View on peronality Poychodanie Tepe pres Min Te st] Behavior = conve Based on gas, redcing C2 cognitive dsommrce OEE ection Thaech and ve there Biomedical | Brags end surgery | Geren, Ws, | Geneve NTN, armors hormonesPerspectives HISTORY & RESEARCH Psychological research Experimentation é teal” sail. dt. a Humane treatment cquiston of subjects suflering to least feasible Confidentiality Debvietaterwands Methodology Case sy Saney ‘Wording eects Experiment (Gee experimensation) Seat CComeltion coetficint VariationAn almost infallible, step-by-step process of conducting a sound experiment. 1. Utilizing an existing THEORY (Males are better athletes than females), Research the Literature (many, many experiments have already been conducted) and formulate an EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESIS, An experimental hypothesis is antes isl nerves as a tenlalive explavialiun, A hypothesis is generally stated in IF... THEN terminology and is labeled at FIT, H2, ete ANULL HYPOTHESIS (generally labeled HO) is a prediction that there will be zno effect (than there will be no difference between the experimental and control soups caused by the presence of the i ¥ 2. Design the experiment. ‘a. Clearly Identify your POPULATION (any individual who could be involved in the experiment) that you want to study and subsequently be able to generalize from. (My population is all seniors at Warren Twp. HS. ‘This means that any one of them COUD be chosen for the experiment) b, RANDOMLY SAMPLE from your population, Each person in the population must have an equal chance of being picked-then the sample ‘becomes representative. (ALWAYS use the term “RANDOM, REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF MY POPULATION.”) & RANDOMLY ASSIGN those in the sample to either the CONTROL GROUP (which does not get the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE) or the EXPERIMENTAL GROUP (which does get the LV. By randomly assigning people, you statistically eliminate the individual differences that exist between the groups (such as intelligence, attractiveness, etc) Differences between people are NOT confounding variables as long as random assignment has been done. 4d. Applying the blind, Many experiments will either utilize SINGLE BLIND (the participants in the experiment are unaware of the presence or details of the effect ofthe independent variable), or DOUBLE BLIND neither the participants or primary researchers are aware which ‘participants are receiving the IV.) The blind procedure will eliminate the ‘danger of EXPERIMENTER BIAS (wwhere an experimenter's knowledge wi we the behavior of the subjects by giving additional information)and RESPONSE BIAS (where a subject acts the way that he/she thinks they are supposed to based upon know! e, CONTROL ALL OF THE VARIABLES IN THE EXPERIMENT EXCEPT POR THE PRESENCE OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE! EVERYTHING SHOULD BE IDENTICAL EXCEPT THE PRESENCE OF ‘THE IV IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS. Controlling all other differences between the groups eliminates CONFOUNDING VARIABLES (variables NOT controlled that can affect the outcome of an experiment)! £. Besure to have applied OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS (defining variables in an objective, measurable manner) to all ofthe variables in the experiment, 3. Conduct the experiment. ‘a, Utilize a PLACEBO? In some cases the control group will receive a placebo-a unit that should have no medical value or effect. 'b. Collect the data. Measuce the effect of the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE ‘meas snipulated in the experiment). on the DEPENDENT VARIABLE (variable being measured-such as the effect of sleep deprivation on test performance or the effect of watching pornography on sexual aggression). 4. Analyze your data. Utilize either DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (these describe or explain results, such as mean, median or mode-measures of central tendency) or INFERENTIAL STATISTICS (these show variance or explain differences among the data, such as, range, standard deviation, t-tests, or analyses of variance) 5. Report your findings. The results should support your experimental hypothesis.© Statistics Cheat Sheet © ‘Measures of CENTRAL TENDENCY “Te mot suey ocering sore nat of scones : The mie yore when scores rite in acending or dtcnding oer ‘Toe average ofa set of cores ‘Measures of VARIABILITY, ‘The dlfereace between the lowest and highest numbers ia a ‘Gaaboton ‘The measuee of how different the scores ate fiom each othe. ‘VARIANCE STEPS: 1. Bind mean 2. igure he diffence feom the mean for each nuxsber 3. Square therm 4 Add them “5. Diside by your meat "The average distance from the mean STANDARD DEVIATION STEPS: Find mean Figure the difference from the mean foreach number Square them ‘Aéd them Divide by yourmesn ‘Take the sqnare oot sisi es “Whien comparing two groups in an experiment you want to ensure that your results fiappened because of the manipulation in the experiment, NOT Because of fuck or chance. In Psychology, we Rope for that rate of chance to be s% or (ess. Statistical significance is designated by “p valve. Thus, p<.05-=staisical simiicance. In otfier “words, your experiment was a success Because there isa lass than 5% chance tRat the results were due to chance.ppp Shaya perert | Shins plats ove o bet 00 | \ | us 195 ‘Wechsler intelligence score‘SOME NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS I ~ Function “Examples of Malfunctions Brain Stuff... SEERA STTOLn Se Enables muscle action, ith Altheim’ disease, ACh producing Dopamine Frontal lobe Serotonin ‘fects mood, hunger, sleep, Undersuppy linked to depression; Prozac and arousal and sone other depressant drugs raise Norepinephrine Undersupply can depress mood, Temporal lobe Un hed to seizure and inssmnia, Glutamate (versupply can ran, pro transm ducing migraines ot (whieh is why memory. some peopl avoid MSG, monosodium glu: tamate,ia food) LEFT SIDE: RIGHT SIDE: NEURON = Sodium + Potassium Speech Analysis, Time Sequence Content Recognizes: Recognizes: Words Faces Letters Places Numbers Objects‘souounoy s5005)0 Uonapas aseanag seeNDY swors seseaneg sea saseanu, ‘ponver sing Guyes) uoysinsp wASeieg sana aHROY Nous3910 wen nowvalasaa Nos Nouwanys oa souowioy ssais anes sq sareaja7y saseanu) soudsing seseanag dng (Gusnoie) uoy nyreduK snory Je>(Ro}0}shyd Sjou0) waysAs snanaN a1WOUOINY suouneu OM} Bly JOSUUOD SUOINSEyU} “spue|6 pue sajosnw 0} SND 24} Wo UOELWO}U! BuIoByjno Aueo (INSZUaadg) suounen JOIOW “SNO 8u} 0} sioydeoes asuas 84) Woy UOHeWUOJU 6ulwoou! Aueo (INaYadav) SUOIJNEN AlosuesS:3LON Guyer) (@uisnoie) natneaustsea iauiedus (sapsnu aia%s (spun pur suea0 youn Jo-siuauizou leiunjon ——" youonde parenarsias syoriven) snewos, ‘sjonuos) aJuoueiny yessydiog uaists shoal WSySKS SNOATONNEUROSCIENCE ‘Becomes depolarized Reuptake of neuotrnsmiters Return to 70 mV Retactory period (ea Myelin sheath nnibitory neurocansmiter (GABA) Effet of aponstsantagonists ‘The brain Organization of the nervous system (Somats nervon ‘stem Ir Prasiity—neurons can be used for new purposes we ee salen Methods of study ‘The endocrine sys- tem