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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 85-95 percent of the aris recirculated. Even a these high values, the steam consumption be 2.5-3.0 keke ding the n for dyestufs an evaporative ‘quoted ith ai at 300-360 although of 0203-0.3 kg/m? ks (O.1=1 kg/m? h) has been Example 16.4 Solution 1 100 ig fed, mass of water = (100 30/100) = 30 kg and mass of dy solids = (100 ~ 30) = 70 kg For b kg water in the dried 1008 /(6-+ 70) = 155 and the water inthe product, b=108ke re content, = (30/70) = 0429 ke/kg dry solids up = (128/70) = 0.183 kgf dry st and water to be removed = (3012.8) = 17.2 kg “The surface area available for ‘he constant period = (0.0007 x ‘As the final moistore content and the time of dying = (003 x 70) = 2.1 mand hence the rate of dying ding 1) = 000147 kp ove the extical value, all the drying is at this constant rate 1 (172/0.00147) = 11,100 oF 11.7 ks (3.25 hy 16.5.3. Tunnel Dryers In tunnel dryers, a series of trays or trolleys is moved slovily through along tunnel, which ‘may or may not be heated, and drying takes place in a current of warm air. Tunnel dryers ‘are used for drying parafin wax, gelatine, soap, pottery ware, and wherever the throughput is so large that individual cabinet dryers would involve too much handling, Alternatively, ‘material is placed on a belt conveyor passing through the tunnel, an arrangement which is wel suited to vacuum operation. In typical tunnel arrangements, shown in Figure 16.9, ovina 23 oy, rata Eihausrarsace Tete (0) Co-curent Figue 169, Anangemens fr tunel dryers the construction is of block or sheet metal and the size varies over a wide range, with lengths sometimes exceeding 30 m, 16.5.4, Rotary Dryers ihe continuous dei ‘dyer, which con up to 04 He supported at a small angle to vel through the dryer under ig medium are fed in either at the upper 4ischarge end of the machine to give 8 i used: - where the hot gases or ar pass through the material in the dryer. where the material is in an inner shel, heated externally by hot rely, steam may be fed to a series of tubes inside the shell of ls are used, and if necessary the shell may be ‘contamination of the ted by a fan, there is a fen gases are in this way prevented from escaping.so. 226 domes © ws Sony peo poe WE 9K ay ‘249 ut 39 22d 98-99 08 symspooy aureshr9 Jo Bumpony atp ut 3U29 red Og wlo4ysafues pur ‘sjanot aumjaduin 2ip 30 uonauns ® st SIaKsp Armor Jo Aouaroyje [BUN 94, v9] UE! 6 @ da pu soup UI w g-E-SL'9 ame SHOKID AmMOR 394; ube 2p SUNAUTELE “(wed €) zAf SO‘O MOGE Te 94S amp Jo UoRMIOS ayy, sf Jo surBONS ysayy Sour AyenUNUOD yeuSTeW aq) ous yu onsrran yBnosp w roqper yng “yun oy qwaxmMo-o9 © KpINS 1OW St tM OKI amp Jo 5 axp oa Sou puw “saxano] 2p yBnomp sx2q> 3 YOM] a “FKP | azanot Axes ayy wr “erp gf anata uf ‘uwans sof 4p Jone} ap ut asiga “weans se8 omy xs SugHIB aq) “aseD soUO} 2p UI “SazAMo| JO 10 ‘uuloy ayy aye Aour sty, “uieans se# amp wt reuereK oj awos ‘sased oq IAN YoRHOD YAN wosy AyuBUE SasUE UONSe BuIKsp amp aus, ‘Ayuoroejses alot somes paqpury 29 01 sJeUAyeUL aAnsuas Tey | yusqeur Yom aif (Bla }EIUED ATAU J se aunvezoduray 8 RuareUr YH 2kp UaaMIAg TORU “uoRDNp aun op UY TUN[anen St ses ayy souls sE=Ae | aq 01 spuor soap aup yBaomp yeuoveu ayn Jo aBossed Jo ars ayy ‘oy waLNa-0> HINA ‘kiya 219 YEW ‘2 “Teuoreur poup 2m pa peIH09 pony Atjensn st saqqnaas 10 BuojaKo Jo tio) ottos “eusreu! auy AroA Sewe Kuze> AwI9UaS I9KIp ayy TUyAeo] s9se 29 sy ‘Tonpoid ay Jo uoneuureNo> asm 0} J2pI0 UL ‘ous sup “wurupaus SuuKap w se past vy vamessdu ‘syvs ojueRu0ur Joypo pur sre umuouze ‘ONEEENION WOINBHO 96226 (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING sy heated cotay dyer. Ang doo. BA regulator, Furs, D-Conto aes. mace foe. G=Feed ten. HoPan.-Deving par. K-Dscarge bowl L-Duct lie M-Bypais vale as of ne mates, Evaporative capacities of 0.0015-0.0080 km? say be achieved and these hot gases pass through space between the outer ‘contact with the wet material yer can be arranged to give dit uring the etum passage of the gases. Flights on the outer surface of the inner cylindee, and the inner surface ofthe outer cylinder, assist in moving the material along the dryer This form of unit gives a better heat recovery than the single flow direct dryer, though it is more expensive. Ina simpler arrangement chamber, through which the hot ‘The ste 4, incorporates a series of steam tubes, and rotating with the shell These fitted with fins to increase the heat trans tubes. The solids pass along the inclined shell and leave through suitable ports assed through the dryer to carry away the moisture, and the arrangement, the wet m air Teaves almost saturated. In very humid air, and surface drying is therefore mii thermal efficiency, and can be made from corrosion resi ig materials without difficulty. DRYING 927 AK’ Section taugh steam manok ust num Wot Fue 1614 Stambe rtary dyer Design considerations Many of the design problems associated with rotary dryers have been discuss by Furowan and Marstai.™?, by rough the air although the first mechanism is much ‘he more important. The heat transfer equation may be written as Q=uevar (16.23) V is the volume 4 is the area of contact between the particles and the gos per unit volume of dryer, and AT is the mean temperature difference between the gas and material ‘The combined group Ua has been shown"28 to be influenced by the feed rate of solids, the air rate and the properties of the material, and a useful approximation is given by Ua =%G"/D (1624) al coefficient. Typical values for a 300 mm diameter dryer revolving The coefficient & is function of the number of flights and, using SI units, this is given approximately by F=200y-1) (16.25)soyduad an pee ‘se any ‘are sazmgeseduy S08 qu juoo isnp ayn wo spuadap, mone a “RI8UE UY ‘yur O~€'0 5 TANS am Jo poods 5 AY OL~ afap Aamias Yorooasenip v ut seR amp JO ADO] sseUE 1 50 fx 9 om sos tty 305784 CL “ata foes Buy 91x aR 9 FB ONIENED BP 9F mB () 9h Buop wonsod 3 s o ooef— : omerdun sp108 cce| hoo z 200 : a 3 3 ‘omenauoow \teo0 8 zo > g roo & 3 onl $ paoo sou spa = soo xe wy ouadya ayy wi pasn a¥ues ayp puofoq wonnes sno swonauio> ai 2ouay pus "wo 01 dn sUTaUa} mnt 8 yuouldins erarauT0 “(wy 99) ado4s 9°% ® Buss paumgo asaM “OT-91 andi UL uMotS 1 papeosea Bulag spios 103 UL yo wodsuen ‘2m 405 suoissaudya ypie paydnoo suonenba soueyeq-9=4 pus ammstous yenve “I2QIP POAIOs axeU OU ig 12 sHaKVHES Kq ape UdDq sey YoLosdde fesoUe ax0u Y ‘oY WUa4In9-09 0} URIs aaqfou ayy pue NOY wasNAIIUN0D| 01 siaa1 uBis aantsod 2xp “g7'91 wonEnbs uy “19 mage Jo adoys v qm SuNAIOM waHL ‘yuoa tad ¢ ynoge Jo anfea v sey Atjensn *y¢ “pauysp Sood axe y Jo sonpea 2qp YMOWTE (ron) ON FX='X st moy se x ‘peseatout st aeaMOY aE (2 id umnap agi Jo znaureyp aun st cf 2024 ez. onawa Goons _ (ron) ‘eumyon seKap 50 199 sed ° " wpa ALT x sv 21) 2A gg TIVHSAVIN pue NCAR “MOY sE OFe2 Jo “ete ATE aM pue ZroUIE Wf $0 Joquimu ay) “ores poay aun MU sauwA aaAsp Amos v ut dn-pIOK, © ua 089 ava steuaweu juss 2180; % ava stenareu Kopmod 3Py “ 11 2oquns Suneay pasnaa-o7e5 « a uonenae allt ca a uonene om2pow ca a fap par, &% ‘A (pHOS Aap Ape) soepans pareay song ous opoonddy care suonerado SurKap ur paxaryoe swuajoyjaoo J9JSUEN YEH] JO Sone ywOITA OHH aft 709 EH uHDyDRD ysIENIND SHAWINOA Jo VORRANED ‘St. aN non ship yo Be e018) sp40s Jo dm (4 eum #n e900 ven joy aaUNA ep punoy sey pue (wd Q1) ZH LI w €( Jo 22Asp e uF puss Jo 30} 1 LAL OFT AMoge ag plnox 27 ‘SIHREY g SAYS 2DKsp soTourE |W 30j 9004 PUP orev gy Soe = son S791 pue 47°91 suonenbe Suuiquiosy ‘ap 1B1Y 91 pu 9 udowD9 yu JoKsp soUeYp WU! Og #40} PaAuDp sem ¢z'9] UoRENb, ONRESBNIONS WOUEHO 826930) CHEMICAL ENGINEERING A flow of 0.35 kys of aso buss. The mean heat eapacity of the a ‘maximum allowable mass veloc length shold be specified for the proposed dryer? Solution of 400 K and 0.01 kgfkg dey air respectively from tb temperature = 312 K. If, not unreasonably, i assumed tha the numb | 1.5, then for aiiabti dying the outlet ar temperature, Ty is given by 15 =1n(400—3129/ ‘The solids outlet temperature willbe taken a ion of water at 312 K is specific heat capacity of water vapour = 1.88 kifkg K Eke K. 2410 Ig. Again and that ofthe Fora mass low of solids of 0.35 kgs ay 20 ture contents of 0.15 and 0.005 kgfkg porated = 0.35(0-15 ~ 0.005) = 0.0508 kos heat duty includes; 1625 ~ 300) = 54.5 kang othe dew poiat = (0.15 x 4.187312 — 300)) = 7.5 kirks 2410(0.15 = 0.005) = 349.5 kirk. heat to aise remaining moisture to th = (0.005 x 4 and heat to rise evaporated m = (015-9) 8 tol of (54.5.475.4-349.5 +0. From Figue (34 in Volume 1, the humid bet ofthe entering 1.03 kitg K and making a ‘where Tn this case ands ‘ass flowrate of dry at, Gy = (2.07/1.01) = 205 kale rvine 931 then 0.01 + (00508/2.05) = 0.0347 kgs re of 331.5 K, with aha ftom Figure 13.4 in Volume ‘ying. aliameter is then found from th fora mass velocity of 095 kg of 00347 keg, the wet bulb temperature sie ow 207/095) =2.18 n? diameter of (42. constant drying temperature of 312: atthe iter: AT) = 400 — 312) = 88 deg K = 195 deg K = 45.5 deg K and atthe outlet an =Gn.s—3i and the logarithmic mean, = (88- 19.5 ‘The length ofthe dryer, Lie then: = 0/(0.0625"DG%*" AT) In this case 1 = 146/(0.0625n % 1.61009 This gives « lengtvdiameter ratio of (10.1/1.67) = 6, which isa reasonable value for rotary Ayers. 16. Drum dryers Ifa solution or slury i run on to a slowly rotating steam-heated drum, evapor place and solids may be obtained ina dry form. This isthe basi principle used in all drum Ayers, some forms of which rated in Figure 16.17. The feed to a s dryer may be of the dip, pan, or splash type. The dip-feed system, the design, I used where liguid can be picked up from a shallow pan. The agitator prevents settling of particles, and the spreader is sometimes used to produce a uniform costing on the drum. The knife, which is employed for removing the dried material, functions in & similar manner to the doctor blade on a rotary filter. If the material is dried to give @ free-flowing powder, this comes away from the deur quite easily. The splash-feed type sd for materials, such as calcium arsenate, lead arsenate, and iron oxide, where a der throws the liquor against the drum, hich do not stick to the hot surface of and a uniform coating is formed with materi the drum, Double drum dryers may be used in much the same way, and Figuee 16.17 shows dip- and top-feed designs. Top-feed gives a larger capacity as a thicker coating is obtained, feed machine, and this may be effected ing trough for suspensions.