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Thanks

for the

Memories!

By: Chris Perry, Meagan Schultz, and Lyndsay

Introduction
http://mercercognitivepsychology.pbworks.com/f/1290909633/memory.jpg

Who?

Elizabeth Loftus
Cognitive Psychologist

A question that contains a false


presupposition allows the brain to
incorporate new, false information into
Hypothes the memory
The memory is not recalled, but
is?
reconstructed

What
next?

http://mercercognitivepsychology.pbworks.com/f/1290909633/memory.jpg

Four experiments were conducted


Each experiment tested memory with a
false presupposition

presupposition
Something that is implied and must be true for statement to make sense

Experiment I

Objective: Alter memory using a false


presupposition

150 participants were shown a


traffic accident video clip
involving a car that ran a stop
sign
Participants then answered 10
questions
of the group (Group A)
received the question:
How fast was car A going when
it turned right?
35%

53%

Other (Group B) received:


How fast was car going when it
ran stop sign?

Participants who claimed to have seen a stop


sign

Both groups were then


asked if they saw a stop
sign

Experiment II

Objective: Alter memory using


presupposition and delayed memory
test

40 participants viewed clip of class being disrupted by 8 antiwar


demonstrators
Were then given 20 questions (all but 1 question was identical):
of participants (Group C) were asked:
Was the leader of the 4 demonstrators male?

Other (Group D) were asked:


Was the leader of the 12 demonstrators male?

After 1 week, participants


returned to answer:
8.85

How many demonstrators did you


see in the classroom?

6.4

Experiment III

Objective: Altered memory to include


objects that never existed in original
event

150 university students watched a video involving a white sports car


accident
After video, participants answered 10 questions:
of participants (Group E) were asked:
How fast was the white car going when it passed the barn on the country road?

Other (Group F) were asked:


How fast was the white car going on the country road?
Participants returned to
answer 10 new
questions
2.7%

17.3%

Participants that claimed to have seen a


barn

Experiment IV

Objective: Demonstrated how memory


would adjust to the mention of an
object that never existed in the original
event

150 participants viewed a film


involving a collision between a car
and a man pushing a baby carriage

29.2
%

Answered questionnaire containing


40 filler questions and these 5 key
questions:

15.6
%

8.4%

Group G answered direct


questions:
Did you see a barn in the film?

Group H answered questions


containing false presuppositions:
Did you see a station wagon parked
in the front of the barn?
The above percentages were the amount
who saw the objects that were never part
of the original event.

Group I is the control group and


only answered the 40 filler
questions
M

Real World
Application
It is important to question the reliability of memory as a
resource
Inaccuracy of an eyewitness memory in a court case
Memory is taken through a process from time of event to
trial
Police interviews, dinner-table stories, revisiting
memory after event, and retelling event at trial
Each time a memory is recalled, the neural
pathways are altered
According to National Geographic, in 2014 4.1% of
individuals on trial were falsely convicted

Personal
Application

Have you ever reminisced in your favorite memory with your


best friend?
Two different perspectives are brought to light, but
neither are right
Both memories have been reconstructed overtime
When trying to resolve a two-sided conflict
Remember human error in recalling memory

Works Cited
Hock, R. R. (2013). Forty Studies that Changed Psychology:
Explorations into the History of Psychological Research. Boston:
Pearson Education, Inc.
Ciccarelli, S., White, J. N., (2013). Psychology. Boston: Pearson
Education, Inc.

Check out our poster for more


information

Thank you for listening!

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