Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
BeiningZhang
EdinaHighSchool
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
I.
Introduction
Carryingonatrendofglobalwarmingspanningseveraldecades,theyearof2014
markedtheEarthswarmestyearsince1880(NASA,2014).Consideringthemajorityofthe
increasehasoccurredrecently,itisunsurprisingthatthebillionsoftonsofhumanemissions
releasedeachyearmayhavesomethingtodowiththeextremeimbalance.Evidently,ifhumans
wishtocontinuelivingontheEarth,theyneedtofixtheimbalanceinordertoavoiddestroying
theenvironment.Todothis,newmethodsofenergyproduction,onesthatdontpollutetheair
andharmtheplanet,mustbedevelopedandputinplace.Indeed,manysolutionsinvolving
greenenergyarealreadyinuse,butthereisnodoubtthatimprovementscanbemadetohow
wearespendingourresources.Asdeterminedbyanalysisofvariousmethodsofrenewable
energyproductionandtheirperformancesinsolvingthethreekeyissuesoftheenergycrisis,the
UnitedStatesOfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyshouldincreaseitsallocation
offundstooffshorewindpowerandphotovoltaicsolarpower,andreduceitsfundingfor
geothermalpower.
II.
Background
BeginningwiththeestablishmentoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyin1970,the
UnitedStateshasbeentakingactiontoreversethedamagedonetotheEarthbyhumans.Policies
regardingenvironmentalprotectionnotonlyincludepollutioncleanup,butalsoasearchfor
green,lessharmfulsourcesofenergy.In2013,UnitedStatesreachedthepointwhere13%ofits
energycamefromrenewablesources.Coalmadeup39%,naturalgases27%,nuclearpower
19%,andpetroleumandothergases2%(EIA,2014).InhisClimateActionPlanof2013,
PresidentBarackObamaoutlinedaplanthatwouldinvolvetheproductionof8,100megawatts
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
ofrenewableofenergy,enoughtopower2millionhomes,theWhiteHouse(2014)reports.The
futureofenvironmentalprotectionisfocusedonrenewablesourcesofenergy,anditisobvious
why:theyaretheonlysourcesthatareforcertain
in
thefuture.Researchersworkonrefining
currentmethodsandtappingintonewstoresofenergy,butwhenallothersourcesinevitablyrun
out,renewableenergywillbetheonlyreliablesourceforpower.Thus,ifonewishestosolvethe
energycrisisinthelongrun,onemustfirstandforemostexaminethepossibilitiesofrenewable
energy.
Asrenewableenergycontinuesalongitsupwardtrendsinbothusageandimportance,
closeconsiderationofvariousmethodsofrenewableenergyproductionbecomesevenmore
necessary.TheOfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergy(EERE)hasrequested$774.5
millionforthedevelopmentofrenewableenergyinthe2015fiscalyear(n.d.).Theoptimal
amountofmoneytobeallocatedtoeachtypeofrenewableenergyneedstobedetermined.
Currently,theEEREintendstouse$62.5millionforhydropower,$68.3millionforonshore
windpower,$46.7millionforoffshorewindpower,$61.5millionforgeothermal,$253.2
millionforbiofuel,$131.4millionforphotovoltaicsolarpower,and$150.9millionfor
concentratedsolarpower.InthispaperIwillconcludethebestplanforallocatingthesefunds,
detailinghowmuchshouldgotothedevelopmentofeachkindofrenewableenergy.
Inordertomaketheconclusion,however,asetdefinitionforbestmustbereached.
Thiscanbedonebyfirstconsideringthethreemainproblemsfacedbytheenergyusageof
today:unsustainability,pollution,andunavailability(Mitchell,2014).
ThedependencyoftheUnitedStatesonunsustainablesourcesofenergyisproblematic,
andmoreattentionneedstobegiventothepromotionofrenewableenergy.Unsustainable
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
energyformsincludeanymethodsofenergyproductionwithlimitedsupplies,frompetroleumto
theuraniumneededfornuclearpowerproduction.AccordingtoRoyAnderson(2011),these
sourcesofwillrunoutby2100.Giventhecurrenttrends,eventhatisanoptimisticprediction.
AsChrisMartenson(2014),anenergyanalyst,putsit,Thefutureofenergyisthatwewillnot
beburningfossilfuels,whetheritsin30yearsor100years.Thecurrentmethodssimplywill
notlast,emphasizingonceagaintheneedfortheUnitedStatestofocuseffortsonrenewable
energydevelopment.Renewableenergysourcescanhavevariouslevelsofsustainabilityaswell,
whichstemsfromhowtheyrankontheothertwocriteria:amountofemissionsandcostof
production.
Asidefrombeingunsustainable,thecurrentmethodsofenergyconsumptionare
extremelydetrimentaltotheenvironment.DatafromtheU.S.EnergyInformation
Administration(n.d.)showthattheamountofannualCO
emissionsfromenergyconsumption
2
havebeenincreasingnearlyeveryyearforthelastthreedecades,reaching32,579millionmetric
tonsin2011.Ithascausedanimbalanceinthenaturalcarboncycle,causingglobalwarmingand
unsafebreathingair.Themethodsbeingusedforenergygenerationarethecausethe
combustionoffossilfuelsforelectricity,transportation,andfactoriesmakesup94%ofcarbon
dioxideemissionsintheUnitedStates,theEPA(n.d.)reports.Itistimefornewmethodsof
energyproduction,onesthatarenotonlyrenewable,butarealsoenvironmentallyfriendly.
Lastly,thedemandoftheUnitedStatesforpetroleumandcrudeoilshascreateda
dependenceonothercountriesthatmustbereduced.In2013,roughly33%ofpetroleum
consumedand50%ofcrudeoilprocessedintheUnitedStateswereimported(EIA,n.d.).
ReducingthesenumbersisimportantforstrengtheningtheUnitedStatessecurityandeconomy.
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
Currently,theU.S.isveryvulnerabletodisruptionsinglobalstockandprices(Furman&
Sperling,2013).AsFurmanandSperlingwrite,asidefromprovidingstability,producingmore
energywithintheU.S.willincreasethenumberofjobs,promoteinnovationinenergy
productiontechniquesandtechnology,andraiseGDP.Obviously,makingmoreuseofthe
resourceswithintheU.S.andthusreducingimportswouldbeverysociallyandeconomically
beneficial.Aclearpathtothiseconomicindependenceisprovidedbyrenewableenergysources.
Thesun,rivers,wind,andmoreallrepresentgreatstoresofenergywaitingtobeharnessed.The
NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(2012)reportedthattherenewableenergyresourcesin
theU.S.hadatotalpotentialofproducing481,970terawatthoursofenergy,givenconstraints
suchasthoseduetotheenvironment.Clearly,renewableenergypromisesimmensegrowthfor
theeconomyandthefutureofenergyproduction,whichiswhyitshouldbefocusedonmore.
Potentialsolutionstotheenergycrisismustaddressallthreeoftheseproblems.Each
methodssuccessatdoingsocanbeevaluatedusingapointsystem.Then,baseduponthese
scores,aplanfortheallocationoffundscanbeformed.
III.
CurrentMethods
Therenewablesourcesthatmakeup13%oftheUnitedStatessenergysupplyare
primarilyhydropower,windpower,biofuel,geothermal,andsolarpower(EIA,2015).Eachof
thesemethodsposedifferentproblemsemissionsreleasedinproduction,unreliability,andhigh
costs,tonamesomeaswellasuniquebenefits.Thissectionwillassesstheprosandconsofthe
mainmethodsstatedabove,allowingforaconclusiontobemadeaboutthebestenergyplan
fortheUnitedStates.
A. Hydropower
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
Hydroelectricpowerisdefinedaspowergeneratedbyconvertingthemechanicalenergy
offallingwaterintoelectricalenergy.Themostconventionalwayofdoingthisisthroughthe
useofdams.Thepotentialenergyofthedammedwaterisusedtoturnturbines,thusallowingit
togenerateelectricity.
Thepotentialofhydropowerisimmense.Thereareabout82,600damsintheUnited
States,butonly3%ofthemarecurrentlyinuseforgenerationofpower(Murphy,2009).
MakinguseofevensomeofthesecouldincreaseenergyproductionoftheU.S.byasubstantial
amount.
Inaddition,onceadamisbuilt,thecostsofenergyproductionusinghydropowerare
verylow.Thewater,thesourcefromwhichthepowerisbeinggenerated,isalreadyinexistence,
anddoesnotneedtogothroughextensiveprocessingortransportationbeforebeingusedto
generateenergy.
Themajorityofcostsassociatedwithhydropowerareduetotheinitialcostofbuilding
thedamandfacilities,whichcanreachseveralbillionsofdollars(Wiseman,1990).Other
concernsincludedisruptingwildlifeanddangersofflooding.
B. Wind
Windpowerusesturbinestogenerateenergyfromtheflowofairaroundtheturbine
blades.Theuseofwindpowerforenergyisdividedintotwocategories,onshoreandoffshore.
Placementintothesecategoriesdependsonlyonwheretheturbineisbuilt,onlandorwater,
respectively.
OnshorewindpowerhasbeenusedbytheUnitedStatesforhundredsofyears,andin
comparison,offshorewindpowerisextremelynew(Motavalli,2005).Becauseofthelackof
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
technologicaldevelopmentsandknowledgeregardingoffshorewindpower,thecostfor
operatingaturbineinthewaterisrelativelyhigherthanthatforoneonland.
Likehydropower,windpowerismorereadilyavailablethanmanyotherrenewable
sources.AsNationalGeographic(n.d.)writes,Aslongasthesunshines,thewindwillblow.
Andaslongasthewindblows,peoplewillharnessittopowertheirlives.
Downsidesofwindpowerarenoisepollution,thelargeamountsofspacerequiredfor
windfarmsandsubsequentmarringofscenery,anddangertowildlife.
C. Biofuel
Biofuelinvolvestheconversionofbiomass,whichincludeslivingorganismssuchas
plants,intofuel.Manybiofuelsaremadefromtheorganicmatterinplantwalls,cellulose
(Bracmort,2012).Apopularexampleofthisisethanol,whichcanbeburnedtopowervehicles
directlyjustlikefossilfuels.
Biofuels,accordingBracmort,offerawaytowardseconomicindependenceandcleaner
environment.Cellulosicbiofuelsareinparticularpromisingastheyarenotmadefromfood
directly,butfromtheresidueleftoverbyplants.Thus,productionofthefuelscannotbe
consideredawasteoffood.
Whilebiofuelsaremorebeneficialthanfossilfuelsinthelongrun,studieshaveshown
thattheyactuallyreleasemoreemissionsintheshortterm(Cappiello,2014).Numerousother
studieshaveindicatedthattheremaybesomeunclearconsequencesofburningbiofuels.
D. Geothermal
Geothermalemploysthesteamandhotwaterfrombeneaththeearthtopowerturbines,
thusgeneratingelectricity(Sweet,2010).
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
Unlikeotherrenewablesourcesofenergysuchassolarpower,geothermalpowercanbe
generatedatanytime.However,asSweetwrites,geothermalenergyisdifficulttolocateand
expensivetoextract.Thisisveryapparentinthedistributionofgeothermalpowerplantsinthe
UnitedStates.Mostallarelocatedinthewest,whichraisesissuesofavailabilityforresidentsin
otherareas.Inaddition,geothermalpowerplantscantakeovertenyearstobuild,alargenumber
incomparisontoayearforsolarpowerfacilityandfourtofiveyearsforawindfarm(Nagata,
2014).
E. Solar
Currently,twomajorbranchesofsolarpowerexistphotovoltaic(PV)andconcentrated
solarpower(CSP).Thetwomethodsdifferonhowenergyfromthesunisused.Photovoltaic
cellsusethephotovoltaiceffecttoconvertthesunslightdirectlyintoelectricity.Concentrated
solarpowerconcentratesthesunsbeamstogenerateheat,andfromthat,electricity.
Thephotovoltaicmethodrequirestheretobesunlightinordertogeneratepower,agreat
disadvantageparticularlyforthoseregionsclosertothepoles.CSPtechnologydoesnotrequire
constantsunlight,butcosts$243.10/MWh,nearlytwicetheamountforthephotovoltaicmethod,
andmorethananyotherkindofenergyplant(EIA,2012).
Largepopulationsandavailablelandfordevelopmentallowphotovoltaiccellsgreat
generationalpotential,totallingto280,900TWhforurbanandruralutilityscalePVandrooftop
PVs(Lopez,Roberts,Heimiller,Blair,&Porro,2012).ThepotentialforCSPisonly116,100
TWh,lowincomparisontoitsPVcounterpartbutamazinglyhighincomparisontoother
technologieslikehydropower.DespitemakingupthesmallestpartoftheUnitedStates
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
renewableenergy,solarpowerevidentlyhasthegreatestpotentialasarenewablesourceof
energy.
IV.
Analysis
A. Method
Asmentionedpreviously,methodsofenergyproductionaretobeevaluatedupontheir
successatsolvingthreeissues:unsustainability,pollution,andunavailability.
Everymethodexaminedaboveisaformofrenewableenergy.Thus,eachmeetsthe
requirementofbeingsustainable,seeminglyequally.Thisisnotfullytrue,assustainabilityis
affectedbythemethodsabilitytoreducepollutionanditsavailability.So,thesedifferenceswill
beaccountedforinthepollutionandavailabilityscores.Ifthevariationswereincludedina
sustainabilityscoreaswell,thedifferencesbetweenmethodswouldbeexaggerated,resultingin
inaccuratefindings.
Effectivenessatdecreasingpollutioncanbemeasuredinhowmanytonsofemissionscan
beavoidedifthemethodweretobeusedatitsfullcapacity.TheOhioDepartmentof
Transportation(2008)estimatesthatproductionofelectricityusingcoalreleases2.10poundsof
carbonemissionsperkilowatthour.Multiplyingthisnumberbythetechnicalpotentialwillgive
thepossibleamountofreducedcarbonemissions.Thetechnicalpotentialis,asdefinedbythe
NREL(2012),theachievableenergygenerationofaparticulartechnologygivensystem
performance,topographiclimitations,environmental,andlanduseconstraints.Usingtotal
technicalpotential,asopposedtothecurrentamountofreducedemissionsduetotheuseofthe
method,removesanyunfairadvantagepopularmethodsmayhaveovermoreundevelopedones.
Itfocusesonlyonthelongrunanditspossibilitiesandisnotaffectedbyanypoorpolicy
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
10
decisionsintheshortterm.Therefore,thiswayofcalculatingthepollutionscoreprovidesavery
goodindicationofhowhelpfultotheenvironmentthemethodinquestionis.
Availability,likepollutionreduction,canbemeasuredquantitatively.Theavailability
scoreisbaseduponthelevelizedcostofenergy(LCOE).TheLCOEmeasuresthecostof
providingonekilowatthourofenergy,andincludesinitthecostsofbuilding,maintenance,
fuels,andmore(EIA,2014).Therefore,itisthebestmeasurementofthetruecostofamethod.
Todetermineascore,ascaledpointsystemwillbeused.Forbothpollutionreduction
andavailability,themethodswillbelistedinorderofproficiencybasedupontheirnumerical
data.Then,eachmethodwillbeassignedascorefrom0to100,withtheleasteffectivemethod
receivingascoreof0andthemosteffectivereceivingascoreof100.Then,othermethods
performanceincomparisontothemostandleasteffectivewilldeterminetheirscorefrom0100.
Then,thepollutionandavailabilityscoreswillbeaddedtogethertodeterminethefinal
score.Usingthesescores,theamountofmoneythatshouldgotowardseachmethodcanbe
determined.Thisisdonebyfirstsummingallthefinalscores.Then,thepercentofthistotal
scorethatisamethodsfinalscoregivesthepercentoftherequested$774.5millionthatthe
methodshouldreceive.
Thisapproachfordeterminingthebestmethodiseffectivebecausefirst,itplacesequal
weightonthetwocriteriaunderconsideration.Acertainmethodcanbeveryenvironmentally
friendlybutextremelycostlytouse,orviceversa.Onewouldwishforthemethodsscoreto
reflectboththeseequally,andgivingboththepollutionandavailabilityscoresamaximumof
100achievesthissuccessfully.Secondly,thisapproachtakesawaythedifficultyofconverting
betweenunits.Itwouldbedifficulttocomparetonstokilowatthourstodollars,andthis
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
11
approachavoidsthat.Lastly,theapproachpreventsresultsfrombeingskewedbythebiasofthe
onechoosingthebestmethod.Theuniformscoringsystemprovidesaquantitativewayof
analysis,onethatisfreeofanybias.
B. Ranking
Thedataforthevariousmethodsexploredabovearesummarizedbelow.Amountof
pollutionreductionismeasuredinmillionsoftonsandusesdatafromtheNREL(2012).The
levelizedcostofelectricity(LCOE)ismeasuredindollarspermegawatthour,anddatais
providedbytheEIA(2012).Then,usingtherankingsystemdetailedabove,scoresare
concludedandlistedbelow.
Table4.1:ScoresofVariousMethodsofRenewableEnergyProduction
Method
Amountof
Pollution
Reduction
Pollution
Score
LCOE
Availability
Score
TotalScore
Hydropower
.315
84.5
18.8
18.8
Wind
(onshore)
34.3
11.4
80.3
16.6
28.0
Wind
(offshore)
17.9
5.91
204.1
80.0
85.9
Biofuel
.525
.0705
102.6
28.0
28.1
Geothermal
32.9
10.9
47.9
10.9
Solar(PV)
298
100
130.0
42.1
142.1
Solar(CSP)
122
40.9
243.1
100
140.9
Basedupontheseresultsfoundinthispaper,theoptimalamountoffundsinmillionsof
dollarseachmethodshouldreceivewasfoundandislistedbelow.Theoriginalamounts(in
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
12
millionsofdollars)requestedbytheEEREandthepercentdifferencesbetweenvaluesarealso
givenforpurposesofcomparison.
Table4.2:AmountofFundingforVariousMethodsofRenewableEnergyProduction
Method
RequestedAmount
OptimalAmount
PercentDifference
Hydropower
62.5
32.0
48.8%
Wind(onshore)
68.3
47.7
30.2%
Wind(offshore)
46.7
146.3
+213.3%
Biofuel
61.5
47.9
22.1%
Geothermal
253.2
18.6
92.7%
Solar(PV)
131.4
242.0
+84.2%
Solar(CSP)
150.9
240.0
+59.0%
C. SummaryofResults
Fromthepercentdifferencesitcanbeseenthattheprimarychangethatneedstobemade
isanincreaseinfundsforoffshorewindpower,followedbyadecreaseinfundsforgeothermal
powerandanincreaseforphotovoltaicsolarpower.
V.
Action
IwillhelptheenergycrisisandpromotethesolutionIhavedeterminedtobeoptimalby
creatingawebsiteaimingtoeducateothersonthemethodIhavedeterminedtobethebest.
Onepagewillbededicatedtobackgroundinformationontheenergycrisisandtheimportanceof
renewableenergyinsolvingit.Then,eachmethodwillhaveitsownseparatepagethatincludes
detailsontheprocessesofproduction,prosandcons,andthedata,suchastheLCOE,usedto
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
13
findthebestsolution.Lastly,apagewillcontaininformationonhowonecanhelptheenergy
crisis,alongwithadditionalresourcesforinformation.
RecenttechnologicaldevelopmentshaveledtotheInternetbecomingamajorsourceof
receivingandspreadinginformation.Therefore,providinginformationthroughawebsitehasa
greaterchanceofhavingitreadthanifitwasprovidedthroughabook,poster,orevena
newspaperarticle.
VI.
Conclusion
Inordertoresolvetheenergycrisis,theUnitedStatesmustimproveitspoliciestowards
renewableenergy.Fundingandresearchforoffshorewindpowerandphotovoltaicsolarpower
shouldbesubstantiallyincreased,whilemoneyforgeothermalpowershouldbedecreased.Just
burningadifferent,cleanerlimitedresourceisstalling,notresolving,thecrisis.Renewables
aretheonlysolutionsthatcanlast.Therefore,theUnitedStatesneedstofocusontheexpansion
ofrenewableenergy,forthisistheonlywaytotrulyfixtheenvironmentaldamageandensurea
stablefuturefortheworld.
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
14
References
AEOtablebrowser.(n.d.).Retrievedfromhttp://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser
Anderson,R.(2011,August1).Whenoilandgasaredepleted.RetrievedSeptember7,2014,
fromhttp://resilience.org
Avoidedcarbonemissionsfromsolarpanelsystemsandsequesteredcarbonemissionsfromtree
growth
[PDF].(2008,August).Retrievedfrom
http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/OIPP/docs/treesvsolar.pdf
Bracmort,K.(2012,January11).
Meetingtherenewablefuelstandard(RFS)mandatefor
cellulosicbiofuels:Questionsandanswers
[PDF].Retrievedfrom
http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41106.pdf
Cappiello,D.(2014,Apr21).Study:Fuelsfromcornwastenotbetterthangas.
ClarionLedger
Retrievedfrom
http://sks.sirs.com
EEREs2015budget.(n.d.).RetrievedJanuary28,2015,from
http://energy.gov/eere/budget/eeres2015budget
Furman,J.,&Sperling,G.(2013,August29).ReducingAmericasdependenceonforeignoilas
astrategytoincreaseeconomicgrowthandreduceeconomicvulnerability[Blogpost].
Retrievedfrom
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/08/29/reducingamericasdependenceforeignoil
strategyincreaseeconomicgrowthandredu
HowmuchoilconsumedintheUnitedStatescomesfromforeignsources?(n.d.).Retrieved
January28,2015,fromhttp://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=32&t=6
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
15
Internationalenergystatistics.(n.d.).RetrievedfromU.S.EnergyInformationAdministration
(EIA)website:
http://eia.gov
Levelizedcostandlevelizedavoidedcostofnewgenerationresourcesintheannualenergy
outlook2014.(2014,May7).RetrievedJanuary28,2015,from
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/electricity_generation.cfm
Lopez,A.,Roberts,B.,Heimiller,D.,Blair,N.,&Porro,G.(2012,July).
U.S.renewableenergy
technicalpotentials:AGISBasedanalysis
[PDF].Retrievedfrom
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/51946.pdf
Mitchell,A.(n.d.).Thefutureofenergy.
CanadianGeographic
.
Motavalli,J.(2005,Catchingthewind.
EMagazineVol.XVIno.1,
,2639.Retrievedfrom
http://sks.sirs.com
Murphy,K.(2009,Jul27).Boominhydropowerpitsfishagainsttheclimate.
LosAngelesTimes
(LosAngeles,CA)
Retrievedfrom
http://sks.sirs.com
Nagata,K.(2014,Feb11).Renewableenergy'sfuturerosyifgridsevergetupdated.
Japan
Times
Retrievedfrom
http://sks.sirs.com
NASA,NOAAfind2014warmestyearinmodernrecord.(2015,January16).RetrievedJanuary
28,2015,from
http://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/january/nasadetermines2014warmestyearinmodern
record/
PlanningfortheFutureofRenewableEnergy
16
Progressreport:PresidentObamasclimateactionplan.(2014,June25).RetrievedJanuary28,
2015,from
http://www.whitehouse.gov/thepressoffice/2014/06/25/progressreportpresidentobama
sclimateactionplan
Shorttermenergyoutlook.(2015,January13).RetrievedJanuary28,2015,from
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/report/renew_co2.cfm
Sweet,C.(2010,Sep13).Notjustalotofhotair:Geothermalenergy,spurredbynew..
Wall
StreetJournal
Retrievedfrom
http://sks.sirs.com
WhatisU.S.electricitygenerationbyenergysource?(n.d.).Retrievedfrom
http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=427&t=3
Windpowerprofile.(n.d.).RetrievedJanuary28,2015,from
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/globalwarming/windpowerpr
ofile/
Wiseman,R.(1990,Thewritingonthedam.
NewInternationalist,
,4+.Retrievedfrom
http://sks.sirs.com