10-1, Prove that the sum of the normal strains in Perpendicular directions is constant. ‘Strain Transformation Equations : Applying Eqs.10=5 and 0-7, FES lesnte ty 7 a Eg. (1) + Eq 12} yields #8, = Constant (Q.E.D.) 10-2. The state of strain at the point on the bracket has components = ~200(10°*), ¢, = -650(10"%), 4 = ~175(10*), Use the strain-transformation equations to determine the equivalent in-plane strains on an element oriented at an angle of @ = 20° counterclockwise from the original position. Sketch the deformed element due to these strains within the x-y plane 17500) @=20° = 200+ (-650) CROCS cosa + 9) saa (10°) = -30800°% ‘Ans z 2 re cos 20 ~ "2 sin20 z 2 200 + (-650) 7200= (650) 5 (175), = -541(10 Ans 407) 27) sane z 2 z ey: = [{-200~ (-650))sin (40°) + (—175)eos (40°)}(10") = -423010) Ans 110-3. A differential element on the bracket is subjected to plane strain that has the following components: ¢, 150(10~*), ¢, = 200(107*), yx, = —700(10~*). Use the strain- transformation equations and determine the equivalent in-plane strains on an clement oriented at an angle of 6 = 60° counterclockwise from the original position. Sketch the deformed element within the x-y plane due to these strains. e, = 150(10%) —e, = 200(10) ) ty = -T00(10) 8 = oF te = EE eos + in PLE 200 4, 150 200 cog 190" + (=) sin 120°} 10° = -116 (10) z z z feeu oe ot 150 + 200 100 ‘sin 120° ] 10°F = 466 (10°) 7 > 1 ao)*10-4. Solve Prob. 10-3 for an el 1 Gags element oriented 9 = 39 & = 150(10%) = 200(10) 7%, = -700(10%) = -30° 26 4 SS e9529 + 12 sin 20 2 2 2 150 + 200, 150 - 200 ZO 0") + ( sin (60°) ] 10 = 46610") Ans 2 BES coe20 — Te sinze 150 + 200 _ 150 - 200 a 2 2 Ans10-5. Due to the load P, the state of strain at the point on the bracket has components of «, = S010"), 6 = 350(109, and 7,, = —430(10"9). Use the strain-transformation equations to determine the equivalent in-plane strains on an element oriented at an angle of @ = 30° clockwise from the original position, Sketch the deformed element due to these strains within the z-y plane. Normal Strain and Shear strain : In accordance with the sign e,=50(10") e230" s0( 10) 7,, = ~430( 10 Strain Transformation Equations : Applying Eqs.10~$. 10~6, and 10~7, Seb, Fons 28 + ed z (eee 500-350 Yer sin 28 cos (-60") + sin oon] 10) Ans Yor in 26 + M05 20 sin26 +2 Tey = 1-500 ~350) sn (80°) + ($30) eos (~60°))(10"4) =-85.1(10") Ans Ans10-6. The state of strain et the point on the boom of the hydraulic engine crane has components of 4, = 250(10"%), ¢, = 300(10"9, and y,, = -180(10-4). Use the strain-transformation equations to determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain and average normal strain. In each case specify the orientation of the element and show how the strains deform the element within the x~y plane. a) In. Plane Principal Strain : Applying Eq.10-9, ‘Normal Strain and Shear strain In scortance withthe sign convention, one (ES 6° 250(10) e =200(10) y,, «-180( 10") -[2ee- (yey (Cm) 21529341 6 =368(10°) ey = 18210) Ans Orientation of Principal Strain: Applying Eq.10-8, te =180(10-4) n 26, = Tp _ = 18010) 28° La, * Ga0= 306) 007 ** #3726 and -52.76° Use Eq, 10~5 w determine which principal stain deforms the element Yer 005 28 + sin 29 20 +te = 148874 in nase] 1 7 =182(10") =e, Hence, and by “ C2) yJor = 187( 10°) ‘Ans Orientation of Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain : Applying Eq, 10-10, 250-300 = ome 16 and 822" Ans ‘The proper sign Of yay canbe determined by subsiting @ = -7 Eq.10-6, Average Normal Strain : Applying Ea.10~ 12, Yor 86 % =F Ssin20 + Leos 20 et6 [250% z z 2 4 re ed 275(10°) Ans Yer = {1250-300} sin (15.52%) +(~180) c05(-18.52°)} (10°) 7 =-187(10"*)10-7. The state of strain at the point on the gear tooth has components ¢, = 850(10"*), ¢, = 480(10"%), y,, = 650(10"°). Use the strain-transformation equations to determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain and average normal strain, In each case specify the orientation of the element and show how the strains deform the element within the x-y plane. cetio) 6M) 1 65000 » a Ee [EST na HB 1200489 « (ET. Bh iaoh pms e200) Ane ese nd nO se intima * sek 10-519 demi B ee eee y aH 8 «PE a8 — 7 or $2021, 10-35 evseass no «BH eer) 7 fre, 0 9302" Ame Oy 1A Ame (eset. da} Pye | ton, 2 0h orc ae 1302480 19%) 066510") Ane ation a ase yoy UZ x850-80) eects nd 152° Ane Ui 10-6 termine ei 7a Yay Li Sntes eee: on 1 ? 7 7 oy #1890 A 284574 Geo 29 45710 = ANT)“10-8 The state of strain at the point on the fan blade has components of ¢, = 250(10"%), ¢, = ~450(10°4), and Yay = ~825(10~), Use the strain cransformation equations to determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain and average normal strain. In cach case specify the orientation of the element and show how the strains deform the element within the x-y plane Tete ee eee, ote ‘Normal Strain and Shear strain: nacordnc wih he sgn “EEE Se) oe) een loo $40.98 = 441(10") 641(10°°) Ans Orientation of Principal Strain: Applying Eq.10-8, un 26, = 2 se = -1.1786 are = ass Op, =-2484 and 65.16 Use Eq. 105 to determine which principal stan deforms the element inthe x’ direction with @ = ~24. 84° eee : eee | i _ | AE cae Moca] ‘ 4ai(10*) Heme, 6,288" and 6, 652° Ans &ay\ ’ aq as : » aa re an ae B= y( C8)+G 250- (450) /-8y] [EET FB) g (EZ Seo = 1082( 10") Ans Orientation of Maximum In- Plane Shear Strain : Applying Ea. 1010, The proper sign of 7 848s Fq.10~6. 250-(~450), Tae and -698" Ans Yo = (-1250=(-450)] sn 403° (-$25) cos 403°} (10%) 1082( 10") Average Normal Strain : Applying Ea.10~ 12,10-9, ‘The state of strain at the point on the spanner wrench rhas components of «, = 260(107%), ¢, = 320(10°°), and Yey = 180(10°9). Use the strain-transformation equations to determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain and average normal strain. In each case specify the orientation of the element and show how the strains deform the element within the x-y plane. a) A In. Plane Principal Strain : Applying Eg,10~9, Normal Strain and Shear strain : in sccoréance with the sign = 240( 10°) 20(10") y, 25( 10") w9s(10") Ans Orientation of Principal Strain : Applying Eq. 10-8, Use Bg, 10-5 wo determine which principal strain deforms the clement inthe x direcuon with @= ~35.78° Set 8s Fr co5 26 + sin Eph + cos 20 «Me sin20 260320 , 260-320 4 180 hee = ios 01.568) + sin (11.56 G00 ) =195(10 Hence, 6), 2542 and 35,8" Ans ) Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain : Applying Ea.\0~ Ui = 190( 10") Ans Orientation of Maximum In- Plane Shear Strain : Applying Eq.10~ 10, ‘The proper sign of y Eq.10~6, ‘an be determined by subsituing 6 = 9,22" into Ans = (-(260~320) sin 18.43% 180 cos 18.44") (10) = 190( 10") Average Normal Strain : Applying Eg.10~ 12, aA ]G0) 250010) ans10-10. The state of strain at the point on the bracket has components ¢, = -130(10°§), «6, = 280(0"$), Mwy = 75(10~¢). Use the strain-transformation equations’ to determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain and average normal strain. In each case specify the orientation of the element and show how the strains deform the element within the x-y plane f= ONO) aw -im0 7, « isonet © we St8, ae oe 2 (EGET de} +B cMO , TER Pe ET Tw = 1800 a = -asno a Orion ofa See Ta cay 8 = 828 wt -r6 28 se. 10-5 ermine dincion se wes Foot. 25004 ane Soe mec Ae Rot. s00 a Ona Yay 19 « Ra, 21RD cc |g 2190 wd 1 ane Use 610-164 deemine sin of iia ke ae ee Py AT 120- 2808 7969" 0 AINE, earn“10-12. Solve Prob. 10-2 using Mohr’s circle. ‘650(10°°) Yay ==175(10°°) Ye a -#1500 A(-200,-87.5)(10°%)__C(-425,0)(10"*) R= {¥200— (B25) + 87.5 1(10") = 241.4100") 81s . tan a=, = 21.25 * 200-5} 6 = 4042125 = 61.25" by = (-4254+241.4le0s 61.25°\( 10) =-309(10) Ans fy = (425-241 410s 61.25°X10) = S411 Ans. HX = 241.41 (10°%sin 61.25° 2 Yey = 823010") Ans.10-13. Solve Prob. 10-3 using Mohr’s circle, Yor = ~700(10°) 2 = -350(10) =F 20 120" (Mohs circle) A(1S0, -350)10 _C(175, 010% R= CA = (Y(175 ~ 150} + 380%) 10" = 35089 (10%) 350 wna = 30 gw sor : 175 ~ 150 B= 120-8591 = 34099 = (175 ~ 350,89¢0s 34.09°)10 = ~ 116 (107 Ans 6 = (17S + 350.89¢08 34.09°)10°% = 466(10) Ans Yer = 21350.89sin 34.09°}10°% = 393 (10°5) Ans ‘nei -a609 LoewsSolve Prob. 10-4 using Mobr’s circle. 10-14. Ye = ~350(10%) Coordinates of point B x = 350.89c0s 34.09" + 175 = 466(10°°) Ans = 350.89 sin 34.09° roe = = 398000 Ans Coordinates of point D 6. = 175 ~ 350.89 cos 34.09 = ~116(10°) Ans AU90,-350)10-15. Solve Prob. 10-5 using Mohr's circle. Construction of the Circle: In accordance with the sign convention, €, = 500( 10"), €, = 350( 10°), and tee 215( 10°) . Hence, B28 (V0) 425(10°) and coordinates for reference points A and C are Asoo. =215)(1 1425, 0)( 10") ‘The rats ofthe ete is = (500425) +215") ( 10) =227:71( 10") Sirainon the feline Element: Te oad he (¢- ant 72) we epee by snore pi srs (ec at 22) ne epee by cor iP ‘om the cite. €,- canbe determined by calculating the coordinates of point Q on the cice bg = (425 4 227.108 10.77") (10 =665(10") Ans =(223.71sin 107°) (10) Yey = 85.110 y= (425-227.eos 1027110 =201(10"*10-16. Solve Prob. 10-8 using Mobr's circle. Construetion of the Circle : In scordance withthe sign convention, 6, =250(10), =-450( 10) and 412.5(10°) . Hence, +6, poe 100(10) Ans ¢ Joo" ‘The coordinates for reference points A and C are (250, ~412.5)(10" c(-100, (10°) ‘The radius of the circle is = ((250+ 100)" +412.5#)( 10) = s40.98(10°*) In- Plane Principal Strain : The coordinates of points B and D represent e, and €; , respectively = (-100+ $20.98) ( 10") = 441( 10) Ans 100-$40.98)(10"*) =-641( 10°) Ans Orientation of Principal Strain: From te circle, 4125 tan 26, , = soos = LTH 6,, =24.8°(Clockwise) Ans Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain : Represented by the coordinates of point E on the citce Y oe =+R =-540.98( 10) 1082( 10°) Ans Ans10-17. Solve Prob. 10-6 using Mohr’s circle. Construction of the Cirele : In accordance wit the sign convention, ¢, =250( 10), ¢, = 300( 10"), and = -90( 10°) Hence, _ (04 =275(10°) Ans The coondinaes for reference points A and C are A(250, -90)(10"*) (278, 0)( 10) The radius of the circle is 12152507 9") 10°) = 93.408 In-Plane Principal Strain : The coordinates of points B and D cepresent ey and €,, respectively, €, =(275+93.408)(10*) =368(10) Ans fe = (275-93.408)(10°) = 192(10) Ans Orientation of Principal Strain : From the circle, % 1226), = ea = 3.600 28, = 7448" 26,, = 180°-26,, 180° 74.78" 2 ‘Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain : Represented by the coordinates of point E on the circle. = 528° (Clockwise) Ans Yr =-R=-93.408( 10") =187( 10°) Ans Orientation of Maximum In- Plane Shear Strain : From the crcl, 275-250 28, san 20, = 4, =7.16 (Clockwise) Ans oars10-18 Solve Prob. 10-7 using Mobr’s circle. €, = 85010) ¢, = 48010") 7, = 650(10) =325(10°°) A(850,325)010"%)__(665,0)(10°%) R= (850-665)? +3257} (10") = 373.9710") (665 +373.97)(10"*) = 1039(10°) Ans 65--373.97)10"") = 291(10°9) Ans (Mobe's circle) (element) Tmax = 2373.97) 10") = 748(10 65(10°) Ans. 20, = 90°28, =29.65° (Mohr circle) 8, 4.8° (clement)10-19. Solve Prob. 10-9 using Mobr’s circle. Construction of the Circle: In scondace with the sgn convention, ¢, = 260(10"*), ©, =320( 10"), and e =90( 10) . Hence, ath = \009 =790(10) Ans “The coordinates for reference point A and C are ‘4(260, 90)(10°*) (290, 0)( 10°) ‘The radius ofthe circle is {1 (290= 260) +90" )( 10") =94.868( 10°) In- Plane Principal Strain : The cootdinses of points B and D represent é, and €>, respectively. 290+98.668)( 10°) =385(10) Ans 290-94.868)( 10) =195(10%) Ans. Orientation of Principal Strain : From te circle, % 2, = 525-200 2, = 7157 26,, = 180°-26,, BOTT. 543° (Coumercackwise) Avs Maximum In-Plane Shear Sram Represent by be trons of on on hc, “a =R=94.868( 10°) 7 au = 190( 10") Ans Orientation of Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain : From the cick, 290- 260 = 03333 tan 28, = Ans"10-20. ‘The strain at a point has components of €< = ~480(10"), €, = 650(10"), 7, = 780(10"), and €, = 0 Determine (a) the principal strains, (b) the maximum shear strain in the x-y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum shear strain, c struction of the Cirele (x-y Plane) : In accordance wit the in convention, €, =480( 10"), «, = 650( 10), 90( 10°*) . Hence, #804650 [ = ](20%) =850(10) 3 -|-eso The coordinates for reference points A and C are A(-480, 390) (10 €(85.0. 0)( 10°*) pe wt. 340 The ralus of the crt is 2 € = (480+ 507+ 3907) 10°) =686.53( 10") 70 Loe {In-Plane Principal Strain : The corsiaaes of points B and D represent e, and Es, respecuvey 6, =(85.04686.53)( 10°) =771,53( 10°) € = (85~ 686.53)( 10) =—601.53(10"*) Eat Maximum In- Plane Shear Strain (x-y Plane): Repeseisd by the coordinates of point E on the circle, Ling 2 r ae = w= 685,53( 10) ae 373( 10°F) Ans Lew Three Mohe's Circles : From the results obtained above, the Te principal strains are Fan #772(10*) by Og, Absolute Maximum Shear Stress : Ans = -602( 10" 601.53)1(10") = 1373(10) Ans10-21. The strain at a point has components of = ~480(105), 6, = 300(10°, y,, = —650(10"9), and ¢, = 0. Determine (a) the principal strains, (b) the maximum shear strain in the x-y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum shear strain. Construction of the Circle (x-y Plane) : ln accordance with he sign convenion, ¢, =~480( 10). «, = 200( 10°) Ye ao =328( 10") . Hence, 99.0( 10) ‘The cuonlinates for reference points A and C are (esto, 325)(10°9)—€(-900, 0 (10" “The radius ofthe circle is = (S997 BS)(104) = sore (10 ) In- Plane Principal Strain : The coordinates of points B and D represent ey and €,, respectively «= (-900+ 507.67 (10°) #41767( 104) 90.0 $67.67)( 10°) = 597.67 Maximum In- Plane Shear Strain (x-y Plane) : Represented by the coordinates of point on the ccle. $07.67( 10°*) Ans Three Mohr's Circles : From the results obtained above, the principal stains ae 1417.67=(-597.6)( 10") = 101510") Ans LB10-22, The strain at a point has components of €, = 130(10", «= 280(109), and 7, = 75(10°9, and «,= ODetermine (a) the principal strains at the point, (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain in the x-y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum shear strain. Construction of the Circle (x-y Plane the sign convention, ¢, = 130( 10), ¢, =280( 10%), 7.5( 10°) Hence, In acordance with 1304280 * oe [ee Joo ) = 205(10°4) “The coordinates for eference point A and C ae (130, 37.5)(10°°) C205, 0)(10°*) 205 “The rai ofthe ces 2 | R= (205 ~130)"+37.57)( 10") = 83.853( 10 2, le \2 ( x we a ee In- Plane Principal Strain : The coordinales of points B and ~~ D represen, andes, respecwely. 73 t ‘e, = (205 + 83.853) (10°) = 288.85( 10°*) 6 =(205~83.853)( 10°) = 121.15( 10°) ‘Maximum In- Plane Shear Strain (x-y Plane) : Represented by the coordinates of point £ on the cc =85853(10) 7 nm = 168( 10") Ans Three Mohe's Circles : From the results obtained above, the prncipal seains are Hoty Eee =289(10°9) ey, = 121( 107 Absolute Maximum Shear Stress : Yous = (288.850) (10°9) = 289( 10" Ans10-23. The strain at a point has components of €, = —520(10°), «= ~350(10-), 4 = 72010"), and «, = 0, Determine (a) the principal strains at the point, (b) the maximum shear strain in the x-y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum shear strain. ~435( 10" ee, [-04C3501 a [oo Tre coordina for eference poins A and C are A(~520, 360)( 10") C(-438, 0)(10°*) Tre radius ofthe ec is (EEG > ((520= 435)" +360 )(10°*) = 369.90( 1 Ins Plane Principal Strain : The coordinates of poins B and D represent e, and €,, respectively 6) (435 +369.90) (10°) = -65.10( 10") £5 = (435 ~369,90) (10) = -804,90( 1 Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain (x-y Plane) : Represented by de coordinates of point E on the cre, 369.90( 10°) = 740( 10°) ‘Ans Three Mohr's Circles : From the results obtained above, the principal sans are Gq, =65.1(10 Absolute Maximum Shear Stress : += {0~(-80490)}( 10") = #05(10"*) Ans kot*10-24, The strain at a point has components of 50(10°%), €, = —460(10*), 44 = ~560(10"%), and €, = 0. Determine (a) the principal strains at the point, (b) the maximum shear strain in the x-y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum shear strain. Construction of the Circle (x+y Plane) :n accordance with tne sign convention, €, = 350( 10%), €, =-860(10), 280( 10°) . Hence, ets a ES | 10") =-580( 10°) The coorinaes for teference pois A and Cae (380, -280,(10) _€(-850, 0)(10) The ads of he cis ‘= (9350-550) +280") 10°) = 49237( 10") In-Plane Principal Strain : The coordinates of points B and D represent and €,, respectively. 1g, = (-$5.04892.37( 10°) = 43737( 10") = (-850~492.37)( 10") = -54737( 10") Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain (x+y Plane) : Represenied by the coordinaes of point E on te circle 7, =-R=-49237(10) ._ =-985( 10") Ans Three Mohe's Circle : From the results obtained above, the principal stains are 37(10" eqn =-547(10°°) Ans Absolute Maximum Shear Stress : = (437.37 -(-547.37)1 (10° =985(10°) Ans10-28. The strain at a point has components of 6, = 450(10-%), 6, = 825(10"4), y,, = 275(10°9), and «, = 0. Determine (a) the principal strains at the point, (b) the maximum shear strain in the x-y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum shear strain, Construction of the Circle (x-y Plane) : In accordance with the sign convention, ¢, = 480( 10°), ¢, =825( 10°) fey and Tet = 37.5( 10) . Hence ete [eee 3 + | 10") =637.5( 10") ‘The coordinates for reference poins A and C ae A450. 137.)(10) (637.5, 09(10"*) Begs! ‘The ras ofthe eice is 4 cod R= (V(TS~450)* 137.54)( 10°) « 232.51 10 In- Plane Principal Strain : The coordinates of points B and Dipepresent e, and es, respectively 6, = (6375423251) (10%) = 87001(10") € = (6375~232.51)( 10°) = 404,99( 10") Maximum In- Plane Shear Strain (x+y Plane) : Represented by the coordinate of point E on the circle. alee R=23251( 10) Three Mohr's Circle : From the resus obtained above, the principal strains ae 70(10°) ey =405(10") egy =O Ans Absolute Maximum Shear Stress: Sai Yo =(87001-0)( 10) =870(10) Ans10-26. The state of strain at a point has components of ¢, = ~400(10"9), ¢, = -200(10"%), Y= ~250(10~4), and = 0. Determine (a) the principal strains at the point, (b) the maximum shear strain in the x-y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum shear strain. Construction of the Circle (x+y Plane): In accordance with he sign convention, ¢, =-400( 10°), ¢, =-200( 10), and 2 125(10°*) Hence, 2h f AEB 300( 10°) “The coordinates for eference points A and C ae A(-400, =125)( 10") C(-300, 0)( 10") “Te ratus ofthe cele = ({(a00=3007 + 128*)( 10") = 16008( 10°) In- Plane Principal Strain : The coordinaes of points B and D represent ey and ¢;, respectively. e, =(-300+ 160.08)( 10°) = -139.82( 10°) ‘6 = (-300~ 160.08) (10°) = ~460.08( 10°) Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain (x+y Plane) : Represented by the coordinates of point Eon the circle. R= -160.08( 10") s20( 10°) Ans Three Mohr's Circles : From the results obtained above, the principal soains are jy =-140( 10°) =~460( 10") Ans Absolute Maximum Shear Stress : % 1 Eman Ene = [0~(-46008)}( 10°) = 460(10°) Ans10-27, The strain at point A on the bracket has components ¢, = 300(10"5), | ¢, = S50(10~§), y= ~650(10~%), «, = 0. Determine (@) the principal strains at A, (6) the maximum shear strain in the xy plane, and (©) the absolute maximum shear strain, (Fa 0309-325) Yo = -32510° £, = 30010), = 550(10) 7, = -650(10°°) SB =s25100 A(300,-325)10"* —_€(425,0)10°* [253007 SH 7: ben R= RS~300F +325] 10° = 348.2007) 2 eco 61 = (425+348.2)010) = 77300) Ans 6 =(425-348.2910%) = 76800) Amey » Yeux = 2R = 2(348.2\(10"*) = 696(10) Ans Taye = 77310) Ans*10-28. The 45° strain rosette is mounted on a steel shaft. The following readings are obtained from each gauge: «= 300110"), g = 180(10"9), and «, = —250(10"%). Determine the in-plane Principal strains and their orientation. Strain Rosestes(45*) : Applying he equaons ia the ext wit, = 300( 10%), &, = 180( 10"), £, = -250( 10") 8, = 45°, 0, =0, and 0, = 45°, 180( 10") = £,cos"0°-+6,sin?0°+ 7, sin O° cos O° 180( 10) 300( 10°*) = 180( 10°) cos*(—$5%) + , sn! (-459) + y,,sin(~4S")cost-45%) 210( 10") =056, -057,, a ~ 250( 10°F) = 180( 10") cost4s*.se, sin?45°+ y,, sinds%cosds® ~ M0( 10") 2086, +05,, a Solving Eas. (Hand (21 yds &, = 13010), »-850( 10") Construction of the Cirle: Wihe, = 180( 10"), 6, ==130( 10") and 278( 10 [OHH *) «250(104) ‘The cooninaes for reference pons A and C are A180, =275)(10) (25.0, 0)( 10") The ads ofthe circle is n= (V(in0=25, 0}+2758)( 10") = 315.67( 10°*) {In-Plane Principal Strain : The coordinates of points B and D represent e, and é;, respectively, 6, = (25.04315.67)(10) =381(10) Ans = (28.0-315.6)(10%) =-291(10) Ans Orientation of Principal Strain : From te cece, 26, 225s L772 10026, * Ta 25.0 6,, = 30.3" (Clockwise) Ans*10-29. The strain at point A on the leg of the angle has components ¢, = ~140(10"%), «= 180(10), y= ~125(10~*), €, = 0. Determine (a) the principal strains at A, (b) the maximum shear strain in the x—y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum shear strain. €,=-14010) c= 18010), = -125(10*) i = ~62.5(10) AC-140,-62.510 {20,010 R= (¥Q0- (140) + C625) 10 = 171,77(10F) 9 £1 = (20+ 171.77)10%) = 19200) Ans = Q0- 171.7700) = 15200) Ans bo) Yas 2R = 2017177410) = 344(10) Ane10-30. ‘The 45° strain rosette is mounted on the link of the backhoe. The following readings are obtained from each gauge: €, = 650(10"*), ¢, = ~300(10~), ¢, = 480(10"%), Determine (a) the i maximum in-plane shear strain and ass normal strain, plane principal strains and (6) the sociated average ae cone, = aCe wr, eae wa sronn 4 Es ort 010) + coat IW) + sn + roxecney mci “EE C0") = 60100) 9007) = a IO) PEI) Yh I TP) = 00100") " SS see io) + #50 10%) 2) + 401) 29) + Yin 28) t= - 70004 30(10% fone = 0110) 6 2 OTT Ta = 300% z Masi : Mé50, —M65)10% C1365, O10 po cae eleea sah vase «wane oe = 6s camino «oH ne fy = (565 - SOTHO © 304010" a 22 xs crh = rence = 6800"10-31, The 60° strain rosette is mounted on the surface of an aluminum plate. The following readings are obtained from each gauge: ¢, = 950(10~%), « = 380(107), ¢, = ~220(10"*). Determine the in-plane principal strains and their orientation. ea99000) Gg eMoaet) & eee peor cnet sete erp tmcoit, ome eel eae Tyson = 95000) fea +e Yt, Mo 00-607 +s YH em (60) sori") +0284, +078, -04337, “ cox, 6,188, ra snBon <0 00 1AP) oi 120") Y si 1D) (120) 06") 2025, 07%, #04537, ® Serna) fom 65 (0) eoxie*) = 08667, 9 = #7282410") gy a21000" Yra-saaiio) Aow-ueanio* cami =| (i= TOFS EA NO" «475100 e,610+6957104 = 104410) Ame GH G1-€85N10%= 3060) Ane sa 50-370 ae, =20F enc arise (came) Ane10-33. For the case of plane stress, show that Hooke's law can be written as E =o Gayle + v6) - ma + ve) Generalized Ho Applying Ea, 10-18, ‘e's Law : For plane stress, o, = 0, (2,-v9,) vee, =(0, vie, =¥0,-¥ a, ve)y (,-ve) Ee,=-va,+0, a ‘Adding Bq. (1) and Ea. 2] yields, vee, ~Ee, Substiuting @, sno Ea. (2) Ee, =-vo,+ vee) E(vate) ce Wasa ann) ELE tEG Bg +8 vilsw (e+e) QED.) 10-34. Use Hooke’s law, Eq. 10-18, to develop the strain- transformation equations, Eqs. 10-5 and 10-6, from the stress-transformation ‘equations, Eqs. 9-1 and 9-2, Stress Transformation Equations : +2, 2, From Eq. (4), SET A hco0 20 +4, 1028 w tay =-SEAE sin 20 +5, 00828 2 wage ri] a+, s, Coie (3) Substiasng s.(1) and (3) ito Ea, (11), Generalized Hooke's Law : For plane sess, (=n(0.+0,) aen(e-6,) 0, = Ty, = fy =0. Applying Eq.10~ 18, 10~ 19, and 10-20, Fe ES) cs 20 C+ Wie, sin 29 oS a —e (12) Ee fve, Coote o By using Eqs.(8], (9}, and (10) and subssiting into Bq. (12], fy = Otay @ FS S520 +tasin20 (QE.D.) a From Ea. (61, ty 031 OF a ‘Substinsng Eqs (13), (6) and [93 nto Ea (2), E £@-5) E . po FEA 5) in 20 + Fy, co 28 From Eqs. (6] and (71, Tew "Bae Taw 7 19} QED.) Tira had10-35. Determine the bulk modulus for : ar Ey, = 14(10°) ksi and vy, = 0.20 ae Bulk Modulus : Applying Eq. 10-25, - M00) . 8 Say Ngo 77 78( 10) st Ans 10-36. Determine the bulk modulus for hard rubber if E, = 0.68(10°) ksi and v, = 0.43, Bulk Modulus : Applying Ea,1025, E 0.68(10°) ese RT HOUIe) is ne 10-37. The polyvinyl chloride bar is subjected to an axial force of 900 Ib. If it has the original dimensions shown, determine the value of Poisson's ratio if the angle @ decreases, by A@ = 0.01 after the load is applied. Epye = 800(10°) psi ° 1 . = 11300 - 0} = 0375 (107 HO 1 ao") 1 1G, - Ypre (Os + ON} 6 = Bl ~ Ye (Os + 0 1 4 = 10 ~ v9 (300 + 0)} = ~0375 HO pre 70! Vpve (300 + 0)) ao) barn a” = 6 + 6(0.375)(107) = 6.00225 in. —e_ | B 343 (0375) Vpye =3 = 1125107) Vpre tan 1(2) = 26,56505118° a 6 oe 26.56505118° - 0.01° = 26.55505118° - yy tan 0” = 049978185 = 2 = 212500 )Ypre 6.00225, Ve = U4 Ans10-38 The rod is made of aluminum 2014-TS. If it is Jpjected to the tensile load of 700 N and bas a diameter of 20 mm, determine the principal strains at a point on the . wow surface of the rod. ————— Normal Stress : For uniaxial loading, ¢, = 0, =0. 4 _ 2.228 MP; A” Foe) * Normal Strains: Applying te generalized Hooke's Law, vC2,+8,)} 1 . = aay 222810") -9] = 3048( 104) 6+ He, -Ma,+6)) t T3110)! =-1067( 10%) [0-0.35(2.228( 10°) +0)} @,-v(2,+¢,)] 1 [0-035(2.228( 10") +0)] 155 = ~1067(10*) Principal Strains : From the esuls obiained above, Fnae = 305( 10) em =—10.7( 10") Ans 10-39. ‘The strain gauge is placed on the surface of a thin- walled steel boiler as shown. Ifit is 0.5 in. long, determine the pressure in the boiler when the gauge elongates 0.2(10~*) in, The boiler has a thickness of 0.5 in. and inner diameter of 60 in. Also, determine the maximum x, y in-plane shear strain in the material. Ey = 29(10°) ksi, %q = 0.3. 20007) — soo VT 08 = 40010) 10% -¥ (0, +05)] A § 11700 where, =I a =0 6009 rit tox, 40,-030 tine B02” a z 8 ksi Saw » Thus, Ans [oi vo +05) wher, 0 and oy = 329k 1 ‘ 12 ~0.329 +0] = a Davy * :3(29 + 0)] = 1700107") ane z 1700 400)(10°) = 1.300107) Ans“10-40. The shaft has a radius of 15 mm and is made of 12 tool steel. Determine the strains in the x’ and y’ directions if a torque T = 2 KN - mis applied to the shaft. 2.(20*) (0015) 377.26 MPa Fos) ‘Stress strain relationship : ty _ 37726008) Ye = * Foy = 4.83662 (10) rad “This is a pure shear case, therefore, 6 = 6 =0 Applying Bq. 10-15, eq = 600878, + 6, sin? 8, + 74,sin 8, 608 By Here 0, = 45° . ep = 0+ 0 + 4.83662 (LO )sin (45*)e0s(45°) = 2.52 (10) y= ee = 252000") Ans 10-41. Determine the principal strains that occur at a point on astee! member where the principal stresses are omar = 18 ksi, oi “15 ksi, omy = 28 ksi, E, =29(10°) kel and = 03 Normal Strains Applying the generalized Hooke's Law with IB KSI, oy 1Sksi, and o,,, =-28 ksi Hoan ¥ (n+ Fu)] t = ~0305~ Saagy!t8-9905-28)) =0.785( 10) Ans 1 ¥ Oars + aig )] 1 0318-2 TayltS-03 118-289) 621(107) ‘Ans i Ema = BL Oma —¥ (Saas + Gias)] 1 = BapyF-0308+15) =-131(10) Ans10-42. A bar of plastic having a diameter of 05 in. is loaded in a tension machine, and itis determined that ¢, = 530(10°*) when the load is 80 Ib, Determine the modulus of elasticity, E,, and the dilatation, ¢,, of the plastic. v, = 0.26. Normal Stresses. : For uniaxial loading, 6, = 0, =0. eke = 4074 psi oxy Normal Strains : Applying the generalizat Hooke's Law, 1 825 [4 -M(4+0)] , H s30( 10°) = 2 (407.44-0) (10) = 5 = 768748 psis 169 ksi Ans Ditaretion : Applying Eq. 10-23. “ (0, +0, +0.) (0.26) (407.44+0+0) T6878 =0254( 10°) ‘Ans 10-43. A rod has a radius of 10 mm. If it is subjected to an axial load of 15 N such that the axial strain in the rod is &, = 275(10"), determine the modulus of elasticity £ and the change in its diameter. v = 0.23. . 1 "4" x00) Normal Strains : Applying the generalized Hooke's Law, $[.-“(6,+0,)] 278( 10°) » 2[$7746( 10°) ~0] £21736GP=17.4GPa Ans 54) e,d = -0.6325( 10") (20) = 1265(10"*) mm Ans“10-44. From experiment, the principal strains in a plane at a point on a steel shell are ¢ = 350(10-*) and © = ~250(10°9). If E, = 200 GPa and v, = 0.3, determine the principal plane stresses in this plane. Normal Stresses : For plane suess, 0, = 0, Normal Strains : Applying the generalized Hooke's Law, 1 = 9 -v(o+05)) 1 380(10°) = rato -O5te: + OF 70( 10 1-030, a [2 -v(6, +051) 1 200710)! ~50( 10") = 6; -030, Pn ~210( 10%) = ot fa, ~03(0, +00] Solving Eys.(1) and {2} yields O1=G04MPa oy =—319MPa Ans 10-45. The principal plane stresses and associated strains in a_ plant €, = 1.15(107), and & = e at a point are o,=40 ksi, 0, = 25 ksi, ).450(10"*). If this is a case of plane stress, determine the modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio. Normal Stresses : For plane sess, 6, =0. Normal Strains : Applying the generalizes Hooke's Law, a =4[o,-¥(o,+05)) z 115(107) = Ei40—v(25 + 0) 1.15(107) B= 40-25 a ae ko-vie, +e] 0.450(10°) = L125- via0+0) 0.450( 10") £=25-s0v a Solving Eqs. [1] and (2} yields #0309 28:1(10) ksi Ane10-46. The spherical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 2 m and a thickness of 10 mm. A strain gauge having a length of 20 mm is attached to it, and it is observed to increase in length by 0.012 mm when the vessel is pressurized. Determine the pressure causing this deformation, and find the maximum in-plane shear stress, and the absolute maximum shear stress at a point on the outer surface of the vessel, . The material is steel, for which Ey = 200 GPa and vq = 0:3, arma Serer :Sace 2210 10, oan wat sss vad» dere na re ae a Seapessl wat Epc seas pablo vce oe #0 there Soa wg on unto be al pr _ P1000) 2° 310) Sans = Fin 5000p a Normal Strains : Applying the generalized Hooke’ s Law with 0012 i 2 = 222 40.600(10°) mmm, [Oma ~¥ (Ginn + Puie)] ») = 150.0p- 0.600( 10°) = sar 15009-0:3(5009+0) p=34286 MPa= 3.43 MPa Ans From Eq.{1} 50.0(3.4286) = 171.43 MPa Maximum In- Plane Shear Stress (Sphere's Surface) : Mobe's cic is simply aot. As the result, the state of suess is te same consisting of two normal suesses with zero shear ‘ess regardless ofthe orientation of the element =o Ans Absolute Maximum Shear Stress : 171.43-0 85.7MPa Ans Tom) 10-47, The principal strains in a plane, experimentally at a point on the aluminum aircraft, are ¢, = 630(10~') and ¢ = 350(10"). If this isa case of plane stress, determine the associated principal stresses at the point in the same plane. Ey = 10(10°) ksi and vy = 0:33, fuselage of a jet measured Normal Stresses : For plane suess, 0, = 0, ‘Normal Strains : Applying the generalized Hooke's Law. Ha -¥(a, +09} 630( 10 6302 1 Tor! -93N + 01) 1 -0.330;, eetfe-vie,rou] 330(10°) = tla -033%0, +0) 3:50= 9; -0.336, Solving as. (1] and (2) yeas: = 837 ksi ©: =6.26ksi Ans tn a*10-48, A single strain gauge, placed in the vertical plane on the outer surface and at an angle of 60° to the axis of the pipe, gives a reading at point A of ¢ = -250(10-") Determine the vertical force P if the pipe has an outer diameter of 1 in. and an inser diameter of 06 in. The pipe is made of C86100 bronze. Internal Forces, Torque and Moments : As shown on FBD. Section Properties : = 0.06533 in! as 93m Shear Stress : The wansverse shear swess inthe y direction and z ‘he torsional shear sess can be obianed using shear formula and . ‘ cena = ad 5 (4g), 26), + Fen 110.6533) 6.00040.5) * dors (202 * “O0RIe | = 3893? Strain Rosettes : For pure shea, €, = 6, =0. Applying 5093p Eq,10~ 15 with, = ~250( 10") and =o", =250( 10°) =0+0+ 7,, sin 60°05 60° yy =-57735( 10) ‘Shear Stress and Strain Relationship : Applying Hooke's Law, (Fy), 8% ~38937 = 5.60( 10°)[-37738(10°)] P=0.08305 kip=83.01b Ans10-49. A single strain gauge, placed in the vertical plane con the outer surface and at an angle of 60° to the axis of the pipe, gives a reading at point A of e = ~250(10"%) Determine the principal strains in the pipe at point A. The pipe has an outer diameter of 1 in. and an inner diameter of 06 in, and is made of C86100 bronze. Internal Forces, Torque and Moments : As shown on FBD. By observation, this isa pure shear probiem. Strain Rosettes : For pute shear, c, = €, =0. Appying Eq 10-15 with e, = 250( 10°) and 8, ‘The coordinates for eferencepoinis A and C are tO, ~288.675)(10%) (0, 0)( 10°) The radius of the circle is osm = (i007 +268.6957)( 10) =288.675( 10") eo In Plane Principal Strain : The coordinaes of poinss B and D represent ey and ey, respectively. 6, = (0#288.675)( 10°4) = 288.675( 10") fe, = (0-288:675)( 10°) = -268675( 10) Principal Stress : Since 6, then from the generalized Hooke's Law €, = 0, From the results obained above, we have bean #289(10) qs =0 ty =-289(10"*) Ans10-50, Air i pumped ino the ste! thin-valedpreture ves sel at Cit the ends ofthe vessel ae closed using tw pis: tos connected by 1 rod AB, determine the increase inthe ameter ofthe pressure vessel when the internal gauge pres sure is 5 MPa. Also, what isthe tensile stress in fod AB ii hha diameter of 100 min? The inner radius ofthe vessel is 400 mm, and its thickness is 10 mim. Ey = 200 GPa and oy = 03, Circumferential suess : pr _ 5(400) 0 Note: longitudinal and radial stresses are zero. Circumferential suain o = 200MPa g _ 200(10°) . = = SO = 000 G95) 00) gee Ad = ed = 1.0(10*) (800) = 0.800 mm For rod AB: R20 Ty 50205508 ~ 0.1) = 0 = 2474 kN 2474 (10) = 315 MPa FOF) sop Ans Ans10-51. The strain gauge is placed on the surface of a thin- walled boiicr as shown. If it is 0.20 in. long, determine the pressure in the boiler when the gauge elongates 0.08(10") in. The boiler has a thickness of 0.5 in. and inner diameter of 30 in,, and it is made of 304 stainless steel. Also, determine the maximum xy in-plane shear strain and the absolute maximum shear strain in the material Principal Sire Soc £ analysis can be used to determine the normal stress inthe wal of the cylindrical vessel. This isa plane sess problem where 0, = 0. since there is no losd acting onthe outer surface ofthe wal. pr _ pls) rete a a Principal Strain : Applying the generalized Hooke! s Law with 0.08110") 020 fe 490( 10) in Fn 1 saa 1300p-0.27(15.09 +0) saracra 007 02711507 +0) p= 0.4316 ksi = 0.432 ksi Ans From Ea {land (2) 9, , = 30,0(0.4316) = 12.95 ksi = 15.0(0.4316) = 6474 ksi Gas ¥ (San * Fused) ot oare-02711295+0) moo" a . =0.1064( 10) ¥ (nas + Gias)} 1 = eo 0-0.27(1295 6.478 soy” : o =-0.1873(10") Mazimum In-Plane Shear Strain(x-y Plane): Fromthe three Mohs cir, 1 ana .0.400( 10°) ~0.1064( 10°) =0294( 10°) Ans Absolute Maximum Shear Strain : From the three Moh’ citces Yay ™ 0490( 10°) -[-0.1973(10")] 20587(10") Ans"10-52, The shaft has a radius of 15 mm and is made of 12 tool steel. Determine the strains in the x’ and y' directions if a torque of T = 2 KN « mis applied to the shaft. Shear Stress : The torsional shear stress can be obtained using the Te torsion formula, 1 = =. 7 gy = 20.019) a9 96 MPa eS FO01s) Shear Stress and Strain Relationship : Applying Hooke's \ CO Nl Law, pate ay = Yay =377.26( 10°) =75.0( 10") 75, oy =-5030( 10) rad Sirain Rosettes : For pure shea, 6, = €, =0. Applying See 4.10~15 withe, = e,- and 6, = 30°, = 08 06{-5.020( 107) Jsin30%oe 30° 5 = 0+04[ -5.030( 10°) Jsn 120% 120" =2.18(10°) mm/mm Ans. =-218(10°) mm/mm Ans. 218(10°) 10-53. The shaft has a radius of 15 mm and is made of L2 tool steel. Determine the torque T in the shaft if the two strain gauges, attached to the surface of the shaft, report strains of €, = ~45(10°*) and ey = 45(10°5), Also, compute the strains acting in the x and y directions. Shear Stres The torsional shear stress can be oblained using the Te torsion formula, ¢= =. = 1886287 = Feary 7 886 Strain Rosettes For pure shea, ¢, Applying Eq.10~ 15 with e, =-45(10) and 8, = 30°, ~45(10*) =0404+7,, sin 30°cos 30° Yay =~103.92( 10°) { oe > eseeey Oe with 6, =45(10°*) and 8, 45 (10°) = 0404 y,y sin 120°eos 120° oy =-10392(10°9) ‘Shear Stress and Strain Relations hip : Applying Hooke's Law, = 2. ~ 1886287 =75.0( 10°) [~ T=413N-m Ans10-54, Determine the change in volume of the tapered plate when it is subjected to the axial load P. The material hhas a thickness 1, a modulus of elasticity E, and Poisson's ratio is v. Normal Stress : Th bar is subjected w uniaxial load, Therefore =0ando, = XY. AG), Dilatation : Applying Ea. 10-23. ov SP (ere sayev However, dV =A(y)dy 1-2 FJeav 1-2v ctNy) FLahoe “y : ro From the FBD, N(y) = P+ wy. Then, from Ba.(1] J 20 ne wayndy Ff, tvon woe10-58. A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner radius», thickness r, and length L. If it is subjected to an internal pressure p, show that the increase in its inner radius is 6r = pr*(2 — v)/2Er and the increase in its length is 85L = pLr(1 ~ 2v)/2Er. Using these results, show that the change in internal volume becomes BV = 71 + gL + @)L~ ar°L. Since « and e are small quantities, show further that the change in volume per unit volume, called volumetric strain, can be written as 8V/V = (pr/2Et\S ~ 4v), Normal Stress : By ignoring the radial stress component, that it, ‘The volume of the cylindrical vessel before and after being pressurized is ©; =0, the problem becomes a plane stress problem. Veaw(rteyr(Ltehy VerPL asf alk 2 BV av Vem te ee il-arl — (Q.ED.) Normal Strain: Applying the geerized Hook's aw, Mower, eetate2e sm (epee em) Nei-v( ] Therefor, (14e,)*(146,) =(1426,)(1+e,) Hoi-vie. +0, wee, +e, +5 (neglect ey term) oy Sette 424, : e+2e, av pe oe + Bem Za] (ED) vo 26 2 or 7B) (0.6.D.) Lr wee= nw ED. Treefore, b= b= FE (1-2v) (O.5.D.) 10-56. The A-36 steel pipe is subjected to the axial loading of 60 KN. Determine the change in volume of the material after the load is applied, Normal Stress : The pipe is subjected to uniaxial load. Therefore. N 2, <0, =Oando, a Ditacation : Applying Eq. 10-23. aw Be (o,+5,+6) =) VE - town, =A wey os «(2 )ve w-(*) 1=2032Y] oo gh = 25200347 0. -[Saaay 0 (0) « 3 =540(107) m= $60mm Ane10-57. A soft material is placed within the confines of a rigid cylinder which rests on a rigid support. Determine the factor by which the modulus of elasticity will be increased from not being confined when a load is applied. Take v = 03 for the material Normal Strain : Since the material is confined in a rigid cylinder, ). Applying the generalized Hooke's Law, He v(¢,+0,)] 0=0,-v(9, +6.) m 1 6, =HLe, Wa, +0)] O=6,-vio,+0) a Solving Eqs.(1] and (2] yields o,29," lence ¢ afm 20 a) ‘Thus, when the material is not being confined and undergoes the same normal smain of ¢, then the required modulus of elasticity is 10-58 A thin-walled spherical pressure vessel having an inner radius r and thickness 1 is subjected to an internal pressure p. Show that the increase in volume within the vessel i 5V = Qpar/EN\(1 ~ v). Use a small-strain analysis. Normal Stress : By ignoring the radial stress component thats the problem becomes a plane stess problem. = & Normal Strain : Applying the generalized Hooke's law, 1 = glor-¥ (a2 +05)) oe) . prtrsen 4 roVe Sa (reer) see bv =¥" 3 (rsea$ ager[urey a) a However, (1#6,)'-1=143¢ +: -1=34 ( neglect second order erms ) a , ar Peveset aris tn Ee It Ema ee (1=2(0.3))(1+03) 2135 ane From 4 Ve snr 82587 (3e)) name, nam Been -«n[ Za») _2ear “uy @ep)10-59, The thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel of inner radius r and thickness ¢ is subjected to an internal pressure p. If the material constants are E and y, determine the strains in the circurnferential and longitudinal directions. Using these results, compute the increase in both the diameter and the length of a steel pressure vessel filled with air and having an internal gauge pressure of 20 MPa. The vessel is 2 m long and has an inner radius of 0.4 m and a thickness of 10 mm. Ey = 200 GPa, and v4 = 03. ter ay Trerefor, 6d = 2647 = (2- 20(10% (0.8) Free t2-03) Normal Stress : By ignoring the radial stess component. that is, aay 1, =0, the problem becomes a plane suess problem 72(10) m=272mm Ans o or Ca Gan =v(o +01) eave Normal Strain: Applying te generalized Hooke's law. rd wel) Aas Treefor, 6L=qb= 2 (1-2 efor, SL gL =F (1-2v) Ans 20(10)(2)(0.4) Fia00) (1G) oo 229 {60( 10) = 1.60.mm Ans "10-60. Estimate the increase in volume of the tank in Prob. 10-59. Suggestion: Use the results of Prob. 10-56 as a check Normal Stress : By ignoring th radia stress component, that is, 1) =0, the problem becomes a plane stess problem. of ae at ad Normal Strain : Applying the generalized Hooke's law, = gLa1-¥ (0 +651] Ha- va, +o) ee iG-7) F » Zeca mien The sone of he yin vse befor and after eng presi vow m(rteyr) (L+e:b) Vere ivev-v amr (+e) reg) b= mek fusestater=1] However, (Ute) = 14264 (neglect ¢} erm ) Treefoe, (14e te) = (142 6,946) etre te, #2 (neglect €; tem) FromEgit}, 8 = m°L(1 +e, #22) -1) = a L(e, +2€,) wifeu-mef Za} PL . (20) (10) (0.49) (2) 3(200 (10°) (001) =7.64( 10°) m? (5-40.39) Oo Ans10-61. The smooth rigid-body cavity is filled with liquid 6061-76 aluminum. When cooled it is 0.012 in. from the top of the cavity. If the top of the cavity is covered and the temperature is increased by 200°F, determine the stress components o,, 7, and o, in the aluminum. Hint: Use Eqs. 10-18 with an additional strain term of aT (Eq. 4-4) ‘Normal Strains : Since the aluminum is confined x is sites by 4 "gid container and allowed to expand in the z direction, ¢, = €, = 0; wes, «92 902 Aplin be ore Hecke av ‘withthe additonal thermal sain, 2,-v( 9, +0,) }raar a 6) O= FeacaBL ~035( 9, +0.) ]+ 13.110") 200) 0= 0, -035¢, ~0350, +262 a 6 He -ve,+e)]}+aar Zl, - Mo, +¢, 1 FaaaAl ~035(¢, +0,)]+13:( 10 9 TaaaALs ~038¢6, + ,3]+13.1( 10°) (200) 0=6,~0350, ~0350, +262 2 1 o-v(0,+0,)]+aaT 1 ele ©) J+13:1(10°) (200 0002 = aryl %-935( a +04) J+18.1( 10°) (200 0 0,-0.38, ~0.350, +620 3) Solving Eqs.(1), (2) and (3) yields = WOK G, =~552Ksi Ans 10-62. The smooth rigid-body cavity is filled with liquid 6061-76 aluminum. When cooled itis 0.012 in, from the top of the cavity. If the top of the cavity is not covered and the temperature is increased by 200° F, determine the strain Fomponents ¢,,¢,, and ¢, in the aluminum. Hint: Use Eqs. | 10-18 with an additional strain term of aAT (Eq, 4), Moomal Strains: Since the aluminum is coined atts sides by gid container, then Ane asics itis not resusined in z dnc, 6, = 0. Applying the fenerlized Hooke's Law widh the additonal heal sin, - (4, +6.) J+aar 1 al Tool =035( 9, +0) ]+13.1( 10-4) (200) 0= 9, ~0.380, +262 a 62315 -Me,+0)]+aar 1 9 TaacrTl% ~356e, +01]+ 13.( 10°) (200) 06, ~0.380, +262 % Solving Es. (1) and (2) yields 9, = 4031 ksi 1.-¥(0,+0,) ]Jeaar 1 ~ TaaCHaR !9-0.281-40:31 (40.3191) +13.1(10°) e200) =5.44(107) ‘Ans10-63, The block is fitted between the fixed supports. If the glued joint can resist a maximum shear stress of i Taiow ™ 2 ksi, determine the temperature rise that will cause the joint to fail. Take E = 10(10) ksi, v= 02, and Y @ = 6.0(10-*/°F. Hint: Use Eqs. 10-18 with an additional strain term of aAT (Eq. 4-4). Normal Strain : Since the aluminum is confined along the y direction by the rigid frame, then €, = Oandg, = @, = 0. Applying the generalized Hooke’ s Law with the addtional thermal stain, eoear 7 its, -v(9,+0)]+0ar U - FaTTTT (4 ~9210+ 0} +60( 10°) an = -0.06aT Construction of the Circle : In secordance with the sign convention. 0, = 0, 6, = -0.0647 and r,, =0, Hence. pg = ES HOOD gaa cad z The corns for he reference points A and C ae A(0, 0) and cq-003a7. 0) ‘The rains of the circle is R = (0—0.037)" +0 = LORAT batepoad Stress on The inclined Plane : The shea stress components Tuy are represented by te coordinates of point P on the circle Tey: = 0.0347 sin 80° = 0.029547 Allowable Shear Stress: 2200298447 AT = 617 °F Ans “10-64. A material is subjected to plane stress.” Express the maximum-shear-stress theory of failure in terms of @ oy, and 7,,. Assume that the principal stresses are of different algebraic signs. ‘Maximum Shear Stress Theory ! 1-3 = or a In-Plane Principal Stress : Using Ea.9~S. to, ~on1=2 (25%) +88, Subsuiuung the results into Ea yields10-65. A material is subjected to plane stress. Express the maximum-distortion-energy theory of failure in terms of On Oy and Ty, ‘Maximum Distortion Energy Theory : di-satd=o 0 In-Plane Principal Strers + Using £49-5, Suton shove etn EU Oss + +H, + A ; VCS) eB s2eb- edad sttanbea} - . Pash =o aa 222% wtb =f ESBon, . ao oO adsi 4206 aasbt-20b oe 10-66. The state of plane stress at a critical point in a steel machine bracket is shown. If the yield stress for steel is oy = 36 ksi, determine if yielding occurs using the maximum- distortion-energy theory. + ofa Lh | O,=20ksi = HI2ksi ty = 18 ksi PE 3 (FEB) 24 5,7 2 2 = 28.08 ksi a 20.08 ksi (o2 0, 02 + 67) = (28.08* - 28.08(-20.08) + (-20.08)") 1756 > of = 1296 Yes, Ans10-67. Solve Prob. 10-¢4 using the maximum-shear-stress theory. it ksi oy =-I2si ey = IB si G40, 4 [FB iv es? ea Joy ~ 03] = 28.08 (-20.08) = 48.16 ksi > oy = 36 ksi Yes. Ans "10-8. The yield stress for a zirconium-magnesium alloy is oy = 15.3 ksi, If a machine part is made of this material and a critical point in the material is subjected to in-plane principal stresses o, and 02 = ~05o,, determine the magnitude of a, that will cause yielding according to the maximumshear-stress theory. Maximum Shear Stress Theory : 0, and o, = -0.50, have ‘opposite signs. 50 lo - 031 = oy Lo, = (0.504) = 153 0 = 102ksi ‘Ans 10-69. Solve Prob. 10-68 using the maximum-distortion- energy theory. ‘Maximum Distortion Energy Theory : Gata = 9,(-050,) 4-050)? #16 ksi Ans 10-70. The yield stress for heat-treated beryllium copper is oy = 130 ksi. If this material is subjected to plane stress and elastic failure occurs when one principal stress is 145 ksi, what is the smallest magnitude of the other principal stress? Use the maximum-distortion-energy theory. Maximum Distortion Energy Theory : With o, = 145 ksi G-o0,+0= 0; Mus? 1450, +08 = 130" G~50, +4125 =0 -i-149) 4 CD = =12S233.634 Ans Choose te smaller toot 6;10-71. The yield stress for a plastic material is oy = 110 MPa. If this material is subjected to plane stress and elastic failure occurs when one principal stress is 120 MPa, what is the smallest magnitude of the other principal stress? Use the maximum-distortion-energy theory. Maximum Distortion Energy Theory ; With o, = 120 MPa, Goat = oF 120? ~ 1200, + 6] = 110 of ~ 1200, +2300 120) + 120? ays) 2° mH = 601.02 36.056 (Choose the smaller root. f, = 23.9 MPa Ans “10-72. Solve Prob. 10-71 using the maximum-shear-stress theory. Both principal stresses have opposite signs. Maximum Shear Stress Theory : 0) = 120 MPa and o; have lopposie signs. so 19, ~ 031 = oy [120-(-2,) = 119 ; =-100. MPa Ans 10-73. ‘The clement is subjected to the stresses shown. If ay = 36 ksi, determine the factor of safety for the loading based on the maximum-shear-stress theory. O=4ksi Oy =-I12ksi ty =-8 ksi OL =7314ksi oy =-15.314 ksi tne, 3 LG _ 7314-15314), "i = SE we NY wats si or _36 2 FS. = len, 18 Typ 1L3TE Ans10-74, Solve Prob. 10-86 using the maximum-distortion- energy theory. tb ois = SAS Toe =, (Ee, 2 2 2468) OV =T314ksi oy = 15.314 ksi of a0 +07 =( O10 +08 = (Fe eS (7.134? = 0314-15314) + 15.314" 10-75. A bar with a circular cross-sectional area is made of SAE 1045 carbon steel having a yield stress of vy = 150 ksi. If the bar is subjected to a torque of 30 kip « in. and a bending moment of 56 kip - in., determine the required diameter of the bar according to the maximum- distortion-energy theory. Use a factor of safety of 2 with respect to yielding Normal and Shear Stresses : Applying te Nexure and torsion forauls, Tay _Te_20(f) 490 TG . crical state of suess is shown in Fig. (8) or (b), where —> in ‘De cre sof eat is shown ia Fi me a0 we ay=0 5,08 & Maximum Distortion Energy Theory : Pe 130 Ca)- CH -S2)- ey -) d= 2.03in, ‘Ans"10-76. A bar with a square cross-sectional area is made of a material having a yield stress of oy = 120 ksi. If the bar is subjected to a bending moment of 75 kip - in., determine the required size of the bar according to the maximum- distortion-energy theory. Use a factor of safety of 1.5 with respect to yielding. Normal and Shear Stress : Applying the flexure formula, In-Plane Principal Stress: Since shear sees co be [ lone. 78 Ans TOOTH. Solve Prob. 10-76 wing Whe avi SBCAPTESS a see theory _— 2 Maximum Shear Stress Theory: a Normal and Shear Stress: Applying the flexure formula 00k (0. Me _15(4) _ 450 is ope G11 = Cie 330 In-Plane Principal Stress: Since no shear sues a one = element a=0,-0 Ams 10-78. ‘The principal plane stresses acting on a differential element are shown. If the material is machine steel having a yield stress of oy = 700 MPa, determine the factor of safety with respect to yielding if the maximum-shear-stress theory is considered.10-79, The state of stress acting at a critical point on a machine element is shown in the figure. Determine the smallest yield stress for a steel that might be selected for the part, based on the maximum-shear-stress theory. == ‘Maximum shear stress theory : Both principal stresses have opposite sign, hence, lo - o2l= oy 8.8489 ~ (-10.8489) = of oy = 19.7 ksi Ans“10-80. Derive an expression for an equivalent torque 7, that, if applied alone to a solid shaft with a circular cross section, would cause the same energy of distortion as the combination of an applied bending moment M and torque T In- Plane Principal Stress : In the case of pure wrsion, @ = f, nd Energy of Distortion : y= tEt(d-o.0,+e8) | then 488420 oop sa-B haat stab. and o-oo, 2h = 3B oa! d-aard) (ups = EE (30t eat) 1B (ese) 3 =e 2) OE Ee. Require, (ugh = (4a) +v(Tey _ tthe vy(M? 26) 5) then Ans10-81. If a shaft is made of nickel for which oy = 65 ksi determine the maximum torsional stress required to cause yielding using (a) the maximum-shear-stress theory and (b) the maximum-distortion-energy theory. In- Plane Principal Stresses : For pure orion, 0, = and ¢, = a) Maximum Shear Stress Theory : 0, and 0; have opposite signs, Jo - 03) = oy Irn = 65 T2325 ksi Ans b) Maximum Distortion Energy Theory : G-ao:sdh = Pa een s(n? = 6st 375 ksi Ans 10-82 Derive an expression for an equivalent bending ‘moment M, that, if applied alone to a solid bar with acirculas Cross section, would cause the same maximum shear stress % the combination of an applied moment M and torque T. Assume that the principal stresses are of opposite algebraic signs. In-Plane Principal Stress : tn the case of pure bendin, o=0. ‘Mesiumum Shear Stress: 0, and o, are assumed to have oppose signs, ‘In-Plane Principal Stress : In he case of combined bending sess and Me Te ‘orvonal shear sess, = AE and p= Maslumum Shear Stress : 0, snd oy ae assumed have opposite signs (ap) 252 Foe EE 2 z However, for circular shaft Requires, oa Ans10-83. The state of stress acting at a critical point on the seat frame of an automobile during a crash is showa in the figure. Determine the smallest yield stress for a steel that can be selected for the member, based on the maximum- shear-stress theory, Normal and Shear Stress: In accordance with the sign tay = 2S ksi In- Plane Principal Stress : Applying Ea.9~5. va (ewaeoo Meximum Shear Stress Theory <6 Bet (SSP) cs, 5 ‘hear Stress Theory 0, and o, have opposie signs 80+0, (790-07 SelB) ae z z = 40247.170 Ans 0, =87.170ksi gy = =7.170 - 10-84. "Solve Prob. 10-83 using the maximulm-distortion- energy theory. Normal and Shear Stress: In accordance with the sign o,=80ksi 20%, #25 In-Plane Principal Stress: Applying Eq.9~5. 0 =-7.170 ksi Maximum Distortion Energy Theory : Oh -0, r= oF 87.170 §7.170(-7.170)+(-7.170 =o 9, = 91.0451 Ans 70-85. Ifa machine part is made of titanium (Ti-6A1-4V) and a critical point in the material is subjected to plane stress, such that the principal stresses are o, and o = 0Sey, determine the magnitude of o; in MPa that will cause yielding according to (a) the maximum-shear-stress theory, and (b) the maximum-distortion-energy theory. a) Maximum Shear Siress Theory : o,and 0, =050, havethe same signs. 50 Joy] = 10.5041 = oy 050, =924 1848 MPa lol = oy 6 =924MPa (Controls!) Ans b)Maximum Distortion Energy Theory : With o, and 05e, o-oo, +o = 05 GF = 04 (0501) +(0.50,) 1067 MPa |10-86. An aluminum alloy 6061-T6 is to be used for a drive shaft such that it transmits $0 bp at 1800 rev/min. Using a factor of safety of FS.=2, with respect to yielding, determine the smallest-diameter shaft that can be selected based on the maximum-distortion-energy theory. Internal Torque : Using he power tansmision formula, = 1800 = ( AMS 5 60.0K rad/s Gs ene) ) = 27500 ts 271500 «145.89 10-1 Pp a Shear Stress : Applying te worsion formula, Te _145.890120( 4) _ 8916.26 He) e 891626 é In-Plane Principal Stress : tn the case of pure torsion, 0 = 3916.26 and 0, = Maximum Distortion Energy Theory : Fo, + tow es) TES] a= 942 in Ans \10-87, Solve Prob. 10-86 using the maximumshear-stress theory. Internal Torque : Using the power tansmission formula, sv (2ntad) I min = 1800 4B 6 Ga0e wo SOS) : (2 is ) = 21500 The P1300 2 F750. usaf 7 ae” MSI Shear Stress : Applying the torsion formula, Maximum Shear Stress Theory : 0, and have oppose signs, Te 589(1(4) _ 991626 10 7 Ty le, -a1= 0, . 391626 £916.26 / 8916.26y _ 37.010) JIn- Plane Prineipal Stress: Inthe case of pure wsion, 0, =F —a—-( a)" 891626 o 420.988 in, Ans snd oy10-88. The element is subjected to the stresses shown. If oy = 50 ksi, determine the factor of safety for this loading based on (a) the maximum-shear-stress theory and (b) the maximum-distortion-energy theory. Normal and Shear Stress: In accordance with the sign 6, = i2ksi G-Bksif, =7ksi In. Plane Principal Stress : Applying Eg.9~5, =2.0012207 = 14207 ksi, = 10.207 ksi a) Maximum Shear Stress Theory : 0, and cr have opposie signs. lo, ~ox1 =, 114207 ~(-10207 ear The factor of safety is Ans zximum Distortion Energy Theory : G-0,0,+0= Five 14207" ~ 14207(-10207) + (-10207)? = joe = 21237 ksi ‘The factor of safety is ar) 21,237 Ee FS 7 Ans Sues 10-89. An aluminum alloy 6061-16 is to be used for a solid drive shaft such that it transmits 40 bp at 2400 rev/min. Using a factor of safety of FS. = 2, with respect to yielding, determine the smallest-diameter shaft that can be selected based on the maximum-shear-stress theory. Internal Torque : Using the power transmission formula, o «200 (2408) 1 oo ett pote (SOB). na Te_ 87.540 (4) _ $349.76 tp e In-Plane Principal Stress + In the case of pure torsion. 5349.76 = ro and Maximum Shear Stress Theory : 0, and have opposite signs, jss976_/ sun6y _ s.0L0% FS 833 in, Ans 5349.7610-90. Solve Prob. 10-89 using the maximum-distortion- energy theory. Internal Torque : Using the power transmission formula, fev (2rd) 1 in = 2400 Lin «gor ras 7 ro SS) _ $50 fis } = 22000 7s P2000 or 287.54 Shear Siress : Applying the wrsion formula, Te_87.58(12)(4) _ $389.76 7 “9° a +) 5399.76 In- Plane Principal Stress : Tn the case of pute torsion, o) = 5349.16 and 0, =F; Maximum Disioion Energy Theory: GF - 9,0, 4% = (omesy many mats serey awry d= 0.794 in Ans 10-91. The principal stresses acting at a point on a thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel are oy = prit, o, = pri2t, and a4 = 0. If the yield stress is oy , determine the maximum value of p based on (a) the maximum-shear- stress theory and (b) the maximum-distortion-energy theory. )Mazimum Shear Siress Theory : 0, and 0, have the same signs, then 2 louse, |e =o, Loy (Controls!) Ans by Maximum Distortion Energy Theory Gi-oe += 04 BG) -4 Ans10-92. The state of stress acting at a critical point on a wrench is shown in the figure. Determine the smallest yield stress for steel that might be selected for the part, based on the maximum-distortion-energy theory. Normal and Shear Stress sceordance withthe sign O,=25ki <0 t, =10bsi In-Plane Principal Stress : Applying Ea,9~5, Ail asso, [a5 il = 125 16.008 BSI Maximum Distortion Energy Theory : G-a,0,+03 = oy 28.508" ~ 28,508(~3.508) + (3.508)? =o}, oy = 30.4 ksi Ans 10-93. The state of stress acting at a critical point on a wrench is shown ia the figure, Determine the smallest yield stress for steel that might be selected for the part, based on the maximum-shear-stress theory. in accondance with the sign Normal and Shear Stresses : ksi 25 ksi In- Plane Principal Stress : Applying Eq.9~5 +4, /(a=ayea oy 2 5% 44 (25) on, 25+0, [72s-0y a ty[——] 18 Tr) = 125 16.008 0, =28508ksi = -BS0B Asi imum Shear Stress Theory : a, and o, have opposite signs. lo -on1 = oy | 28.508~(-3.508)1 = oy 2.0 ksi ‘Ans10-94, The internal loadings at a critical section along the steel drive shaft of a ship are calculated to be a torque of 2650 Ib «ft, a bending moment of 2800b - ft, and an axial thrust of 3700 Ib. Ifthe yield points for tension and shear are Oy = 100ksi and ry = SOksi, respectively, determine the required diameter of the shaft using the maximum-shear- stress theory. Normal Stress and Shear Stress : The crical points at the bonom of the ‘arcu secon eo Te _2650100($) $00.8 7 aye $08.8 a In-Plane Principal Stress : Applying £4.9~$ with 9, =0, ¢, “a. +8, (amare et adn 818), (RE TILEY AY ' CR Ne) Ge) " Maximum Shear Stress Theory + Assume 0, and 0} have opposite signs. then to) =o) 2 740d + $37.6 yar) as0ordt ~54 76d ~ 7956 484~ 5478912.©0 = 100 508) sy Solving by tia and erro, d= 1.683361 in. = 1.68 in Ans FromEa.(1] 0) =13.29%si 0 =~86.71 ksi. ‘The principal suesses 0, and o indeed have opposite signs as assumed. Therefore, the solution is valid ats Td10-95, The cast iron cylinder having a diameter of 100 mm is subjected to a torque of 600 N-m and an axial compressive force of 15 kN, Determine if it fails according to the maximum-normal-stress theory. The ultimate stress of the cast iron is oy, = 170 MPa, Normal Stress and Shear Strese : N_-1500 oN S00) Lo to mea OR FO Te | 600(0.05) ce = 3.056 MPa 7" F005) In-Plane Principal Stress : Applying Ea.9~$ with 0, 1, =0, and 4, = 3.056 MPs, (Ee ae (23EY 056 = ~0.95543,202 0, =2.287 MPa 0 24.156 MPa Maximum Normal Stress Theory : 10) =2.267 MPa oy, = 170 MPa | o,| = 4.156 MPa < 94, = 170 MPa Based on the result obtained above, the material does not fall according to the maximum normal stress theory. | | 3056 MPa. 1910 AP.*10-96. The internal loadings at a critical section along the steel drive shaft of a ship are calculated to be a torque of 2650 Ib - ft, a bending moment of 2800 Ib « ft, and an axial thrust of 3700 Ib. If the yield points for tension and shear are ey =100 ksi and ry = 50 ksi, __ respectively, determine the required diameter of the shaft using the maximum-distortion-energy theory. eel cee mail Normal Sirets and Shear Sirets Tete points te boom of be cer sion N Me |_| =3.70_2.80(12)($) a" sestenrs3) Oe as Pe Te _265012)(4) _ sons {it - Oe neg os tae 10752 woo,» -(tateens.2) - € ds 890 S$) IC ee 9 sy (ey Maxam Donan Bnerey Thay ce 9 =-(SEES) f= aba b 420, Got =oy {CPS -SRCy - oo00%"a* -219,04d ~ 31825.934— 1932687.36 = 0 Solving by trial and error, d= 1.6491932 in, = 1.65 in Ans10-97. The short concrete cylinder having a diameter of 50 mm is subjected to a torque of 500 N-m and an axial compressive force of KN. Determine if it fails according to the maximum-normal-stress theory. The ultimate stress of the concrete is Ou = 28 MPa. aN (0.05)? = 1.9635(10°) m? 4 x = F0.025' = Jee 16135910) m* 200 0 A” 1963500) 19 MPa Te _ _500(0.025) 500.025) 20.372 MPa “7 ~ 0613590105) + 0,20 6, =-L019MPa ty = 20.372 MPa ous Se [Fa Leathe 2420.37 oe O= 0, =1987MPa 0; = -20.89 MPa aihure criteria lo < Ou =28MPa OK lerl< oun =28MPa OK No. Ans10-98. The strain at point A on the shell hi ia components ‘ 250(10-), ¢, = 400(10"%), yy = 275(10"%), €, = 0. Determine (a) the principal strains at A, (b) the maximum shear strain in the x—y plane, and (c) the absolute maximum shear strain. 4) Ea 37.500 soe) =40KI0) ry e750) TF A(250,137.5)10° —€1325,0)10°% 1G25-2507 + (137.5 je = 156.6210) 6 = 625+ 156.6210 = 48200) Ane 6 = (25~ 156.62)10 = 16810") Ams » Yomax = 2R =2(156.62\10) = 31310) Ans ° Troe _ 48210) 2 2 Taye = 48210) Ans10-99, If a solid shaft having a diameter d is subjected to a torque T and moment M, show that by the meximum- shear-stress theory the maximum allowable shear stress is Taiow = (16/44?) VM? + T?, Assume the principal stresses to be of opposite algebraic signs. Section Properties : i) 3G) a Normal Stress and Shear Stress : Applying the flexure and torsion formulas. Maximum Shear Stress Theory : Assume o, and ¢, have opposite signs. Hence, (ED) 10-100, Derive an expression for an equivalent bending moment M, that if applied alone to a solid bar with a circular cross section would cause the same energy of distortion as the combination of an applied bending moment M and torque 7 In-Plane Principal Stree: tne cneopurs bending, 0,» ME and 0, =0. Energy of Distortion: ley, w= 3p (4-10 +64) os “Hl “FCS In- Plane Principal Stress + Inthe ease of combined bending suess and voesional shear suess, = ME and 2= 2, T 7 neray of Datorion tet 0» $ sd bn [Zee en ade r2a, g.a,=a-H, dectast-2b, and o-a,0, 40 #38 4a ley 42 Fpla-oet eh) (4: = (08 +0) ley =i (tas) _ aun (te 3 Require ude =n Levey ete vy(M? 37 ECF) SFE) w= ey SE F However, fot the czclar shaft shen Maier Ans10-101. The state of strain at a point on the arm has components of «= 25010"), «6, = —450(10~ ay = ~825(10"), Use the strain-transformation equations i to determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain and average normal strain. Ineach case specify the orientation of the element and show how the strains deform the element within the x-y plane. Normal Strain and Shear Stra 1 in accordance with he sgn convention, a s0(10)«, =-450(10) 7, =-825( 10") = ~100#540.98 e,=441(10°) 6 Ans Orientation of Principal Strain : Applying Eq, 10-8, ail 1786 Ti50==as0yFUT Be and 65.16" Use Bq, 105 o determine which principal stain deforms the element in thex’ direction with 6 = ~24.84° co ae pes 250-(~-450) z oy cos 20 + Tin 20 z = 481 (10° Kos (49.68) + sn -9.669]( f Hence, DAE and Ans b) ‘Maximum In-Plane Shear Sain: Applying Ea 10~ 11, 6-8 (nV \ 2) 3) BOC (PT oe 4 aS | (= ] (10) Ss Ans Orientation of Maximum In- Plane Shear Strain : Applying ‘The proper sign of 7 Eq 10- " 4.106. ‘can be determined by substituting @ = 20.2° ito asm and 08 Ans ey = (1250-450) sin 4+ 25 cos 4} (1 = ~1082(10°*) ¢ Normat Strain : Applying Eq.10~12. [Aco 100(10"*) Ans10-102, The aluminum beam has the rectangular cross section shown. If itis subjected to a bending moment of M = 60 kip - in., determine the increase in the 2-in. dimension at the top of the beam and the decrease in this dimension at the bottom. Eq = 10(10°) ksi, vay = 0.3. Jn general for the top or bottom of the beam : 6vM =ebe b) Ab = eb = SEE _ VM = ‘Atthe top : ap = 40360) he TOAw VG) ‘Atthe boom : Ab = = 1.200%) in. Ans “The negative sign indicates shortening. 10-103. Determine the bulk modulus for each of the following materials: (a) rubber, E, = 0.4 ksi, v, = 0.48, and (b) glass, E, = 8(10°) ksi, v, = 0.24. Bulk Modulus : Applying Eq.10-25, 5 4 So ogy = Ba Ans i-2v,) 3 ~2(048)) u 810) 2 es i air= naz FC") Hs Ane 3(i-2,) "10-104. thin-walled spherical pressure vessel has an inner radius 7, thickness 1, and is subjected to an internal pressure p. If the material constants are E and v, determine the strain in the circumferential direction in terms of the stated parameters. Normal Stress : By ignoring the radial stress component, that is 4 =0, the problem becomes a plane siess problem, ” ono e ‘Normal Strain: Applying the generalized Hooke's law. plar-¥ (a +0))] \(er_2e) “ela 2 ae) Ans10-105. The 60° strain rosette is mounted on a beam. The following readings are obtained for each gauge: €. = 600(10%}, «= -700(10"9), and «, = 350(10°9) Determine (a) the in-plane principal strains and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain and average normal strain. Incach case show the deformed element due to these strains. Strain Rosettes (60°): Applying Ba, 10~ 18 wit , = 600( 10°), 6, =-700( 10°), , = 350( 10°), 8, = 150%, 6, = 150" and 8, = -90%, 350( 10) = ¢,cos?(=90°) + 6, sin?(~-90°) + 7, sin(90*) cos(-90*) «, =350( 10") 600(10°4) = ,c0s7150°4+-350( 10°) sia?150"+ 7, sin 150%e08 150° 512.5( 10) = 075 e, -0.4330 7,, m = 700( 10%) = e,cos*(-150" + 380( 10°) si (150%) +7, sin( 150" c08(-150") =1815( 10") = 0256, +043307,, a tesa AL emese Solving Ea, {) and 2] yekts—e, = -18533( 10") ay _\e (io Construction ofthe Circle : Wise, «-18333(10"). 6, sr coy a =-15056( 10"), ar6 (EBB) - besa [ ; tue ‘The coordinates for reference poins A and C are (18333, ~750.56)(10) —€(8333, 09( 1 The radius of the circle is = ((08833+9935)7+75058)( 10) = 79652( 10") a) In- Plane Principal Strain : The coordinates of points B and 1D represent €, and €;, respectively 4 =(83.33479652)(10%) =880(10°°) Ans 4 =(8833-79652)(10") =-113(10) Ans Orientetion of Principal Strain : From he cic, rn 15056 18333455 5, 528145 26, = 70.48 28,, = 180°-26,, 180° 70.44" J S48 (Clockwise) Ans ae ») Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain : Represented by the ree Crtehdietlatt Orientation of Maximum In- Plane Shear Strain : From the cele, 196.52( 10") a ) =. 1593( 10) Ans 75056 6, =9.78° (Clockwise) Ans