Está en la página 1de 7



      
!#"%$'&)(*+-,.#&#/%0213546$7$8$:9
;=<?>A@=BC@%DFEGEHDFIKJ=LK@NMOD2BCDFPQBCD'RSDFIUTV@=WYXZP[X\B]EH@ZDF^_PKBSD7Ra`Hb=I+BSD'J=LQEc@NB d X=eYTCDFIQD'B
f IK@gJ\BC@=h)i:TS`cjF@kEl`HIQD7@NEGPmX=B]Ec@gWYDFBCD'jVnK@ZoULQD.J=D'IQDFBV@Z@ <
f IK@gJ\BC@=h)i:TS`cjF@kEl`HIQD7@NEGPmX=B]Ec@Z`lp7o\LK`lD'BCWQ@goULQDqJ=D'IQDFBV@Z@ <
r Es@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@%tKIQ`lTSX#WQDuTSD'BShg`HIQvcROTC`HjFXZhg`HIQ`Hhg@=EsoULQD.@=jFDFPYTV@%D'EGEHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD <
wY< r IKjuX\I\TCBC@=B)Ra`]D7RgP[XURa`HeQEHDxLKIK@yJ=BV@Nh)i:TC`Hj'@zEH`lIKD'@NE]PmX=B)Ec@yWYDFBCD'jVn[@{XyLQIK@yJ\BC@=h)i:TS`cjF@{El`HeQBCD|WYDFE
jFX=IUTSDF^_TSXgo\LKD.J=DFIKDFBCD2D'EGElD'IQJ=L[@:MOD RaLQPKLQD'RaTSX)oULQD
}~ DFBC`t[j'@Q
RS` } RSX=Ec@NhgDFIUTCDqRS` ~ D'BS`lt[j'@%oULQD IQX)jFX=IUTS`HDFIQD.WYXUR]RavHhkemX=EHX\Re|jFX=IKRSD'jFLYTS` ~ XURF<
RS` } RSX=Ec@NhgDFIUTCDqRS` ~ D'BS`lt[j'@%oULQD jFX=IUTS`HDFIQD.WYXUR]RavHhkemX=EHX\Re5juX\IKRSD'juLQTS` ~ X\R'<
RS` } RSX=Ec@NhgDFIUTCDqRS` ~ D'BS`lt[j'@%oULQDjFX=IUTS`HDFIQDqLQI5I_QhgDFBCXZ`lhgPK@=BWYDRavHhkemX=EHX\R]j=<
RS` } RSX=Ec@NhgDFIUTCDqRS` ~ D'BS`lt[j'@%oULQD.IQX)jFX=IUTS`HDFIQDqD'EGhg`HRShgXZI_QhgD'BSXgWYDRSvlh%e[X\ElXURexoULQD
WYDRSvlh%e[X\ElXURj=<
Q< r IKjuX\I\TCBC@=BLQI|hg`lIK`lh)@NEsPK@NBV@kD'EGEHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD
(01) 0
L

L {a, b, c}

uL

uL

uL
uL

(a + b) (aa + bb)(a + b)

<?>A@=BC@gjF@\WQ@gLQIQX+WYDEHX\RRS`HJ=LQ`HDFIUTSD7R]EHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7R]BSD'J=LQEc@NBCD'R d DFI[juX=IUTCBC@=B]DFE@=LYTSb\h)@:TC@ghg`HIQ`Hhg@=E@\RaX=
jF`H@\WYX d } @kP[@NBSTS`HB0WYDqWY`cjVnQX%@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@khZ`HIQ`Hh)@NE d WQDuTSD'BShg`HIK@NBEc@J=BV@Nh)iNTS`cjF@.BCDFJ\LQEH@=B0oULQDJ=D'IQDFBV@
D'EElD'IQJ=L[@:MOD=
a + b+
a(a + b) b

Y<0X\IKRS`HWYD'BC@EH@J=BV@Nh)i:TC`Hj'@juL } @=RPQBCX_WQLKjFjF`lX\IQD'RRaD0PQBCD'RSDFIUTC@=Ik@jFX=IUTS`HI_LK@=jF`lb\I } WYX=IKWQD0D'E_RSvHhkemX=EHX


`HIQ`cju`c@NED7R
S

S xN |x
N yM |y
M zN |z

r RCjuBC`lemD2D'EWY`H@=J=BV@Nh)@WYD2TSBV@NI[Ra`cju`HX=IQD7R!P[@NBV@@NexoULQD@\juD'PYTSDDFEEHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD J=D'IQDu
BC@\WYXZP[X\B <
r IKjFLQDFIUTSBV@LQIK@J=BV@Nh)i:TC`Hj'@zBCDFJ=LKEH@=BkPmX=BgEH@`Hp'oULQ`HDFBVWQ@{@\o\DxJ=D'IQDFBCDD7RaDxhg`HRShgXEHDFIKJ=LK@NMOD
<
L(G)

L(G)

r IKjFLQDFIUTSBV@ZDFEs2 oULQD.@=jFDFPYTCDD'EsjuX\hgPQElD'hgDFIUTC@=BS`HXZWQDFEGEHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD <


Q<0X\IKRaTSBCLQ`lBLQI|23hZ`HIQ`Hh)@NEGPK@=BC@%DFEsElD'IQJ=LK@NMOD.WQ@=WYXgPmX=B]Ec@ZDu^YPQBCD'RS`lb\IBCDFJ=LKEH@=B
L(G)

1+ 01

 <2eQTSDFIKDFB@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@\RtKIQ`lTSXURWYDFTSDFBChg`lIKvHRaTS`cjuXURPK@=BC@gEHX\R2Ra`HJ=LQ`HDFIUTCD'R]EHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7RRSX=eQBCD.DFE@NE @NemDuTCX

<
A> @NEc@NeQBV@=RDFI5Ec@=R]oULQDqDFEsIUKhZD'BSXgWYD);qD'Rh%QElTS`HPQElX#WQD } FD EGI_QhgDFBCX)WYDgD'RPK@=B'<

{0, 1}

{(01)2i | i 0}
{(02i 12i ) | i 0}

Q<0X\IKRaTSBCLQ`lBLQI LYTCb=h)@:TV@ `lIK`TCX62DuTSD'BShg`HIQvcROTC`HjFX oULQD{@=jFDFPYTCDzDFE2ElD'IQJ=L[@:MODzJ\DFIQD'BC@\WYXyP[X\BEc@

RS`HJ=LQ`HDFIUTSDqJ\BC@=hgiNTS`cjF@K

S AB,

A aA,

B bBb,

Ac

Bd

Q<@NBALKIK@qDu^YPQBCD'RS`lb\I%BCDFJ\LQEc@NBPK@NBV@EH@`HIUTSDFBVRSD'jFjF`lb\IZWQD]ElXURAElD'IQJ=L[@:MOD'RA@\RaXYjF`H@\WYX\R@EH@\RADu^YPQBCD'RS`HX=IQD7R
BCDFJ\LQEc@NBCD'R (01 + 1) 0 } (10 + 0) < _ D ~ @NEHX=BV@NBVioULQD#RSD)juX\IKROTCBSL } @+DFE!@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@xoULQD#@=jFDFPYTV@

Ec@x`lIUTCDFBVRaD7jFju`Hb=I WYD)D'RaTSXURqElD'IQJ=L[@:MOD'R d RSDZhg`HIQ`HhZ`cjuD } d @5PK@=BaTC`lBWYD'E BCD'RSLQETV@=WYX d RaD#jFX=IKRaTSBCL } @+Ec@


DF^YPQBSD7Ra`Hb=I+BSD'J=LQEc@NB7<
; Q<0X\IKRaTSBCLQ`lB+LQI LYTCb=h)@:TV@ `lIK`TCX 2DuTCDFBChZ`HIQ`cROTV@z`lIQ`Hh)@NE.oULQDy@=juD'PYTSD DFEEHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD RaX\eQBSDDFE
@=E  @=e[DFTSX
WQD]TSXYWQ@\R!@=oULQD'ElEc@=R!PK@NEc@NeKBC@\RAo\LKD ~ D'BS`lt[oULQD'IgRS`HhkLQElTC@=IQD'@=hZD'IUTSDEc@=R0Ra`HJ=LQ`HDFIUTCD'R
jFX=IKWQ`HjF`lX\IQD'R
 @ZPK@=EH@=eQBC@ZjuJ\IUTS`HDFIQDqLQI5I_QhgDFBCXgPK@NBWYD  R
  @ZEHX=IQJ\`TCLKW5WYDqEH@gPK@=EH@=eQBV@D'RLQI5hkQElTS`HPQEHXgWQDQ<
  @ZPK@=EH@=eQBC@%IQX)juX\IUTS`HDFIQD.Ec@gRaLQejF@\WYDFI[@ <
;\;=<2DuTCDFBChg`lIK@=B)Ra`EHX\RgRa`HJ=LK`lD'I\TCD'RZEHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7R%RSX=I6BSD'J=LQEc@NBCD'R%XEH`HeQBSD7RgWYD|juX=IUTCDu^_TSX[< \LKRaTS`lt[jF@=BZEc@=R
BCD'RSPQLQD7ROTV@=R'<
b

{a, b, c}

abc

{0i bj | i = 2j

2i = j}

{uu1 | u {0, 1}, |u| 1000}


{uu1 | u {0, 1}, |u| 1000}

b
;8wY<2DuTCDFBChg`lIK@=BoULQDqElD'IQJ=LK@NMOD'RRSX=IxBSD'J=LQEc@NBCD'RXgEl`HeQBCD'R]WYDjFX=IUTSDF^_TSXgWYD.ElXUR]Ra`HJ=LK`lD'I\TCD'R'
{0i 1j 2k | i = j

j = k}

 {u0u | u {0, 1} }


  QhgD'BSXURDFI5eQ`HIK@NBC`lXgoULQDRSD'@NIxhkKETC`lPQEHX\R]WQD
  >A@NEc@NeQBV@=RWYD {0, 1} oULQD.IQX)juX\I\TC`lD'IQDFIxEc@)jF@NejF@\WYDFI[@
1

;7Q<2DuTCDFBChg`lIK@=B@NLYTCb=h)@:TV@=Rqhg`HIQ`lh)@=ElD7R.PK@NBV@xElXUR.EHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7R
WQX=IKWYD d
WYX\IKWYD

0110

L(M1 ) L(M2 )

L(M1 ) L(M2 )

M1 = ({q0 , q1 , q2 , q3 }, {a, b, c}, 1, q0 , {q2 })


1

q0

q1

q2

q3

q1

q1

q3

q3

q2

q1

q1

q3

q3

q3

q0

q3

M2 = ({q0 , q1 , q2 , q3 }, {a, b, c}, 2, q0 , {q2 })


2

q0

q1

q2

q3

q1

q1

q3

q3

q1

q2

q2

q3

; <2DuTCDFBChg`lIK@=BoULZEHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7R2RSX=IBSD'J=LQEc@NBCD'R } o\L%EHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7R2RSX=I{El`HeQBCD'RqWYDgjuX=IUTCDu^_TSX+DFIUTSBCD%EHX\R
RS`HJ=LQ`HDFIUTSD7RF
@  0X=I:MOLKI\TCX)WYD.PK@NEc@NeKBC@\R0RSX=eQBCDDFEs@=E  @=e[DFTSX D'I+Ec@=R]oULQD.j'@=WQ@ ~ @%PKBSD7juD'WQ`HWYXZPmX=B]LQI
I_QhgDFBCXZP[@NBWYD.juD'BSXURF<
e  0X=I:MOLKI\TCX
j  0X=I:MOLKI\TCX
;8Y<@=WQXZD'EGjuX\I:MOLQIUTSX)BCDFJ\LQEH@=BBSD'PQBSD7RaD'IUTC@=WQXkPmX=B]Ec@%DF^YPQBSD7Ra`HX=IxBCDFJ=LKEH@=B
jFX=IKRaTSBCLQ`HBLKI
d
@=LYTSb\h)@:TC@ktKIQ`lTSX#WQDuTSD'BShg`HIQvcROTC`HjFXZhg`HIQ`Hhg@=EsoULQDqElX)@\juDFPQTSD=<
; Q< YD'@NIxEHX\REHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7RF



q3

q3

{0, 1}

q0

q3

{0i 12 j0i+j |i, j 0}


{0i 1j 0ij |i, j 0}

a b + b a

L1 = (01 + 1) 00
L2 = 01(01 + 1)

Fj X=IKRaTSBCLQ`HBLQI @=LYTSb\hg@NTC@xtKIK`TCXWYDFTSDFBChg`lIKvHRaTS`cjuX|hg`HIQ`lh)@=EoULQD@\juD'PYTSD#D'E!EHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD
@
d
P[@NBSTS`HBWQD@NLYTCb=h)@:TV@=RoULQD@=jFDFPYTCDFI } <
;  <@=WK@%LKIK@ZPK@NEc@NeQBV@
@NEGjFX=I:MOLQIUTCX
d RaDqEHEH@=h)@
D'RLQI[@%PmDFBChkLQTC@=jF`lb\IxWQD
<
@=WQXZLKIxEHDFIKJ=LK@NMOD d RaDqEHEH@=h)@
<
@NB]DF^YPQBSD7Ra`HX=IKD'RBSD'J=LQEc@NBCD'R } @=LYTSb\hg@NTC@\RhZ`HIQ`Hh)@NEHD'RPK@=BC@
DFI5EHX\R]RS`lJ\LQ`lD'IUTSD'R]j'@=RSX\R'
@
e
j
r RP[XURa`HeQEHDqoULQD d RS`lD'IKWYX BSD'J=LQEc@NB d
IQXgElX)RSD'@
; Q<@=WQX\RElXUR]@NE  @NemDuTCX\R
}
} DFEnQX\hgX=hgX=BSt[RShZX WYD D'I WQ@=WQX
PmX=B7
L1 L 2

L1

L2

u = a 1 . . . an A

P er(u)

{a(1) , . . . , a(n) :

{1, . . . , n}}

P er(L) =

uL

P er(u)

P er(L)

L = (00 + 1)

L = (0 + 1) 0
L = (01)

A = {0, 1, 2, 3}

f (0) = 00,

f (1) = 01,



P er(L)

B = {0, 1}

f (2) = 10,

f (3) = 11

YD'@ L DFEjuX\I:MOLQIUTSXZWYDEH@\R!PK@=EH@=eQBV@=R!WQD B D'IEc@=RoULQDD'EmI_QhgD'BSXZWYDRSvHhkemX=EHX\R %D'R0PK@=B } DFEWYD

SR vHhkemX=EHX\R.;IKXD'RhkQElTS`HPQEHX+WYD%Q<G0X=IKRaTSBCLQ`HBLQI{@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@ZtKIK`TCX+WYDFTSDFBChg`lIK`HRaTC@#oULQDZ@=jFDFPYTCDDFE
EHDFIKJ=LK@NMOD <
;
Q<2DuTCDFBChg`lIK@=B]LQIK@g@NLQTSb=h)@NTC@%tKIQ`lTSX#WYDFTSD'BShg`HIQvHRaTS`cjuXghg`HIQ`lh)@=EGPK@NBV@ZDFEGD'EGEHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD.RSX=eQBCD2D'Es@NE  @:
emDuTCX
WQ@=WYXgPmX=B]Ec@ZDu^YPQBCD'RS`lb\I+BCDFJ\LQEH@=B
<
w Q<@NB]DF^YPQBSD7Ra`HX=IKD'RBSD'J=LQEc@NBCD'R0PK@=BC@%ElXUR]Ra`HJ=LK`lD'I\TCD'REHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7RRaX\eQBSDqD'EG@NE  @NemDuTSX
d
>A@NEc@NeQBV@=RDFI5Ec@=R]oULQD.jF@\WQ@ ~ @gPQBCD'jFD'WY`cWQ@ZWYD.LQIK@ XgLQI[@
>A@NEc@NeQBV@=RWYD.EHX=IQJ\`TCLKW+`lhgPK@=B
>A@NEc@NeQBV@=RWYD.EHX=IQJ\`TCLKW+`lhgPK@=B]DFI5EH@\R]oULQDqDFEsRSvlh%e[X\ElX)jFDFIUTSBV@NED'RLKIK@
>A@NEc@NeQBV@=RDFI EH@\R2oULQDZElXUR2WQX\RPQBC`lhgDFBCX+RSvHhkemX=EHX\RRaX\Iz`lJ\LK@NEHD'R@+ElXUR2WYXURQETC`lhgX5RavHhkemX=EHX\R
DFI5X=BVWYD'I+`HI ~ DFBVRSXK_Ra`GEc@ZPK@NEc@NeKBC@%DFhgPQ`HDFp7@%PmX=B d WQDFemDqWQDqTSDFBChg`lI[@NB]PmX=B <
wQ;=<2DuTCDFBChg`lIK@=BRa`Ec@=RDF^YPQBSD7Ra`HX=IKD'RBSD'J=LQEc@NBCD'RRS`lJ\LQ`lD'IUTSD'RBCDFPKBSD7RaD'I\TV@NI+DFEhg`HRShgX)ElD'IQJ=L[@:MOD=

f 1 (L)

b(a + b) + cb

A = {a, b, c}

A = {a, b, c}

ab



(b + (c + a)a (b + c)) (c + a)a

ba


 

b (c + a)((b + c)b (c + a)) a


b (c + a)(a (b + c)b (c + a)) a

\LKRaTS`lt[jF@=BEH@ZBCD'RSPQLQD'RaTC@K<

w\wY<0X\IKRaTSBCLQ`lBkLQI @NLYTCb=h)@:TV@xtKIQ`lTSX WYDuTCDFBChZ`HIQ`cROTV@5hg`lIQ`Hh)@NEoULQD@=jFDFPYTCD#DFEjuX\I:MOLQIUTSX{WQD#PK@NEc@NeKBC@\R


RSX=eKBSDDFEs@=E  @=e[DFTSX
oULQD.BCDFPQBCD'RSDFIUTSD'II_QhgDFBCX\RIQX#WQ` ~ `cRa`HeQEHD'RPmX=BWYXURIQ`GPmX=BTSBCD'R'<
w=Q<2DuTCDFBChg`lIK@=B]LQIK@ZDu^YPQBCD'RS`Hb=IBCDFJ\LQEc@NBPK@NBV@%ElXUR]Ra`HJ=LQ`HDFIUTCD'REHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7RRSX=eKBSDqDFEG@=E @=e[DFTSX
>A@NEc@NeQBV@=RDFI5Ec@=R]oULQDqDFEGTSDFBVjuD'B]RavHhkemX=EHXgD'RLQI Q<
>A@NEc@NeQBV@=RDFI5Ec@=R]oULQDqDFE@NIUTSD'P[D'IQETC`lhgX)RSvlh%e[X\ElXgD'RLKI ;\<
0X\IKRaTSBCLQ`lBLQI|@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@ktKIQ`lTSX)hg`HIQ`lh)@=EsoULQD.@=juD'PYTSD.Ec@Z`lIUTCDFBVRaD7jFju`Hb=IxWYD@Nh%e[XURElD'IQJ=LK@NMOD'R'<
w <0X\IKRaTSBCLQ`lB|@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@\R#tKIK`TCX\R|hg`HIQ`lh)@=ElD7R5PK@NBV@ EHX\R|RS`lJ\LQ`HDFIUTSD7R+EHDFIKJ=LK@NMOD'R5RaX\eQBCDD'Ek@NE  @NemDuTCX

<
 >A@NEc@NeQBV@=RoULQD.juX\I\TC`lD'IQDFI|jFX=hgXZRSLQejF@\WYDFIK@ZLQI[@gPK@NEc@NeQBV@ZWYDFEGjFX=I:MOLQIUTCX
  >A@NEc@NeQBV@=RoULQD.juX\I\TC`lD'IQDFI|jFX=hgXZRSLQejF@\WYDFIK@ZLQI[@gPK@NEc@NeQBV@ZWYDFEGjFX=I:MOLQIUTCX
<
w\Y< YD'@ D'Es@NLQTSb=h)@NTC@%tKIQ`lTSX)WYDFTSDFBChg`lIK`HRaTC@K
A = {0, 1}

{0, 1}

{0, 1}

{00, 11}2

{0011, 1100}

a
1

b
q

a
4

2eYTSD'IQDFB]D'Es@NLQTSX=h)@NTC@ktKIQ`lTSX#WYDFTSDFBChg`lIK`HRaTC@Zhg`lIK`lh)@NE <

a,b

2 @=B]LQIK@gDF^_PKBSD7Ra`Hb=I+BSD'J=LQEc@NBPK@=BC@%DFEGEHDFIKJ=LK@NMODoULQD.BCD'jFX=IQXYjuDDFE@NLYTCb=h)@:TV@Q<
r RSjFBS`HeQ`HB]Du^YPQBCD'RS`lX\IQD'R0BSD'J=LQEc@NBCD'RPK@=BC@ZWY`cjVnQX\REHDFIKJ=LK@NMOD'R'<

w Q< r IKjuLQD'IUTSBV@PK@=BC@jF@\WQ@LQIQX.WYDEHX\RRa`HJ=LK`lD'I\TCD'REHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7RLQIK@J=BV@Nh)i:TC`Hj'@WYDTC`lPmX2oULQD]EHXJ=DFIKDFBCD
XgLQI|@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@ktKIQ`lTSX#oULQDqEHX)BSD7juX=IKX=p'j'@Q
IKXgjFX=IUTS`HDFIKDEc@gRaLKemj'@=WYD'IK@


} hgElTS`HPQEHX#WYD
0

L = {u {a, b} : u

w<

 

L = {an bm cp : n 0

abab0 }

3, m 0, p > 0}

L = {(ab)j (cd)i /j i 0}

0X=IKRaTSBCL } D2LQI[@gJ=BV@Nh)i:TC`Hj'@BCDFJ=LKEH@=BoULQD.J\DFIQD'BSDDFERa`HJ=LQ`HDFIUTCDEHDFIKJ=LK@NMOD=
DFEI_QhgD'BSX)WYD  R } DFEsIUKhZD'BSXgWYD  RDFI D7RPK@NB
0X=IKRaTSBCL } D2LQI|@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@goULQDqBSD7juX\IQX=p7jF@%DFEGRS`lJ\LQ`lD'IUTSDqElD'IQJ=L[@:MOD=
h%QETC`lPKElX#WYD PK@=B
`cRSD K@gD'EG3hgvHIQ`lhgX)oULQD.BCD'juX\IQXYjuDDFEGEHDFIKJ=LK@NMOD
<
w Q<0X\IKRaTSBCLQ`lBDF^_PKBSD7Ra`HX=IQD7RBSD'J=LQEc@NBCD'R0PK@NBV@ZElXUR]Ra`HJ=LK`lD'I\TCD'REHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7R]RaX\eQBSDDFE@NE  @NemDuTSX
 >A@NEc@NeQBV@=RDFI5Ec@=R]oULQDqDFEsIUKhZD'BSXgWYDRSvlh%e[X\ElXUR D'RhkKETC`lPQEHX#WYD <
  >A@NEc@NeQBV@=RoULQD.juX\I\TC`lD'IQDFI|jFX=hgXZRSLQejF@\WYDFIK@g@ b)@
  >A@NEc@NeQBV@=R.D'I EH@\RkoULQDj'@=WQ@{juDFBCX  X=BCh)@|PK@=BaTCDWYD#LQI[@zRaLKemj'@=WYD'IK@zWYD5w|juD'BSXUR } j'@=WQ@ ;
 X=BCh)@%P[@NBSTSD.WYD.LQIK@gRSLQejF@=WQDFIK@gWYDZLQIQXURF<
 >A@NEc@NeQBV@=RD'I|EH@\RoULQDDFEsIUKhZD'BSX#WQDXYjuLQBCBSD'IKju`c@=R]WQD.EH@#RSLQejF@\WYDFIK@ D'RhZD'IQX=BX)`lJ\LK@NE
oULQD.DFEGWYD.XYjFLQBSBCDFI[ju`c@=RWYDqEH@)RSLQejF@\WYDFIK@ <
w
Q< YX=eQBCD2D'Es@NE  @NemDuTCX
 0X=IKRaTSBCL } DkLQIK@+J=BV@Nh)iNTS`cjF@)BCDFJ\LQEH@=B2oULQDZJ=D'IQDFBCDkD'EEHDFIKJ=LK@NMOD WYDZEH@\RPK@NEc@NeQBV@=R TC@NEHD'R
oULQD=
_`
DFIUTSX\IKjuD7RDFEI_QhgDFBCX)WYDg;  RD'R]`HhgPK@NB7<
_`
DFIUTSX\IKjuD7RDFEI_QhgDFBCX)WYDg;  RD'R]P[@NB7<
TS`HDFIKD@NEhgDFIQXURLQI|RavHhkemX=EHX5;=<
  0X=IKRaTSBCL } D2LQI|@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@goULQDqBSD7juX\IQX=p7jF@%DFEEHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD WQ@\WYXgP[X\B'
D7RhkQElTS`HPQEHX#WYD
<
  `cRSD K@gD'EG3hgvHIQ`lhgX)oULQD.BCD'juX\IQX=p7jF@kDFEGEHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD
L1 = {u {0, 1} |

L2 = {0n 1m | n 1, m 0, n

3, m

(L1 L2 )

{0, 1}

1100

00110

011

110

{0, 1}

L1

|u| < 5
|u| 5

L2

L2 = {0n 1m : n 0, m 1, m

6}

(L1 L2 )

Q< r IKjuLQD'IUTSBV@PK@=BC@jF@\WQ@LQIQX.WYDEHX\RRa`HJ=LK`lD'I\TCD'REHDFIQJ\LK@:MOD7RLQIK@J=BV@Nh)i:TC`Hj'@WYDTC`lPmX2oULQD]EHXJ=DFIKDFBCD
XgLQI|@=LYTSb\hg@NTC@ktKIQ`lTSX#oULQDqEHX)BSD7juX=IKX=p'j'@Q
IQX)juX\IUTS`HDFIQDqEc@ZRSLQejF@\WYDFIK@
`HhZP[@NB h%QElTS`HPQElX#WQD } <
2`cRaD K@ZDFEs23hZvHIQ`HhgX#o\LKDBCD'jFX=IQXYjFD2D'EGElD'IQJ=L[@:MOD
<
0100 }

L1 = {u 0, 1 : u

L2 = {0i 1j 0k : i 1, k 0, i

,k

(L2 L1 )

j 2}

También podría gustarte