above 19) The manipulator shoal be designed 0 that prs alee move relative to ech other oe unhely o ap ins, a abun o rapes ts (©) No par ofthe munpator shook hove unguanded projections whe ‘doting, drapes or ports of the bly are ly to Be Sone ene Labeling shuld se ade “ ate Waring. key dec of suse, ‘hi evi rat al aah UA, of stan representation fortion of equipment Dente openeng ints must be pepe. Soe Seon Soa eee 3.2.25 Company constraints The consents of cura rent company prac shouldbe highighted and dsgwvod I the conpuy cnr te prevou pods is as, snow about it at the specification stage, Possible manufacturing fact erst, fnancal and instead once and attitudes are very relevant. ie Ace there adejuate ahouse facies for research, design, evelopment, testing, et, inchiding quality of personnel 3.2.26 Market constraints eck rom the market place shouldbe consem. 1 o good inorporatng a ceri tems engines in equipment oe ste units, i they wil not sept them The fie som ae fclescopic hanes wat designed tice erage of fend see ae thot pol in tne, and forthe loreaeabe anus Ford Peston cet60 Toa! Design unacceptable inthe Middle Fast Therefor, the design was changed to accommodate Perkins engines, a8 well as Ford engines, Knowledge of focal conditions, particularly overseas, combined witha full knowledge ofthe market must be inczporated in the PDS atthe beginning of the project anc asthe design evelves, Otherwise it during the course of the project the market disippears, the whole sctiity may have proved to bea waste of tine. 3.2.27 Patents, literature and product data Al areas_of likely useful information should be investigated and researched, and in particular pans patent clashing should be known sbout a8 adon as posible, Its polndess designing something Wr sale in ignorance of someone eac's potent. Figure 3.3 ves on example of & patent forthe MICROM 169, desenbed in Chapies 1 3.2.28 Political and social implications The likely effet of the product on the poi and social structure of he market or county for which itis to be designed and manafactured should be considered. Typical factors inchide tho elect of consuener movements the stablity of the market, and the avoldance of product features that can create Socal unrest and upset 3.2.29 Legal With the adoption by the FEC of product Habit legislation, based in art on US experience, its essential 1a conser he legal aspects of design al the FDS stage. Such legislation considers ‘prada defect as t primary basis, Many detects are designed into 3 praduct through ack of aequate consideration ef all the constraints atthe outset, Its suggested that “defect of specication’ may account for many detects of design’ and even for subsequent ‘defects of manufac In his respect, the following incident, relating to a product currently on he market, shoakd prove of interest (Pugh, 197%). Daring, the ermulation of the original POS forthe ‘Grate’ site placement vehicle see Figure 19), 8 was decided to make it the safest vehicle on the market, from the viewpoint of stably. Since any handling device ing forks relics on gravity to retain it ood the isk to ie and lind hreases with height and teach, oth it termn of the operator an cople In the victy oF the vehicle. Being the fast vebicle of this esi in the fed, was decided to provi» sytem of operations z Pei Gre The Pratt Dien Spscton United States Patent su ssuau 1 sae poet, Fare 38 Paeat or MICROM 4 sh ht any oom, increase in the extension of protestant, depresion ofthe bom ny, vaton ee init, would automatically override the ieeet inaptt tns ert aythe,Pe ine i nen oto toons ne vse” tend to per nth manne on ter ture of the eye tied to aTat Dvge manual levecaperated voles, which cont! the Iwo moses Scart conaiz went danger zoe epprec rernding the operators inp "Tw examples here poten haa right have arisen wil ter state the proba of classy defects. ist 9 cone complained tha the vers fed to he cont) es tea srg uy ane vom, on acquentkestigationsyevesled tot when the suey system fa ito operat, with vahes certabsing, ght Mashing and ict stein te opertor had steed o extend the kod ang yas application ot tbes tothe lever, Natural, ng pisces of ie Xd ween eet wete requ To overcome the system even tly the ne elt being the bending 8nd ulate face ofthe very hence the eqoc! or stonger levers, a achent had velco hs practic, under whch defect cassifcaton would ve been considered? + Defect of speciation - shoul t have been foreseen atthe outset that operators would aetomp to override the safely system by the appliction of tubes tothe valve-operating lovers? + Defect of desig ifthe contro levees ad snapped injring the ‘operator, should they hove been made strong enough fo accept pipes of rvrte length? ¥ Defect of manufactre — ws she lover material not te specie sony, a vehicle of similar design appeared on the market wih 3 foxy system that sounds a laxom and Nashes alight in the event of ovement of the lad outside the sate envelope of operation. 1 these ignored, the danger cane can be entered and stability may reel pold an accent oxcur wth this vehicle, is interesting to speculate ther i would be considered 9 defect of design ot specification, As Giraffe preempted ths Taler machine, would 2 give rise vestns in the ate of "easonable user expectation? 30 Installation fy products must Inteslace with ether products or be assernblod to lager procs (or buildings). Installation therefore must be snsidered i the PDS. This wil include fing holes and hg 606 rr vlume avaiable for the product sjstem compabbily, power rnpatinlty and the Uke In the case of the hydraulic power pack discussed earlier, the Design Cie Te rae Dein Spin gy problem ofthe inital filler postion had ranuications for instalation but it was subsequently a r Slerbvater ung MY SF FY the al posting of the Pst itr hy npr mee ee a tn og ot sn eS me ee ese Secion 3224 and Lge, Seton 239, Weare ees ‘overall design tsk, say fora power salon, ape eM oF Previous comments legal requirements, é ia Enpsrative thal fall documentation is prepared or ll projects = this shoekd be done formally, no informally I nacenty had wy welee te called documentation for the wind tunnel refered to In Chavles hich is currently being rfubished seme = 30 years on from the design 3.2.32 Disposal Inany products, snot pestle ofp abut eon seam Svcd aceasta Bate tg te fr diassembly — for example, Mignon nicetr react? This rece essing problem with many products, and i ot Sten pacpog Stott pete trom “cdTod Design sel, ather than ne specification for its design. Therefore, it provides he basis for the vier oF producer to make his decisions ina cmaprehensive manner There ae no alternatives to a meticulous and thorough approach 1 PDS preparation in a competitive world Tr & perhaps worthwhile reteating that the PDS is defined a6 hat whieh sets out in detall the roguizemaents tbe met to ackiewe 9 cess product or process, Whea the product has been designed it tel! specied by the drawings, documentation, etc, which go to Heseribe the product in kveat depth. This s known as the specication othe product the product specication. Try to avoid the use of loose Semantics where the one maybe confused with the other. "There is. great deal of evidence tothe effect that a poor PDS isa very canon couse of unsuccessful designs (Cooper and Kleinschmidt 138). 3.3 THEPDS DocuMENT Guidelines for preparation: (1) Remember that the PDS isa contcl decurnent. It represents the specication of shat you are trying to achieve = not of the behleverent set (@) Remember that itis 2 user document — for use by you and in industriel situations by others Ht should therefore be wntten suscinely and eleayy (9) Never wrte a PDS in essay form, Use short, sharp defritive saterents under the headings provided in Figure 21. Its useful Jn pracice.to allow space for amendments and additions therefore, do rot crowd the page. Two headings to a page 18 tsually adequate at the sar; a professional PDS may ultimately Jhave many. pages to a heading. Figure 3.6 shows a typical proach. PDSe need to be user fiend. (4) From the beginning, try to quantify parameter in each arca ~ for ‘example, weight. Students and professional engineers frequently Say they do not know the extent of such parameters: if in doubt ‘estimate 2 Higre (©) Since « PDS is always vnigue in a new design situation, the fristionship between the elements always varies. It Is recom ‘ended thot in preparing 4 PDS that you also vary your staring in for example, you may slart one with performance and hater with eneironment or pobtic, Varying the raring point Design Cn: The Pct Desig Spieton 65 Figure 36, Format for product design spain will aid the acquiston of the Hex ‘eguiedio prepare good PDs. nn” MMM whlch Is (8 nays tte dosuent ppt ®) Clearly document amendments. a ve mamieranit 34. THEPARTIAL PDS ‘The term “partial design’ has boon, catlies; the phrase partial PDS" be brought together, fefered to and a case made for it ‘has now been used and te wo shoul6 Tot Des All siatementstade 5 fr in relation tothe PDS have referred to the whale product — for esample, the motcr eae oF the cece shaver, ‘Bat all products may be conveniantly broken down from the whole oal system) tothe subsystems and then to the component level. To take advantage of ts breakdown, ie useful to role to subsystem design specifications (SSDSs) and component design specications (C58). or particular subsystems or components of 2 product, many of the facets of ie ‘specication’ willbe taken from she overall FDS, and twill apply. However, somo of the primary areas will net, in some jtances, be relevant, ule others will Become more relevant for foampl, a component of machine wall be very mile subjet to ts interactions with ie adjoining components, and therelore wall be Subject fo ils fc enviroginent within the envelope of the total PDS ‘Students on engineering courses have 10 earn the fundamentals of engineering, andi 5 usual to acquire this through the mechanism fof component and subsystem designs ullaing. the appropriate technologies and analytic wechniques for example the design of shaft finite element techniques: the design of a crcit sing cca fs techniques, This s the way You acyulre your engineering tool ie= you do not squire i inally Ey tackling the total diesel engine, video recorder, alplane, bridge or Concorde replacement. ‘so, itt the context of total design as discussed s0 fay, the ‘onstitints ofthe partial PDS need to be addressed. Beth in teoching find in pracke i sould be quite desely delineated to the ‘does just ‘wha is required — judgement as the quelity of the design should not brelefty ax in many instances i, to the opinions ofthe tutor, of im industy, to your immediate superior, Such judgements will be made _gsine the background ofthe siferen experiences and contents ofthe “toitator Ifthe ditferchces between that experience and the current project are large for example, judging the details of a bidge design lwhere previous experience has been conceaed with pressure vest design) then the value of such judgements wil be open #9 question "Abeays try 10 establish the context of the subsystem oF ‘component in ports! PDS against which design alteratives might be rmoasured. It could woll be thatthe partial PDS for a shalt (or CDS) might only encompass some of the cloments (se Figure 3.2). [As with the overall prot, component designs should also be handled quite systematically, otherwise vial factors wil be omitted, the product quality will safer and competitive “situations. will deterorae, Systematic design ss essential at al levels | Design Core: { Conceptual Design 4 4.1 IrRopuCHON (en must new be started without + PDS howeven, yee eal tl i roan nt te amici change for Ie beter the overall concep ee Procedures for oun ote fl pucip manutactaen, is oe ‘Pump diaphragm, this alo could be ete in Bap dap in the same way bat at the Nevertheless, cannot be Sense, if you are asked to des PDS, then you should overemphasize tht ina tot des igh someting without a paral or Scck clarification fom your tutor ox superior, + Compile your oven version of the PDS iis professionally imporsbe to 6 an opinion of any value about » kesign without Knowing is gine whe BOS, hay a ext 8Figure BO Domestic Door C Security Device -— Total Design Task This report contains the PDS fora demos oor ssuritydevie The intention ‘sto proucea produc tht lbs compete withthe shes vale sp {he suche le producing solution to the protiems encod wih such esi ‘A mukidsspinry team of four people, mechanic, electri end srodttion engines, somaraly of 17 yrs of age, repo fo he tal ‘esgn tai: The PDS hos ot en cet in my ay oy ta tt ‘epreenatve of wha an be produced withthe tal des apron Performance 11 To it any domestic extsor dace (ethan or tght hand 12 Mos able to thstand an aterpted forced Enty, p16 a fore of ah ae BS 301), 1.3, To allow iat comtt wit 4 Toallow communiaton with ele, 15 Mast be casy to operate = is expected thatthe ser age stop will ange fom ahem to senor aces oe {The devioe should by stong enough fo west wie eaters 7 “The normal operinglaasing ofthe dase rnin nol be alee y the prcsnae of te device 1.8 The strength of he doors wot Be anda tage by the presence of the dec, 19 When the dovce sn ue, the door mt ot beable fo ope aretha oom 1.10 Operating condions tate Environment) se260 Total Design Environment 21 Normal use: Device wl be ited 0 an enance door othe inenedte ther ol he door, in 3 dvcling vse a2 Reames to nies estar Wie device expres of arly ‘posed on the utd Wie da, then mast babe Wiha ‘Sane weather condone test oe). 23 Temperature The unit should perform and not to damaged by Apert inthe range of “BRE to IOC: 24 Pree range ie uit shout perform and aot be damaged y a pressures Hebveen 0 Ni and 10600 Nn (0 ere ait Raraprt to be tte, 25 Connon essence: The unl shoud be resistant to conosion from st vate oy any otter hosel gd 246 Shock aig the coor esc from lly opening by the deve then the devce mst be ale to witsond # shock Sod of M0. However, the unit seul not be pede aon allover, Inco ad ts onthe doo 27. Bout: The deve must able fo eithetand vandal, 28 ast and ct Any tense or poised parse camponen tht wou! be itt rom pease by dant it soul Be rte or at es be sy cer Life in service A minimum of 10 years rogue, bt economy bl, 228 yea en crvce wou be poet, Maintenance The, gen poley of te competion tds oats ie roduce, To keep within the lrgetedroducun rst ardcqual the Compton’ manteance ply a send of te mort the espn sould comply with the foi 11 fe comply mintnance fee withthe exception of ight nbicaion tnd when segomed Teteor, ro spate pats wl be manutd 12 Where soe, Bells ac washers ate wed rsh standards ast be eonpied wih (ee “Standards and speceaors. 4:3 ny parte tht do require nberain should be accssibe within one ‘huts, without the ned for epacl tool equipment a4 The devoe should be renovate but only by the excupan) of the wong or by» perso designated by the exc) thi ony Bn ‘estoy in eee of sow doe Beng ted or when the arpa) amests Doe Security Device — Tot Design Task 64 ‘Target product cost ‘Oursim 2 AEs fo produce an efective secly device hut will in the lower price range. The sora retail zat of present vk £10.28 Allowing for owemaeds ad the postaty of unfrnen cvents the lage tow fot manefatre shout be between 5 and & percompleted nd packaged ove, ‘Competition 62, Pope: Foye! manuacture @ wide range of door secunty devices Howeve, ony two such devices should prove ta be diet canpeison (see musket researc dovaent fr father deta). 62 J.B Reynas & Company Lt J-E Rayman & Co, Ld mate four secutt devices ehich sl et dompoition to the devs to be ‘nasutaclued oe musket esearch oar fr arse dea 63 J. Legge fe Co. Lids Legge UK ranks at one of the leading lock ‘manufacturese im Europe, sling highwohre quality produits ne thar 80 counts. However, they do fol manuiactuce a dcr sunt devise chat allows communienog a seal contact withthe rato. 64. Wlpuc (xe markt research docunen or farther des), {55 Chub. Chat munutactore a wie range of locks ud safes hich have, for many year, evjyed an erviabie reputation in proving real sccuny for banks, Govomunent deparierts, prion, Ho pst tices Spd many ater isto tought the ora one mahetrescech ‘focsment fr further det. 6 Yale ce market reench document ee faster deal 167 Ingest se market senenth doce! or fhe eis) Packing A present steals to bo ase forthe device have not been specially ‘oven noe has the actual size. some ota the elena be annidee for the nal packing of the device fee Matra a Si), ZA. Sloe must be het lo» ini, 72 Con mit be hap to 2 minum, 73 The package presenta fo the aster mest be physic attactve (stapp and colours td) 24 Weight must be kept wo ¢ minim. 75. Should present cotton appa, 26 Mont be terre. 277 Sh preven danuge by shock tig, tee of whch wi be 78 Mist be tony removed bythe cee 79. Asrembly und titi intone should accompany the peskige. 7.10 Company logo mest te shown othe package26d Teta Design Shipping/transport 8.1 Pkg wl ete fr sap in ns eh at et Fer [BO cera wi be ward ery te boc 85 Tongue by Sande wh the Raine met a Tareor wil bse on os a et otc markt Quantity Marke nays inaates tha a age pecerlage of households donot have a door secnty device of any deception. Those hschekdsst dohave such ‘devices cnsier he to be hoe, Terre, Hoel be Feasorale Wo ‘rye the marl to grow over the nove yon, cnaierng Be Png cine 411 04k its per annum ob tly predced wth prosvton newease Bima Sr om he pr aid ome rare 9.2. Long protucton rn eveoged, ening ele Yo make dena 95 emmanent new tang shou be insted if equ, ut fll we of cating ling 203 epiprent nt be aeNeved Manufacturing facility 10.1 There cero constants whatsoever on manatactring iy Size 1.1 Length not He peter on 200 12 Breath not we gee than £40 mm 13 Depth ot be grater than 80 Weight 121 The wih of th deve gd be Rept « miu owes strongth sn! tthe pnp foe the sevice 3 esta 122 The fal weight of the de, cud Siting su be egret Aesthetics 15,1 Robust image mus be profs 10 the customer. = 1B2 Almeive sppenance, soul! be colour coordinated with otber d Dowestie Dor Securty Deve — Tall Design Task 248 tenant sachets 15.3 Wher mount, 856100 number must ke ithe 15. AET company legn must he ia tn leering 6 ma i Materials ‘ML The use of eviting materials for manufacture & prea fi not envssged thst ev mater wl veto be devel 142 The mutes chen Wl be ely und m pres 42 The, choven muta MASE hand The heey environment London ose Envonmen 144 The materials honey unt nt oxide in any way 185 The motels shod te Iighscgh wih the designted lttons (ae vaght). Honerer sheng mut "not be sna or net ‘cto 14.6 The chosen ters sho be eat to wr an 147 The surace tnsh should mts wi hn, cep nh or any hes howell mats 148 The aera stout rt be pasos fo humans o household ps. 149 The mater should est cong by wae cers i Product life span ‘This should te 4s long 25 poste so thatthe intl invesnent may be recovered. Each atkel (home and oveees) wl be apace seperately tek Prodicon wll continue end the ‘product Ie sete ere’ levee out The ‘he prac ie spn wal aso be dependent ona Toes ae! nce en Standards/specifiations BS S000 Part afr to enclosed document et ed of PD). 355872 Security fr lacks and latches on dears (8 alNlings 356100 Pew 1,2 ah 3 ete to scuaty sya I no 15 sao Spectators fr horse and pers sneuy deve 5 4737 Ines ler syste 85 ATI Specieations for intae ela: systems lor consumer tastations. 1S 6799 Clue of practice for wie fe inter sar syste 5 4190 Bats and stew. 190 mene Mack howogon BS 3692 150 metic end, sees ae bests BS 05 Ses and oll, sine ste. comes rest I t4ot sping eestor, omc nie, SF Pet pias odin mace ad 5S 550 Saley stand, SP z264 Tua Design Ergonomics 17.1 Hond-operatedcontols must be oble tbe positioned slate the weer 17.2 Handopersted corte mst not qu force of oe Han 3 Noa (73 The day shed be bed on ocean operon ars eon te sed 7.4 No sharp edges wil be exposed to comply wih Bash ety standards (ace sae) 7.5 Preerable conta were lstngashed by clear andor hope, tallow ‘operation in ign conor 7.6 Allowance shou! be nue fr operation when the use tig, sch as in the coe of the disse 1.7 Conadoring OAPS with coordination probs, the following sen ‘Sins ust be complied with if spliaic to the dig Gy" Control batons mast havea dameter gene ha 25 em, {@) Cont! vers must be lager than 10 {6} Control lake must hive s diameter ster than 25 mim and 9 rateig eng longer thin 3 cay beige “astomer he custome wi he «householder, ranging fom chon to senior citzens nthe esol. A quessonnae was propured and ied to howseholers ont Ie guertonnai, the follwing conctsons can e drawn 2.1 52% ofthe poop surveyed fl naece when answering their dors £2 4 ofthe poops surveyed only had fc ited on ter dows 83 40% thought thatthe dons were inadequately proved Sa People thought that suength a bela ee the visor were the ‘ant important fctors, Some also requ to be abe to coumuriae tit the ot 65 Bf he propery wee wing opr ocr on city S46 16% would ial the vice by thems, rom the question an Be sen that Wee pace 07 the markt for cv secu dee, ar Uf the prople syed nd only 3 Tek Bite ree door. The device thoald by mad at al ges of the comunity Pech eta mt te made to cpr he a of the sein sirens duality and reliability ABT work 05.5750, this roduc wai no be designed to comply wit hs 1 To enhance the smnpn’s reputation, sto remain competitive 9 tee Year qusante wil be eee ei mstc Dour Security Device — Toiat sign Fast 268 Shelf life storage 20. Warehouse srage Dies wl be ond in thine pcan Depening onthe sizeof te fol device, they wil be stored eRe muna of 10 pr box 202 Atel cules he devices wl be isplyed tin Wer indi! adage 23 Therese no ination o sel i, snc the die wil eof «mn: bya nate (r-pershae. Processes 21.1 There are no linia tothe manufacturing processes a he ae no covtaints on the antec fy Timescale 221 Spocation foreution - 24th February 1989, 222 Concept eetsaton — th March 198) 223 Eyam of concepts th Mere 18, 224 Desgn proces complete ~ 2s Ape 196, 225 Processing compete ~sfuly P89, 225 Commence martfaiusng Ie Avgest 19, Testing, 2 In the caso of pons being purchase fom a outside company, visual inspection of | in ems wil be suse ut 232 Date eed fph vom of rac tach ngecon wl be 229 Type, a btch test of {in 1000 wi be aid ut the ie of restrinr oe di, the device wil be Ove aad lost dor and destroy ete fo BS 3 Safety Device mast comply with al af the relevant parts of BS 2156 and de Home Siety Act i 7266 Total Designs ‘Company constraints 25.1 The company is alenty wel std to manolacurng secu prods, sind a there are'no manus ensesnts mo company cea Should be env 25.2 Depending onthe make ception of the device, ces abou ay have toby employed 253 tLnew manulactaring process ar teu, allowences should be made forthe ering of Personne: Market constraints The device wile marketed ona eb bess within the UK an if uct, wil bo murketed werk Patents The fllowirg ane potent (Eom GB) thst soul se te brsched 15229 Cin cath for doors 211606 Improvement 9 door sacuty desc M07 Aajestate cain door Bones ‘10809 Chain nc for door, 107281 Observation port, 21641 Secu commutation device. Q4627 Dove viewing device. 5574813 Door fing llming a visitor ant hic eremils tbe inspected ore the Goce opened Political and social implications All pats of the vice are Be ciel um Bish comps {Consideration should made the naming ofthe poet len caplet omnglsbspeaking eons The pric! shaifno he expats to 8a) ‘ouney where cure tade enbirpice ont Extract from BS 8220; 1986 Prt 1, Section 342.16 ~ or viewers, door mers ant doo chains ‘Th Ang of he eircom or emy dor tren eck 8 sry rg elites aang ht, Sedan ei does mie ome Dw Sey Dee ~ Tot Onsen Task agp a Mim in fas be mate hae ont te einen day, «tsk e's was yam einiman of 30%, hs i, and te moet «Sy Se SEER en sry de aS ca ge Stet umowtd perma ui ofsent Delos am uti any rw ds: catch te Rafe xy ate as seal pera Ss ee ee a ae oi ey Sou tna a Se tit fom ado moon hg se Po bead nam wee