UNIT 57 Good wishes. Buenos deseos. iS que se utilizan para transmitir buenos El titulo de esta unidad, Good wishes, hace referencia a lus expresiones ing! deseos a alguien en diferentes situaciones, como, por ejemplo, cuando se le desea suerte por un acontecimiento proximo © cuando se le felicita por algtin éxito conseguido o en una ocasién especial. Como veri, gran parte del len; cempleado en tales situaciones est4 compuesto por frases hechas y expresiones que ya conoce. de modo que no sera necesario introducir ninguna estructura gramatical de importancia. Ademtds de aprender nuevas expresiones, a lo largo de la unidad examinaré una regla ortogrifica relativa al comp: ol acento de una person c y al superlativo de los adjetivos, oir nativa de Jamaica y reeibira informacicn paises del Caribe donde se habla ing Consejos para el aprendizaje. El novelista francés Julian Green na cen francés, y s6lo afios mas tarde aprendié el inglés, En 1941 publ expuso algunas observaciones que pueden tranquilizar a la gran mayoria de personals que caminan con cierta inquietud hacia el dominio de una nueva lengua. As a child, I could not believe that English was a real language. I could not understand why, when everything had a name in French, people should call it by some other name. Cuando era nino, no podia creer que el inglés fuera una verdadera lengua. No podia entender por qué. si cada cosa tenfa un nombre en francés, la gente habfa de llamarla por algdn otro nombre. sn Paris el afio 1900 de padres americanos. En su primera infancia se expresaba {culo en una revista nort mericana en el que I was very sensitive. ‘The idea that when I spoke English I was ridiculous became a sort c. La idea de que era ridiculo cuando hablaba inglés se convirtis en una especie lengua. a muy ser de idea fija que dificulté mi progreso en es I had to prepare anything I wanted to say. When I expressed myself in English, I was all along translating from the French. ‘Tenia que preparar todo lo que queria decir. Cuando me expresaba en inglés, traducia todo el tiempo del francés, Puede que usted tenga sentimientos semejantes a los descritos por Julian Green; no obstante, estas pequefias dificulta- Jes no deben ser un obsticulo en su aprendizaje del inglés. Observacion. El estudio de la presente unidad no precisa de ninguna observaci6n previa, puesto que en el apartado de Introduetion se revisan las principales expresiones utilizadas para comunicar buenos descos, Asi pues, jadelante! uss<1] Speaking and listening Introduction. In previous units you have heard alot of examples of good wishes, On the cassette you can hear some of them again. = Listen to the c: ing the first version of the text. ~ Listen again, following the sec- ond version. Read the second version aloud, putting in the missing words, sette, follow Jeff Elizabeth: Annu: Elizabeth: Anna: Jeff: Elizabeth: Tony: Anna: Tony. Elizabeth: Mr Jones: Voices: Anna: Angela: Anna: Angela: Anna: FS) introduction. How old are you, Anna? ‘Today I'm thirty. Cheers! Cheers! Hello, Anna! Happy Birthday! Tony, itis not my birthda Really? Ob, well ... (To Elizabeth;) Is it your Horace, we're sorry that you're leaving us, ‘but good luck with all your future activites. Good luck. Speech! Speech! Angela, I'm not going to the Seychelles. I'm going to Sweden. Oh. Il be walking in the forests, swimming in the 1kes, and visiting the Old Town in Stockholm. Lovely. Yes. I'm looking forward to it. Angela: Anna: Clerk: ‘Traveller: Clerk. Traveller: Clerk: Traveller: Clerk: Traveller: Mr Jones: Angela: Mr Jones: Angela: Mr Jones. Jeff: Operator: Jeff: Operator Jeff Operator: Jeff: Operaor: Jeff: Operator: ll be sitting in front of this computer. Have good trip! Thanks. Any luggage? Yes. This ease. ‘Any hand luggage? This briefcase. ‘That's fine. Smoking or non-smoking? Non-smoking, please. ‘Thank you. Have a good fight. ‘Thank you Well, have a nice evening. ‘Thank you. I'm going to the theatre. What are you going to see? A play called “The Empty Room”. Oh, yes. I went to see if last week. Hello? Mr Grant? Yes? Thave a eall for you. ‘Thank you. It’s from London, England. ‘Thank you. It’s a woman. Thank you. ‘You're welcome, sir. Have a nice dayUNIT 57 Introduction. Jeff: Elizabeth: Anna: Elizabeth: Anna: Jeff: How old are «+, Anna? ‘Today I'm thirty. Cheet Angela: Vl be sitting in +++++ of this computer. Have a good **+ Anna: Thanks. Clerk: Any luggage? Traveller: Yes. This case. Clerk: Any «+++ luggage? Traveller: TI fease. Eeabeth Clerk: That's fine. -+-0+++ oF non-smoking? ae Traveller: sse-reesuen, please. Clerk: Thank you. Have a good +++=e, Tony: Hello, Anna! Happy ++++ex+»! Traveller: ‘Thank you. Anna: Tony, itis nor my #eveee0=, tus Tony: Really? Oh, well. (To Elizabeth:) Is it your yyy jones: Well, have a nice +#+++**. eeeeeas Angela: Thank you. I'm going =* the theatre Elizabeth: No. Moog: was coin peg eon tae ‘Angela: A play seseee “The Empty Room”. ‘Mr Jones: Oh, yes. I went to see it «=» week. ‘Mr Jones: Horace, we're +++ that you're leaving us, s “ but good »==* with all e=** future acti al Voices: +»+ luck. Speech! Speech! Jeff Hello? ae Operator: Mr Grant? Jeff: Yes? Anna: Angela, V'm not going =+ the Seychelles. 'm Operator: have a s+us for you going +» Sweden. Jeff: ‘Thank you. Angela: Oh. Operator: W's »»+» London, England. ‘Anna: Vibe walking »» the forests, swimming »* the Jeff: Thank you. lakes, and visiting the Old Town +" Stockholm. Operator: It's a «+0. Angela: Lovely. Jeff Thank you. ‘Anna: Yes. I'm looking **++s»* to it, Operator: You're +s+e++s, sir. Have a nice +++! Practice. = You know these good wishes expressions. Read them aloud time. Cheerst trip.! Good luck. Haye a good | might. wiribday: holiday. (UK) meee { vacation. (US) Happy } Christmas.? ice | oaY* New Year. Have anice | ening. * Or: Bon voyage. ? Or: Merry Christmas. = These good wishes expressions often appear at the end of informal letters. Complete them. All the b_st. L_ve. — Translate these good wishes expressions from the cas- sette text. Cheers! Have a good flight. Happy Birthday! Have a nice evening. Good luck. Have a nice day! Have a good trip! Answers on page 1172. jon in this unit has these ‘The Speaking and 1 parts: Good wishes. Congratulations. ‘Sympathy. toning <0 Buenos deseos, Felicidades, Fe Simpatia, Condolencia,Pg Speal g and listening Good wishes. Si es usted supersticioso, tal vez erea que desear buena suerte a trae mala suerte. En el ambiente teatral britanico, por ejemplo, nalmente se ha pensado que es de mal agticro decir Good luck a un actor antes de una representacién, y en su lugar se suele utilizar la frase Break leg! (;Rompete una pierna!). En esta pagina encontrara S frases que son menos pintorescas pero que se emplean con més frecueneia para expresar descos de buci suerte en diferentes situa Study these expressions. Deséeme suerte Mantenga los dedos eruzados por mi, Buena suerte con Todo lo mejor para Espero que todo vaya bien. Wish me luck. Keep your fingers crossed for me. ‘Good luck with ... All the best for hope everything goes well. Work with the cassette. Good wishes. Listen, o~ Swe: Hi, Norman. Norman: Hello, Sue. \ Swe: Oh... Good luck with your examination. | ‘Norman: ‘Thanks. Sue: When is it? \ Norman: Sue ‘Norman. Sue: Well, all the best fo Norman: ‘Thanks. Keep your fingers crossed for me. Sue: OK. .«. Oh, no, sorry ~ I can’t keep my fi ‘crossed today. I'l be writing a lot of letters. Norman: Ha, ha. Well, wish me luck anyway. Sue: Norman: ire. Good luck! I hope everything goes well. sanks! Listen and repeat. Good luck with your examination. Good luck with your new job. All the best for your driving test. All the best for your interview. T hope everything goes well. Answers on page 1172 Pract Read the cassette dialogue aloud e. ~ Translate the expressions on these three cards. 1UNIT 57 Con bastante frecuencia se pide a al- Study these expressions, guien que transmita nuestro saludo a tun miembro de su familia o a un cono- serdos mios a .. Remember me to... iy best regards cido mutuo, Aqui practicard algunas mis mejores recuerdos de las expresiones inglesas que se utili-Déle | recuerdos mios as. Give | my regards | to Zann en tal situacién, mis mejores (recuerdos) my best mis mejores recuerdos. iy best regards. Estas expresiones comprenden und gle a .. | recuerdos mios Give oa | ty eds, gama que va desde fo bastante formal mis mejores (recuerdos). my best. (la primera expresion en el cuadto) — pyigale “Hola a ... de mi parte Say “Hello” to... for me. hhasta lo bastante informal (la Gitima). — — LLas expresiones espaftolas que figuran en el cuadro muestran los matices de las di nglesas, si bien en la practica, éstas equivalen indistintamente a las expresiones espafiolas “Déle recuerdos mios a...” 0 “Salude a ... de mi parte entes expresione: 3 risten. Norman: Lill, Well, I can't stop. I don’t want to be late for the exam. fete mae Newas Mr Lee: Right. All the best for it. M) la 1 - eapionta Norman: ‘Thanks. Give my best to Mrs Lee. Norman: Fine Lectin Normans riaes tia Nan: ind ay Ha to Mary fo eB Norman: No, twas just thinking. I've got an exam today = Mr Lee: Oh. Well good luck wi Norman: Thanks. Mr Lee: How are your parents? Remember me to your grandmother. Norman: ‘They're fine. Give my regards to your parent. Mr Lee: Give them my regards. Oh, and remember me Give my best to your wife. to your grandmother. y “Hello” to Mary for me. How are you? (en and repeat. There is a famous song called Give my regards to Broad- Remember me to your grandmother. way, written by George M. Cohan in 1904. Broadwa street in New York, and is well known for its the: In 1984, Paul McCartney made a film called Give my re- . $3) gards ta Rraad Street Rroad Street is the name af a way station in London Practice. Read these sentences aloud, putting in him, her or them. 1. T hope your mother is well. Give 2. Thope your father is well. 3. L hope your parents are wel . my regards. my regards. . my regards. Give 4. Thope Your sister is well. Give ..... my regards. 5. I hope your brother is well. Give ..... my regards, es Answers on page {172 ustZ Speaking and listening Congratulations En este apa felicitar a titulo Congr tado, que leva poi Observe que, cuando se menciona I los estudiantes de inglés confunden a menudo ambas palabras. Study these key expression iFelicidades! Feliz cumpleanos! kon grato'lerfnz iba:"@dey Congratulations! Happy Birthday! Happy An Feliz. aniversario! jem'va:'soru [ boda Felicidades por twsu | io wedding. ‘wedin) ur { success, sok’ses promotion. /... pro'moujin ‘Congratulations on your success. 1158 ns, practicard esta y otras raz6n por la que se felicita, se utiliza la preposici6n 0 congratulations. Observe también la diferencia entre la palabra birthday, que usted ya conoc xpresiones inglesas utilizadas para iguien con motivo de un acontecimiento importante, como, por ejemplo, una boda o un éxito en el trabajo 0 después de la palabra y la palabra anniversary Work with the cassette EE S) Congratulations. Listen and repeat. Happy Birthday! Happy Anniversary! Congratulations! Listen. Norman: Mir and Mrs L Mir Lee: Hello, Norman. Norman: You're looking very happy Mrs Leo: Yes. 10s my birthday today Norman: Is i really? Happy Birthday! Mrs Lee: ‘Thank you. And it’s my wedding anniver- Mr Lee: Our wedding anniversary. Mrs Lee: Ouredding Norman: Well, Happy Anniversary you been married Mr Lec: Twenty-five years. Norman: ‘Twenty-five years? Mrs Lee: Yes.ltseemslikefifty, utit'sonly twenty- five. Mr Lee: What? ‘Mrs Lee: V'm joking, George. We've been married for twenty-five very happy years. Norman: Well, congratulations! Listen, and say “Congratulations!” to each person. We've just discovered that we're going to have a baby. I'm twenty-one today Stella and I are going to get married. ve just had a promotion. s our 25th wedding anniversan I've just won the Nobel Prize for todayUNIT 57 EI didi, grabado en la cassette correspondiente a esta pi que se pueden utilizar para felicitar a alguien. Observe que mientras que una persona adulta le felicita mas formalmente. ina incluye algunos ejemplos mas de expresiones inglesas tun muchacho de modo informal sn él una joven felic Study these expressions. That’s great news. Well done! was very pleased to hear that vou passed your examination. Congratulations! Esa es una gran noticia! ;Bien hecho! Me alegré mucho ofr que aprobaste tu/aprobé su examen. (Felicidades! en ha aciones también es posible utilizar La expresién Well done! no siempre se puede emplear como alternativa a Congratulations! Se utiliza cuando al realizado algo con éxito 0 ha logrado algo que implica cierto esfuerzo. En estas sit Congratulations!, palabra con 1a cual se felicita asimismo a a ber alcanzado algo que no implica ningdn esfuerzo especial, por ejemplo, un cumpleaiios o un aniversario. ien por h Practice. ~ Read the cassette dialogue aloud. = Translate the expressions on these five cards, Hello, Norman, Norman: Hi, Sue. Sue: Where have you been? I haven't seen you for weeks. Norman: I've been away. Sue: Haye you had your exam results? Norman: Yes. 1 - Sue: That's great news. Well done! Norman: Thanks. Sue: Tean’t stop. See you! Norman: Bye! ‘Mr Lee: Norman’ Norman: Hello, Mr Lee. Mr Lee: 1 saw your father yesterday. I was very pleas- ed to hear that you passed your examination. ‘Congratulations! Norman: ‘Thank you. Listen and repeat. ‘That's great news. Well done! ‘That’s great news. Well done! Listen, and say “That's great news. Well done!” to each person. Vive just had my exam results. T passed. I've just finished my first novel, and I've found a publisher for it. eS Answers on page 1172 19rT Speaking and listening Sympathy. En Ia pigina anterior ha visto que, cuando se felicita a alguien porque se ha ofdo hablar de un éxito 0 de un aconteci- miento feliz en su vida, se puede decir I was very pleased to hear that ... Por el contrario, cuando se quiere expresar condolencia por ui fracaso 0 un desafortunado suceso, se puede utilizar la expresion I was very sorry to hear that Esta tltima expresi6n es bastante cortés y se emplea cuando se hace referencia a acontecimientos graves. Aqui practi 14 algunas expregjones de carécter menos formal utilizadas para mostrar condalen especial gravedac por hechos que no revisten una Study these words and phrases Ive ust taken my driving test hacer take aprobur | UmaPrucbel pags | a testian exam 7 fail How aid i go? Lo siento. That’s too bad. A pesar de todo, no te preocupes. Still, never mind. iMejor suerte la préxima vez! Better luck next time! suspender fail ‘few! ‘Work with the cassette. Sue: Hi, Norman, Norman: Hi, Sue. Sue. What's die matter? You're nut looking very py today. Norman: Vm not feeling very happy. I've just taken my 4 driving test Sue: How did it go? Norman: 1 thought it went very well. But I failed. Sue: Oh, that’s too bad. Norman: Yeah. Sue? Still, never mind. Better ck next time! Norman: ‘Thanks. Listen and repeat. Practice. ve just taken my driving test. Here are some more examples of sympathy. Read them How did it go? aloud Litailed. was very sorry to hear that — Oh, that’s too bad. : Still, never mind. — you lost your job. Better luck next time! ~ you had to spend some time in hospital. = your mother was — you didn’t pass your e LN — you ad Stella are geiting divorced. 1160UNIT 57 Song. (On pages 1154-1160 you have practised a lot of English expressions for good wishes, congratulations and sympathy. The text of this song includes some of them Hi, Norman! Happy Birthday! How does it feel to be twen And I hear that you got your Congratulations! Well done Norman! Have a nice day in the country. De careful that you don’t get lost. All the best for your driving test. Tl keep my fingers crossed. Hi, Norman! How did it go? You failed? I'm sorry to hear that. What a shame! ‘That’s too bad, but don’t be sad. You can always try again.” Norman! How are you today? You failed your driving test again? ‘That's too bad, but never mind. Better luck next time! That's what they say. So, better luck next time, Norman! ¥ 2Cémo senta tener veintiuno? 2 diploma Siempre lo puedes intentar otra vez, (La inclusdn de la palabe always en la fase You ean always try again afade una nota tra lizadora.) Practice. Read these expressions aloud, putting in the missing letters. H_pp_ B_rth_ C_nge_t_i W_Il d_ne! All t__ b_st f_r y__r dr_y_ng t_st. I'm s_rry to h__r that. That's t__ b_d. Nov_r mond. B_tt_r Ick m_xt t_me! 161Accents of English A Jamaican accent. La mujer que oir de los origenes y de los diferentes tipos de miisica folklo nla cassette es nativa de Jamaica. Dirige un grupo llamado The Jan Folksingers, y aqui habla jamaicana, en especial de las canciones que se cantaban durante el trabajo. (Consulte las paginas 656 y 657 si desea revisar algunos datos y cifras acerca de Jamaica.) I was born in an area that had a long history of slavery and the plantation system. (In the picture: A plantation in Ocho Rios, Jamaica.) S ‘This speaker from Jamaica. Listen. Iwas born in an area that had a long history of slavery and the plantation system, and music was a part of the env- ronment. ‘The people going to work in the morning, walking some- times four miles, you know — they sang; if somebody troubled them, they sang; if somebody died, somebody was born, ... for religious purposes ... and then, of a lot of work songs. As with all cultures, work songs were used to lighten labour, But, with us, it was more than that, because we weren't allowed to talk. You know, we like to talk. We weren’t allowed to talk during working hours, which was from dark in the morning right through till dark in the night. So we got round It. So they sald: “Don’t calk"; so we sang. Also in order to pass on messages, sometimes to cover up for someone who was escaping. So the work songs were very important, and they carried on into the plantation system, because as a child I rem ‘many of the But in thousands of songs that I have collected, I have never found one word of hatred or anger, because the mi sie was a therapy. I think it’s something of which we could beUNIT 57 Traduccién del texto de la cassette Naci en una area que tenia una larga tradicién de esclavi- tud y de plantaciones, y la mésica era parte del entorno. Las personas que il andanda evatrey mi molestaba, cantaban; s alguien moria, si alguien nacfa, con fines religiosos... y luego, naturaimente, (haba) mu- chas canciones de labor. wn a trabajar por la mafiana, a veces Como en todas las culturas, las canciones de labor se uti- izaban para hacer menos pesado el trabajo. Pero, en ‘nuestro caso, era mas que eS0, porque no nos estaba per- mitido hablar. Sabe, nos gusta hablar. No nos estaba permitido hablar durante las horas de trabajo, que iban desde Ia oscuridad de la maftana hasta la oscuridad de la noche. Asi pues, dbamos un rodeo. Ya que ellos de: “No habléis”, nosotros cantabamos. También para transmitir mensajes, # veces para ocultar alguien que escapaba. De modo que las canciones de labor eran muy importantes, y persistieron en las planta- ciones, porque recuerdo muchas de ellas de cuando era una nifia, Pero en las miles de canciones que he recopilado, mu hhe encontrado una palabra de odio o ira, porque la miisi- ca era una terapia, Creo que es algo de lo que podriamos estar orgullosos. Notas acerca del lenguaje. Ei estn prabedo on le caret Incaye Uivanoe cjemplon de verbos en forma pasiva como los que ha visto en la Pagina 1105 dela unidad 54, Twas born. ‘work songs were used ... ‘we weren't allowed to talk .. Observe el uso de who, which y that en frases como las {que figuran a continuacisn: + Someone who was escaping. s+. which was from dark in the morning an area that had a long history of slavery . thousands of songs that I have collected ... Estudiara este uso en la unidad 62. Notas acerca de la pronunciacion. Por razones de tipo hist6rico, el inglés que se habla en Jamaica (como el que se habla en Barbados, Bahamas y varios otros paises del drea del Caribe que han sido colo- igs Uiitdnicas) guard bastante semejanza con el ingles de Gran Bretafta. La diferencia més perceptible entre ambas modalidades de inglés reside en que en inglés jamaicano la vocal débil Jl se utiliza con mucha menos frecuencia que en inglés briténico. En lugar de /a/ se emplean a menudo otras vo- cales plenas 0 fuertes, tal como muestran los siguientes ejemplos, /'sistam/ system ‘sistim Jen'vatranmant/ environment —_/en'vaironment /'sambodi! somebody “sambndi Rani ‘than een fovl of bv Por esta causa, no se produce un contraste fuerte entre las silabas acentuadas y las no acentuadas, y el habla jamat- cana adquiere un tono uniforme. Aqui tiene algunos ejemplos de otras pequeftas diferen- cias de pronunciacién, — 0/0) a veces son reemplazados por /t/dl Bru: through fru — /avl a veces suena mis parecido a /ou/ Jo'lavd) allowed /a'tovd! Jraund/ round Iroond/ Maond/ found Mound Ipravd/ proud Iprowd! — /s/ a veces suena mas parecido a /o/. Phalefore cultures Peotforas 'samtaimz/ sometimes ‘somtaimz/ kava") cover “kova'/ ‘Todos los ejemplos anteriores estén tomados del texto grabado en la cassette. 1163(4 Grammar Pronombres reflexivos. En las primeras unidades del curso encontré usted estas dos frases: Have a good time! (Dirigida a alguien que sale a divertir- se una tarde, por ejemplo, para de searle que lo pase bien.) Enjoy your meal. (Dirigida a alguien que va a comer © que esta comiendo para desearle “Buen provecho”.) Existe una alternativa a la primera expresién en la que se el verbo que aparece en la segunda. yourself. yourselves. En los manuales, las palabras yourself y yourselves se sue= Jen denominar pronombres reflexivos. La serie completa de los pronombres reflexivos ingleses es como Singular: myself ‘mar selfi pi /jvar'selt/ (US) himselt num’ selt herself ha:"sel iteelt it'slf Plural ourselves asa’ selvz soureslves jor’selvz! (UK) 2 juar'selvz/ (US) themselves fdom'selvz wwan'self Indefinido: oneself Uso de los pronombres reflexivos. Los pronombres reflexivos ingleses se usan en los dos casos siguientes: 1) En expresiones en las que la accién del verbo revierte en el agente de la accion. Algunos ejemplos aclararin cesta explicacin un tanto abstracta. ‘There are no waiters in this restaurant. You serve yourself. No hay camareros en este restaurante. Se sirve usted mismo. Do you have a teacher? — No. I'm teaching myself. iTiene profesor? — No. Estoy aprendiendo solo(la), Pe To love oneself is the beginning of a life-long romance, (Oscar Wilde) Quererse a si mismo es el principio de un romance Anteriormente ha visto varios ejemplos de este uso. Lan see myself! jMe puedo ver a mi mismo! (Fxclamacién hecha al ver reflejada ta propia imagen: historicta de la pag. 7: ve been sellin’ myself that it’s no good .. Me he estado diciendo a mi mismo que no es bueno jon de la pag. 1121.) He thought t0 himself, She said to herself ... Pens6 para si, Se dijo a si misma (Chiste de la pag. 1126.) ‘They found themselves on a very narrow road. Se encontraron en una carretera muy estrecha. (Chiste de la pag. 1127. Para enfatizar que se esti haciendo referencia a una persona, a una cosa 0 a un lugar determinados, y que no se esti aludiendo a ninguna otra persona, cosa 0 lugar. De nuevo, unos ejemplos le aclararan este us0. Shall I carry your case? - No, thanks. I'l carry it myself. gLlevo su maleta? ~ No, gracias. La Hevaré yo mismo(ma).UNIT 57 They found themselves in a difficult sit sation, The director himself is away, but assistant, El director (mismo) esté fuera, su ayudante ou ean speak to his pero puede hablar con Egotist: A person of low taste, more ii ‘himself than in me. (Ambrose Bierce) Egotista: Persona de mal gusto, més interesada en si misma que en mi. (Ambrose Bierce) ferested in En anteriores unidades también han aparecido varios, ejemplos de este uso. ne well, do ity it yourself. Si quiere algo bien hecho, hagalo usted mismo. (Refran en las pigs. 1014 y 1013.) Do-it-yourself. alo usted mismo, Bricolaje. (Nombre de una aficién; pig. 209.) I haven't been feeling very well myself. (Yo misma) no me he sentido/me he estado sintiendo muy bien. (Pég. 1116.) I just wanted to see for myself. ‘Simplemente queria ver(lo) por mi misma. (Explicacién de una chica en la pag. 1122.) Algunas confusiones a evitar. No confunda los pronombres reflexivos (myself, your= self, ete.) con los pronombres que re complemento directo (me, you, etc). an Ia funcidn de Las siguientes versiones de dos de las frases aparecidas nteriormente son incorrectas. No confunda los pronombres reflexivos con la expresin each other, que ha visto en las canciones de las unida- des 25 (pag. 513) y 54 (pag. 1101). Then we were lovers, lived for each other. Entonces éramos novios, viviamos el uno para el otro. We're not right for each other. No somos precisamente el uno para el otro. Las dos ilustraciones que figuran a continuaci6n le ayuda- én a comprender la diferencia entre el uso de los pro- nombres reflexivos y el uso de la expresion each other. on am ‘They are looking at themselves. They are looking at each other. Exercise. Translate these quotations. 1. Tknow myself, but that is all. F. Scot Fit 2. General Peckem liked listening to himself talk, liked most of all listening to himself talk about himself. Joseph Heller 3. We discover in ourselves what others hide from us, and we recognize in others what we hide from ourselves Vauvenargues not think so much of oneself, 4. Perhaps one should Norman Douglas Answers on page 1172.lio Written English Greetings cards. En la presente unidad ha visto varias expresiones utiliza cn diversas ocasiones. Los dos ejercicios de esta pagina esta Exercise 1. Lea las expresiones repro sta pagina, todas las cuales estén to de Navidad. Dichas expresiones cubre1 que va desde un estilo informal (Lots of happiness for Christmas!, ;Muchas ss por Navidad!) hasta un estilo bastante formal (With greetings and all good wishes, Con saludos y todos los buenos eae Best Wishes Merry Christmas for Christmas and Best Wishes for the New Year a Merry Christmas a Happy New Year and the New Year On (greetings cards) que se envian smplos de tales expresiones. Exercise 2. Lea el texto de la tarjeta que bajo estas Iineas y traddzcalo al espafiol. En el tex! bra nueva; no obstante, encont mo en la pagina 1172, ‘Things To Remember At [erate a re aa \ wit and ond PH iop09 | andSpelling (5). Usted ya conoce la norma general que rige la formacién del comparativo y del superla- tivo de los adjetivos. En la mayoria de los adjetivos de una si se dobla la consonante final antes de afiadir las terminaciones -er o -est para formar, res pectivamente, el comparative y el super tivo, big — digger — biggest La expresién “la mayoria de los adjetivos” es, desde luego, un poco vaga. Aqui apren- dera exactamente qué adietivos se compor- n-de este modo mediante la formulacién de una regla més precisa: En los adjetivos de una silaba se dobla la consonante final antes de afiadir las terminaciones -er 0 -est cuando dicha consonante va detriis de una sola vo- INIT 57 cal, es decir, después de a, e, 1,0, u, y no se dobla cuando va después de un grupo de voeales como 0, ee, ou, ai, oa, etc. Compare los ejemplos que figuran a continuaci6n, = bigger fat — fatter | hot — hotter — hottest thin —> thinner — thinnest cool > cooler > coolest | green — greener —» greenest | loud — louder — loudest | sweet > sweeter —> sweetest | — fattest Exercise. Write the comparative form and the superlative form of these ad- iectives. 1. sad 4. wet 2. 5. great 3. cheap 6. proud ‘Answers on page 1172. En esta historieta Snoopy y Woodstock estn expresando sus buenos deseos para el afio nuevo de una manera bastante ‘mis original que el simple envio de tarjetas de felicitacion. fTs 6 oR "HAPPY Ni IT SYMBQUIZES OR BEST reels WONDERFUL CREATURES En el texto aparecen slo dos palabras que usted todavia ‘no conoce. symbolize creature simbolizar criatura Traduecidin del texto de las vinta, Ewa es nuestra danza de “Feliz Ao Nuevo" Simboliza nuestros mejores deseos por un afio maravilloso para todas las ‘Except Tos gatos! Urtilice ef método de lectura habitual y trate de averiguar lo que piensa Snoopy antes de consultar la traduccion i iii 1167N Extra reading The Bahamas, Barbados, St Lucia, Grenada: Facts and figures. In Unit 32 (pp. 65 Earlier in this unit (pp. 1162-1163), you heard a Jamaii countries, aE topher Columbus in front of Government House, Nassau. The names. Christopher Columbus arrived in the Bahamas in 1492. ‘The people of the islands called themselves Jukku-cairi (people of the islands), and the early explorers called the islands “the Lucayan Islands”. In the fifteenth century, that name was changed to Bajamar, meaning “shallow sea”. When the islands became British in the later part of the fifteenth century, the name was changed to its present form: “The Bahamas”, (The full form of the name is “The ‘Commonwealth of the Bahamas”.) 168, ), we gave you some information about one Caribbean country where English is used: Jamaica san accent. On these pages, we look at four other Caribbean ‘Spanish and Portuguese explorers travelled to Barbados in 1518, and named the istand Los Barbados. This name means hey chove Ultis wane becuse Jong thin pieces of moss hung from the trees, and these pieces of moss looked like beards on the trees. Before the European explorers arrived, St Lucia was called Hewanorra by its people (the Caribs). A lot of books say that Christopher Columbus visited the island in 1502, and that he named it Santa Lucta. This is not cer- tain, however. Christopher Columbus visited Grenada in 1498 and named the island Concepcién. It kept this name until 1638. In that year, the French took over the istand and called it La Granade. In 1783, the British took it over, and the name became “Grenada”. Climate and geography All four of these countries have a dry season, usually from January to May, and a wet season, usually from June to December. Their climate is healthy, with average tempera- tures of about 27 or 28°C. ‘The Commonwealth of the Bahamas is an archipelago of about seven hundred islands. Thirty are inhabited. The largest inhabited island is Andros, and the most important is New Providence. (The capital, Nassau, is on New Prov dence.) The islands are quite flat and have no rivers. Barbados, like the Bahamas, has no rivers. You saw this information about the geography of Barbados in Unit 18 (p. 377): Barbados is pearshaped; 21 x 14 miles; hilly, but not mountainous; highest point is Mount Hillaby 1105 ft above sea level. The Easter side is the Atlantic and Western is the Caribbean. The Island is largely of coral formation and is surrounded by miles of white sandy beaches. St Lucia and Grenada are in the Windward Islands. (This group of islands also includes St Vincent and the Grena- dines.) They are both volcanic islands and are very beat ful. They are mountainous, with many rivers and forests.UNIT 57 The Bahamas. Population: Area: Capital Currency: Languages: Nationality adjective: Barbados. Population: Area: Capital: Currency Languages: Nationality adjective: 226,000. 13,939 sq. kms. Nassau. Bahamian dollar. 1 dollar = 100 cents lish. Bahamian, 252,000. 430 sq. kms. Bridgetown. Barbados dollar. 1 dollar = 100 cents. English. Barbadia St Lue Population: Area Capital: Curreney Languages: Nationality adjective: Grenada. Population: Area: Capital: Currency: Languages: Nationality adjective: 134,000. - 622 sq. kms. Castries. East Caribbean dollar. 1 dollar ~ 100 cents. English, French, Creole. St Lucian, 113,000, 344 sq. kms. St George's. East Caribbean dollar. 1 dollar = 100 cents. English, Creole, Grenadian, beard fbio'd ia‘did/ shallow take over /an’haebrtid ‘voles Ierk “aova'/ {09 ba'ha:maz/ (UK) {09 ba‘hemaz/ (US) fpa:"’be sant ‘lu:fa/ (UK) seit ‘lu:f>/ (US) grv'nexda/ barba barbudo(da) musgo poco profundo(da) tomar posesién habitado(da) volednico(ca) St Lucia, in the Windward Islands. 11Pse Synopsis, Key points from this unit. ~ Expresiones utilizadas para pedir a alguien que salude una tereera persona de nuestra parte Remember me to «. Give my regards to .../Give ... my regards. Say “Hello” to ... for me. ~ Expresiones utilizadas para desear a alguien que teng buena su your examination, Good luck with | |e new job. Al the best for ~ Expresiones utilizadas pa ar a alguien. ‘That's great news. Well done! Congratulations! your wedding. Congratulations on | yt motion: I was very pleased to hear that ~ Expresiones utilizadas para mostrar condolencia, L was very sorry to hear that ... ‘That's too bad. Still, never mind. Better luck next time! ~ Los pronombres reflexivos ingleses myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself ‘ourselves, yourselves, themselves oneself ~ La regla relativa a la duplicacién de consonantes en las formas de comparativo y de superlativo de los adjetivos. big > digger > iggest hot > hotter —> hottest, cheap —> cheaper —> cheapest cool > cooler > coolest = El acento de una persona nativa de Jamai 70 Dialogue. Read the dialogue and listen to it on the cassette. Jeff and Elizabeth are talking about Elizabeth’s parents’ wedding i Dialogue. Elizabeth: It’s my parents’ wedding anniversary on Sat- urday. Jeff It’s their thirty-fifth, isn’t it? Elizabeth: Yes. Their thirty-fifth wedding anniversary. Shall we go and see them? Jeff On Saturday? Elizabeth: You Jeff Sorry. I'm working this weekend. I have to be in London. Elizabeth: Oh. OK. V'Ul go by myself. Jeff: Fine, Give them my regards. Elizabeth: will, Jeff And my congratulations, of course. Elizabeth Jeff ons What's this? by Ambrose Bierce. Elizabeth He was an American writer. Jeff : Elizabeth: He was born in 1842. and he disappeared in Mexico in 1913 or 1914. Jeff: ‘That's right. I've read some of his stories. Elizabeth: This dictionary’s quite funny. It’s very cyni- ‘eal, but It’s quite funny. Jeff: Yes. Listen to this. (Reading.) “Egotist. A per- son of low taste, more interested in himself than in me.” ... “Bore. A person who talks when you want him to listen.” Elizabeth: Ubought it for my father. [think he'll like it. Jeff ‘What does it say about marriage? Elizabeth: Marriage? Jeff Yes. Um ... (Reading.) “Marriage. A com- munity consisting of a master, a mistress and ‘two slaves, making ~ in all two.” Elizabeth: What was that? Jeff “Marriage. 4 community consisting of a mas- ter, a mistress and two slaves, making — in all — two.” Elizabeth: Oh. Jeff: Well, I don’t agree with that. Elizabeth: 1 don’t agree with it either. But it’s an inter- ‘esting thought, isn’t it? r ig thought SUNIT 57 This dictionary’s quite funny. It’s very cynical, but it’s quite funny. Jax mat'self! by myself solo(la), por mi mismo(ma) Esta expresi6n se utiliza con todos los pronombres refle- xivos, es decir, by myself, by yourself, by himself, by diablo cynical cinico(ca) bore aburrido(da) ‘community comunidad, sociedad master sefior, amo mistress seftora, ama thought pensamiento umTest Test 57. Check yourself on what you have learnt in this unit. (Answers at the end of Unit 64.) 1, Put in myself, yourself or himself. If you want something done well, do it ..... [really enjoyed ..... at your Have a good time! Enjoy .... 2, Translate these expressions. Congratulations on your wedding. ‘Happy 21st Birthday! Best wishes for Christmas and the New Year. Good luck! Better luck next time! 3. Put in the missing words. Hi, Normant ..... Birthday! How ..... it feel to ..... twenty-one? And I hear that ..... got ..... diploma. Congratulations! Well Al sss best for your dri T'll keep ..... fingers ing 4. Explain the differences between the expressions in these pairs. Happy Birthday! and Happy Anniversary! Give Annamy best |") | Say'"Hello” to Anna regards for me. T failed my exam and I passed my exam. Fee shoud Belp | ang _ People shoud! ep cach other themselves. un 5. Answer these questions. Have you ever won a prize? ‘When you want good luck, do you cross your fingers? Have you taken your driving test? (If “Yes”, did you pase?) Are you interested in Do-it-yourself? Do you think that people should help each other? 6. Give the comparative form and the superlative form of these adjectives. Be careful with the spelling cool great cheap sweet fat thin iSaludlFelie cumpleafos/Buena suerte ;Oue tengastenga un buen iajel/Que tengas'tenga un buen vuelo]Que pases pare una tarde agra able {Que pasespase un dis agradabie! Page 115%, 1. Buena suerte. 2. TelLe deo todos los éxitos. 5 Page 1187. Ihe him. 3. them, 4 her, 5 him, Page 1159, 1. Bien hecho, 2. Felicidades por tusu boa, 3. Felicdaves por tus éxito, 4, fFelicdades! {Haya aprobado twisu examen! 5. Feliz an Page 1165 Me conozco a mi mismo, pero eso es todo. 2. Al General Peckem le gustaba oie hablar. mis que econogemon en kx otros aquelo gue nosotros nos oeultamos a oso tmismos. 4. Quizd uno no deberta pensar tanto acerca de sf mismo. a pesar de ser un tema interesante aa le gustataoirse hablar des mismo, Page 1166 Exercise 2, Cosas a recordar durante un examen, 1, Recuctds ta reps. 2. Reeuerda tw nomibee. 3. Recuerda utilizar una pluma sabrost.y recuotda que estoy pensado en ti, Buena suerte 1. sadssaddersuddest. 2. sim simmeristimmest. 3. cheap cheaper cheapest. |. wet wetter weet. 5. great/greater greatest. 6, proud prow: er-proudestDistribucién de fasciculos y cassettes por volimenes. Volumen 1 Fasciculos 1 - 8 Volumen 7 Cassette 1 - Units 1 - 4 Cassette 2 — Units 5 - 8 Fasciculos 49 - 56 Cassette 13 — Units 49 - Cassette 14 - Units 53 56 Volumen 2 Fasciculos 9 - 16 Volumen 8 Cassette 3 - Units 9 - 12 Cassette 4 — Units 13 - 16 Fasciculos 57 - 64 Cassette 15 - Units 57 - 60 Cassette 16 - Units 61 - 64 Fasciculos 17 - 24 Volumen 9 Cassette $ - Units 17 - 20 Cassette 6 — Units 21 - 24 Volumen w Faseieulos 65 - 72 Cassette 17 ~ Units 65 - 68 Cassette 18 ~ Units 69 - 72 Volumen 4 Fasciculos 25 - 32 Volumen 10 Cassette 7 - Units 25 - 28 Cassette 8 - Units 29 - 32 Fasciculos 73 - 80 Cassette 19 ~ Units 73 - 76 Cassette 20 ~ Units 77 - 80 Volumen 5 Fasciculas 33 - 40 Volumen 11 Cassette 9 ~ Units 33 - 36 Cassette 10 ~ Units 37 - 40 Fasciculos 81 - 88 Cassette 21 ~ Units 81 - 84 Cassette 22 ~ Units 85 - 88 Volumen 6 Fasciculgs 41 - 48 Volumen 12 Cassette 11 — Units 41 - 44 Cassette 12 - Units 45 - 48. Fasciculos 89 - 96 Cassette 23 ~ Units 89 - 92 Cassette 24 ~ Units 93 - 96 Fase 3: Forward camp. Campamento avanzado, Unidades 41-72, Contenido de la unidad 58: y de las que no gustan, FI Ienguaje esquemitico ul ~ Adjetivos seguidos de prepos = Informacion acerc: ‘Y muchas cosas mas. rassettes 11-18 ~ Expresiones que se emplean para hablar de las cosas que gustan ado en telegramas, instrucciones, ete. jones. 1 uso de las comillas para reproducir el lenguaje hablado. de algunos personajes legeni larios 0 de ficci6n.