Norma de Vectores

En General (norma p)

Norma Euclidea (norma 2)

Modulo Vectorial

x
i =1

p
i

2
x
i

i =1

Norma Manhattan (norma 1)

x 1 = xi

Norma Infinito

i =1

= max x i
i

Norma de Vectores
n

x 1 = x i = 1 + 2 + 3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6

1
x = 2
3

i =1

n
2
= xi
i

x
i =1

p
i

x i2

= ( 1)2 + ( 2)2 + ( 3)2 = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14 = 3.7417

= max xi = max { 1 , 2 , 3 } = 3

1/ 2

i =1

norm(x,p)
norm(x)
norm(x,2)

x 1 = xi
i =1

= max x i
i

norm(x,1)
norm(x,inf)

Comandos
MatLab

Representacin Geomtrica
Espacio geomtrico de vectores cuya norma es igual a 1 (en R2)

x 1 =1
x 1 1

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1.5

-1

-1.5

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

=1

-1.5

-1

-1.5

-1

=1

-1

=1

Representacin Geomtrica
Espacio geomtrico de vectores cuya norma es igual a 1 (en R3)
octaedro regular

x1

esfera

cubo

una especie de
forma intermedia entre la
esfera usual y el cubo

Norma de Matrices

M = max
x p 0

Ax
x

m = min

x p 0

Norma de la Matriz

A 1 = max
x 1 0

Ax 1
x1

= max Az 1
z 1 =1

Ax
x

Cond(A) =

M
m

Nmero de Condicin

Norma de Matrices

0
x=
1

2 1
A=

1
2

2 1 0 1
Ax =
=

1 2 1 2

2.5
2
1
Ax =
2

1.5
1
0
x=
1

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

Norma de Matrices
2
1.5

1
Ax =
2

1
0.5

0
x=
1

0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

Norma de Matrices
2 1
A=

1
2

2.5
2
1.5

m = min Ax
x 1 =1

1
0.5
0

Cond(A) =

-0.5
-1

M = max Ax

-1.5

x 2 =1

-2
-2.5
-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

M
m

Norma de Matrices Matriz y su inversa

5
4

1 2
A=

3 4

3
2
1

1
2
A 1 =

1.5 0.5

0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-5

A 1

= max A 1z =
z 2 =1

-4

-3

1
min Az
z 2 =1

-2

=
2

1
m

-1

Cond(A) =

max Ax
x =1

min Ax
x =1

= A A 1

Norma de Matrices Matrices Ortogonales

(1-(cos( /4))2 )/(cos( /4)) cos( /4)
Q=

2
sin( /4)
-(sin( /4)) /(cos( /4))
0.7071 -0.7071
Q1 = QT =

0.7071 0.7071

0.7071 0.7071
Q=

-0.7071
0.7071

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1.5
-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

-1.5
-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

Norma de Matrices Matrices Mal Condicionadas

Matriz de Hilbert

1
H=
1
2

1
2

1
3

hi,j =

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1.5
-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

-1.5
-1.5

1
(i + j 1)

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

Norma de Matrices Matriz Singular

det(A) = 0

1 1
A=

2 2

m = min Ax = 0
x =1

-1

-2

-3
-3

-2

-1

Norma de Matrices y Nmero de Condicin

6

a=[1 2; 3 4]

ainv=inv(a)
norm(ainv,1)
min(m)
1/(min(m))
condition=max(m)/min(m)
cond(a,1)

4
norm(b)/norm(n)

theta=[0:.01:2*pi];
npt=length(theta);
for i=1:npt
x=[cos(theta(i)),sin(theta(i))]';
b=a*x;
m(i)=norm(b,1)/norm(x,1);
end;
plot(theta,m)
xlabel('theta')
ylabel('norm(b)/norm(n)')

a= 1
3

2
4

ainv = -2.0000 1.0000

1.5000 -0.5000
ans = 3.5000
ans = 0.2864
ans = 3.4921
condition = 20.9472
ans = 21.0000

4
theta

Sistemas Mal Condicionados

b M x

Ax = b

A(x + x) = b + b

b m x

x
b
cond(A)
x
b
a11x1 + a12 x 2 = b1
a 21x1 + a 22 x 2 = b2

Bien Condicionado

Mal Condicionado