Single Piles and Pile Groups Under Lateral Loading Pea eee Pieanea ukAnnes — 2 2d Single Piles and Pile Groups a under Lateral Loading LYMON C. REESE ‘Naser LAL Rashid Char Emerita, Department of Ci Engineering, Uv af Teas Aun, USA WILLIAM F. VAN IMPE Ful Profs of Chi Engineering, Direc Laborator for Sl Mechanis, (Ghent Universi Profesor, Catholic Universi Leuven, elim Yun oD aR THU VIEN] |AA.BALKEMA PUBLISHERS Lane\/Lonean Now Yor PaLABLMA/Socarcne{CD-ROM with special version of Computer Prograns LPILE and GROUP is excl in The back athe cover Copyright © 2001 Tayo & rns Gropp, London, UK Alrighs rexrved. No part ofthis peta rte information contained heel may Ie reprodhee, stored a retina semor anid ay form or by any means, ‘eran, mechanical, by playin coin ork wih Wren pri _permson rome pubr Aloha cares taken oer the integrity an quai of is publication a th ‘nfrmaton erin no respon x anamed yt pubshers nr he tio for ay damage to propery or persons sa res of operon or ae of is publieion andor ‘he information comtaned herein Published by: Thylor& Femis/ Balkema P.O. Box 47,2300 AK Leder, The Nether ema PubNLaiand oa Ssonalkemat nein ak, teres ont Hdhousd edo: ISBN 9 5809 3409 Papen ein” SBN 90 58093684 ‘dboedeftin: ISBN 97890 5809 3400 Paperback eto ISBN 9789 5409 3486 epi 007 ‘itd ond bo in Eland by Anony Rowe Ld Chipesham, Wisi‘Toow cureatasd forme gradu det, tou colleagues, an oor Universities Where sademi conbtons we eeusoo eee aom oeContents PREFACE 1 TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN 1 teeaacton 12 Osaenc of arly lode piles 13 Notre ftw pone 14 Response apie, 142 Site toading 1S. Gt nding A Saraied ang LCS. Dynami nding 1.5 Nadel frase in arles fa single pie T'S Ela ple aod Uc sai 132 Ee pl and te cles fr soit 133 pape an plan sat 134 Chants met 15 Nene ple ed py eel or sil 1.6 Nes fr groups ple der cal oaing 1 Satu ofcuent ae othe DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS AND METHODS OF SOLUTION 21 Ineaton 22. Deaton ofthe diterenal equation 221 "Seluon of Redced Form o Dili Equation 222 Soon of te Dif Egan by ference Eqeaons 23. Solin or By = 231 Dinentonal holy 232 Eon for Ee = hes 233 Example Slvion 234 Duceston 24 Vay othe estas [MODELS FOR RESPONSE OF SOIL AND WEAK ROCK 31 lation 4.2. Mechnis concerning respons of soto ata loaling B21 Stes deformation of sil 322. Poposed mel or dey of 323 Vatuion offs of (and) with deptILL Contents a3 as 36 a7 a8 39 an an aas 36 ‘nia sts and vite esisnce of py cures fom {ol opens Shed oda este to es unde era nding ‘These solion by Sherpon for spade mds ad for rycarve or saured lays este ef Skemplon'segabas and vals sbyrade fis naming peer! eng Infiencof mieron py caves, mar a2 Cis Siot Intense fei lading xan 342 ‘Gay Sat Experimental etd of bing -y cures ast 332 333 "Saespone fore dest menses Slrespme fom experimental moment cues ancimensoa! mots fo obtring sl sponse ‘Emly seman orcomputing caves Sat 362 “fame NEG ad Fok fr ny (958) pews rch saa sna Stina ofa ; Reson cfs cay nthe presence of mtr Response of sll in he resene of Ge wer espns of i lay wi oe wa eure frau sbove adele the water ile eat poeta Recommended sis Example eaves Precomesorliyeed so 393 Weal of Goris Bramlepycuves pcan fro beth cbesion ad itera tion Tn Background 31m Resemsnendions computing py carves 3103 Dosusion ‘iter commendations fr computing ures sinc 3 Sand Nodifinos to pears for sloping ground Siar toda $3122 ‘egos rw existance incloy 3.123 unos fr timate reste nae est of ster Shearing force t ao of pile prycurves for weak ock S151" Ineodction 3152 tae 1133 ner recommendations {LISA Comments on qanton for predicting py curves for reck 11 int 102 102 106Comes 1X 36. Seestionof py sree Set hotacton 3162 Facer tobe comidered 63 Specie suggestions STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PILES A Iorotin| 42. Computton ofan equivales dane of pie with sons 443, Methanis or computation of mani 4, 352 fnction of ena ‘toment uteind 444, Stes aa ces for normal weight conte a rt ses 45 Impleneition ofthe mato fora el heeton 446 Implementation a the mtb fora sel pipe 49 plementation othe meio fora rennet concrete ston {UIT "Eeampl computation fra square tape 4122 Example computations fr ecelrsape 448, Approcinaton of moment often for Tefrcdconcee section ANALYSIS OF OROUPS OF PILES SUBJECTED TO INCLINED {AND ECCENTRICLOADING SI inrodason 52 Appears of pies 33. REtew ofan ote ego of opt piso tnd ad $4 lon equations forthe respons of roof pis mer fered oan SC ladon 4, 282 Ein fe evens pom pes 55 Lateral pes SST Monemet of pe had ue tsp ating 553 crortane 36 Atay aed pes S81 tarsiaton 562. Reva prams coreg deforaon fo 5383 inven of tod of alsin ono cacti, 484. Matha of ommlaingavastien caver 445 Diferenial equation slur of fe eterenceeqaton frat ond pes 566 Paiwaifeene seston 569 Loatamtercanee 5.7 Clty apced ple enoer ite oding S27. MBtitetion fart curs fo closely sed ples 332 Comeqofmeneton nd inal tine £533 Proper soving for ince coexntsfr chsl spaced eae ac ating 1:74 Deion sol aa exerimens wih host paced piles i nan by 1575 Pelion egos or cleey-sced pls insted inne sndstedy ase 106 i 100 a na He us ui to by cy57.6 Useof modo preston equations ia deeoping canes Toramaiying rete of egrets wth full ea foope 59 Diseusion ofthe meth of pedting the eaten ole Space piles ander ater! ling 558. Proposas for slving for inten cuties fo cosely pce piles toner nal lating SE roscton 582. Comeptof interaction ander axa oang 583 Revow of eewat lente 534 Ineim ecormendtions fo comping te elise of rps ples under ia aig 59 pointe expe wih ne pes 31 Desist th ting angen 552 Ropes often) 59.3 Proper fe pipe piles 394 Plepoup 530.3. Experimenal are of xl had ves etement fr sngl ple 596 Rel Gomesperimen snd om says 39. Comments on tay! tnd ANALYSIS OF SINGLE PILES AND GROUPS OF PILES SUBJECTED TO ACTIVE AND PASSIVE LOADING G1 Nature of ater! oaing 62. Aatve leading 621 Wind ding £22 Wee lig 3 Gren oni 624 Sow 625 ke owing 626 Ship impact, {627 oats om mixin russ 163. Single pls r gouge af piles subjected To ee ong 831 Ovetbeadsign 632 Breasing dip 63.3 Pe Yoracterig a ship iso sit 83. Offa parlors ct Earth presses 62. Moving so {643 Tiros romdead lesting of stacices 65. Single pls or preps of ples subject i pasv ding GE Plesuppoed iin va 652 Anchored bead 63.3 Pllsuppored mat tthe Pyrami Bulg 63% Pes oraabing ope (33 Piles inn setting lia oping valley casesrupies Ti teston 172 Pes siled int ebeive si with fe water 72.1 “Bagnoke ra on 13 i M4 ra vt i 9 i i i 8 Hs i 9 1 ans ao 26 26 a Ey as 29 23 XoContents XI 122 Howse 263 723 Bento Bet 3d apn 2st 113 Pilea coesv soi with ie water above roan sure 269 TA "Lake Aarin 28 132 Sibir m 133, Manor ms 14 Pie gtd coerce it ne 74 "Msg In He 73 Aetna River re 25. ieinaled in ered soi = 21 Talibesk a 152 ecard Sot 236 133 Price am 753 pape mm 76 Plexi inc sot 250 78 ‘Kev 230 7862. Low Angles By 77s ina weak rock Bs 521 “imorata Bs 17.2 San ranceco bs 73 Aalsisof esas ofesstades Be 19 Comment oncas des Bo ‘TESTING OF FULL-SIZED PILES 1 Tnodeton EIT See of reseution 2. Summary of metodo anise 4 Gunsincaton oe 114 Fetes unique to tstg of piles under ter ing 2. Desig te eat program 421 Plning ote esting 1822 Secon oft ple ad ut ste 53. Sibi nesestion 1 Intinon oe pe 85 “Teaing ecniies udingarangemets nt insrumeatatin atthe pile head 86. Londgarangements td actucmtaton te pile hed, "Losing rangement: 1862 tonxataton 87 “Testing for desi of rodction piles 17 inden 18:72 Imeem of aa 873 Example Compuitioe 88 Tesing fr obtaining dels on esgonse of sit S81 “inrodaten a9 882 Propane of et pes 39 S83 Testseup an lading eqpmens ua RR Inromentaion m RS Calton of st pies BS 886 Soborings and leroy ets ReXN Contents {587 Insalasion of tet piles a2 ES Teal rocedrer and dei of losing 3a SRD. Pentromsor te as 8810 Ground seiemen ae ie civing Su S811 Gropdsetiemen dit era ouding 33 51.12 Recast oft piles, 38 52.13 Grapicalpesetaton fcarver sowing being momest 0 SA.18Tnerpreato of being momencurvertocbiaa pycimes 341 89 Sonmary 36 {9 IMPLEMENTATION OF FACTORS OF SAFETY an 1 taroetion a 2 Cima ter us 93 Conqaones of fie 3a 3 Phisopy conning safety cote 390 85 sens of neo acre 3s t Special poten in charctering sil 351 961 tnrodoton 31 9152, Chracterstic valu of i prameters ia. 92 Lave of gait contal Fo 9.5 Two general oprschestoseltng the ft fey sss 99 Glos approach Be 9811 Intodicary comments Be 9922 Reconmenisoa of he Amercta Petleun Insti ass 9.10 Metod of ut sty ators 336 St Inreducon 336 I 9102 Suggested ates for para acts for dig of ately piles 56 l 9103 ample computations at 9:1 Method of od and rensanee fcr LRED) 3 Sit towodueton 3a i 5.112 nae ade by the LRPD specications = l 8.113 Resistance ese by te LAPD specications 39 8114 Desig of pies by he URED spec cnons 30 , 912 Conlin commer sa [ 10 SUGGESTIONS FoR DESIGN a TO! tnooiton ES r 102 Range of ator to be consiere in design Ses 103 Vadsaton of tess fom compataton fr single pile Soe 103. aroun 360 1032 Solution of examp problns Set 103.3 Check of echo prt pa dats ee 1034 mestiaionf ag of word employed io inernal computations 365 103 Selection of tlre and eg freon us 1036 Check foi estance xs 1039 Check of metas 66 1033 Use ofaondimenional canes 46 {044 Valdaion a es fom compuion arse powp 36 105 Adina sepsn des a l 103.1 Risk manager! ast 1032 Peerreve arContes 10.53 Tecnica eonibations 103.4 Thedesign war APPENDICES 2 Broms mend for analysing ple under nr lig B Nendinensowal coeeiens fo pes wh fie length, taut, ‘ust Ey ad cons E, Diferenceetions for saving the rblem of eptpered beams ‘faunas ang varie sttess _ Inerutins forse fet verins cape programs LPILE tnd GROUP Nepimensional cures fer ies ude ral oaig for case where Ey = Ky Totks fvluesofefficeny menturodin ess of poeple unde tart odin Horizontal stesso aa sha rng inliaion of ile Use of dan rom unitate es wer ste ening 9 Bin ‘ol espe 1 Barocode pipes ested gctecnil design 4 Discos of ate of sey se es nde ail oa REFERENCES. ‘AUTHOR INDEX. x0 as es “0 “st 461Preface ‘The informatio preset hei pt of emer eld sista interaction. [Notonly as he caine compute he bai at whch Toulon wl colpe, bat the detoration athe soilstctue ration boundary must be ova the expected leading. Fart, tbe tection o he foundation with he speatrictre mat he oni: tent wih he dei of he eign and constuction. Te methods presented re would mt hve been posible exept forthe perfomance of all-season sigs ad pile ‘zoupe where rene eaing insraments allowed he response of the ple tobe mes tr Fur, th computer neces t solve the complex models ht were developed for pediing the response of he pies. ‘Whe fer platoons wore sing isle in sigsifeanmamer in he 1950s, 0 oers quickly realized bt cores solutions eed at ways be fovd ak he oi Ferprs th era elect os pile. A number of experiments wer performed with fasted pis, inrumeid forthe mesement of beding moment lng the eg Sui and yet ning wa ployed Te expert sd others erred ines ‘ear allowed epeinetal poy curves tobe prodiced Sol merbenis td tet hms were wud lo develop mutols of peicing py cues fr vari sal tht ‘eles excelent greement with te respns of he pl. ‘Solon fe elevation egusons in ft diene form Became posible with th emergence of the manne dial omer for rtine compusions i he 1950, Solus oni prsaral comput an be eae ey wh le ese, low Ingthc oiiy aay of many sein parameter Inpro of orp cles te ocuring at pd pce, an experiment dso the response of singles and ile ‘ups to lal en sapere he etal cra with ely "The ey meted eae ed to Sack a we vary of probit eceetere in Pac ‘ie a enon bythe examples given in Caper White computer cote {eed to mock sch problns and vas hates of ued resus and raphe re Sean be rode with ea, he porn of competent engineering jaigeent on ‘ot be ove emphsized orexarpe te comput codes wil ead fo he ee pte {ton of he le spying an ovrbeal sgn suc to Wid loading: however, he oowledeahe engineer wl hae ote tian many eases one dt are sbi to ‘lite Sch eu and wl ake eprprate stp eau a ale design. Ones ‘peo fe he performance ofa onl st of experiment. esl of threaten f good gal a ela ol a smpertant Brow canbe pind fom el experiment pray with th uc of stunt pk Sena in Caper 8 : fom ecrig the perforce of completed sive, Medes ‘ods of monorng male enya the sequin, under serie coins, Sch information a ple hea Jeetion ad eter sch aXVI Pree ‘The wits with to ackoowledge many whe cntibte various spe fhe book, (F paruar moranee ae those aur who have ade sontibatoe of he echoeal liar thats efrenced. The wes expest aks fo Profesor Hele Bra, De Wilt Cox ant Professor Hudson Mab fr reding the es sad mong portant omens, Professor Mitel W. Nell, Universi of Howson ed pelmina ‘te took necking a eoure o gradute tafe, Thanks ae eens to hin a i ‘ens for lp sogesion. ‘Apreiaion is extended to De Rober Gilet and Dr, Aleandee Avram for asf suggest on Chap 9. Ia Austin De Shin Tower Wang, De. Willam leno wer and Mr Jost Amtaga wore very hel in viewing art ofthe tt, sky numerous ‘omit un and in preprog gual cup. Appisuion te esendd to Nee) Rede, Cheryl Wavrzynowics and Surante Burs lor deistion and diligence inform Tinga eng te ex {in Ghent te writers appece heats of Mr, icone Beak for some ofthe rpc output spport and the eof Mr Linda Vas Cesterge fore otis Sd cling ofthe text version repued in Ghent. Moreover te autor chops Prot. De Rous, Prot R. Van mp an Ch Ba lor puting resale some of ‘heiofrmationon ise reeds rcet Europea developneat for sta desig,‘CHAPTER | ‘Techniques for design 1.1 peTRoDUCTION Ar sling is for the pie funtion o make se of dari, te espn bein with he componctsa lading 0 teste porte eoup. With ihe xa end, Ie! ba abd overuaiag moment he engineer must cae tha teal ie othe eel ple inthe group, safe gatas alge and oes ot ested movements sty service, Ite loading is parla the design of ple an eget be seo plished by sing the oquon of tte equim. The sign of + singe pile or {oep of pes, unde Intel oda ote ther hand requ the sluon fs nso iret equation. Lina ston of the eiffel equation for ingle avaiable ven nse oves of prc, bt ao ie ve. Another spon fo stun tht aed les in a arop donot deft erally the equations th esa can be sled ely bat Such olution ae uty sous in ene. The flows how tht esting the ‘oi and someties the teria the pl, 2 olinear comptes the thea fer the ingle pe and pie ouput olin an be made by numeri methods tat ‘onal ad ile to sso apreemet with ete os flea exponents “he wade! ecmqa flint say, so afl ding te wate eat of| muy fousdons, has oly + mara splcsion f eel the Bhar oa arly Tose pile. As wl be easel, copabl sions re only Poe exit one Tne eins are eloyed ha ge sl sees and rte cielo stecton, pty po lng eg of le The sno tering ston ‘te, cm be made wa he requied onions of gia sad compu “The problem inves te inraton ofthe lmtp sone of be cas of i strut ieracion problen, ad is esd ws Gove! Category 3 by the Eo ‘de 71980 The ssstane of he on ce pe ut eg at oi slong the ple ‘epenson he deco o te ple nd thee estan mist beat hand In oie fo sole the rev qos. Therefore, deratonnecesary ot slic, Tae del, Inwhieh he ple tae a Gee body nd tev ama by seri of Winkle ‘ype mechan, sGseabed ler in hi cher. The atone sled forte r= ‘pons ofthe come dey om erdiary meen. ‘A pesto is al ital ofthe rctods of sin fr sled esa piles. A ‘archer wll wih he sgn of ple group. Two cases of pile poup pots ede |The isrbton fing te esd of vars pls nh oo td 2 Te effceny ech fe pi nthe prop «problema plese neato,2 Pes wer tral easing Both poems aa hewn; he Fists sliedsectriy by name pos res adhe send case ally with resp to eval, epi! infomation 12 OCCURRENCE OF LATERALLY LOADED PILES With ep thse in rat, ner lone piles my be red actin passe ‘An active ple bs Iediag appt principal ote tp in sppoting 9 superset, such a 2 bridge piv ple ha loaing apie! pina along nth doe fo arth pesre, sch fr sn» moving slope ofr seule wal. Chap 6 wil ost examples ofthe design ofboth active an pasive ils, gue 11 shows the lsalaion of pes fr noes ps, These neve pes us sin ater bai from rmven aves ad Wd. With Ue advent of fF pL lin pi eae atom.Techniques for design 3 sore seach din of sch piles wa a primary conser sed promod number of fitscl dest The em of ome of hae es re said i Chapt 7. ‘The desig ofthe ps fram ft plaorm press interesting obs i al src itracion. An xl in Chap 6 shoe teem n the ein press ‘Other examples fave peste aud inthe desig of fountions for ds, high rise setae, ovebead S935 and ples for slp. Active pr mat be designe for ‘oon dpi, besingdphins, and ple groupe that pret the feundatons for Teidger apse ship mpact. The mpoance ofthe lt apple emp’ by he los ein the Und Snes during fale of patina he usin Sway Bilge at Tampa Bay beens of ens of badge pir by soot ship ‘The sketch a Figur [2 bows a example ofa passe le. Wh he ile wil be sbject to lotings it te pry concer the alae ofthe sing of toe sel inte ape, Caer 6 pees an approach forthe esi of such ples. nation {fo ue in sing ope, pasve ples ae sd forth cetnstion tango ‘tpl wal, fre bos, nd fr ypporing the eo nme walls 1.3. NATURE OF THE SOIL RESPONSE ‘The main unmet om he sinh design of ile we lt aang i reaction Imo (PL) ceed a a esac (F) om the i a oi long tele daly the deeton of ple at tha pois) The eaten mali econ bah of Twlow tbe ground sure an te deena af the pile The enon dul can be fined in vais ways: cones hat ado» convenient soto fe elevates tre presented in Figure 13. The lsh is Figure | Sshows a vine le nd aera load witha in sso ol shown atthe eth below the gro ie of (Nt te aya bole sued sow ph below he rund sure nd te bola show deh eased fom th op of he pl) The wil dstbutn of wit eset ra the sell ote ile in ig 13 crt th ae pl tet hs been ial wid bending te pl is ese 9 delta dstanes (exaggerated in the sch Sc Ct), the sstibuton fant stress wld be ilar to tt shown i ies Theses wilave deceased or he bck se of pile and ined onthe ete Some he Sess will ve both noma and sewn creo. so arms oom Fag pe 12. Sachi yered abts4 Pl under ara oaing Figs 13, ison cf untsrnes pt i ie aa afer deen Integration ofthe uit sess wil xan the quay p, which at opps ie dee Yin 0 Thedinensoos of pare lad por ut lengh along the pl Pesewits e ‘ets! othe nthe slation of he orn equations frst on a elas bes Te ection mas an be ened eh sop of he sean op) cue ‘A ypil py eave is sown in Fgce Idan i the fest gua for comer ieee, The ene ison member 08 family of cares tha how esi ese as © fenton of eth (2). The curve in Figure 14 dps the vl Ey ta sonst fr sll efeston fra parca dept, ba dees wth ieee deflection ys Proper temed rccton mds fora pie under lar! lading. While Ey wil Tay ‘with be proper ofthe parla soi te tm does ct niaey epee 2 pop hy. Rater By inp a param fr covert we in compations. Fore ‘Seuar practi sluta, he lem i modified pints slang he eat a he le ‘itraton ou. The eran asf combi betwee pile elected so Te Stee, necting he monica py crest ate bean seco ‘ue fans who St wrt sb plural ing sed the tem Fr ‘5p, bt htm Es se heen sdb the cacti of he el el ‘Chap 3 resents ecomsnendios fo orang ents for py caves, Exp sme ced whee ber od fet were armed on ps at were tance ‘he metuenent of being manent athe pe ann of depth, Dileretatn andTochlgs for design 5 ge 14 Type py cae nd rating i ods Integration of those uve yd exeinesal py cues. Conlon wee ten des ‘ope bon hess experimental cures nd he shares of he so. "xargs of py cer oie! fom ila expert with piles with isn ‘eof 6 mm ands penersbon of 152 m ae how a Figs 15 and (6 (Rees ta 1918) The pes were srumented at cle spacings for measiremer of ending monet td were tated overcomes ey. The pan of te carve in Few 14s For pins 0b shows tate vale of pis increasing at decreasing rate wits cresing elton y Thi behavior endo is relcting te somes porton ofthe inst eesti cv, Many suggestions hive been made foe predicung tea porto ofa pcre ut tee fo way accepted sali grocer. Kater, that pat ofthe carves is empl apd based on resus of fact tof les aa vat soe with ot moncon and yee “he saihtlite, hort pion of te py curve a Fig 4a pest the in sia Sil beavieg platy with no let of sear eeagt wih ierening sta, Wid ta assume, analytes! mods can be el fo compete uit resstnee a2 2 fnction of ple dimension an ol pope, These models are dissassed in Chapter, ‘Amore diet apoach forma py curves wold to consider the respons of sh su rae thane pile Figure 13 shows an lr asa tht aon ny ‘oad by the eslement mind (FEM, At appropiate soon wih the FEM ‘ores nte-nensionl mel and near he ground src saat he pons of the upper sis ve » dominant ee on le bear. The anlar eset a srs ofthe si st be modeled. align scout lage sa. Propeies mst ‘selected for the various esa si sound the pile, In ao, manne pee) ‘mat Be coasiee, paral eur the round surface, where gap in obese sil ‘occur behing a land upward bulging ix Gon. For abel sol there wil bet ‘tement ofthe loud suture eo dnscatn expel ur repli ‘A olin wih he FEM mas sat wi be cnstve modsing othe ints, ts the nese oft installa oft lor ples mt Be dele ae Ely the at ag must ales te infor of be vrs Lila nding (Gea inthe ext ssi). ‘Ste sluons have ben propel hates dnesional FEN, for example, She & Brown (199) Homogeeaus sas wee sada, a py eaves wer eloped fin Sal lesan pls in grup Te oltons were rnd ith perc, compte Une6 Pew era ain Pe 15. pcre deve fm sii {5 of 6 mse ple ay Ree i, Fre 14 py ces developed tm sce ond et of 6 Samer pe om Rese cal rd,Techiqusfor design 7 ws conse, and ome alia eats were encore, Wh the rss were ‘sctive,prcuy wh espe ple oop te FEM can mak oly ied on ‘ton taning py carve fr te general poem desorbed shove 14 RESPONSE OF A PILE 141 nod The satire of the losing, ps he kin of sound the ile, of jr imp a reiting the response a sgl ple or a group of piles, Wih espet ose adigs he pl hea, for pes can beet et em oF sae, cyl, suse, and ‘yam. nation, psive lacing ean occ along te Ing a «le fom ving ‘oi when plied as an cer. Another probe io be alesse is wher exiting ples are inthe vicinity of pe dingo et Work. Bie, general dsasions ae pre: ened blow ofthe response of ple to be varius loliags Arye ae preset n Isr ehpterst ills te inthenes of me ofthe kinds fing 142 State lading “he eurve ia Figure 14a represents the case fora parla vale of «where shart term, monotni loading wat spied oa ple. Tis as, led sae loading fo an. ‘ence, wil seldom, fever, be encountered in pace. However, tae cues are (ef beeause 1. Analyt prossdare an be wd ty develop expesins to corelae sith some putas ofthe cures, 2 The cures serve ara baseline for Seong Ue efforts ofother types ding nd. The cures canbe aed for stil loading {or some lays and sas “he curves ia Figur 1 reauled om tai ating ofthe pile, Serle re of imeest I. The nia sess ofthe cave aceses with depth 2. The ulate Since inereases wth dep and 3. The eater the carves rates eo beret in the process of enlaitgauercal ress om measurements of tending meat ‘wih ep Pins {and 2 demonstrate hat amalses employing sil ropertes can be ferened wih the experinenal esa, emphasising the nest dost onding woh earings opis 143. Gti ang ge 7a shows atypia py cure pra dep Pot repens the ae fpf ‘te loin feted renin ont defn ner ht for Pat “Toe shaded pron of Figure 1.7 eas the sof ssc dst yee ting, For thease sb, he Sate nd esti cess etl tog he ital sap ine po ‘onto Poin x anda sal dance no th wanna orton a an. Wt elec lng nthe fe Poa th vals op decease arly dew ec odin ae ‘Poin Insome exprinens, be vale ofp enaied cena beyond Pot Th a of Fesitnc sown by be sbaded wen, fora hen sal, ply 2 econ of mer of ‘els ofl As may be se, fas crt valu of elcon, e vleof y o ‘Se sigan event lal lw saleby, dete eee ing§ Pile under lata ooing ‘A comparison of the curves ia Figures 1 snd 1.8 demons det th int ce of ee ting a lat tt hte thi sf ely ofa gens of care ‘ees As mig be expected tow mga of elton, the allies oe only model affected. However, at Inge magnitude of ett th vals show Spesctlardeciases. The ves of Pa af lin desreeed. Wale hess of sti Toadng of ple may be comelted wt sail propeie, pial the ren of ec lat ing wil ot easy ie vo analysis. Discus nthe flowing psrgaphs il nist he diction of some resewch. OF most emprance ae the ese fom easily pe formed test of ills ples ude aera aig in aif is, Forel for taking ei lating io account wl be pret in t hate wher he methods te ised on teva result o teting file, ily intend ple. The eee Fwing of ltl leaded piles ocers wih oshore str, ees, ‘vehea signs eating and mowing doping andor srs, Fors a ahve ‘he water ble and fr sands, the ele of ti oadig i portato strated lays below wat, which includes sof clays, the asf resting in enmparson fat frm steading ean bem. Experiments hve shown ta sey remains ps ‘say ner the pound sare when ple dee, sch shown ia Figue 1.8, where ‘worvay eying is ssuned Therapie of oud cuss wae tobe reed from the opening soca the Seqenc of lang The wl consequence is that scour of th elay acu witha onal of itera este Te i fats xperients wit if clay that have ben permed the scour of esol ing ei Seang realy observed by clouds of suspen near the fot an bck aes of the ple (Rees tal 1975. The gapping woud pl nlm prominent asf ly ebay taut the cy 50 weak to cape men he leading i ced. Th lous of upon sfon wet not bred uring he eng of pies a sft o madam ey ut he cing used substan To in ate sate aoe 1970). ‘Amn te se in Figure 1, te sol etn net te saline wal be 0 upto sven defeston No fire of thsi ha ecard eons the rescane i nsf tothe lover prin of he sa profile. Tht wl bet crs nee beng amet ‘epi, of ean forgiven ae of rl ode 146 Saino loading Figate 1b shows an inrensing deflection with ssned lauding. The decreasing valee ofp implies the siting of resistance to lover element f tlhe effect of pe 17. fel fmumr of lone py hv yw eye sta ngTechies for design 9 ‘ssid lating aly tbe negligible for overonsldate lays and for ral sai ‘Stained leading of pile oly wold ely rei sigan noun of tiled defecton Analyt slstion could be mae, wig the vee dessin "theory of cosa, bt he onmlaon of the equations depends oa age ramet of parameters ot lary inl peal. The geusalzaono such a procedure le oot Sevan he ere “Te nfnce of ssn latins some cases, un be sated wid esenble cco- cy by experiment. lth ifthe Pyaid Bulgin Memphis, Teanessec ate oad war ppl toa CEA ple with dame of 490 mm in sy elay wih an average ‘ale of uid shew stengh over he top seve inter of the ple of 35 KPa. (lens eal. 1992) ld of 22 KN, canespondingappotmtl ote working ld, ‘vas hl for period of 10 das, and defeton ws sured. Se errs in he ta (ccurol ees he oad was mate by sul asta of te bal pes ‘Sure ater than by seromechanan, However wat possible oaalyae the de to ‘how ht soespone curves cold be aretha by icesing the deflection 20%, net thn fr tai ing. oped the beavo ofthe plunder suse nang. At he jam Bung ste, some hi sb of tn the ter uae Sis bleved wo ave ome he sian of ete pe Wale SUE LAS Dymo ning Win respestodymamiceadng, he pretest concer is tal some ve! wil cate ee faeon ocr inthe so athe plesuppaed sractre A dscsion of ligtarbon ee 14 Simple pena fein ey e « ‘ete oning es Lng 38.10 Pies nde ara bain il ot be retested beyood saying that geficon ct cern loose, rns be Mlesppored sears ean be subjected vo dynamic loads fom machines, af, cea wins and exrtqtaes (adja ea 1992). The een of losing fo tale sd waves uly lw cough that curves fr se or pli oaing ea be ane. Brief discussions ae preseatd below abut Laing Hom chine) and om cath ‘quits In addon, some discusin is gen to virions and pap peroneal ‘movement, as eo the vlan, deo iting pes ine vss on cesing pllesuppe ste ‘sone ea i esse for si ondings an ke led the esi ae ‘xe fte salhoweve, ithe laingeamie an etnec ast ecomndee, ‘otonl are he stesstsin carats esr fo olting py curves ey long be mast il ust etaken io scot Use of i ie lent md appears promising but ifthe FEM has ot proves comply aces fr si ing, ‘te spleen tote dame oben appa ote dehy complet. Tha proven ‘upto mist he rade bey meio appl drt solv Synamc retene, Ifthe ong ide tw etaing machinery, be deft sly smal nd vane of soil modas may be used fr analy Expres chngus (Woods & Shoe 1985, Woods 1978) have been developed ‘or obtain the sll parm Uo we needed, Atal echo for solving for he respon of ele suppored sues sd preset bya numer of writers. Reet (988 and Key f Kel (198) bare developed teciqes tht ae quite eetiv i eling with mache ince viestone’ te lading sare of ses event, he nays of plesuperes ster l ‘be complex (Gazets& Mylonas 199, The feild roto ofthe ears ss ‘he st must be computed, or see, king miro zation int ecount Aono arhgnke may be used wih an uno dee of spproxnaton. The pens of Pil, neglecting he perscare, mus econsieed he sal moves consent ‘ith dep eles will move wit thes withoot ening Such an eum, ai, Simp ie computtis The dtd maser of he pete mus clad in sling forthe mon of the ples and the moton fe aupesrchae OF ese > ‘ures se aval with appropiate modifi of tiene es. Not moe ‘einai das ae svalleon wich ote a mee of emp, 'n he absence of compchensive infrmation ot the Tspomse with deph of pile ‘upon sects tt eer have ldo have wt a eth, nd keg no scout te eoormous amount feos tat ate beaded fly aol sao Me cametysnvbl \esiow impifigastumptions we being sed (1) pea haizontl ed and aval she pcurvs ae smtines employed ws mene of enltig tees of nea quite. he assumption is made thatthe Ite si ovement uring a erhgule e onstnt with ep ad if existing py curves are wed, carves peuple ee Dire fr ners eet, ihe movement of eames fh pert can e Some ued by eqn of mechani, Engines ae ae that te instalation of ples neapilesappored sete could lead to the movements of the exiting stot. fhe cntracon eae ls of ‘ound fom msaling ord ples of he beave om insane ple ane dese ent te ile devin is some stance avy, formation fom he erie ss an be hp (Ramstu ta 1998, Drain & Ly 1998 Prudent opie ceoTechniques for design VL tabs easement points on exiting sects a have obsrins mae as pil n> inion poses cue of sesive machine near ne conan the stato of tanedute fr tart fie elated movements canbe ea 1S MODELS FOR USE IN ANALYSES OF A SINGLE PILE 'A mer of models hve been usd forthe design of piles under Inrllading, and ‘ome of tem cn te ued supplements othe pinsl method proposed heen 15.1 ati ple ond laste soit ‘The me! sown in Fg 198 dei «ie in an eases A sila de! has ben widely ed. Teg (955) sugested ales of te so-ale sde mods that et te snd tn sole frdefecion a being moment ta be Went o © qualify hs recom ‘enstons. Te sal bean equation wis employed ina mae ht nd een sugested ‘ter by rch writers a Ht (146) Tera Sed ht he bated ales of b- {zie dl cul ot ued tl ods larger han th one hat esd in 0 ‘esas ofene halo he bing apc f soll However, no rxommetition Was Incas in ear th opin of he ering caput wade eal fad, Not were {hy comparisons given betwen the ests of competion and experi. slo and his alles hve contd extent odevelpment fr pies under In fondng wing the ltl aad several varios of he model (Poole & Davi 1980, Polo Hl 198, Solutions bve ben preseed fora vary of ese of Ioading of single pesado eit of pis with close spacings. The slrions D, SININ NAA | NY ua *\ © Fg Model ra ear ening12 Pile sme eral ong have eine considerable ateaton but ant realy be ued to compute te lager de aan or ops the pein nen se ‘The diferenil equation pened by Teraghi euited th we of vals of modal ah dient foot than sed een, ta eoevera ay me. Vc int | ‘he format wid een are psetd in Chapter 3 ar the benef ofthe ener The sos rmeaatios of Teragh have proved wel a provide evidence that Terzgh bod ele insight into he poten. However, ins pate conven with he sar writer, Teraghi si tht be hd ot ben entaiacaboat wring paps cay ibn eens o numerous rors. The meted by Psu (9 es we in obtaining the response of ple unde mal fonds isting the vain Ince, oni in the respons of pes and in iving an veal st inte ee ‘ble. The method canot be empnyed witht modiaton in ovig fr heeding ‘which ieling wil evel ina ie 1.52 Blac pile and ite element fori ‘The case shown in Figue 1.9 is he sme a he previo case excep tht the ol hs ‘been modeled yf elements No atemp is made ote seh te nites apres Pins sae ofthe map, boundary constants, spl itrice clement mt feet ‘Spe and sie of ements, or ber deal. Te finite lets ma be ly sys with synmetic lain fly hee dimensional Te lemena my Be cles os Tinea o otic Inview of compton power thts val te model shown in igure spears to mre an el way f sie Be ple ple. The semeatseat be fly foe, simensonal sod nlite, and ola geome eas be employed. However ins 'o te obian of eleing te tsi tomer dest esl some oct problems ‘coding to darpning es tess, modting ere nls, accouming ft Bp ‘at beeen pc andl daring epee lading, cola ete clap a sa ape the bck of ile, and accountng rhe anges ms ures ssc wt ‘ais ype of ing Alo he probes resent hve wo sic son ‘Yegian Wrpht (1979) and Thorson (1977) i Itesg ses ig 180- lmesiona ft clement. Thompuon used « planestes ode to bed sponse ces hat aged well with raul fear ie ood sure fom flee experimen’ Portia & Sica «Fino (1993) uted the fate Cement meu ase a ares fo oti aged prediction of be obser lel bev ofthe fouastin pk of Portuese bige Kooi (1989) and Brown et (198) wad herders finite elements to develop py curves. Resear it conining ‘with tee dimension none Fite eles fr eximpe Brow & She (1991) bu go propels hae ees ‘male fo paces! method of eign However, fntesement mode! ily wil ede ‘eloped ha wl nd results that xn be used in pate. 153. Rigid ond plicit ‘rons (19648), 1965) employe he mode! shown in Figure, sina or, 0 de ive uation for reiting the loading that develops imate ening wom, The Biles sumed toe ip, anda soln ound by a of th equations fst fre “isbn of ena resistance ofthe ol tht uth pl in qui The siTechniques for design 13 sistmac hows th inte fate for abseil an solaton was developed for Chsnlese sia wel. Aer heute nang is computed for le of paral ‘Simensin, roms suggest he defen forte working load ay e compte by These ofthe mode sown gue 8 “Me Brome method obviously makes we of Sever siping assumpsion expecially but can be uel the al selection of ie. sumay of the roms equations, ith eample, presented a Appendix forth neveaince of the use. “Tecan uy wis plement the Broms equation 3 he start fs erg the ie bas cosas dass and ony i uniform sharseriscs can raonaly be 2 (ested forthe sl Solin of the equations wil yi he siz and length ofthe ple for the expected loading. The lc thn be employed tthe sing pot for the p> mets of ayes. arbor benoits frm the Broms method we: I, The meshes ofthe problem of ae lean clad and 2. The mbod may bused check of sme oe ests om ‘he pymetod of nl Tis of tet pe tha he contr code fo te py method of ans, impenentd ‘in Apentn D9 fc ht mary il souoes can te made ab pried = Anexprece engine a ws he compas del o hae api cae ‘Sonora partulappictin wiht te tatons imposed the Brom equations 156 Character load method Duncan tal (1998) presente characteristic math (CLAD, faowing the ee ‘wrk of Evan 4 Due (198) seren of solutions were made wih solar ves {orange of sian er arange of plead colons. Te ress were aad with the view of obining simple quo tal oud be wed fr rap edition of Oe r= ‘pone of piles on Inte! ong Denso variables ware amplyed ah pei te equations Testor ste ha ke metod can be ued sae for: 1- Croan ie 6 ‘estos die wo Iter! oa or fend conto Taalrad condos, and he“ fle’ condi; 2 Goan eftions dus to moments appli! ae ground ln 3 Maesnam moments fr the Ose cendions ia (I) aod 4. The Teton of the pot of ‘nom mre al the ple The hl aye sir» la oa snd, th ed 0 Sm rent ep "Th peeition eons have th gee farm ofthe oe fo cy, show in Bua naraeleal a z ete P= chances oad, = dame of ple By" meds of est of materia) ‘pile, R = tt of ment of neti ofthe pl tof oid pie ofthe sae tet = andre shear srengh of hy, For given oblemof apie ier load P fra plein ly wt x onsant shest sng, vale of Pi somputed by the eqn te Te tio PP ound and esores th arnt for emering sone cuve fr th ale of or ee a oF fred hed etes fr hy.14 Piles under rating gations and nonlinear eves Were developed fr comping the le ofthe maxi ‘um beating moment and wheres sony te ple, Dancin sd his coworkers wee ings in developing eations and curves that ve wef sclions ta munber of problem whee pt mest sunt ead Tae limiaioos inte mtd with eect applications wee noted the sath, Edley ol. (1997) bepan with recommendations fr he formulating py cues ahd propie andsbsinaion of Equations 223 Brough 2.36 wil yell wt of expressions ‘rth long ple silarto hose Egos 227 rough? 31 and 2.35 tranph 239, “Tex (1541) sad tthe auton te ong pe ssticy wre > 4, boweve, thee ae ocsions when he soon ofthe rece fen equation se sed foe hat ave ondnesina eng es thn 4 The soln et wate pile length canbe bined by sing the allowing bxnday conto at he po he le 1, $f -0,a1h mma ep a4 ret fo0 Vimo ntpeip ay Woes the shove bound condions are falls, log wit et forthe tp ofthe pile te foe coefficens 31, ahd x00 be ead, Te scons aut Here Ea Appendix B nce ao bis ht wee derived fm he ese show ia Fe 2, [New ales ofthe rrnmets4,.8,C nd Dy wer computed nce ofDertvaton of eatin: and meds of toon 28 By comparing te vals in Appendix B wih hse in Tale 21, te infec ofthe length of te pleas eel san Ith nding the prone onl aera Ps ‘hedeecis loge gta the ple pe yw cons teste prime i Tee ie 2.1 and hele for B= 10 in Ape B show a tere wl be posts of em de econa f= 1,52, sl 4 and athe etn ah tip fe ple wl bevy smal The esi Appa B fo = 40,35,30,28,26, 24,22, and 20 show tat ‘he muber of pis 2 delet i raced one a thatthe deeton fe Bot ‘umf he pe reses sige pois ote deecton oft op “The infenc of te Ieegih of a le 08 he goundine defection i ste in Fig we 2.5. Figure 2S shows ile wilds pled naa lend shown, ut the an ‘as made athe nd ssl so the th fe pe wl be contd bythe lt lead fn te moment Competatons ar nade wih ont ond nt cont pl tos ection a! wit 2 ia ag ha Wil te in te ong pl ange, The compton roced wih he gt sing ede in tenes; he oundine deftones & function of he seed length as shown in Figure 25. Te figure shows tht te (Boudin detection uated wl he ea engi apposed. At ths lng ‘ny eo point of zo detesion wil eccrine corpaston. Ther wl ba ie ince in te godine defection ate leg he oon made es than he eit al The enpeer select nth hat wil ge an prope fc sey gusto ‘sve goandinecefecton. The tse of salon wil depend, ese, 9 how ‘el be Sllepese carve rfl th stl sion inte ed “Te reduced for ofthe deena equation wil nt somal te ue fr he slain of poblens encounted in desig; however, he iluence ofp length ple tts, tnd ober parse lated with cy. 222 Salton of he dferenta equation by diferenc eputons The soltion of Egon 27 ig deviled aces for ayes tht re encountered in atic. Th fomulton of he iffeeileunton tinsel em an solaton by eration allows improvements in th slates shown in he previous secon, The fe ‘sig eqstons or he basis fr copter rogram ati een i racic, Te effet ofthe ai at on deecon ab bending moment wil be onside a robles of pie buckling canbe sve. = The bending sities Ey of ep canbe var aloe he length fe pile = And peas of oe inprance te Sl eacton Esa vary with ple detestion and with stance beg the ple The concept of he so ection wl be dicted ly nt Inter ston nd the staecton bre nee na geerc ee “Tee ale compation fr indi etd otk) Ya, aE x0 G00 a9 omnes ease ons? om op 0% Oe ao ome 13 “ony mss ata 12 oo Lm anes am “mes ms OD 233 st) 1s) OOM 0% “Ae oma kD 2. SI aos) 09 os? 059 “ano tomes Si Ce230 Pier wn feral ong Fre 25. Saving fr te ical gf ple pei bid cannon hha Figs 26 ioe 27 Gite em sa los YmaBnat* Yl Dyes ~2hy +P?) neigh 2P P+ Enat) yma 2Ry 2g s+ BM) 245) rat +B = hse R= (Eben ties file point ‘The sampion is impli a Egon 2b tht the maid of Ps cnstet with eh OF ou, tht assmpsin seldom to However eperace es san a the rmatimum tending momeat usully occur a telavely thor dance below the fundies pon whete he value oP ial ndiisised. The va of Pe ex pt in ess of backing, ite intarnce onthe magi of dfn and Fenn ‘moment ends tote consi ha the ssampton of cont Ps pvc val. Ifthe plese int a incemensn + Tegan fhe ts Equation 2.46 en te writen There wll ben +3 unknown cate 0 typi wl fe node atthe top ad to tthe too af the ple If two equans gvng Body oon serine atthe oto até wo ase tap, there wil bem # equine sae saa: neously forthe n+ 5 ukaovna, The ef lea equations can be solved by ai ‘etd in any convetient ay. The wo Poesy condos tse employed athe toto of te ile ae basa on ‘the moment andthe Sew IU the existence fa esti al od teases & memeDesinoon of ations and metas fsouion 31 the boom of epi idsouned, dhe moment the bat ofthe ile zr. The ‘ssumpton of zo moms beled to produce 9 arin al care exept for short "igh lst cary telus in end being The cave te tee momenta the pile tipi uns and nt tented by he precede preven si Ts, oe ofthe ouncry equations he il pin Ya-Bntn=0 es uation 24 expe onion tht yy) = Dax = The second boundary condlion at th Doo ofthe pl invlves the sea. The as- somptoa is made tat sol esistance due sig ses ca develop at the oto of {sor piles decton ecu Ii futher asm that ination San Ye developed ‘hat wl allow Vth shear a the taf te ple be knows cst chon le Thus te soad Suan fr the boundary condi a the botom ofthe ples Prosar nd Bb oweh ea) wi y= xr ig at ep ip quien 248 express the conbton Fy) + Pie) = Vo atx = L. The ‘ae of soul bee ul oz fo fps wit vo or oe peo eo de ec ‘AS peste eat, Roary egtion teed tte top of te pile Egat ons ave been Give for for st of town condos, ach with to eto. The engine an select tet ht Bs th pyle, 2221. Shear and momen ale head (Case 1 of te houiry codons athe top of he pe is seats philly in Fig- ‘e227. The avalon , it show in he sketches, bt Pi eared be ain or ‘ih of the fur ess of boundary condos ath top ofthe pl. Forte conan wre the surat hep ofthe pil is equ oP, and he ending ies athe top ‘ofthe pl he lowing dierece eq pny. Fire 26 Ree of td ile,52 Pleura boing Fp -20.1 20. Hal EH e ew) For the condton where th moment the fop ofthe pl ea 1 Mahe allowing i= ference eguton vemos Fin 29eyad=M, es) 2222 Shea ond rotation apie ead Case? of the Boundary confor the top of te pli erated epic in Fig- ‘We2.8. The piles assumed to be embeded la concrete fndation fr which te oe ton snows may cass, he tation an Be sumed wo beer ast for he a soles. Egution 249i th tof the ve equa tal are oe. The econ of ‘thet equations eet he codtn tat he slope Sat he tap ofthe ple known, es 2223. Shear anrotationl restraint tile head Case 3 ofthe Boundary cnditoas at th op of the ple ised in Figure 29. The pile sumed to coetiue inthe superaretre a cnn a member of ee, Th Soliton fr te problem can proce! by eating a fee body a he bottom Jot of frame, A motte! spp othe fun ta jin md te ration ote a come eo etna, fr the nial soln. The moment dd byte rotation, Ma Se he rotation ifs provided by the spurte md became: oe of oe bry onto. The ound) codon hs pote abe very tal in some designs. An in "aston my be necessary in ero aban an ere f te mame he Doom Joint ofthe superstructure to aaa he spestustso then to teaaer el, (One oro trations sould be suc mest instances, ® ma ow tha ey ee pe Fig 27. we often cntns ap fpDerivaon of ations and maths of solution 33 pre 28, Ca often condo tp fp I Nath tee yee nei ne pe 29, Ce 3 often canon tp fle uation 249 ste fst ofthe two eusons ha re teed for Cue 3, Eawcion 252 nesses te contin tht he uso siesta, na 2 ta) a ae ex “ye 2224 Moment and dfeston tpl bad (Case ofthe boundary condos athe top of he pirated i igs 2.10. The pile assumed foe ebeled ina bg abutment ht moves nly given smo thas, he defctioe athe p of eps Kswn Also the being moment ken the enbedeat salle bending more i early ese io ero. THe equation needed at hep had Case are Eunos 2 SD and 2.53 1h es)4 Plead aera ang ‘The four ss of Boundary condos atthe tp of ile sould be ade fo vr aly ay station ba ter cases ca tse. However, tbe Boudry conden ht are ‘viable with small amount feo, cr rode the requedsluios. Fox same, itean be sumed tht Pad jae kaon the top of le ad soa he eq ‘ounfay condions (not on of the four case) The Case 4 tons can be employed vith ew vues of bing elected, long withthe give vale fy The computer uit wil yield vas of Psp plot wil yield the requ vale of M hat wl roduc the gen Youn cain F “The apiaton ofthe ft-difereceogtiontehigue to the stn ofthe aia loa at hich apie wl ele sed in ape 211, The pl, with + proeton| shove te gout, shown ia Figure 2 IT, ht Yn digo forthe working vice Tons tte shown The a fs apie backing ou by holding constant nd inremeting PAS shown Fig, inctete oP wil nee vl 0s ‘rene ul te busing oad i sppected Thi sls cms fe teat 9 ae |omate pobles Sth ivesgsor mut proach the buckling fod with al eases The equations become unio tl ans bjend heel, with ones sua te eagle ste eavefl oto eet niall tis cree ‘The comput progr t solve the nie-dilzence euston forthe response of ile toner oan Wl be emanated in vbsquet capt: The selon of «wane of eal problems wl be presente. Als, cst Sus wil ethownin whither sul fom computer soln re compared with expernetal aus Retas of tea vious sppeocinations tat are inherent he diflerence-quton method, x easion wl e given of echnigues fo the verieation ofthe aeuey of «alton esetal to the proper we of the numeri mead. The dvcuson wl desl wit the use si nifent figs to Be usd in the intra computtions and ith the ston of he ‘erm length h. Anoter approximation elt th arian ine tendg eins. The tending ste Ey changed to Rin the diference eatin, cre rope sere as constant nthe andr deena equation, Equation 29. ey fhe eSihe M 29) In ite diterence form, Euan 29 besomes ie 210. Cae of tony cottons no ieDerivation of eutons and method of soion 35, Fire 211, ving forte i al at cml al bes ‘an bing up the high ordeed tems by dient, the value of Rs made ta ‘respond tothe ental tm fr inthe scone expression. The ers a ei ‘aed in wing the approximation where her isa change th ending sess long the engi of pl ae thought be snl but mast evened nasty “dean as teen def thease whats an hut cag alexa sis ad is shown Appendix C. The oeulation town in Append has been inorporadint xempter program fer sue, bu the meted may be realy Pementdif desde “The difizent equation a dierence frm ane oie yb the dg compuse. A compact disk wih «student veson ef th Compute pogam LPILE i provid in holder ataced wo the tack over afte book The coding forte equation shown above ‘implemented in the comptes program peered ix Appendix D tht sven the die nce equations. The code eles iulon alee soon elt the ina ‘sponse ofthe so wih pile deflection. 2904 a) Me es 23 SOLUTION FOR Eg byt! “The provi seton present ele exoson ofthe ppiston of rune! methods tote soltan ofa onl, Toutherder diferent equtin. The sppcation ofthe ‘oli wil Be pened naar eps Te remainder hs cpr wil show te tecof the fie itreneeqution erniqta pd gales ales or cves "elas hand compas "ecto mocks thelist ry te symbol wn sma ny bet be othe penne nr ian ogee pe Theo ‘Sate ce Saeed ee mb Se mane be pete peed pes aoe26 Pie underlain A soliton ofthe reduced form of he teeta equation wat pete ei othe se bet Ey is constant ein evi overcome als) Nominee lee ‘were pretend ht hae slevance in sowing he te of he le pola a that l= low fr ebeckingfite-ifence-eqationrolsion However, te bless of alas sein solving pata robles imeesiooal sal, long with sions by fite-diferece chai, cn kad 1 ondmesiona curves to scconmodte a wide vary of vans of so nodal ih Ae sh a8 Ey = hy th By ~ Ay (Matock & Rese 1962) Soon tht suns ‘hat xo have some preity Cobol el ed ermal comoldael ay te fo cases whee the siffes zero athe Gin a ness tte ese ‘vi dep Furtemore, expenence his sow hat wel soon ean be bined for Some cases of ovecomstiated clays. The filovog paps show the development ‘ndimplenenttn of he meted whet y= hy 281 Dimensional amas Considering the nonin of py atone a varius depts, he econ modus for the si Bis a fucion of tth x andy. Therefore the arm the Fy verde el ‘inthip wil change if the leading is hanged. However, nay be euned tepoay (aubjet wo agjenent of £,, vals by excessive Ul) har esl enton fe soe ‘ion af ono at By Bylo) ass) or soln ofthe problem, the cave) of the pile mst be determined, opie with ‘aos derivatives tat ar of nrest The deatves yield vue of saps mart, ‘het an so eaion a uetions of ep, The piles of nena aly rn be ted to exablih the for of endimensoal reson er the It loaded ple With the we of model hor, he necessary relations wile detemined between pe toy havng ny given eo erin, nda si "nso which sluons ay female For ery log piles, the length Lloe signifoance base the defection may be neatly 2 or och of he length ofthe pt is content ined seme care tsi leigh aa sbsine, ier dese therefore inde ae gues tobe considered. The pete defen of 7 wil vary ih the frm ofthe fect for Soi reaction ves dep However, fr each defen ad expe feltion be ‘ween the sifes of he soiled the ea sis of he le and called the Sesion” ir the eas of shear Pans manent Mt he op of te pil te soon for de- Aetons fhe esc cue Wl lade the refaive ifs ara the em (os Figue 212) YH Tol Fo PM) es, (the boundary vs abe abt for 7nd tine assmpion of ear behavior intrace oe pil, and i deestions ein snl rebtive foe ple dimensions, the pine of siperosting may be eepyed ‘Thus the eects ofan inser! oa an posed net fay be coedDeroaton of equation and method of elation 37 yuan Figwe 212 Armee fr din ai spar. ty rpresens the detection cased by he tral load Pad iy i the eton cused by he momen Myth tal detest somo esn ‘Te eats of yt and oft Masog in eshing gerald slutons ec the lneiy-tehaving pile The stone maybe peed for Cie os, 0 P)= HTL By Ee) 33) nd for Case Bas FOnMI=Ek8T bE El) es) ‘The vals f aod f represeat to diferent fneons of the sume ts. each ease ‘hee aes rms and two dimensions (eee and eng). There ze therefore fou ‘ependentsoadimensosl soups which ante fed. The arangements chosen se, ec, 260) eee SE oe est) le ‘To sais eandion of sina, ach of hte ros mt eal fe both del at ex) ae ak38 Pleura loading ea) es) 26s) 266) ‘A group of sondinenson!parumetes may te deol whic will have the ee ‘aia val for any mode! tnd is rotonype Tes ae shown bel. eon ast) ew) ‘Cate A defection ceticiet, ayo 2a 27m we Bdeecion oti, B= FEE en ‘Ths (bam ditons 2.67 tough 271 fo 1, Similar sii fines, 2. Sia po sitions slong he piles, and 3. Siar ple lms ete lenge ae very et md eed ‘ot be considered), the snation ofthe pelts cs be exresed fom Euan 2 37 sad fom Equations 210and2.7h 0, y (er [Me em By the sme typeof soning, ter farms of he stone be eps shown bem Slop, an)Derirsion of equatons and meio of solution 39 Moment M=M, +My [er +104 )8, am br o[fa. 275) Stew, ¥ Ela, +[ 44] 7 samen renee ono peat stm neon tw mt at eo cc ae er Remeron savdiouneearmmetanos oe tinea fo coe cree ras tae eee aise ta trinwreenenra aren nie Sacco teem oneal a Sees am ‘Wher am plied aa ad Pandan applied monet Me considered separately a coring tothe priniple of sopepostc, he euro becons,frCse A, em em Substnng the dtsions of ondimensinal primers sont in Equations 2.67 hrough2.71, a ontimenonl deen ean cn ewe for Cate Sh He, <0 es) sod force Bat Sheep, -0 eat “To produce apace of ondimeasoal 4 and Beaten, must be spsi= ed ectoing coven dein of be elie ses fcr 7 2. The ter ‘ntl equations (280 and 281) must be solved. The esuliag 4 and B veins may then be used, with Eguntos 2.71 though 276, compu deacon, slope, moment ‘hes andl reson fram pile pola wih so th ae fr whi ood ‘manlonal sss have Bonen0 Pte unreal lating ‘To obnin the end B coe that ae seeded ome tons wih he non meio method, Eqsions 250 ad 281 cane saved by tse of diference estas, presated carer nhs hap. In solving problems of laterally lode ples by wing nomena! methods be const in be expressions dese bing the vain of sai econ Ey wil eh at ‘jute by tial wal esoaable compat is bined The selected fr of te sail ‘eatin with dept shoud be kpt a simple ae posi so tht asim sue of ems neds oe agua ‘Apeneral for fy Wi dept i pow fy, Egg em ‘The farm Fy ~ hye seon be apc case of he power form. The eave ites ‘ctor Tan be dfn for any pric Fr ofthe ol reaction dh lions. es aaveient tele a definition that wil simpli the eomspndng sendin! ‘iscion, From the thay given above te equation ha defines the sondmnonsl oction for soil eacton | se)— Eat ee) the form B= fs subst in Equation 268, he esas peer es) isconveninto dfn te relive tite factor hy he lowing expression. sy ass) Besause TZ; the gene pondimeasioal ution fr il etton SMa)=z" (286) ‘The above exes cons only one parame, the power m Therefore forex vale of m whch may be sled, ope comple st of independent, nomenon tay be obtained fom te sltion of Equations 2.80 an28) Forth ease whee By = fpavmseqaa Vand He\-2Deviation of euaions an mthodofruion $1 ‘The nondimesionltechigu, slog wih 2 soi ofthe dite equation, allo ‘eeficets tobe computed fra vay of vations of the sl reaction with depth omeveronyhe ease o > yw te sown ee 23.2 Equaions for Ey he We the form ofthe patos as already been shown, bution here is connie ‘The eeaon euaons a roe em as ak am ‘Wher only sea Pi apple at the mudi, he below sted equation se fr dete tiny, sotton (pe) , moment I, abd seat V, epetively. (The sl resistance pe alo By ies). The noeduncasionl coef, obaised by enplyig the ier ‘e-egunion methods, sha in fe eqoons, canbe fund i Appendix F The cot ‘lens me shown aa foto of the noninsinal dt Zsa te nondnessoal length fhe le Ze 24) 22] vali 5 39 299) 236)ret haig veal] on ‘The dean ofthe fe ead casi at shown hers however heave principe are {allowed The equation far deletion 298) ‘The mest may he fod fromthe following eqn: M2 Ratt 299) swe Fe = 1.06 for Zu, * 2-097 Fr Za = 3 93 Fr Zn = hd -093 fr alt ihe aes of Zn Forth ens wre he isa rotational esti at he tp of te pl the st tep isto assign a valet the rion! sess A constant cnmenenly cen be eshseds a shown elm 2100) ‘The slope ation) athe op ofthe ile an be au from he lowing egeton. 4 AE MO so ee uo where Ay and By ar he soins coefficients athe tp of the ile aml can be found fom the appropriate ures is Apeni 3finton of ay Wit these aes ofthe nondmensionaleoeficems fr lop, te selection of ial va of Fallows Ma ‘Fond fo he luo can cee wit the body ale of Pend Me 223, vamp oon ‘The example std fr analysis is ora mavine src, jacket ote, consist ing of welded, ularstee meres, s constructed enor, asprd by arp, tnd Setin place at an afte net, One ofthe eg ofthe jacket town in Figure 2 vith the bracing forthe lowest pane oat at the adn, A pl it diven ae spe te welded inside he jacket lo exsre contacts betwee th lle ache Load Ing may be considered to arise om wave acon diring sr. A ths sag of the ‘uli he ake assumed Yo mover bat a bt which ssn) ah Suptos i te pes ae elated xl ling. “Te py sures be ed are shown in Figure 214 The cues ae pial of thse for ‘anor nema constiated hy. The distance below the ie cach of he eres ‘shown and tree pines a te td [The py crv fo ero depth shows zr sol estan oral destin; 2 The nl ops tothe py caves are ea nd reset ey adDerivation of qation ad methods of station 43 ~ | Fig 21.Ple ate ofan pao. 5: The ohne resistance fer ach curve aprons lining vale that ners with sept While the curves for parc othe charter fhe curves is sac ht he ‘ure of te fowng soln clea Inkatve of amore eae Slaton by computer ‘The potion ofthe ple above the dine and win th ak shown in he per sich Fane 2138. As ay bese, the pl Wl eae ss continuo beam ih loading tits knee. With he ile psing bythe wpe panel poi inthe sketch, its oon att pit is bewoen ted gaint oan and ert. Terre, ‘reasonable appoinaton the telsiohip between and 5, fs gen by Ea Mat 2.102) Pa where the dsance etnen panel pins (61m in hs ese); and EJ, = he bending Sileso te pie waa he jokes “The pets pipe ih an oie at of 72 man and al hikes of 254 ram The sel has a Ye sregth of $14,000 KN. The Ey 00000 mA, sel he timate bending ment was computed oe 630 iN, ining no ai! oad Thea ‘mpi tmode tatoo resricon exis on he defen ofthe pe andthe dened soliton sto nd ho ead at wl sae a pus bing (Ie wkimae Bending mame). “The tat dean en be toed to achieve x fed (A more comprehensive o> Poach acleing a ven fr of safety wl bedcate in Chapter) "lami of he evant equations show ht thre re wo eno ht ms be solved by lac, Fy, a yale of 7; must be lead andthe approved= of — soon] Tir Baa Gas Res Figme 2.14, Ses ewves fe vo ‘Sale cion shape found by varying th vale of T Afer sling the vale of 7a solos must bem by ue ofthe py curves, the dt forthe ple, tb espetive equ, andthe onlinesindl curves in ArpeaixE.Insing the arver inte epee of 2, ‘of 1 isselced withthe view that the lenght pl esblhed fre i ead tdi rele ang Theva of Pelt forte nial computations is $00KN, The veo i lato ' te lang wih being small when he loading atively light and mo ies ‘ae posible fer selecting an intial vale. However, canvergoce 8 apa, A vac of ‘ul aout ple ameter (4) Sled are fea ‘A vac of 4 of=1.190 mk Fund by saving Egan 2.10, 2.101, nd 2.402. antons 2.9 and 24 ca the be aod save er ain ofy The vl Za 7) is eee to yt values of he nondinensioal oes fom ie cares in Appondk ‘That vale 50401125, 20h ave for of IO ot more we ened “The sterenced equations ar susan Sed he allowing exes, The om ions with is expression re shown inte Table? 2 hat allows yds (002)- 200238) ‘Toe vas of fy are plate in Figure 215 a he bests in, using ough the i, i fied trou te points by ey. sbown for Teal te sol line pss ‘ough 6000 and 6.95, ad the felowing valve fy wat sting, Ere $000 ggg (2.103) fos AF en ‘The valu of he relatives Stor can now be computFig 2.15. Converge pling P= COE asin Tou [207 = 352m x ra [OEY 2105 ‘The slection ofthe string value of To 40 tune oto be frites but iis neces "fe scond Wi culd ave bn dae wih Ff 3.2 st beter pan io adopt sonal valu of To obi a pit tt would pl on the oposie se ofthe eelty Une (0 Fig 2154). Ts the second til wae de witha Ty 3.5m which God 1 Zag of 14. The computation foe eas, ot shown et rosea ss bel, ith ‘computed vale of Mo 1012 RN. Using hat vale, the flea equations an the Dey eatves, te ess we soya a Tal a Fague 2.15. The dashed ne ae Se ss hough 600 and 7. The vals fy dT ay Be comps 1, -fe- M2 as ant 2105 ae Hah e109 ‘Be pt te le sy a, shown nag 21564 ‘ode ann cams pts on ngs ne 039 ‘te buy tr ee cnn bd neg — Mi beater issn eine 2 10210, 2102 ede he cea id SCR Wi Ma ec en ene mont mca ene ite en er 2 Sie Egan enc et dn 1 a Sieestcas teagan eotae song46 Pile wr lero ing Figue216 Pas of elec an ending tr xml cle fo = Jn conning wid the asigned problem te ils wee mde onthe , ht would ea tic hige to develop hat el na corp a of Ma al Ma ‘These as, flowing te procedures dea demoneeid yee oF 118 KN and ‘ale fy of 103 LN’. The eave stn for was Campa ob 60 mete The ‘mata bending moeay occured tthe Head awsS690 mk The Zo ‘ale Ts 833,40 the carves in Append E of Za f 10 pprepine:Te erp ‘alas of efecto nd beng ome can ob ound by follow the poser ate fo the of 40 KN comput forthe evar eas, Te ote shown Fig 216, witht curves previ lta othe ten oa of 0 EN 234. Disesion ‘umber of interesing fetes of the slton cas be sen, The online response of the ile wo neral na can be surmise by cramiing the py eve, bla comparison of te resus of the compattinsresferce the pot. An tae in he atau fom 400 1185 KN,» fcr of lest 3, cvs an increase of he goundine defen fom D3 1o 0:48 ma fata fone and an ine inthe mina being Mo ‘ne fo 1170195680 aN «or fot ve, ‘The pon is mae, hen, tht» rope dig gues the oman of th fad tat il ese furs, citer in exeste delet o ending moment n this pel ‘ase, apping ld feta of 3.0 yield ae led on the pe of 39 KN whch line (oe fmt tat ws ade ‘sol fre spot possible excep fra short ple unde ae oading where the ‘ale of would be 2 oles. Fr the lon ile shown i th exp compton oe ‘oil texsance near the goundine riod doe t che lang he sol fesaneeDereon equations and metas of solaion $7 meray ness at a renter depth, whic hen insects the deetion and being o- “An examination af th carves in Fgu 2.16 fr bth ofthe lan shows tha al values sce ne fo eu a25 30 mala te pe eee the Bota 20 15 m of he Sm lng poe ooo resistance ner loading, Ths, pil caries oly ier! ding te Ssgner may wih o pve ates 9 te seca pneration HOW ver the reid penetaton s fond fom he trl aod sd ot he feted Le. ‘he nondnetsoeal length ofthe ple ne expe dressed om 12.8 108.3 a he loné wa neal fom 400% ,J85 NA convent oe mb i at ong ple ‘Sone where three at east vo points of zo deiction lng ise, “Atoirreresing pin tht th pls igs wl develop a the op of epi, be pint whee i joa he supersructe The computed tegtive ome at ht pst i ‘oe than wie the maxim ponte manent hat car a ph of sot 8m or he of 400 Nand about 12m fer th , of 1185 RN. Ths sarge Ira Laced have been sustained hd dhe distance betaen te sacri the jacket Ren read abo 61 sas sown ia Figue 213. However, hs agent my not have ben possible a the “Te linittios in th slason shown shove ae 1. Tepito cont wal knee per ent neh 2 No loading i pid and 3, Thetand compton ae tne cooing “These estictons ae removed wit the empleo, demonstrated in Caper 6, md {be eigercan hve mach mez eso infin a optimum soon Foro ia. {he wal hicks of he il a he nensed i th Zone of matimum henge, ‘for anor, te joke lean be extend same anes below the maine in weak {ei 20 tats the all hehe ofthe ple an he ake a effective sn ressing 24 VALIDITY OF THE MECHANICS “The mos sts tics dct ans the py method is hate Sis not wet as 1 Cooimaum bata sent of ore, unccapedrerstanes (he Wine pps Several cornet ean be ge neon to ie ali erties of the etd. “The reummedatins fre retin of py cue fo se te sli of is, ven ine abueueat ety, are bated fo th tt pron theres of flee ex eines in which the contest was expt saised.Furhe, Matock (197) [arfomed sone tet ofl in sot lay where the pte op eeston wat varied ‘bg the neh othe ile y resting he pi ea nee analog oa In anther et They cores tn were erie rom each of he nding coon ere seta the se. This, he experimen py ever wee one fom exper ‘nets wth ily ramen ple wil pedi wn resonable its te rexpnse 0 pile whoa bead eto rt fied apt oto, ‘The methods of prefising py crs hive een sed im = mame of eat ses sown in Caper 7c the apeemen ten res fom exprietand fom com aos ranges general om god excel.8 Psu aera fang Foaly, chology may advance so th the si resin fora given deletion a ical pot lng ple can be modifed qsntately ts ee the ince athe ‘etn ofthe le shove a belo the pot in quesion. Ia sch ease, mialaed _py carves an be developed at every pos log te ple The sala soon tht ‘resented erin canbe eaily modified ode with he alto p9cones‘CHAPTER ‘Models for response of soil and weak rock 3 IvTRoDUcTION ‘The pesecton been des prnily wih the famulaon of expressions for py curves fr soils and rock under bth Stati nd eye oan. A manber offal onceps ar preseed at are relevant to ny method of malin les. Chapter save the coset ofthe py tod and this chapter wl revert detail alow the computa ton of he beta as ile anders ware of cndons, [Mor than nay ther doe foudstionprble the soliton for a pile under leat leading is wows, because arses says seat tote seein care ‘eres ofthe soll aun the pile sia Anon he concept pest in Chae es ‘tt the sl ecto mods soe a ol part ba depends bth ons resistance ‘nd ile defeion Fora gven ol rte, the sol reaction mle i infnced ini slay by he lowing varies” hile pea fe ses, Stor et lang te orl ding, = Piegeomery, Pei and ie cap contin ~ Slope ofthe proan tte ie = Pie insaliaion poets and = Pie te nit ofthe corplexites note stove, thes reston mada has the avenge of salt sinpliciy, nd has ben vases weliedhough well acumen ase fe ars, Fret, and perhaps of ost moras, te matbod has svance to bones ‘ceped pocedae fr deseibiag the molnar behalf the ination between pis tnd the stoning sil ‘Recommends wil be gen in is chp or he selection of «family of py ‘saves for various cass of is and lala. The renting curves ae meat ole ‘ells pose he elton ad ending mrtent sa finton of ep os ple nde Intel bding Case sues, prevented Caper? compare els fom expernei atd ‘fore computa ara rang of i an nding, ‘The resus of he comparisons in Caper 7 show ht beadag moment wih length long pcan, in general be camputsd more aciasly then defection Thay if thee toner mast design a plesapored sme that onive fo deta, ed toad testing be deste, The net scion ofthe caper presents eid seston ofthe relevance of si ramets and shows ht any Sluton os problem resins through casino th ”50 Plead tera ating soi profile, Te correspondence of an eects betwen, forthe sal and Ey othe 52. MECHANICS CONCERNING RESPONSE OF SOILTO LATERAL LOADING. 321 Siesrdfomation fst Some dkcson was preteen Chip | coneeming dels forthe response of sl 0 the Intel deletion of pile: A more delle dscusion I pressed hte, Pally, say ‘Shon ole fal oading rere the deermiaion af a ae of 0 rope "cs Inte general suson hat loys and in specie eames he end of i hp te messing fh relevant ropes of slisan eg tpn he proces. nting the applicable properties of ol inh aor to lad tothe soon of & paisa problem reqs ate tonto neous deal charceiaton ofthese Se Tecion oF eset sampls; employing telus i sapling a rniie di ‘sae; proteing and rasporing samples 1 avod lis of maistres pepsrton of spesnens elton of pproprite eng rosa; nd parfoance of ets wih pe- che contol "AN appropri clini specimen presomed to hive buen oil an tes fo repr th properties at artlr oi ithe cotinan whee sn aayst isto be pererme. Fue, the stump made tat oy lfeence othe proponed fonsrstion i negligible. The specimens intally subject toa lara sree 05 wher o3is sted o ret prope purilar pol is he catnsam. The ond it ‘pple othe op to cae Sressncrease elo o, wih the pracpl srs 05 on & ‘ioe plane becoming +n. Te ane rfid a the shorting of he Spas ‘nen died by te ori eg oft specinenh Loading sumed fo continue Inincreens ul the ruling ave of rel srs ees soln Beccmes syptc ‘oat paral othe sein ats sown nig 3.1 ‘Arete of sch test fr each fe tata Ua epcoumtered wil provide Gta onthe strength of si for use in design. Labora tte uly complemen ith Retuning tics of Figure 3.1, lies ar eam fom the aig a pola on the sessstain curve The lope ofthe ines termed yi called te sil ean ‘modus and represent these of be ea The mgs of sis pny tld fo ‘he valu of ean wich he ie Ida, with he ages va om ine ht ‘2 tthe inal portion ofthe ean In ming some compat, investigators have {ed the largest ae of Enay oan aera ae depending om indivi pee ce orld some parila tage ‘Carfil mesteroets of eral tain mus be made, sretines with speci nro ‘mento, oii ae of Poisons ra. OF couse. th ale of shat a Ew ary withthe fading and veri 322, Propoed moda fr day of The reltionship betwen te sressrin cares or parla si andy carves su nabtedy case; thee some dacosson ofthe change inthe sifess of prcMode for rexpona ofl ad weak rck $1 Fig Rerts ting i seine nthe io, specimen wih stain i wefil Te values of eres wth nein stain as shown in Fig 3.1, sity as othe values of Ep. sown conceal in Figure eb, Vae Imps (191) proposed a model forthe decay Ey as sbown in Figure 3.2 The fe {2005 C/G Whee GEA 9) = and ale ade sprint alc of Pes ‘anit friand andy, "While the values of the properties a shown lo Figure 3.2 a eevee and do ot ‘epresespreciely he aes ata specifi se, he ves do allow fr computations tefl the defensins of te ol na centaur, te dcty of Ey sha ‘ele the sams pears ot wit ietet uns, an Fig 14, There gener ‘aly the deay OF with neering sin sl to he decay of Ew et ple oe ton. Fare, the ay fn bath stances scene oe Sane peso, = acres in ies ofan lene of so with cea in 323, Varian of tito ol (Es andG) wit dt ‘The pararopits above fave shown cle concep relionsipstetmen valoes of tnd Bi there, dics fhe vain of wth depth dec. The vals of EO stand normaly onsoldatd ely Se eo athe goad line nd lease ome fshion wit th, The values of En of some ovetcnslited cys ad some rook appoint ens th ep "The vation of tenia tng Sheat mods with depth: an related othe zero defection oth eas een roped ssn elo, Gms" Gt on where Gna the minum si ection modus st ground eve (eo for pomaly onsite sols) and a= pain fhe simu get ai acon as Wit soph50 Pew leral fading comne) Tart we igce 12 Modelo Poise ao hag and der o (Vi og 9), As wil be demonsated by amples od ease sds in tr chaps, a mat ese, ‘ne properties of the sl betwee the rund sui ada depth of 6 10 dante wl gover he bei ofa pie subjected to tal lading The parameters gover the Sunes of the near surtace soils have ben investigated extensively cing the pst 40 ‘ecades. OF prc sleance we the works of La et (1977) and Wrath ta (1979), nat ws pubis in teeny els, andthe work of KH Saka ta (1985, 1989, 1994) and afoowshi eal (1988, 199, 199) tt was posed om the ‘ioe nite reset For ease sol, gre hasbeen made in ering thers of Ea’ whe cual othe urine shear stn I thse eign, he res are dependent ot tho cype ote, the overeasoiaion atin, ad the index proper ofthe ol For cote Sons sol, suis ave beens a finding the rao Ea, where ste mean tffetie sree, Some da have beth repr nthe litre for cohesive sis or values of Emm, saci much eter inthe est hive ben chaerve. Ve f Eafe age oF 16 200 ere repaid y Mack et a (1986), sad Reese ea (195). Valu probably ‘vould nave oes much higher adver eae ateton ben gen tothe ey pat ofthe Tabara cures. take (1989) epored Hat values of 2000 were ot found for ‘sey sal sti Jason (1982) pfomed tots wih he selborng presenter td and values of Eat hat ranged on 1440 to 2840. These hgh vals me fr ee ‘reel smal ieModelfor response ofsolland weak rock 55 324 nil is and atimate rents ofp uve fm ol properties ‘Te pial py cure some deh bow the gundsrice, shows in Fig 14s rated y a stig ine fom the ergo plo ard va fore lat ‘Ssanee beyond pout 8. Elnentry solitons, teed on sil prpesen. we peed thes wo ipa aspets of py eaves inhi etn A town i ecomentaons fer the formulation of py cures we soegly bes! ena fom fllsale esting OF ls, bt snail exeson ar epinnerpreting the experiments S241 Inia ofpycave Relevance. Asay be Sent Figue 1, the potion othe lp carves aeapctby ‘his Ini poron ofthe py eve is small and tay bv litle consequence fat tales, Employing th concepts emphasized here, he dean of pe unt lal loading i Bete pinay oo Tiss, with loads lmied by berdng or combed ‘ses ory ecto. The deiton of hep where tna potion fhe p> ctves ‘woud be eletive woald ocr at a conseabe cance blow th rod lite ta he -esing horizontal fore in he so woud have ony nrc em the tespone Th ‘ont designs ates wil cont ‘The comput of he eet unde he working ed would of couse, make more ‘eprint the nal prion of te py cues. However, even in sich eases tune "hath inal prion oe py eves wold play an impor oe “Terre soe aes onthe oft hand whee the ay part fh cues need = fu comsidertin, Two ces canbe iit pedcon of eve ter way loading and he sign ops in rit ala Rock quent oa bei muta andy od sn ls of esac an be posited when the defen aches Pita Fgue 1, Thus he py cuve wold flew mh dire epee hn shoo th Be Theoretical comideratins. Asa means of etblishing the pares that must be ea edo employng ners concep a nding equtons forthe vals ofthe slopes ‘the nil poten of py eave, same clentaytoneps of means canbe nes ‘he flowing eqn fem thar of ela (Shenton 1981, and provides basis for driving simple expression giving the aproximate soe of tenia prion ofthe ps ue nr 6 heres mean stent of oudatin 9 found prs = infec cet ‘ele; V= Poison's rato the sali; and, - Young's modu of sole, ‘The eatin pais over lading But the sl ence pag the pte ue to lata deeto s sd eel og andthe dscton oe ple Sealo Sm he ean cane rewrite s lls, wit and ke constant a uae ty Semon Bekoe, ge, 7 =e, ae OA‘4 Pe under leeraoding er § is a consant. Whe the above equation sugges that Ey has defied elaton- ‘hip with By (ced below with faller aceon of Shepton’ ogsestion) the ‘eaionsip would spear ta ene mare secur to the nl poton of the wlee of med, Ep Em 63) he Ep a teil slopes of he py caves ad the sexta are, ‘pect and ys lvenasobserig to neat the ital ae. “he vals of Eo om te pycurve in igs 1S ad. ae plate in Fgue 33 adhe inne ofthe grand surae ico. Tse asset that th vale of ? "mus reflection of te ground sue The dirences ne aS Of Ef ‘tate and eel ding ee sing, 3242 Computation of values ofa The pedcion of he ulin ales ofp a2 fnction ofthe kind of i andthe depth Selo ground saree sof vous iporurce.Atalyial meta, apie hee ae rant and allow emparons with values ofp detemined by expernen, ch a Shown nla 5 Sone serious mistakes were ade in ey year inthe analysis of piles under ater loading when engineers fale wo beed the aon of Terai tt heute ree tance against «ple culd not exceed onal he sig capcky ofthe a nthe ab Sense ofa mot raonal shod of empting lng ve ofthe ultimate resieance ‘a Wish a) be considered the baring cpa, to simple modes ave been em je fer solving the elem y ini eget, “heft ofthe delish in Figice 3. The free Fy may be compute by inte rang he borat components ofthe esitances on the tng rey, taking into Yet 6 Fe, vs tea tom pin ieModels fr respons of sol and weak rock $8 gue 34. Mul oil agendas fr comping at account the woah of he wag. Inert fF with reper the dept = below te ‘round surface lil an exesion forthe mae rstance ng te pl pay The ingle ofthe mode is obvious however, the resting soln wl stat the fom ofthe eqn bese the dance ofthe pl, th depth below the ground sree, and the popes of esol ear ioe chai, ‘Tree dimensional costae elton become syle fr al sl rock, aa och as shown in Figure 3.5 wl be pilin deeopinga mere elite mod! han sown in Figure 34. The contours show the hae of the ground surfs in font of Seppe ple wid s dams of 64mm in ontsonaosated clay Reese et. 196, ‘With bel bed of 96 KN, seunurice movement ceeared a9 dstnce om he tis fhe pile of abot 4m (Fig 5.54). When the ad was toyed, te round sure Subse srsw shows in Fg 3.3. The py carves that nce deed fom he leasing sare hon Fae 5 ‘One can reason th tome depth, he resistance agaist a wedge wl eet the in that arora movement of he 3 wil eer The sted model, shown ia Fi te 3.6, epics ena plan ve Wack of wi, The esumpton smde that he movement of he ie wil ease afar of Black 3 by sharing. Sil mover Wl ‘ase Block to fiby shearing. Block 3 ag, nd Boke 2 af fab searing ‘The lima resistance py canbe ound by oberg the eifrence ne sess a 4 The models pny erie bt agai shoul nee the fr of he sqution fo ar ‘The Matr-Coulom® diggans shown i igre 3.6 wil be wed to develop equations fr ‘oy-ro fare forthe sl opis in cohesive slain cose CCoesv soi Two assumptions are mae: The ols ature ob sated, 2. The Adnne-sreagit approach ill ld wefol answer Partly sated cles con6 Pie wade later oadng lange in water cote with ine, so station spears abe iste, Th induction ‘of danas of lays ino the mls as noted in Cape 1, suodues the wes a Tormalaing a tee-dinenioal model fr consoldation a wl nat beaded. "Equations fr frees on he ing surtics ln igre 3.4, essing te ng 10 the ‘2aro are wien ab solved lor Fy a Fy dlleretied it spc =o ole or the sol estance per en length fe ile a= ean + (+cat ye +25,¢anpsinB cos) 6 where me = redbetion ft fr te sheng esitance along te fice ofthe pl ¢ = eph below the round sure, and y= te average urine shew suegih ovr the ‘ep ote wesge The vale of canbe sto zero with ome lope fr he cate of ec lading be ‘aus on an reason th the reaive movement between le and sll Weald be small us ‘er repented ond. The vale offen beaken ar 4° ifthe so asm a Blane sundrsned mode, Wah tex sumption, Bunton 3. bcos by RBebe ties 2 Bee 69 “Thompson (1977) frente Emon 3.5 with epet a nd eae he ners ‘mei His esl are shown in Figue3. wit te asumpon hat the value ofthe {erm foi negligible, Plats ar sho fate casewhare ys sted el 10 re Ot ‘un 01.0. Also shown in Figure 3.7, sa plo Eaton 3.3 withthe same asuenption svt resort og Ara bese, the dif he plots rent gre above ‘opdimensional ep of aout 32. ‘The second ofthe wo modes or ompatng he ima resisace pa is investigated. “The ultimate sil esiance py canbe found om he dierence Dees tb 08 Figure 36, Four ofthe backs sre assumed 16 fal by sear nd tha esistaoe di to pre 15. (| Gombe do aang ofl) Rei eeMods for response of soi and weak rock $1 oy 7F, ewe 36, Ascmed mode fil of yl fw rund ile) eon hu ie (0) iteCouonb gam ple cy () MoeCalos agains, slang is sme occur on tah site f Block 3. The value of o4 6's oe be 10, Other wor, not sown Bre, shows ta terest owing the fling ton pa Dam Gr-enb= ted 06 ‘The vale fom Eqn 3.6 Is alo shown plated in Figure 37 below an intersection ih Equation 3.5: Soin fr he nerseconbewoun Egstins 33 nd 3.6 evra the inflene of te term ey nd asuming tht he unre hese seth scant ith depth, Eaton 33 Wl enzo ower a i eal abou 3.2. a pci, he Impoaneof the redoced ultimate sistance tthe groundings sgifcant, ‘Thompson (1977) note that Hansen (19613) orale euons for comping the sims reine agin aple the groend sre, a mera depth and et dep Haren conieed he oughoos a te wal ofthe il, the tion angle snd ti eight of he ol. He sggested tar the nonce ofthe uit weight be melee nd Propuied te alwing eqn fr th = Oe al des8 Per war orl oading L__i_;™| 2s67+samn? e on eoeset aun 3.7 also shown plot a Fgue 3.7. The arene wth te back’ shins i sats ea he round suc, but he diteeee becomes iit wih eth Eustis 3.5 and 5.6 wore edi analyzing eres Fem fllae expres andthe frm oft expessions appears o be valid. The recommended metho of com ing th carves fr ly ar resent Int nl cage. Cosine sol Full drainage sume inthe aly hat follow: Formos ganar Sel this sumion val The two models premetd eae are employe, owing {snr reef tht asd fr clay, exept thao sedacton fico was considered ‘er sherngrertance along the fice of he ple The mate ol reuncs net oe ‘pound sure per unt length ofthe pl obsne by nding he ol foe agit ‘oper parton of ep sn y ewan he rei whee fxenmtsns op onorf at, ee + yaietan Bean pst) KA] (os semnptan, oo) where Ky coefficient of ath pressure at rest = minimum eset of ev ea Frese ad an,= lve oer sad ‘ownsan (1930) pecfrmed sone abot expinens with carl measurements an soggeste ales of fom 2 7 far loose Sd up to fo dese snd. The value ‘of is appronimatd bythe fellowing equation.Models for respons ofl and weak rock 59 posse 0» ‘Renal oping tint eet dim elo be pe icsemlapnedTtene actus temater ees Sennnin cc pure yee iy dawg eee ‘howoy ova bar un Fen ay ee Sit owe fp ce ned ets ales il fea Kb tee! B+ yz an 6109) “Te eptons fr (aa (gu ae adie pproximae beats of the elementary rane ofthe models However the squos sare a efil prose in indeating Oe for ifs the magne, of heute sol reine, (a) 325. Subgrade mode retard oles nde lata oaing ‘The concept the subgrde medul asben presented in eh erature rom early ays and ves hae ben tabulated in textbooks and oer dosent. Engines pet fering anaes of ples under lal leading, prior development reported hein, sometimes reid on faults values ofthe subgrade rods geting the sl st ane. Namrcl ales ofthe sade nodule cermin relte o values ot Ee and 10 Bp in some ways therefore, a bret, elementary explntion ofthe tn spade Imo by way of simple expres, dese igre 3.8 tows a pan view of the le wi m nd ning tho lng ofthe sds. concentrated veil oad is applied to the pe ath eral ol, he es ing sees shown by Seton A-A in Figute 3.85, slang wih an asumed fo lst iad increasingly larger lads we apie, aunt lndsetlement curve Subsoqunty develope, shown by the pil ctv in Figure 3 8 The gue nests tat he mgside Ofte ui Toad ene a pol where seem continued without 2 increas nod ‘Seve ins ae dawn in Figre 3.88 fom te erga ofthe carve to pnts onthe cure. The slopes of the ines with nts of FZ ae dtd ste subgrade mas, td sa measire of th sis of he sol under he pret aig As shown, he fximun ve foraine dae tough nl pan of he ase, with he thet Tins ving ower vas. ‘a plat wi dimensions large or small thn ven by and mpaye in the same sion auld expec erent result Fut, th hes of he pate el can est theres, bese the pnt Weald deform i haat plane, depending eo the ‘shod of tating Ao, soils wih a Beton agle wil exhib an erased sis with Aepih. As ca be undersond, excep in some special eae, vale of sich pe of sub gre ol ar of ied vale i the Sluton as probe of itr inrston cae only wel in merely deresnting the sits of varios sil (and ek) sich sof clay sf ey, loose ang, dese sand, sound imestne or westeedlinesioe.6 Pes wader orl oaing gue 3. Dest oexprinet dingo tan of rade mas. More eet ini ting reach reveled th posit exit for example he Intel sgrde modus om Menard presremete ets (adn ea 1998 tT, 1970 and fom Marchet disometerets, rom th woof Bald eal (1986) and Roberson ta (1989), one cul in his spec at at for placeret ples, 20 eu fom ft tne (DT none ‘Stina rectly the Ey at a gen depth rom he tome rds Eon ~ 247 Os ‘ps pate DME readies (ig 3 88). ner propor ve woul plant spl Fed elation fr te case of ner fondingof displacement pes g(t the DMT esting dee) = Four eu wih: F=2 foeNC. sts F= 5 for 0, dente tds = 1 for. cays 5326 Theoret oon by Slaton or subgrade modus andr py eres for enwated cle ‘Skempton (1851) wrote hat ‘simple teoretcal considerations were employed develop * prediction fr la-element caves Even ine soe, fr sated chy {alto rete the pata application of theory. The thar hs some reltanes fo py curves because te resistne foe élections ded re coma 0 Bt «hare ‘ont plead ple ude ter Honing. ‘As otd et, the mean secret of foundation, of wid bon he ure os seman is based onthe theory of last is ge by Equation 2 ea 62) ‘whee q~ foundation pes; ~ infec coef v= Poisons rat ofthe sli tnd," Yours oda of the sai. Tn Equa 32, Poison’ rat canara be 2 fre ly if thee i no hange nate conten For pd eel fing onthe gourd varie 7c baker asad the fale sess ams be taken seo 4 whee the urine Shear Ssengh Making the ssn indicated sd tng > ay forte atl aseModes for respon ose and weak rock 61 fone @. Stempeon note ht the infbence vl decease with dep low these but the beating exp coe ness ert, oa a approxmation Eaton i aed for any depth. nan urine compression ete al sels ven y the flowing egation, ony whee £,= You's mods tthe sss (61-3) ee. For stud ys wih oo wer coment change, Equation 3.13 may be reiten as follows 2 (-0) Eee 6.3) whee ()~a) alr sres, gustins #12 and'3.13 show tt fr the sme cto of applied ses wo whinate set the sain in th odin er pile ude ea lading ented to he ean ‘he iboratoryconpressic ty the flowing eget. fale: 1 ake ow Skempions arguments based on theta of lst and ao nthe atl eto of ‘ulscle foundations led ote follwing cockalon: ‘Thus ta desee of egpaation (20%) compare wih he assume of the sung ‘hn ey Been ht Equton 3.1 apples ancl eure ong. ‘Asay te sen inthe amlyses show above, Skempon allowed the Youngs modus of the sol, to be aoninar ant ase vals fm feo mech we wees when ‘he oi wt a alee. The stspon of a noniear vale, remarkable beau of ‘arjing sate of aes of elements stow he foie ‘Skampon poined ou tae ae of fora tng witha to with ato of 10 ws roped by Terzaghi (193) aed Tanasecto (1938) 9 be 126 the bering capac "yf is iken a 33 cg Equcon 3.14 canbe writen fs, false 1s al 25 eis) Skempton sd tat the fue ses fr Tong reches a maximum value of 9c, A care ofesistince as finn of defectn eu be tained fe leg stp cing. then, by kingpins fom a ibrar stesso carve and sng Equation 313 hsn detection an 4S obi sl esl,6 Psu leera aig 32. Practeo we oftempon's equations amv of abraded ‘aang ape nde laa Toadng ‘Skempron's equations spear acactve wept to solving te problem of theater oat ple stated cas. However, wo ir eed aren parle spect olin general 1. The sppcabliy of eqn, and tabled aes of te SUbgrade mals options slang srl pl nd. Asem far the ference ‘nis betwen qd The to fear arena below, and wl sated ly is {ed praia ine sus the cons precede pene “The fst ofthe above pobiens can be deat wh by refering Figure 39. The sketch ln Figte 3.9 diss veral cat tht hasbeen mae 3 ely wth fiir sengh ‘that the ely wll stand without suppor. A sid view of two lesdd areas i shonin Fig ‘we 3.9 anda pln vw ip Figure 3.9, The Inver real consderble distance bel the ground sre Ifthe rest are lade ui fre owas, sing sree wil de- ‘lap inthe ay Someta sw hy the doe nen Figre 3.9, Soll mec, {tnd Sipe loge il show tha he ad to eae lure fer te upper ae is ich ae ‘hat forte lower ae. The snpl presetation tes that py cures ae ace byte dance fom the euve ote ground ze Amore formal impleenin of ‘he concept presented it le secdons where equine preset forthe ein sane where he ground sce no Toner ha a ines the magitage ofthe ‘any p ‘Unfornatelyexperinenta resus, nd elementary tery, show that py carves tan ee the gromd sue hve a dont efit ont compatinn of pe defen ond ‘ening omer. The quston Becomes, the, what she effect on ple response of te soi whee eens ove ely brzsetly dso ple dfeian? The qoetion canna be ‘sword in grow es and reqs the soln of pei posens. Therefore te ‘Sbirade modu end sini hers shuld not be npn or atheriae wed aren solving fr ple bavi, even i be regis ule bythe presence of he pound sive ge 39, Cnet hoi npc of oy Bond sate esse oso ae ‘atinModels for response of ol and weak rock 63 Converting data reseed in tems of forthe subgrade modus, of the fod ver ss deletion fra spo ail, to vles fp fr soins by ua ofthe iret gto, equine owing ep “Acerilnng ht the values are asp Fong, o can be nove tthe stip ot. Ing tbe dna we fr aque pte, or expe, he rat of res est the ple nd the consegentdfeion wl ech dian an fr prion of ple 2, Ife ta afar ong. const value sequent reset and informa ‘ion reed on wheter ofc he sifiess lee he maxim vale fr sme ‘ter ale, perhaps an avg. Whe Skenplon vs such formotion for sared ‘lh, fer uti ly ge suck da te tube data are jdged wo be usable, vals of subgrate males shuld be camputed for ts with bof stip, The vale ofthe unit lad shoal hn be mal ld bo obain lus of, leg wid te conspening itso een ‘The Skempton equations can Be wad to make «conparon wi experimental cuves, sown Figure 13. Those ws ware derived fom the expernerts tao, desctibed| in Chapter, whee te ple haa daetr f 61 mam In ode fest floes of he ground sui, da Hus the Manor experiments were wee and Equations 330 tnd 3.31 ere solved by lA dees of 0 er wa onda we he eound slice ts jg have oi unce on tp curves where te wll wae aun 0 te dsplced ina vera ple by a pile ude era fading The eles dep forthe curves in Figure 13 i308 m thf, he elementary ams shows tha lf the Steve ae infin y the pound sue, However, he slopes fhe nal pet of lhe py can spear tke approaching cin vl so the asamp sade ht the Spe ofthe eave fre cept of 4m wuld have bee the same as shown by five 3.080 ‘The inl ties of he al cure in Pigue1. can be computed by using Eg ‘ion 3.1. A value of gay be computed using Eguaton 3.31 anda ae of unin Seat resgh Rom he Mang tet foram, 032010. a= (1)9207 35208 Following the reson reed en, the sumption is made tht esate of ess forthe pls In Skenpton's pesatation isthe mime ss or the pl = Pah = S206 = st30 kPa Foccomeniencs, the lil slap ofthe cave ich a 20 or svhere sequal 0275 LPs andthe corespning value of pis 17 Nim Ref Figure 13, the detection Hom the cue a 3.05 mx wale ofp of 1764 2 mem ution 3.11 en sow be employed which evelten soled a fl, Fann. 45.9. XO64) OD _ gy bat 4p 25x10) 20) “The computed value of 1s within the ange of alu hat were ited above and probably ‘wold ave been sre ble ite eave bad been ver the gar pth, “Te reth ftir emery exer tht th Sempton eto hve Some tin protneing py cures at dem below where the sl infuses by the rou fe However, de exercise shows rhe case as eae, three ofthe nr! odig war snc omgioey coal th py carves arth eure ls6 Pes under aur oaing 328 Application ofthe Fite Blemen Method (FEL) 0 obtaining py cure for tate Taine The above diction, lasting the imporance of thesis at and weet ground se ‘ac, lends the susestiont apply th Mite element mee to developing py crves for stati Toning. The top ws dscsed in Chapter {and revised here case of the relevance of te FEM. Te problems of curating th sl aa et she selecting the ‘pproprite nonlinear, te-dinentonal conte model performing the. ‘dimensional anaes othe fll ane of pe defion for an ela ples taking the ‘oneal an caine geomet into scout bey cure capable, However, the predicting oy curves bythe FEM ina bejund e eapabitis of 2 comprehensive research efor. Computing power is roving apy and toe ae ail ‘leo eroming the pyscal esearch. OF prc impor stat several ses re ‘vost where py carves bave Bee dried experiment cha Sow in Fp we 15 giving te researchers the dun needed to eof the Slt slum proved and more adtaced metods of sl svetgncn wl Ikely beat lends "nals esting asso revous tt of piles under neal lang ay be eld 3.3 INFLUENCE OF DIAMETER ON py CURVES. 331 Clay Anais exressions fr py carves ind hat the em fr the pile ameter spears ‘edhe fat over. Reese ea (1979 deseo ate of pis with dates of 33 mam od 61 tum atthe Manors. The py foros developed from theresa om the lager ples wee ase wo snalye the behave ef he sale ple ‘The compton ot ‘ending tome Ie to good agement etwees raya experinet bt te comp ‘ation of soundve deen showed oniere dhagreemen wre compte Aetons being smal than he messed one No eplantion cal be male exis edsagreeneat ‘O'all & Danmsvant (1984) and Dunvant & O'Neil (1985) report oo tess pe formed at se where the cy was ovreorolidste od whet lar outing ts ee performed on piles with ameter 079 mm, 1220 m,n 1890 wn Tey foe ht the step espons ofthe sl could es be character by xno Suction of he dame. These suis und subsequent sue can pups poe ats fr ope ‘if recommendstons, ‘There ood reason to elle hat the ame of the ile sould no appear ine ‘ar ft inp curves fo yell oaing of piles fn cys baw the wae le The Intuene of ec lading on py cue isda nthe ent ston 332. Sand ‘No secs sues have ben repaid ona levestigicn of the infsnce f diameter on ry carves, Case sais of ils some of which se of lage dames, do nt eve orca infence ofthe diame. However, vitally al of as ot have Ben pe forme in san se nly sta eningModi for response ool andre rock 65 INFLUENCE OF CYCLIC LOADING 3A Gy {hei oaing I wed Inte sign of piles for sme of the erates mentond in {Cher I; a noable example sas oforepsfrm. Therefore, a nomber af he fd ‘es employing fill nsuumened pies have employed eyetic inning Te fst such tess wee preformed y Mock (170). yee loading ha invariably rested i i ‘reed deletion and bendiag moet shove the respective valves ined In Short ‘erm long A dramatic sample ofthe ss of Sl reise eto cyl long ay ‘eee by comparing the oso carve in Figures 13 and 6 ‘The following paras el wie phenanen of gaping snd soir of ey bey ‘he wate surface. As ote in Chapt, cout of suspension were obeeod in xing of piles in ti clay uncer eyeing, at eau was not ober by Matlock (197) in ‘elie tests ins to medium clas. However, a the conlnon of one set of eysi= Trang es, Mac placed penslad gael banenth the water ad andthe les Cy- tng wa cntined and ener guaty of te gravel worked cova soured Be Pile neigh ela ete wal fh pl, with no ronounoed ap, was Weak nado allow the rave to peotae by rv ‘Wang (1982) and Long (988) di exensive sues of the infoence of ye lading ‘ea py cave for clay Some of theres of thon states nore poe Oy Rees et (198). Two reasons can be sugested fr the reduction i soil reine fom cycle long: he abjeton ofthe cyto repeed sas of rg magni, and cour fom the efree ow of wate in he vn of he ple Log (1960) sai theo these far by pertorming sian tens wth repeated loading sing specimens fom ies ‘where piles ad ten ese. The stood of the ees peese when wer fave the ‘oud suc ant inves can Be sve, ‘Wel Reese (1972) repr sone exerinnts with a bred ile under eps t= ral lading nan overonsoldted ely wih m ee water. Daring the yl odin the election ofthe ile the gounline was inthe ander of 25 rm. Aer Id Wa = leased, agp was reveled mth fie ofthe ple where the si nd teen pushed bale Als, rack few millimeters in with dated avay fom the fon of th pl ad wi ‘er covered th ground surf, evden tht ter would have poet te ap ond the crc. Wit the appleaton of eat, he up woul hve ceed ath rca ‘ying sl paricies woul! ave ben fred tthe loud sre. This poser as da ‘aly evaed diving thes ting in overeosoiated clay at Manor (Rese ea. 1913)and at Houston (0 "Nell & Dusan 198, ‘he sketch in Fignee 3.10 hss th perorenon of cour A spc has opened in the ovetconstiated ny nono plead has ied wit wero eee ‘With he net excursion ofthe ple the wae fred upward fom the spss 09 lo ly tat fet of he ate of fad appeaion. The we exe wh arbulnce ad piles ey are scored ava ‘Wats (982) east bora devise lve the scouring phemmston, A sperimen of unsnbed so om th ste a pl tet ws rng othe Inborty, Placed inal and eral hole about 25 am a meter wa tn theses. A Fol of he same sine athe fs ws plod ad stich to ings the bse to the Specimen. Water, few miles dp, was kept over the sure of tx spcnen ad(6 Per wd era iain eT fy aug ten ‘nod sped and pale by 2 machine at given pro nda ven deiton for 2 ese period of ine. The ol hat ae soared othe sre of he seen as ‘avfly collet, dee, an weighed. The deletion was ares andthe proves es "epeated. A curve was pote sowing te weigh of sl tht was removed 9 fnction ‘ofthe imposed deletion, The characterises ofthe carve wer ued 0 defn the Sr tell ft parla The Wang device was fond to be fa moe discrinlaing about cour poten of 2 ‘lay han wa the pinot (Sher et a, 197), buh ess of he tes could ox a uly te dives ithe los of rexsane experienced teeter ‘raood tests were performed lay ath war above the oud sic. At oe Wher he los of ressance de To cle leading we atively small as observed thatthe ly icaded ome eas of and. The sand woud oat have bee tured eal td paris of sand could tve partly file he mace that was developed aos he Pile, Anos exeimsn showed that pe gravel placed around a ple dring el loa fogs effete in etaing roche lv of reste: power, O'Neil & Duns ‘am (198) report th lang const sain the psi ea ore ding revius el lain dot pods gate ain in teal ple bead ines ‘While he work of Long (1984) zd Wang (1982) develped conse infemation stout the fore ht inne te he of stuns cys de fe water df yee losing tr work dl noe produ a defive meta ar pretting thi lo festa ‘healt thay shal te th ml eau for ei ing preset hen with cain Fulscale experinens wi insrunetd pls ta paelrsewe cet fr Those css where bev under jc aling a ri eta the ig. 3A San ‘Very aw ests of pis under yt aera lading have been pre. Thre evidence "ha the repeated lating on ple predamincly ce ecm wil esl permeModetsfor response of so and weak rock 61 ‘sent detection in at iecon, When a ely hg oa app the top ofthe pil ‘il eit spit sown and allowing the paces of okesoless so flo {the bck othe il, peeing the pie fo ering sina positon, ‘Otero ofthe dar of te mas of snd net the round ufc ring cyclic loading support th estat te vo rai of std aprecting the cea ate Tha dense sad appre loses daring cing an ose aparece, 215 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OF OBTAINING py CURVES Mab of esting pcre to fi experimen wih ilsized ples wil be presented ie sasing te use of mass in bang a response. The sate that as ost ployed for acquiring sign ea istoake se of the thecal mets cain > _Peanes fe fallscle eld experinen ano deve sich empl crs ws necessary ‘ota hres close pera beween sts om ase here sous nthe ‘om expeineas Ths an enor proce cbningexpeietaly cuves, SS Sol repome from direct meararanent |Amumber of temps hve Been mae o make det essen fp ay thet Messing the defection vos the comply simple proces of ting down a bol Jaw ile or ed potion a ales hat ve Deen placed tras along he th of 1 ple The method semen pcice sa ot be vey see “The mewsrenont fs meine dex iyae he dvgn of a nsraent ht tiers th si rest tpl slong ple The Ssen of ch an nse ‘been proposed bt none hs et Ben tuk Some atemps have beeo made to esa Be soil peste se poisson he extern of pile with the view thatthe sl pe ‘sre other pit can eestmsed. Ths meiod heme wi ile sues, 382, Sollesponte tom experimental momen exses Alo al ofthe accel experiments ht ied py curves hav involved the ae Semen of bending momen byte us of sin gauge. The decton canbe oiained ‘th cosienbleaecray by Ivo intgations ofthe momet cus. The defen ad lhe slope athe rondine bave tobe esized scaly ad i blpi i hele Tong enough so dar hare are at es ons af ro dafeston along the pil, “he competatn of sl resitaos Ives ve direitos of «being mest ‘are Mock (1970) made extremely sume messiremens of tein nome td was ablet do the ditrentiations manera (Waslock f Ripege 1958), However, ‘not oer ivesigators fave ited ania carve thro the pots of experiments ‘eoing moment and hve pcre he iffetstions mater "With fais of cares sbowig the dstribon of deecton and sol resstance, py carves canbe pled. A check maybe mde of the acarcy oft anes by ws he ‘xprinenl py curves 1 compute tending-menent curves. The eamputed being ‘moments shold ae ley with hse om experimen Example of py carves hu were oie om flacle experiment wih pip les wih diameter of 68 mun and a peestion of 132 mae shown in igus Sand 1.668 Pls under tere loing (Reese ta. 197) The ples wer instrument for messuenet of nding moment Sloe spacing long the ent and were edn overeeliatd h. 3.53. Nondmensonal mithod for obtohng sol eponse Rowse & Cox (1955) descibed mathod for obtaining py eres fo ose instances ‘hee ony plehead measurements were me dng a loalag They ote that nondinersonal curves ea be caine er many variations sl ection modal wih ep Equations fi he ol veaeon moda involving ero prunters were employed, suck s shown n Equations 3.16 3.17, Byn hth 619, Sym hat on (Not: depth below the ound sure i denoted bythe symbol: bet nondnersionl ‘aves ave th rig a htop ofthe ple: ence, he bol ey be sed for dept tote in Chapeer2) From measrenent of pilsend defection and eaton athe grounding, th wo pe ‘ames may be cmp fora given applied lol and mament With an exeestion for {oil eatin sodas parle, th sl rstne nd deflection long the pe ‘nay be compa “Te pocedre may be repented fr each ofthe epi londings and sil este Wie he metod i apposite, dhe py curves computed in ths tion 6 el te ‘seaside f the ple hen. Sol response deed from 8 zble mb of sch ‘permet wil a slant othe exiting aration. ‘As previously dete the major fad exprieats that ave ed othe development of the caren erizia fa py caves hive involved the ston of experimental mo. Inet eaves, However olimesinal matode of sje have assed inte deve ‘pet of carves sms tances. 116 EARLY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMPUTING py CURVES ‘The ety mands were bas on ao sist int te poben the pile nde trl od Also, sme experimental rests nay ve Donal to Tezagh Mec land and Foch i hve he esl hom test bt he reste were les a compe, 361 Tezaght Ina sotble paper aloe tats stil being sed, Teg (1955) dicated x mamber of Inpetantaspec of spade reaction, ning the rere ofthe ilo eer on ing ofp: Unfotuoney, hile hs numerical ecmmenatons revel thet hs know cg ofthe problem ofthe ple was extensive, he fale to iv ay expetimetldta ot {nalya procedure o valde hi eons “The uns the gunity nth bas diferent equin (Eq, 2:7) ar force per tof length FL andthe definition of pis peseed apa in igre 3. Terzsh (1955) esd the problem of unis byes te quantity /b on te lef sie oisModa for reste of a and weak rock 69 ices quton.Howeve, th fundamental nature ofthe problem of the pile under Tne loding wn ot change; hat is he requ slson a he ferential equation rege tht the amy ptt he unis re en ng, where fre defined tssbown by Figure {etherefie, Teraghseition ply sume tha p= BALL Sftoy ‘Tex's eommeniatons forthe cfc of bende ection ees in si ay woe (weed on not tht he deformational arcs fT hy ae oe oe de> ‘det of eh" Tha, he ropa ei, att cares shoul be const wi ‘pt anda emo bemeen pany ld be did yt crsant oy Therefor his fay of py carves hugh a eid in so see ers) consis of is of a lig ie same lps an ping rough he agin fe cere en, “Terai eognine, of couse tthe ple coud ot be deleted to a aimed ex ‘et witha near eon ov essence. He sae at te ier reaintipbetween bp ay wae val fr ves ofp that were solr tus about onefal ofthe aioe being eres Table 3.1 presen Tergh's commendations for sti clay. The ws tave been ange fo eflest caren prt. The values of owe indepeden of pile dar, ‘ohh consent ih heby sal deletions. 3612 Sond “Taps eommenduions fr and ae sar tose fox cla in tha is oe iets Protbly ae mea eet th slope of secu oy cares ater thn tenia i = ton models, As nte shove, Tera recommended the se of coats pte rie wht th compat oi essance sequal abou oneal te uit being Ta terms of py carves, Terzagh ecommends seis of tale ines wih slopes ha nee lca with depth a nde n Equation 318 Bpthre 619) where Ar= const ving Yaron of il reaeton modulus with th; nd = = depth {low rod sure "Terug rectnended vies I ems of the appropri nis ae piven in Te bed “ne Teg cements i a fr nr ede ny. ‘om fe Sat Very Sa Tied ‘ota 10208 >oao0 400 eM ated eens 128 “nile32.Teenhsconmendans i es ely ad ier i ‘Rubedaniy ofan lone Neds ssn 35109 waz ast ann sin170 Pe andr aera loading 562. MeCtllond & Foch foray (1958) ‘ne of te fst paps, giving the concep ofp curves, ws presenta carves were included Gon the unalis ofthe eat fill samented ier le. Te ‘ape showed conclusively that Eis tj 3 el propery bt anton of pl et, defen, and sel ropes ‘The pape recommended the perfomance of conidia! tail with cofning pressure eal othe oerbarden reset vari dep ow be ground ‘The wi carves could be converted 6 py carves, pot by pl, by ae of he lowing ‘tons. b= S.sb0 oy ye osbe 629) where ameter of pie; = (a, ~e) or devitr sess fom the sess eae: ‘sade ~snin fom he Sressstnin eve. Theabove equa simi in fom bt ferent mage fom these tat can be dered fa the work of Skempen, Ina dicisicn ofthe paper, Rese (1958) posed at tat the ulimate value of pis sina ott fr being capacity well below the ground soc, Limitless ‘edt derive an equation fe clay othe atime resi of a en pea th round Sache. The inlcce ofthe grod sure wil be iplemsted se recommendations {orp eaves in ler. 1.7 poy CURVES FOR CLAYS. ‘Three se of recommendations are presented fr obtain py curves fo ly, All are based on he ans of he ress of ulscale experimen with Insruesed ples. A ‘comprehensive si investi was pefomed techni andthe est elma of he 'nrsned sear seni ofthe clay was found. The dias snd ies othe ples ere determined acisey perimental py ures wee obi) one te of te ‘ecnlgus given cre. Theory was usd to the flat eet and aye eapesons sere develope frp. euves wich, when ued in console, led Carve of efeston and bending moment versus depth at agreed wel wh the epee oa ‘oading nal tres eases were beth shorter (ae) and eel The py caves hat ‘ul fom te tw tes period with water sbove the ground sae hve been ved ‘xesiely inthe dsan of fae pstforms ATL Selection ofsienof clay ‘review ofthe recormendtions for. carves for ay ol eves that thesis of the carves depend onthe vale of Go the sineonespning to onal he com sive steagth ofthe specimen of cl The kth in igus an nts ‘presi et of specimen of satrte clay where an is defied as Ah Type Ssuessatan coves ae plated in Figure 3.18 for bot veces ©.) ley and orally onotoned (NC) cyModels for respons ool and weak rock 71 ta . jen ‘soc Be NC) ewe 3.11 Eagles anid iis tied sh eg cys wow pai “Toe nine shear song he cy sinned fer both of he es 5 ana of tte mau compeivestengh, (1a) The carters stun t,he Sin ‘erespondig to candi indeed in Figure 3.11b. Alo show in Figure 3-11 ese ‘ats ren the essoan eres, wih he sopes ef he scans defined as E> Values ‘Sin inpocen ae plod in Fig 3110 aston of Evie yer The vale ‘te fora partir wat sa conte ert, when Etre at he Sing of ‘Sessula cave, the vale of essa. The sup ness asin aE, toc “alr vient ate fg. The decree the parte Ee withering voles ‘fsa is shown a igure 3.16, wher expecta los ae ven forbs normally ‘coool end ovr-consoled ay. Bocuse scons in putea eas the ‘sure fete doa aE ‘Anal sts presen carer revald te relevance of the sien carve to py canes and Wes Sled ashe sgl praterto chaser he sresetan {uve The valu appears ia the loving resem fo formulation fp eaves, ‘nd shuld be found or bvetey dat when posible As sow in the recommend172 Pes nde later odin ions gies below, and as woul be expt, the py cus ae loser the pai oe smal values of, Ts, computed ils of pe dt wl be malo rae Salas of ex especly a lative lighter leads Forte slrely heavier lt th ‘acs ofthe lta sol resistance, based on valves oy te onoling he esa ‘bat the compte vale of uimate beading momenta ale nl sigh bythe sleton of co Therefore, the selection ofthe vale hasnt bce conic ‘ter of ch importance teenie nly ete in he stp of he ‘matin bending momen, as the case forte dig ofan esa platorm How et the revere se ifthe engine mainly nsdn th eompuion oe ple diction epi atretively sl loads win ess ar ual the ly fra pact se, thr sme ince inthe testa oo the section oF vals of ty Shepton 1951) presente esta th setlement of fotngson cy and ned hat Be, cots the tes fon et ingasumterof fogs aged fom 30 200. Beet =e owt used by Skemp. ‘on hi ales of erg fom Go 40S Semon’ pls of estes o ae ing fom varios experimen showed. of cour, ht the stlenen ms les fo es ‘he range of 200 (0 of 05) han when, wane ane 5 (om of 002). Thee ‘ales of are consent wih he expert esas sown ia Fgwe3 Matock (197) pefooedexperinents in Sf cas and sige that nas of ee maybe assumed between O10 a 020, the lle alu beng apple ile ot ‘eave cys andthe et dstbed oe reoled si cr consoled seine ‘A intermediate values of O01 is robably satiny for os pupes” Resse ek (4975) performed experimen on ples sf clay and recommenied scat aes ‘ales of tan he vales sugested by Matlock, Based on expres ree i he ork of Sempron (951, vlies of ej ae recommended for normaly conde las sown in Tale 33, an fo overconolited lye as hon a Table 38, In summary, the sills of ca ivan inptanparaetr a shal be determined Spec by laboratory toby apeoriate n ste fo each In the bee OF scifi is, aes of may be obtained fom Tables 4 tn 35 fo values of rained shear seg: Proper Selecon of vl of es paar when compe elton serial lines or eltiey sal ales las ne ‘Porta in computing te vale of the maim being momen 392. Response of soft clei the presence offre water LIRA Detaled procedre ‘The procedure desrbed bw i for short erm lig, for yc lading, nd for ae ‘yl loading That by Figures 312s, 3125 ae’ 2 (Mach 1930) ‘le 33, Reese ae fv mally sonia oe Tang oig Arg aoa ze 7 on se oi Paka ERRModels for respon ofl and weak rack 73 l Few 312, Cherie apes py ive sof yin te psn fsa sti Joni) ce aig ater cl ange oe 170, The poco fo aaj ating stove in Figue 3.125 The vada aro ‘om te ola othe pat te pevoes manu detest nd hes Be Sond 1 brah tte ee rb inte! wh eee fr jl alg. Ar shown athe [ ‘Stich eso ote tard wan pare ose ohh ety prt Fhe Sac cave Te ay to oman py eves fr tert apre fo Se such ta for prs a a nrg rm Pe ss he1 Pes under lteralloding foundation would be refuceé and the smite would be more ily to vibe under Toad fom win om soe mates "The ets fom which heel were developed weve ne sits where teeny had been submerged for some tine abd where the ly ately slighty overomsoldted “he cay extended to sever dametrs below the youd sree, The dla shown wth te ease des fo Lake Austin an Sabine in Caper? provided te bal forte for ‘multion ofthepycaves ‘liter secon Wil presenta eto of forming py curves fr layered sly, taking into accoust he nrattion betwee ners wih varying wales of pay Homer, special stein mast be en toi ers atthe found tae with wa deli oing, For example, th profile conssts ofa ayer of san ove ly, Be egies woul eed to ue dren in Tomlin the 7 caves or esc alofora So ay oot sie, Undoubtedly, py eaves yee ing flys Delo the wer sre are ected conieaby by the Kindo si athe geund rie and above the cay. Fare ‘experimen dna undubudly wil provide velibl sian formating p caves foryci loading fr clays low water "Obian te est pose estate ofthe vation of andane sete seth cand sbrergd anit weight wt depth Also obtaln he veo he sain corespon Ing to elf he maxima reise cifrnce. Ian sresestia aes a salable, cl vl fy are given nthe Table 33 rac[betedehe a ese = average effete unit weigh fom ground marie to py cure == depth fom te round sce o py curve: = Sear stat st eth and b= wih of pie Matick (1970) sted atthe value of J was determin expeimentaly fo be 05 for sso cay and aout 025 fora medium cl. Ava of St eur aed for 4-The vale of pax compat a each cept where sp carve ls Sse, bse Shear rang tht ph Compute the deletion, ys oe he until resisance fom te ftowing eatin: io" Beh 623) Points deserting the py carve ae now compte fom he following elatnship. Lf 2) 7 ms) co ‘The vale ofp reins constant beyond y= yp The following proclie i far eye Joong andi arte in Figure 2Models fr response of sland weak rock 15 1. Contr te cave nthe se mane fr sorter state lang fe ves fps and pe 2, Soe Equations 31 and 322 suhusoutly fad he depth where he ans tionoccr thant eight and shea sueagih ar ons inthe p= 2 the 6b os pede) 2) {the mit weight an shear sength vary with depth, he vue of shld he eom= ted wi he oil proper ale ph whee te py cuve is ees. 3, Hite doth the po euve erste tan or gil or then pi ogel0 Op fo allalusofy get than 3 4, The det of the py eave ess thn zy then the valoe ofp decreas om te 072pq aty= Sy te vale ven byte folowing expression aty~ 15 pranrs(2) 025) ‘The aie fp remsins const beyond) = 16 5.122 Recommended si es For dering the vases shear sens of thes equied in hep eonston, ‘Mate (1970 recommended he following tents inorder 0 peerene. tat vane hear ess with pall sampling fr soi eiesten, 2 Uncoated unined taxi campeon ess having conning ses equ © he overburden presse wilh eig eied as oneal the ttl maxeum pipe sss direc, 5. Mine vane tests of spe nubs, and 4 Uncofied compression te. 5. Unt neigh doermiation. 5223. Beamle curves ‘An example st of py carves was compute frst cay fora pile witha dane of ‘toimm The sl rie tat wat sad shown in Figure 315. The merged wit ‘weight was stig to be 63 KN nthe absence of testa cure for he "Ce mstaken 0.020 forthe il dep fhe spol. The edn was sue obo Sti. The py carves ware compute for flowing depts below the madi 13,3, ‘rand 2m The pled eres we shown in Fle 3.14 273. Response off clay in the presence offre water S131, Detaedprocedre ‘The following roots for shorter stati ding ani stared by Figur 3.18 (ese eta 1373). Asm e stn om sty the py crest are ecommended for eel Teding, th ela fr te Mace st sowed aver hrge los of sl ei tance The dia fom the tet (ee cae sty for Rage tet Ta Chap 7) ave been16 Pew tora lai ah | tind oo Fae 313. Ste tgp for eae Sourmoat omy yews iy. e314 Beale cures rs lay wih ese of ee ae, said crflly andthe ecsemended py curves for ees aing ref erty the ebevior ofthe ol a teste, Nevers the los of estan deo eyelet Mor ismuch more thi has ben observed ier, probaly bese the Manor sl was expansive nd cotnued imbibe was eylingpopescd.Therfre he se of ‘he recomendations in this scion freee ding wlll cmereatve reas or ‘may clays, The work of Long (1984) wa unable t shot preisly why fhe os oe site ring vel loaing occured One cue war ht tls fe Maro ms found ‘ose volume by saking whens specie as placed in sh tr thas the ay asModel for respons ofsll and weak ook 77 te sss erosion fom the hyrale ation ofthe fs water as the ple wa Pines back and eth. "Ona tie st seh cy ailabmged nt wehe ple Cnpat te average unin shex stent ove te depth = Comat te utimste ol esstance per un nh ple uing te smal ofthe vl sven bythe equations below perdebrfies Ber oy pared 62 4, Choose te appropri vale of (sae ee) om Figure 3.16 fr hepatica 2on- ‘meson Sept 5. Ean tenia erightine ponon fhe cure, peta 629) seth appropri value of, fom Table 34 6. Compute e folowag: ony 630) se an appropiate valu of om resus of bora et ote absence of Isbcton tsy rom Tabe 33 7. Eguhlish thefstpraole parton fhe cave, sing the flowing equation and taining rom Egaons 3.27 or 328 p-95el-2) sn $34. Ragen vl fy oven la. Ae ei es eg “08 Two seo glam? 8 ™ x NgeielnNe’ 55 itp so “herr si sgh al am ie ge ah ‘Tae. Repeat fey omc ‘ei iin he eh98 Pls wader ora bai Pae0setgey 4 arene stone) oko he Been om) ewe 3.15, Carmarthen in sity ae pene ie union 331 should eine the porion of hep carve tam the point ofthe nterec- ‘ion with Equation 329» point wae y ssa oo Nn Sep 10) 8 statis he secant parable prion ofthe py rs =05p( 2)" -00s5p(2=42)" pevin( 2) anette) osm ‘uso 332 shoul deine he orton athe py lve fam te point wher eal ‘ocd to a poltere egal poe tte oS 10). 9. Estab he et sala prion of ep aye, pr tspl6a? -o4ttp, 25 p65 6495) os) "uate 3.3 ould defn the potion ofthe py curve fom he pot whee ys eal 1o64mtoa po ware ys equal 184, pan nate nS 10) ‘Eas be fa stlghtineporon of they curve. 057.64!" -04tIp, 0759.4, 639) P= PADS, -0754,-0811) 639) ution 34 should defn the poton ofthe pear a the point where seal "84, ad foal lger values fy ee flowing nt), Noth spy. proceModels for respons fs an wea rock 79 ris cudine, ad gue 3.1 sawn, a ithe is mints between Equation 5.29 and 331 However, hae may be no interseton of Exiation 328 with ay of the ter quis dsiing the py curve Eqotn 3.29 deine he curve ui it ine Secs with one of he tbe equations rm iersetion occu, Equation 3.28 defines “In following yous fr ysl oaing ani illite in Figure 3.17 Sep 1235 an 6 ae sane as the sae ee. (Choose he appropiate value of 4 fr Figure 3.16 forthe parlrno-diension eh Compt the lowing BALA I 639) "alsh te pboi portion ofthe py cure, oan [2ttb" y] om Eaton 3.8 should define he potion ofthe py cue fom the pon of the inte ‘ig wih Eqaon 3.210 wheres qa 1 0.6 (se nose inp 9)- ',Esablsh he set saline onion othe pcre, roanrign 8 9-069) om usin 3.8 should define th parton ote py curve Bam he pol whee ys pu 10060 the pont where ise toy (et note cn Step 9). 9 Enbih the Sal saa ie potn of hep cave, 2 Figu 3.16 Vas eens 4 410 iter wder ater ating oes nea po pw 317. Caner pe ofp eves rong ns cy athe peo ee 6) "qaton 3.39 bald defn the prt ofthe carve om the point where yi eal to and fra re values of (ae fllowing oe). Note:The tepy-p rcedure is outned and Figure 2.16 ra, as iter san ‘ntrection between Equation 329 and Equation 3.37. Thee may be no iteccton of "Equi 329 wih any ofthe ter eunton defaing the py cvs Ihee bn ine ‘section the equation should Ke employed ta ive the smal va ofp fry We 3732 Recommended so teste hit compression tts ofthe unconslidted-undined type wih confing pees conn insu presies ee recommended fr deen sherry of ae Sul, The vase of soul be theo asthe sain ding the es oresponiog tthe ses equal oe the maxioun oul prinpal ses ifeence. The her seg, 6. shold te interred as oneal of the masini fates diene, Velen ob ‘ane fom ai tests might be somewhat conervative bl woul epreset te real ‘sc atengh vals than ter tes. Te unit weight of he il ms te determines 3933. came cores ‘An earope set ofp curves was computed for sf lay fora pie with diameter of 610 ‘n, The sore ht was sed ig shonin late 3.18 The seed unt weight of ‘he sola asumed be 19 kN for he entre eh Tote abene ofa atresia curve, wa aes 0.05 forte fl depth ofthe sail profile Te slope of he inital orton of he py wa eid by astern wae ‘of L135 MN. The loin was tamed o besa. The pervs were computed fer ie flloving dhs Below he adie 6, 153, and T2'm, The pled caves me shown in Figure 318Modes for respons of ond weak rok 81 | Tesi ag tie ee Pie. el pte at rca Sere) prevents, ym l ‘pe 3.19, Bumpy caves freon cy ine sen ee wee12 Piles under tera Kod 7A Response of a lay wih no fee waer S741, Deaedprocedre Th flowing ocd for shor term ai oding andi sted in igo 320 (Welch & Reese 1972), To ta shown wit he ese sd fr thes at Houston Is ager? wel bas re erat fe yc ‘bin les fr uisned shear enh 0k weigh, sd pie diameter b ‘Also cba te values ofc fom sues curves IF po Sesestain eaves ae Salle, se «vale fer of 0010 or ONS as given in Table 3.5, he large ae ing more conservative. 2. Compute ulna Sl essunce pruning ofp, a sing he salle ofthe values given by Eguton 3.21 an 322 a he ese of Equation 321 the shear stent ‘taken he average fom the gourd sre t the depth being consieed andi ‘ken a 05. The un wel of he sol shuld ect poston of he water ble) 5. Compute dali jn sone al th uate sal esse Go Eauton 3.23. 4 Points desing the py carve my be computed om the elanshp blow. balay ox Pa 5. Beyond» 16s qu parla of. ‘The fellowing rostare is for elie ating ands usted Wy typ eaves in Figure 331 1 Desemin the py carve fr shore staining by he rosie prev given 2 Determine te number ois the design intl na wll bape te ple 5 For sever values of ph ofan the valu fC he ara descig the eect ‘epete landing on formation, fom a resonshipdevelped by Tabraay Ye (Weeh& Ree 1972), orinthe tence oft, from he flowing eatin, cond 2) oan gr re in iModes for respons of 0 ond weak rock 83 Sem HEN Eye aN 38> neh Flew 3.21 chance of py cures rec in sie with oe weer, 4 Atte ale ofp corespnding tthe vais of pps in Se 3, compat ew "ales of fe hele longing om the lowing saan, eat Chen 3 here y= deletion unde Nyce ofl; = deletion under short ste loud and ye = defleon unde borer sti ed at one-half he inate se 5. The py carve defines be ol response afer yes of oa, S742. Recommended sci tet ‘ial compression tes ofthe unconsldustandined ype wih coining sess “sult he over pesres ate elevations fo which he samples were en ae ‘ecommended to date be shear sent, The vale of ey sous be tikes he Salo daring the test eoresponding 1 te srest alto hi be tina tl incites difieac, To undrne her sana ew shod te dfincd so al ‘he maximum toalgrincatsresaierencs, The unt wig of thes mst ae te ‘erin 3743. ample cores ‘An example set of py carves was comput for ily above he wate table for ple witha lmetr of 305 on. Te sot poi ht as uad i shown a Faure 3.18. The ‘i weight of te sol was sed oe 19.0 RN fortes depth te asenee ofatesssnincuve.en was ken 0.005, Eguton 2 wns used compte ets {or the parser Cand it was asued that hee wer abe 100 eck of fend spc, “The py curves were compute fo the following depts below the grande 3, 06, 1 2,and Sim The pled ers ace shown in igus 322,4 Pes ender lara oding Fie 322 Bap cure free igs ly wn fe ate 5.5 py CURVES FOR SANDS ABOVE AND BELOW THE WATER TABLE. SI Detaled procedre ‘The fllowing rocede Is for shore ste lang ad or le aang ad i lusuted in Figure 328 (Rese e a 1974). Tho dun shown with the eae stay forte vest at Mustang sland ln Caper 7 roied the bass fr te fOmalation ofthe p> TObti vales forthe tional the ai unit weight, nile ameter Nek: ‘te buoyant unit weight for snd belaw te watershed tl it weigh for sand shove tbe water al) Make the flowing peininurycooputstos. Spoaeets ty 3. Compe he uit sol essance er wien of ile sn he mer ofthe va tu ven by the following equation (Cor dervation fom aay of wedge, set Eguaions 3 and39). [rama econo he) oan) gransieoond nal a= Kb ta D+ Ky stan gn 4s)Mod for respons oft and weak rock 88 'n king the computation in lp 3, fad he gh at whch there isn iateseton at Equations 344 and 3.45. Above this dep se Egunton 3A. Below hs dept se Eguaon 4, ‘Sel deph at which py cure eerie Esai, 8 39/80, Compute pa by the lowing equation Pa Pt Pap, os) Use he apropriae vale of 7, ot Z Som Figue 324 for te pater oon ‘inesonal dp nd freer be ae resi ese. Use heap equation {p Egution 3 to Equson 348, by fering ths conpution a Sp sbi jn as 60. Compe p byte lowing eguton Pen Bips oF p= Bp, oan, Use the appropri value of By or Bom Figue 3.25 forthe pater nan dimensional eps, and fr ether the sta eye ese. Use he appropri equtan for, The wo sriph-ine pion of ep cre, beyond th oi hte) el to ht, can ow beeaabltee sabi se el sain ponton ofthe py cure, Pes oa) Use te appropiate ae of ffm Tle 3.6 03. Esablsh te prolate py cue, pao 69) Fiche parol ewan pins Kad a flows Getthe slope of tein Bewaes pois m and by,16 les adr tera lading Banc po BaBe Fig 324, Vs tse Zn, a0) '-Obtin he power ofthe parsboescon by, eke im. «Obi the coefficient Cs aon: % 4: Determine oi 38, os 62)Modal for espons ofl and weak rock 87 {ale6Repsetive ale fy or i Nim a jb 163, w ‘Tole. Reps as rsd shove eit ae (Staind Cink). Seventy Lae Mein Des ecomenel fy nui fm ms a aes 6s) « Comput appropriate number of ons on te party sing Egon 3.49, ‘Note:The septy.step poco iting and Fg 323s daw if re an ‘escon between teal staigh ie parton of hep curve an he abel prion ft eave at point. However, in some stances thee ay ben intention wt ep abl. Egon 3.48 ies the crew her fm son wih ance branch ‘ofthe pa eave a ifn inst occurs Equson 3.48 define the complete p) cae “This competes the dvelopmen ofthe py cave a the ded depth, Any ante OF ‘aves canbe develope by repeating the tvs sop fi each dese Soh. 382. Recommended oe “Traxl comeeson tess ae reneende fr abi the fiction angle othe sad Confnng presi shoal be used which ae clot or eal oases he eps Sag onsen th arly Tess ust be performed ta determine the ui weight of he ‘and However ity be posse chain united samples and eget the fiction angle seine om rents of sane pe fins et 383. Eeanple ces ‘Ax examples ofp curves was computes fos telow the erable fora pile with 8 deter of 610m The sands assumed to havea fcton ope of 38° a sb ‘merged unit weigh of9.40 kN The ng was ssned be state “The py carves were compe forthe allowing cepts blow the dle: 15,3, 6, tnd 12 The pled euver ze shown I Fig 136, 39 py CURVES FOR LAYERED SOULS “There are numeraus cases where he soll arte ound sure snot homogeneous bit ‘layer Ith yrs arin the 2a where he ol would ove panda sss wees{8 Pier ander lat oatng Fpe3.2.Branpe py cave freelance be some modfation woul lily be azeed in he way to compte the uma sll si tae Py, and eonseguety modifcateas would be needa nthe py carves. The problem ofthe nerd sol hs bean given imensive soy by Alen (1985) awe ver All's formulations requve te use of several compat cade Inpaing the Fete of Allen wih de thd shown hare mart be dyed nt er dae when Ni research canbe putin eal sable fe, 38. Meod of Georiaic ‘The proposal of Georgiadis (198) was sled forthe arpa of proving procedre than be use in ales, The meio of Georgi aed onthe deeration of theeaualent depth ofl he layer exiting below te upper per Te py cures Te upper ler ae deterninedsecrdig tthe mete peered ee fr hanbgene ‘ou oi To compat th py curves ofthe second ayer he equivalent depth fy fe top ofthe second layer aso be detenined by summing the timate restanes of te Upper yer and equating that ae othe summation a he ep ner a Bee ot. psd f the same mera ain the scan lyr The vals of py compute ne ferding tthe equation given err Thar, te flowing two eaten te sled rutaneously fr Raf pad and 639) refftratt oss) ‘The equi hikes ofthe per ayer long wih he sl proper fhe eon layer re sed to comput the py cures fe the eed Isr, “The concepts penned above canbe ied to get the een hickoss of two oF ‘moe asin ers of i oven the lnyer far which fy cures dese.Moe for reson ofl and ech rock 89 392 sxample py carves The empl probes wo demons the mane in which nerd sls ae mele is shown in Figure 327. As ee inthe skh pile Wiha danse of 610m bed. ed oil consisting of an ape ae of 0 cy, venga ayer of oese Sad, whch in tu oveays a layer of si ely. The water able a he Bound sufcean he load issued toe tae, “Tees py cares ae shown in Figure 328, The eve a depth of 1.0m (Curve A) fs inthe upper are Sf ly thc forthe dp of 3.0m (Cate Bs he sand below te sof cay, and he cave fe depth of 5. (Curve) falta the ower Figure 327, Sheth of pants [esol of py ae eae Fre 328 Banpleotpy ae faye90 Pr wr tera looting ‘eof tif ay. Following he procedure sugges by Geog (198), te py cure Terao cry ean be compel a ithe profil consis aogeher oft sol. The ve of ‘yas computes to be 63.1 KPa and the poison he curve were computed by equations ened ae. ‘When dealing wit th dan equivalent ph of snd found sch hl he aloe of the um ofthe iat sol ressance othe equivalent snd an thes cy ar els the ner. Te fst sep to erplayEuatins 3.21 ma 3.22 forthe vero a fo the cay andro comput the sum of the values ofp the depth of? m. Preliminary mays showed tat he value of he brncon of he vo exanon, coed t © ‘pth of 526m therefore, Equation 3.21 would be wed ever he fll Spi of? m. The Sal Of pu vais ier wih dep an aloes of 45.7 HPa ad 80S KPa were com ue or eth of O and 2m, respi. Ths fhe vias ofp as compute fo 61262 aa depth of 2m The neat pit comps the depth or the sand withthe pret sbown in Fig we.27 such har the intepal of he computed vale of fy fr fe sand wil ain ‘ale of 1262 EN. The eiaton forthe values of py fi and a iglyseninemr and the itegation must be done ume. Eqaoes 3.44 snd 3.48 ae empnyed, song with vas of 4 to comput vals a a uncon of eps tegration is done name cally. Figure 3.24 vas employed and ves of at bused fo casein competion in “able 38. Preliminary aplss showed tht the recon af Equtons 3.44 and 348 oceure £3 m below dhe ground sre; href, Equation 3 wasted forall of {he competion of values ofp Tabled aes ofp ar shawn In Table 39 for ech (Sim of depth logrsing te values Table 39 fom plot showed tha te tea ot Pars fund at depth tthe snd of 2.35 m. Th Carve B se Fig 328) was com Pte asi the sand existed or the gromd sire to ph of 335m, whee pans ‘Sul 01894 kPa Tho pis on the carve were compat equations preted ex The net pte anasto fn he equivalent ph of fly to soa he ‘egal ofthe ultimate reszance ofthe sand to a ph of 438 ms doth whicn equate ‘Soler: of2 mo sat ly and? adonl mo and Inegrating the values Pn ‘Tale 39 yet ale of 507.06. ‘An inresting ot about he ti layin Figure 3.27 ht ifthe long ad ben «yeild of a, ven tbh test clay low the alr le techy wilt Sith water was nt pest hear of therein san aly he asin ‘ble34. Tae wate Ay ara action isModel for respons of oll and we rack 91 Table 39. Compt vues opr he sin Fe 3.25 tion fe low i Dt Be 23 m3 So Issa 3s mos ‘made ht Ezuton 3.2 can be sed fer the compton of a fr te if ely ere fee avale of pa athe grou surface vas compu ob 183.0 KP andthe ie cee np wt ph ws fond fo be 36.1 KPa perm larg the vals of a fo the st ly yee » value of 210 m of cyto equate wit he 4.35 m oF noe sand (cuales 2 mofo ly and 2 of san) Thee, Cave Cf a sult (ep of 310 ashes ny. The vale of paw orp o be 360 Pale lis nthe cave were comput egantons presen ear, 5.10 py CURVES FOR SOIL WITH BOTH COHESION AND A FRICTION ANGLE S10 Background ‘With repr sl conto, previous metuds frst can be haart lhe ceive or cabesinles (yo sand for amp. There are cet 0 ge tly acepiedreeonmendaon fr dveopng py carves fo ‘Aron esos fore lation onal cheese ae he alow. Fy, i ‘oundnton design, whee the py ras tas ben used most, the ehareiztion of the soiby eer value of yo, But not bth, bs buen wed. Second the a x tine on which the py predictions have ee based lave ben promo in slit fan be dese ithe by yor. Hone, he ae now ners ora ‘sbi anpethans neces to dre the carers of the soi mor carly “An example of he aed wo have pacts fr py curves fore sss when ples are enplyed wo improve be abi of stage. The analyse wil eneraly confor to the flowing proce: analyze the pe with no ples pesext and fad » foe of ‘sy apn slope fre; select kind ple tbe sed Inthe slope and dhe ey {au fore aove an esate sng sce sd he ein fee blow the ure onside a number of ples ina lope: e-eaate the fst of ae and my the po Son of he sling strfce an he foes onthe ple achieve comply. wel Ion tht aos of he eure accepted mead fabs of lope subi chase- ‘erie the sols in terms af a a lngtrm or dine mals: Therefr, in92 Pte under tera lang onsite, and eter unsafe or unconservativ, to same the pile o bein sl that ‘hatred ery oy or “Thee ae ote stance nh dsion of ies nd tl loang wher its dsr shle to have methods af reditne for py curves fre sls. The she seg of Sarurd atsive soi general repented by stent cnpeoes of bt et In many practical eases, bower thee ithe ieluod tht he depot igh bere ‘stud because of asf and se ofthe ound water abi, B thee ould wel be ‘ines when te ably to desig for dy sets ie, ‘Cemented silsare frequent found in substi ivestigaions. Is ppset at co asin fom the erento Wl crese si reitane sgt exec fr sls ear he groan sure. “The sens envelope for consoled daied cay represented by component of beth and Therefor sierra fr sl ay be ered fr died slat A ) curves. The modest ave revises inthe a ner in which he aime sil essance i compte, In his repr he suption 1 ‘made tat the fowarouné file wil pot be lnened by sloping ound rf, ‘only te eqn for te wedge ane ned mean ‘The solitons pesesied herein ae eniely analytical and rst be conse a pre- line. Addonl mifications may be indies i tis oes plement an x ‘erie libraary and eld sy 3.122 Eaton for inate restance inlay ‘Te inate si esitusce nea the round suc for rtd clay where the pile was installed in round wit bozo ope wns deied ty Resse (195) and shown Eaton 373. (Pade 25h YH 428% H om Ifthe ound saris has a slope angle shown in Figure 2.3, the sil esiance athe ot the ple, owing the Rese sppech (ade “(sph it 283630) or ‘These este inthe ick ofthe pil ie (aden pei 2B) St o75) Anew sorcoepepyineeModi for reponse ofa andweat rock 98 where buhe™ inate Sl resistance near round sure; y= average uni shear ‘reap b= pile ameter; y~ average it weigh i = dt fom round seice {opal pile whee sil rexstnc is computed; and @ ~ angle of slope as measured ‘fom he Raat The gay (ry take he pssve sol resne sing on thee oft pile A compan of Equtons 3.74 and 375 shows th the equations ae ent ecept ‘orth tras at teri side othe pees. I6 egal 28, the eqaont become culo thee equion. 3123 But formate restace ond ‘Te inate sl esiance near the ground sui for snd whee te ple was isle in gound wi Horizotal slope was deve xii an Kilt, oad ype tee ten ] 7 Pada 1 m= Oeose” = + KH ands tana) Kb Tete ground sare hs lope angle he uit soi resistance nthe oat of hele Kot wads owe SG to} -30} oe at sho Hempanct3) srnltranptenpi-nnakso? 3089-4.) 0-7 tampa ‘eepand 7 ~Dyand om eng STO E + =ee8 oe Yons" Bear g (isda in Fiare3.35) heli eine in the bak of he pie ya Sth app) a cronnnl SSE 010) 585 ++, + angen?) gH nan inp tna) oan ulead 305 +1)- Ka] 678) 60)100 Per ander lateral oadng p= ibn Ee ad ox DyrieDy 033) ‘This completes the neces derivations fr madiying the estions for cay and san © sale ile ude tera ea in sloping sound, 3.19 EFFECT OF BATTER ‘The eet of bats: on te behavior of ately ond piles was invested i a tt tank The ae soi-essnce carves for «vera ple hrc tnd rari ‘sere medi by cons o Secu for he fet ofthe lene ofthe ple he ‘ales of he modiing consant as fancion ofthe ter ange were duced te reuse est nk (Ames & Reese 1971) and a om te els fom falls tes (Kubo 196), The moder to be we is shown ty te ai ine a Figure 3.4 ‘This mf isto be used ncease or dees he vale ofp wich tn wl aus each fe pans o be modied. While is ely th he manera pa fre deeper ois ot fed by bate, the eta ile feted ony sy y the testes ofthe dpe sos therefor, the ae fhe mos fr al ep ekene e esac, As shown in Figure 3.34, the ageemen between the emprc eurve andthe expec ne fo te outer ples (98 postive) aes seat ete han fee eer Piles. The dat neste thatthe use ef the odie wl yl ess tae ssa w bawine ‘0 Fgwe 3.4 Posed taro moive py avs xt i eer Kibo 954 sethantes 7)Mads for response of so and weak rock 101 utile; thei, onan important poet te responsible engnsr may wish 0 ‘Reommend full exing 5. SHEARING FORCE AT BOTTOMOF PILE ‘As was indicted inthe development of the iflerece equations,» provision mae 0 Slow a hearing force tb nsndiced at he buon of ple The searing fre would Se applcabl nyt the es where he les hors that, whee thee Sony one Pont feo defection "The euaton 10 we to comput the sering farce wich shal be computed a 3 ‘une f defection, re url unavailable The gsc engin cn aka ‘timate ofthe ecery free defection cre in convention of pe geome nd sll operies, ‘Npernenal relate avalible fom amber f tes of shor ples and the bese Jing force at hte of he pile can be impli far nana of rents, Metode wil be ‘ovelaped in course extinome teeaves wave 3.5 py CURVES FOR WEAK ROCK Rock hs bee gv te stot in he py ath of amass In many psc de Slane et ener a sat erst of everbrden of sachet athe {nputed deoxian oa pile ate rock no sl at he restos of the rock sal the response ofthe pl iit ate, reps of he sis of he rook. How ‘ter te combion of ek er oaths aba signa maple of lateral eating does ecor feet In suc eres, even tho thal oad stata at cra losing may te penton bens sia apc om end bearing sway ngs. "The theory of est has ten sed by Kuuwy and Bis co-morkrs Carr & Kile ay 1988, 1982) wih fl revs an the Hews have laced te development how the emainder fission. A sara problem with ea o apne my ‘stlycal method tothe response of ok the diac cle payed bythe second) ‘trcnee of rock The Caadin Foundatoo Aan (1978) te elesed Seconda ‘tract by Basing he Br of ek, in adioa to conpesive sent, o he Ingad tikes 0 led rack andi. “Te senior write serve on pare o conse he Fundtons fr reat Notun ‘brian Sat Crossing, Canad. The pel mere included a nuber of experts on ok ‘mechanics The water pth was moderate ut ok existe a the foro te Sta. One (ofthe schemes tnder conridetion wa o Inal ore ple no pre-e socets Dara ine te els, which wore be eension ofthe ils, would be sujet 10 lp nel os fom moving shes of ie. One of he pate ener oped Bat ‘ch fhe ies shoul e proofed unde el load Bests soll Jo could ‘xis nar esc ofthe rock. The wot ot wos allow a mss of te rook wo se Say Fam the ple nde very a ater reine, The ay ofthe canst wae102 Pier andor lara oading eet fn fc, soil joes exited ath st. The qeton was net esoved b= fats he planning sbndoped ooh eon, Forth design of pls une ltl lain i ee, sei empha nese in the coving ofthe rok Experience as shown hat crf enon eid 0 eas procedure and speifeatos fr he fl work The vals for ROD, pee’ of eco. {nd comprosivesreath an probity be mor seul in eer fom improper proce es tan re the eoespnding popes of soil The reenmend pocedis tht Telow ar ted en rel om el es of le rack hat ser spinnin cha scr Ie niber ease, however, ws there tole joins, Methods of investigation Should reveal such coniton and devgers moxie the penal weakness of he Fockina stespecte manner. Thu, rele onthe metas resaed wil be He, No esse cedure speed to diferente rock fom a tong soln gener neck nas be sampled by cting rte thn by pushing in ti-aled tte. There ae some Invrmedate mato aus, se eines ma ish cope sali pefomed bye stray methods and the mths piven below 3182 Flldtete Results rom two tes offical, bed ples a eck arabe fone Resse & ‘Nyman 197, Kober 1995). bah cas, da were sabe on geome of pls Imagude ad point of aplcuion of lad, an charters of he rock. Cirves sowing eftin vessel oa were reputed fr both of he tes. Compass of the rents om anaes, sing the procedures decried herein, so es ote x iments re reseed Cape 7 3183 Jr recommendations fr computing py cre fork 3183.1 Compu ‘An analysis ofthe rests om the tat noted above, say of the nfration, farmed the bss for he ecommeniaton given re The eormenatns se Temmed ‘imam for 2 ber of reson abd conten om tei apt at fn lyst dksignare pee “Thelen eoeet and proce esl he wok fre eset 1. The seenfary sur fre; related to joint, acs cisions, acts, and ay er ons of eles can stonpyinfence te beta of ere 2. The py cues fr rok sad the Bening sis El far the ple mit both refet oer behavior order to reiting he 5. The in slope Ky fhe pears mst be pede beau aera dees ‘as of piles in oc can esa in esstances of ge magatudes. Fea given vale ‘of compressive stengi, Kyi assed to era wth eth below the grand su fice 4 The remon modulus ofthe rock Ee eorelaton with maybe ake rom the Ina slope of prsareetr cave Altera, he eau of compressive ts of mace peenees ay be used to min vas of The eo Figur 333 (Horeth Kem 197, Pes 1976 and Dee 1968) may be ws bu, sry be ee, the EeMods for response of sol and weak rock 103 salu fr spe ofthe stn type of ek uy vy by sve eres of magi, ‘Therefore, Fig 3.5 can be expected yield aly apposite carelations between compeesvesrengih sd raion modus. Figwe 3.5 (Beas 1981) shows + eelin Bete Eyy/Fay ab ROD. Vali of Epa a De tiated if es have ‘bec prone of erdsperineas (En td Ey ar ued to be equal). AEs, seat is signin. The reaction ods fr he as of 106s assumed 1 be i ‘Blend in te exresion tha flow The aint este fr he py curves wlll, fever, be developed ia pa sis bt the prediction ois necessary in cre tefl nonlinear behave. 6, The component ofthe sen frock fom ut wigs considered wo be small a Inset ar signifeant errs he experi a. As pote eal, Wang (190) tlt {eves verge sour hat was te Ssimiting tt the pole med of ‘Stara (1979, “The eeme lis of reise athe Manor siti believed to be dein some are age cracks trated Gone ple wal afer 2 ew ilieters of hat whieh ‘sed after trl defeton. The racks lowed a passage of wae wth he res hat rosin canals were found at Manor wel teow te ground suc; tee reac Inerlreistunee. Cracks ia te ground sutace were observed m Heuston where the i= Srumestd et un io fly with ore wae (Welch & Reese 1972) The eras srr viene, ba water een ove he ground sur, the ein Would ave Bas ‘ohne Insummary fr ly, ote lading he ess for sft cla and sf ely appear 0 ave exons validation. The elle caves fo safc below water appear reas "do the ele crves fr sf clay wih no water White here rn ean o dou be ‘ens fom the snore i lay under eee oun below wa, the xe Tos afrevzance du to eet alley eold eae he we aszeable eens Is es of the fouastors href, te deine may Wish to perfor ejele-ooing tes in sit ‘lay beneath the water ithe sie of th Job uses te expense. For uid Ide, intr corn ue tobe ani acout fr oes (ee Chgter 6 or or sic experinenta echalgu) but eral eosaldato can be ore for sly. "Wiha ond th nner nn cae ol hase consis ders of on fiers inthe py curves for bo stale and eel landing. However, as dsc ate, the driving ofthe ple wil enue sand wit ¢ ose o medium deity to be deified Fano, ech loting cul eau ther difeaon witha lowering of the ground108 Pies under era facing surthce. The pose changes in he ition angle nd ter characteris of the sand ‘eed be conieed nde, Long & Vannes (1954 Sued the infuene of ec lang on py eaves in snd ‘nd natant or a numer of ws. One of he cnlesions Was that ene way yee leading ad u greater eft dan dd two-way clic lading. The Induct of he ‘eth finsalition a the sal dey were ai tied Ife snd every ie, he engineer ke na scout he possi ul up of ex ess poe water presi dng epic lading. The deerminatin of the cefcen of emeabty ofthe sand could alo th engines to dace rapid riage would ocr ‘ueto ner! faction, ‘fhe sand is very dense orf rave ers atthe sit, he ving of pile ig be ime ome, Therefor, ote consuction rosie tt isc te fest so ‘tthe meh finan mst be costae 'n summary fer rane sos the engineer an we the rsoemended py eves wih ‘ansible cnfdence, ligt acount ths posible efects noe abo, "ery lite ater concern te response of sal orl nang. The enl- er May ‘Use the suggested py ures fr since ad peor flee eld tes ‘where the jb anti te exert ‘The py eaves proposed for wesk rock wl low he pinet characteris ofthe rock to be considered: While predicting te response of otk neal loaing ete lex protien, the esommendtos peered willow the engines fo make sppoprae signs for many cases of weak rock For pls nt ee deed end ped ft ne Song rock the engineer wil probaly have more cosira aout the design of te ple whe ens the rock than he tera rsa of hock Maja etal (1988) ded he aera sisance of ble sone by using spe aly designed isnot ram net the boom ofa SO. dep beste: While ths ones aragem® does not simulate the delectoa of Italy lode pie, fit ements wee use converte metsired dnt on sess verse defini yearns The te sulting py curves were sof han woul have been computed Oy the tbs fseed heen The excavation rerined open fo sever dys ang 'NeIl 2000) nage toe lower a exsnce was doses fl: a nce hat rns ope Sometime, bss ee wil undoubtely leat some le ater ressance, epee ‘tte founding mari is elow he water tbls a jomted ck 2 mf ey cracks sd es, “The reader wil be sl to gain stl information op te selection op cuves by viewing tbe seleion ofthe oil erteria we forte eae sais presen Chapter ‘A compari of tie rus of experinet and tert of analy where 4 sel of ‘carves were used wl alow dpe to be developed onerig te cry othe ‘alta cigs or iy wide varity of sl‘Structural characteristics of 441 inTRopucTION “To engine mse te beamcoluna equation, psa in Chapter 2, by nnd ‘nensinal method or ya conputerproga.The ragome of he oil character) ‘Soto shown in Chaplr 3 ory sma mathods The dame fs etna ple ‘Tlncton ofp or he eave dane of ple wih a onceular cos section, ‘mt be Known t solve te soiespome aqeaons. AP approach for computing th ‘Swivaler meter ofa pile mith nom celeste preset nhs cape "The slson ofthe benno egution egies values of he bnag sins 5, leche engine intereodin smal daft, «cont value for Ey may be em oye aloe te pile. However, in many instances the engineer i eed to find 3 Tending that reduces ze, wach maybe define sexes detection ote frm tho of platings Inthe later case the vale of he inate bending moment Mn ‘st be fund an, in bth inser, the val of Ey at each cos scion must be found ‘freon of the applied ong. ‘AS sted ene, ad as empszed in his chp, th mnie behavior of Sl suis hte lad tht cases a pile toil mst be ound inode t ithe safe oad tha eon be appli. In ery al aes of paces erg, the vale of My eqs ‘The wae of Ein henna range of the atrial of which sie const x mein ote ial lead ad the tedins omen “The computation of nonlinear ieracon diagram er wales of fy, file made of ‘th stl a relfvced covets pestel been. This ntact dlagran could be ‘sul appropri aes of El could be sibs mo he diference eqns {lading ae nerementd i ing te loding mnie Wha Keowee of Me ‘hema eperiene fa sown tht very pod sokton can be fond ying 2 cnet “aise of Ein sting the een gates eration I requed tease ofthe non" Tne sll & second lel of teraion wth srlnar poperies of scr! mate, ile ptntlybenetta I tesious and maybe umecessary. The veo aie val Us of iste mare lyn Chaney Sand 4£2.CONPUTATION OF AN EQUIVALENT DIAMETER OF A PILE WITH A [NONCIRCULAR CROSS SECTION ‘The prinary experiments, ul mast of he es ses, ve been permed wth piles wih cel rs section. However, ples wae shapes refer emplayed an110 Pies under tera ating saps is edd in oder to employ te 1 ‘mendations frp earves ie a Chap 3 “he seth in Pgare 1 sows conceptual he sreses Rom thes ht woul et zinta ple witha rear rss section when he ile ele om le to ight “he unite restce py is assured wo lave ben developed the tows on the gt ide ofthe section nde that he so sn ier candtion The rows ne ea on ‘ate normal sess nd shearing stesso the fo afte eto Theses om ‘he fck nif of the secon are reversed in diction aaa nse f be sal, to ‘ow ta the cart pessres are redid wth deflection, ‘As fst apposition, ne eo atte at pile with a etnguler cos section Wwithahesame wid iar section, one dirt, and wal he depth of che oneal diameter, woud behave the sue a pl witha seen sch, “Ten ifthe section in Figure 4b is ensdere, which ha with anda deph of one pis dant, the resistance to deflection woulé be greater beense sheng ses oul act log the Back al ofthe section, With the ieee presented ahve, ‘he ftlowingeqution ean be writen to solve forthe equivalent date fy a oe. ‘argu reton. nerfa¥ Ata a where w= wih of scion; d= depth of section pe = ute resistance of eecar sec wit» diame bea tow and f= sheng resance along th sd ofthe ‘eangalr sap atte depth blow he ground sare, Fr the unde seni aproach fo eokesie sol testing resistance may be computed withthe folowing equation ‘tae of aes pon,Scr charectrstic of ies 1 fraswihassas a where a= sear stent eduction itor; adc," ube shear stent, “Te valor few depend on th depth 2 and onthe Best estimate ofa In ckalaing ‘nlc ofthe engines may wish se ale dived rom equations forthe behavior fps unde ant oaing. or caer th suring revitance may be computed withthe allowing itn, B= Kern « where K= lel cah pes coun: == effatve vessel stress at depth {nd shear snp (ren thes and te aloft pil) the evan shear Stain tet The vale of Kil rele to the manner in which the pile snag, nd he ‘ate of wl ay be amet overt the shear angle The ut ofthe atove eqaon io computing te eget amtrs ofthe shapes stove in igre 41 wil De cided. the dmersions and wn Fig 41 ae he ‘she ste dtr th equ stove wl show a somewhat lpr equiva te The a shape a Fig 4c wl yield smal aga ameter. The icra Shaping 41, wiht dacton of ang shown, an be etd bythe equations Wihibe ab of ken nya the alo ker ul the see angle. The gules dma ectanguar sons computes ty the sbove eatin, wll ay with he shee sng a the te and wth he Spt bing eleed Te eg ey wi nc ow pn cpt oh en ENE se ‘ales aking soln ‘Ave cuampieo he we of he equtns, 2 aque section ie lected, a shown in gure witha wih and depth of 300 mm, The oi eed tbe sted clay ‘wth unine sear srengt of 50 KPa Te ale of akin 805; ang Ege ons 1 and 2 the vale of hg war compe ob 317 mam can ens of ess hn 143. MECHANICS FOR COMPUTATION OF hia AND EJ, AS A FUNCTION OF [BENDING MOMENT AND AXIAL LOAD Some manu ncue values of te seen mda forte members at wich plas ticking wl develop, however he nese ofthe lad rot cde A nae al precefue mustbe we nthe computations ‘Egon fo te behav of sce om a beam or fo a Beara under ed ‘ng or aval ead ae formate. A rine one seston fase the pret tin bat he concep can be applied to stuaste! shape. The E ofthe conte ‘tember wil experienc a igi change when cracking ous. the rose = feb es, he esmpon ede tht th ene seg conse ein ad that cacs wl be closy spaced when they apps. ctl sah racks wil initially be spoced at sme dsunce apa atthe charge in the wll not be so dati ere Sect tbe racking feet, ree, te Bj foeabean Wil ange more ara ally tn ste he etd presen112 Pies ser tera oaing Dectose te nonin sess curves fr el and curled not neta con- ‘ion for ature, vas ofthe ulna seanof hte mutt ar sled fo eer heir ale, For conse, the line value of erin 03 fo er the inate ‘alu of sins 015, These valves appear tobe nein wth ows equ sen peice ‘The method shown hare can be appli to sty member With symmetries see ‘ion composed ofa combination of eanzte snd sel Hower for puposes ofthis document, ony tind saps oF soos of einforesd ire, tel pipe ands ‘ural haps are considered “The following derivation ops the cancel that ple ssn n beam or beam colinn remain plane ar acing Ths, an axial fond an tome! can be applied wo 8 ection withthe res th th real 2 willbe dial aa thee of any of ‘ymmericl eto, "The equations ob oved as ols oom at ws showew «9 ‘convenient procedure of computation, the, to set the angle of ton for a see "ion estimate te poston of he neural xi; compte he sin aos the secon ss rues method ole forthe dsteibation of ee costco ston cm Bt the magnitude of he axilla by sing the faces srs the scion itd tn quo 4; nod the positon othe nes xe he samp ale of av ed oer na age withthe applied lod: repeat te conpuaons wn cenergence ‘scieved solve fer he ening monet by meme ads implementing Eur, tion 5; and oka he ening ieee ‘The equa fer inplemeting te procedure ate sow below; th esuation fo the smechanis of beam dr pre bending ae prise fst ‘The derivation shows lemertay but ince efor ry ad for defo ‘oftems,Anelement om a eas win unoned she of bcd shows ty te dhe lings i Figs 4.2. Thebes subjected wo pre beg ante element change in shapes sbown by the sold ines, The eave rst fhe sie of the Cement ren bythe sal angle and he ais of urate ofthe easter sige by he eng The nit rainy log the len ofthe bea is given by Equation «9 whee = deformation st any diane fom the newline ~ length of he le rom sim angles pla fe @n where = stance fe era axisSirucnval arate ofples 113, Foe 4, eam sje Eason 48s bene Fm Equi 46 an 47,2 flows: as on aco." sto sng igh feb nd = Yo. ‘he om ea aw tment a= om fe oe Fontqains sive st sn. ain ewig Equation 1214 Pies ade letra eating Mol (uy Bt a) Caminung withthe derivation, can sen ht de re and ay For covenant symbol ty sb for dy therefrom thi sbtaton| ‘nd Equations 413 and 414, te fllowing equation sound sng he suber in (ate pplienton io ple ae «9, Ale, because =/hgB andes Ae hen, eth a9 “Te computation for minced cone seto,o @ zton costing pal a tl of pile, poset by selecting valu fy sd eiing the poston of the ‘al ais, The sain at pts slog the deph ofthe bux canbe eomguted by we of ton 416 whe nm lle be fre in he eames ah tel tp, ‘he ssurpion fmt the sean cave or caret snd sel ae shown he owing sco, Wit the magne of he frees, bot tension nd competion, he eu ofthe eso canbe thested, king into sean ie exer comprsive load If ese ‘on sot inept, a revised postion ofthe rewal ai sled abd tens reed nti the eral oad "Te bending meet ound rom he fess inthe coeret and el y taking iment sho the conrad ei of saton, Ths he exerly-pled ond does ot eter the equations Then, he vel of Ely i found from Equation 415. The max tonsa tabled ad the solution process y neering the ae fe The empetitinscatnse nl he msm stn sect for fei he conrt {se pie, israel or exceeded. Th, te ulimae momen th can be susie by the section cn oan 444 STRESS STRAIN CURVES FOR NORMAL WEIOHT CONCRETE AND STRUCTURAL STEEL ‘Any number of model on be wel forte sess caves for normale cee tnd soot sel. Foe the popes ofthe computations greeted he, some rl they simple carves are use igure 43 shows the nonitar svesatain cue for conte employed barca (ognesad 1951, Oe omulaons fr he stein ves er encte hae ees pretend by Faroende 2 (1952), Coma Far eration ds Bu (978), and ToSacral hare ofl 115 Is ‘pre 3. Sessa ue cone, tschia t al (1964), The flowing equations apply to the branches ofthe Hogestad tseve. The vale of the characterise vale of he comprsive seg Of cor, frets measured on core eidr 150 mm In ioe and D0 heights and ‘specie bythe engines The at symbol ae detined below ce shown in gue, 57; aan f ds (] can) sm wn se -tsta0n* aan wou ean ‘ere fin mals orange mods presuably of he ence nd the nits of Enfoand fm KPa ge shows te ela eat plate stesssrin (curve fo tel and as ‘maybe seen, tee ino into be amount of plate deformation Te cteves fen, slon a compression ae identical The yield seve of te sel Sled accord ing tothe mail beng used, and Els teil modu of he tee the Towing aon pp 2 £=200,000 MPs (29) ‘The odes an teens shovo he ae employed in the derivations that rs how sbsequnty,16 Pe under lateral acing Fee 44 Stein cave ort |S IMPLEMENTATION OF THE METHOD FOR A STEEL H-SECTION ‘Te asumption can be mae without sic or hat 3 constant vale of can be sed inte computation ofthe Bening ier foal ranger of landing Te edocs Salus ofthe mes fhe sts afer some of he rs have reached yield wil ast ‘he computed vale of the momen only slighty feeton contol te design the en- ‘eer may wis to modly the equation ae the ied sess seach a he exeme = ‘us of he sructural shape rec the nonlinear beta. ‘Widh regard a he imate bending nome, updbeoks ince tabulated values fhe Plntie moduli. The values ar based on the distbion of esses as shown in Fig- {W645 Therefore, te computation of iyi doe by single eqn Ma 82: a0) where Z= ablated vale of pati malas (bending sme o be toute xa). "Fe eins Eun 424 hos whenever eft of lal ling do ic event ‘te developnet a paste ses acs teenie Section, ad hence peer be velop- ‘mente plastic ening momet (classes | ad 2 rsrsetons in Euocde 3, pa 1). ‘Asan example fo he compton of he plastic momen, a eto is seed with 2 ep of 381 mma width of 73 mi, a Dane thickness of 15.6 rm anda web kes {15.6 mm, The eld srengh ofthe ele aken a 235 Nin The rosectonl tes 16900 mand te pate modulus Z about he major as 239» 10 ‘Thelin plate nomen suming being abou the jr as, Ma €03990.39: 10) = 56110" = 56 Assuming hat pls bhavor is deelped over th fl depth of section, the vale of Maumay be conpated approximately 5 Mas QNRISHSTIYIS.H{UGT.D + (1589N15.5(0995)]= 52 LON ‘The cross-setoal enue in th akove computations i shy les tha htt re “ohh aesoum forth ight mali alae by he prot metad Home (1971) presets 8m eation for sling fo te eft af vl landing where the neural mise he web, EllSructral charac ofpiles 7 & 25) Man fdem thy ad 426 her = thickness of web of beam. ons: preset figure for Peco ht shows the reducion of the wtimate moment ue to aia lading (Fig 4.6) The ace ste spied ail loa as. anton ‘he suas oad Py were Psi found by Egon 427 Pha 4a here 4 eroesectinlareof pil No clu acon is sumed Equtin 427; that etre in the design ofa ple isu in Cher 6 ‘As maybe seta in Fg 46, the redutionin the plac omen is quite sal when ‘be ail odin the ange o $104 ofthe sun lad This ge ence in a == & Fe 43. shh fr amp eine mo oS ence wa" m th a Fare 46.6 i ang on yj) sie beng manent a Seren tater liome1 Pender trl ontng mest designs, When the ail od i elatvely re, Figure 45 may be used in rei ry desig. Almaty te designer ay work oa» cre fo he paral ston by thing the equstons of mechanics. orth sect sled above the nu a P= (235 000)0.0680)= 39701, tn moc, pile hat signee principaly sala ler loading would be s+ jeced to anal load fot more that 50 1084 of the squash oa ws computed above; Therefore the edition fe allable plac moment wald be smal |\6 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE METHOD FOR A STEEL PIPE ‘As are sacra tape, he i ee bavi may be wed wot mach or ih comping Bed once The Bonet of era congue far eunion xf -a) : aaa) 28 Te inate tending mst may be compl wi slope epresions edb dan fsnese ie pie howe Inge 8S Mam fy2> am wher 1@-# = | uml proceed investigate the nfence faa Hating with ‘Rite restos sine hy Home (971 The casts that were sed were fora va of of 235000 KP and the rats of amet 8 to wall hele ¢ ranged from 12 tate renter shown a Fgue 4 ia lot ela oth in Figure 46 "hip wa selected forsay wih an ul dane of 38 and an nse diameter ‘of T5228 The ed ben f be ste! sued o be 235,00 kPa The Flowing computtons were mae, Ax (0838-0782) = 7.125 107? fon 64 (8380.72) 585 10° Ep (985 10°42 108)= 117 «1 2,= 8(0888 -0.982)~ 1838 «107! P= (235, 007.125 10°) = 16,7408 May = (2350x1838 10) = 4320 AN (vith no al oad)Sruenra characteris ofiles 19 * ge 47. Bt sl oieg on {eis sted tht nail 250 spi while he il is eng subjected to lor lading he vale of PP, is 0.018 Fgu 4.7 tons tals negligible comestan needed to oso or the presence of tea eating “47 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE METHOD FOR A REINFORCED-CONCRETE SECTION ‘The competion ofthe necessary parmets forthe aay ude ata load of se tua shapes ors pipes fine by the avatbilty of simple eqstion, On te ‘ter andthe analyse of einforced-conet ton mut deen rill ‘weil aoasis fr developing the need paramere The varbles tat mus Sea sed ose grey ofthe scion the stents ofthe concrete ad elt eeentgs of tel. The number of pruners ape gus he resent of chs "able ht an be etred athe, he designer shoal veo band one of he sale ‘ompattion proces forth needed vale “Te papas tt llow preven the basi ofthe computation nd Father nr Vion iver Caper “The wa of ean be tke shat fhe ros stn, However, the exacking ofthe aneret wil ect te loading wath vgn enn Ey, Fare e. ions oct athe ening mameat is inreaed there a mos in Ey ay Bo ede fr cere compustins, especialy if defeton wl coo the lang 442.1 Example computation for asuare shape Figue 4.8 sows the cos secon of a winfredeoerete ple tht 400mm square ‘The soengts of the concrete nd sel, th ruber ase of ar ithe nce fom the center ofthe baste ause of eset ended120 Pile der trl ong ‘A comput code was enplyed and Figure 49 wat prepared, showing the wins ‘ening meta einen of the magnitude a he al Id. The sgh lo, cl Tape wth ony aval nag, es cunpted o be S374 EN. Cave sich 2 those so ine igure maybe used abate moment t wich pacing wil eveloy. Ae Shown inte Hue, Ma etases Wi lang up oa valu fF boo 2000 WN. I ‘here some gusto shot he magne ofthe xin ong, the ower vase oul be ‘sled nnd to be coer Figure 410 shows compte vlss ofthe tending ties Bf a seston ofthe pile afin ofthe apted moment. Thee values of ei asd se sure. Also otis th fig isthe le off called prose forthe concrete ony, Because the computed bending manent feed only sigh vristons ithe value of En the gross fay be wed witoux mich or fre elatvely smal vals of being moment xcept fe he a oad of 2000 FN, he Bending ies ager tan that of ‘he crashed secon fo the amaler value of bending more. This crete eG corse, the flac of ete he eto "he earve inl seon where the El changes dramatically fra siven ve of tbealing moment. To sme exes, the suden dap in Ft arte of he parle pane $230 Nien! gue 44. Dien of ge Wise os core Mau” pqucteibratenroe ple‘Sacral charactors ofpler 121 cove tht is wd. The cose is wien to aie a sudden os of bending sits wih the cracking of he cone In racic, th ass of likly 0 Be mish me sada ‘Han nial nth sth. 4112. ample computation fra heer shape ‘Sims computation tose forthe quae shape ae gen fo arent conte ic ular shapes sbown ia gues 11,412, an 4.15. The carves ae sai shape fo those shown eae anda sila desc plies ‘48 APPROXIMATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR A REINFORCED: ‘CONCRETE SECTION Ase above, he roses ge nth bot paragraph est ina lp decrease in the vale of E, sense the mechanics pedis contnous cracking at given tensile as | a | a Lr Cava faa? owe. fice ntcedinat ile12 Pes nde aerating oh Mac gu 12. meson ag rend inet conet Figure 4.15, as efineon f Mf pith ine resto stain of he caret. Observations ofthe behave of freon sections bas ‘eled|an empl eqion thr give values of being ses hat sede ore _Zafually as finn ofthe ppd bending men, tan doe wes fom mechan 15 (Amerian Cone nt 1989.Gracia characteris ofples 123 (eye f(t), a oft}. &» wie eo aon 1=781F (oro sp cone) aay 1.=elfcive moment of inet fo caption of deeto, Jy~ moment of nea of ‘Gos conte section abou enol ais nelesting efecto, j= dane om the cenoial aus of te gros seton, eletngreircemes, tthe eeme ibs tein, fg" moment feta of erackd sero, and j= mati mame in ple (ioe: Equation 433 intent href, te we shoal ene te val of: Jn sin’ compute he yale of insane conver the value of 0 m900- pate unis rea) “Te vale of fe maybe compatd byte aay methd, wing standard mechani presered ei In opting beng tess, he value of asumed 0 remain “The absence ofa term fr millon ia Easton 4.31 means hat he metodo ‘a seope, However, poting ofthe ress for ao sl Lad lng wth esas fom the sales meio for ak load, wil tevel ated tht old prove uel in saving Spractea robien.Analysis of groups of piles subjected to inclined and eccentric loading 5.1 INTRODUCTION ‘The objective ofthis cape is develop proce for computing th movemeat of {Sp fra poop of les hen sbjoaeé tal lt, rll, ad ovetaming Wo inet Several lent of te procedure mus be alresed. The mechanics mst e ese, aking ino account th nla deeson of ech pl ea fr beh verte and bated (ake) piles, d othe imposition of asl loa, a ater! ead, abd a wo “The mechani of the peoblem are dct fs A Ba eviews gen of some of ‘teeta teat, an a eof equim egon Is peste at can be shed by terton. A famevork sealed eh npt ofthe olin spose of nv vps ‘A wi refrac ia made to the reponse find piles under ata odin, The carly capers ofthe tet as intr odin in sone dtl A compte ode i ‘ine fr individual ples under ate ange rely be aac to 2 loa poss ‘ompile ups if tinea of chose pcan be exp deine ‘Arevew is mae of etn erate conan deformation of indviul ples ander ai ond, While the bjtive fe bok eles pica Yo eal ain he Toad vers delcton fr aly lade ples st be added he cap fr ie ‘soup i sje oan nied and eee lan, sme of he piles nthe grup ce ‘Sey must ssn an aia fore. Thas nln reitonshige mtb leeds {illo versus defen foes varia kind nd ses pls Ips uncer heralding ar sped cise each her, the pls wil ine cach ota def pilesoitie ineraton. The nace of ely spn ples int Tera lating is daca deta recommendations seve oe madi tbe ‘resto smu for close pace ‘Close sparing ples une xa lala mus ao be adres se ples under et «a ating The problem of plosolleintratio fo xis loadings ised and ‘recommendation ae made foe formulating ifuence cote to account for else smc Falls compbesive study sale whee a pile group ining bate pls as subjected nclned nd een eding The computed ales a lap eve ‘men wee conpaed wit values ctsne Fam experiment computer cat, bt on ‘he comput respnse finial ples and onthe mesh noe wve, sled ‘ts hare wel wih the experenal ves.126 Pes nde lat oadng 52. APPROACH TO ANALYSIS OF GROUPS OF PILES ‘Theft foe ehapter ar rected primary single old pes nde ater od ower, nos pes instal ingroup andthe response of he group lading lesen herein Fete, stood in the le of he cape, ouput ump leading that ae both atral and sist. Toerefre, te mechanics oF «ple under tal leading rst preset bat the eg of single ls under prety xl kang i uss nl trey. “Te behavior ofa grup of ples may be intend by two fans of inert: 1. teratonbevee piles incase peotmiy where efficny te imelved. ang? netction by dation offing to iain pies fom th pile ep. Tn the fs istace Be relevant fre are nse though the soil th second ste the oes Me tastes by te spersrctre (asus abe the pl cap inhi presenti. Ie pls ae widely space, thepolitico fic a souon i imei order reve ater las, xia oad, and Bed mare to ach of he pies in the group. Eunos fe the eine of closely paced le, under trl laing es well as ‘under ail ong based ely on experimental at, Mths tht eat tes as las, Soop, andhomngenees mel are weil in ging insight oe me ‘huis of pileso-ie ineracton but sols ble i tery thn the eae teria. Experinenal sus ae nat efinive Beate the vars se of experiments toate each ofthe many parameters apd ee the nee of eth atl Po- Tarr Howeter a eiew of aumber of elvan sts dso commendations ot stalycal presdues “The step inthe mals of «group of plunder generic lsd axl aera ‘sd overtaming, ar dtased hee 1 Employ raion mtd fr competing tbe ‘movement ofthe pl cap an he lode each ofthe ples ine rep, eee op tthe ierence in response of piles tat sre verical an hse hata teres 2 Ae out the reed fon ofeach plein te proup duct cee spacing, ad 3. Use quo forthe tif of ach pile nde anal an aera ang. A liteatesrveyispeseedelngpsipally wih the mechanics ofthe eporse ‘a group of piles Then,» rare farmultion the methsie of reponse i peste hich isthe basis oe aalytea meted presen for ee npc. A competes study ofthe problem of hs space pis even to rove the asf Seprsing th ‘espns af ome ofthe pls athe grap. The sift of each i nde an wa tral lading suede in he aaltiea mehod and dtd i Fay in the chap ter an example ic sohed fora ease wher proop of pls ae sly spaced und Where TheToading ames trogh he pl cp. 53] REVIEW OF THEORIES FOR THE RESPONSE OF GROUPS OF PILES 10 INCLINED AND ECCENTRIC LOADS ‘The develypment of computational methods has Been tne ees of ck of koe ge about sige behavior. n drt mes the prt neds of desl sue, {ures with pouped pies, various compataonl maths wee developed ty malig = Sumptons at would perianal ofthe rede.Anais of rou of ples bjctedtoinsined ond escent oadng 127 ‘The snplet way ea grouped foundation tsar that bh he sre tnd th piles a rigid an tony the al esisance ofthese consere Unt hee asuions, Calman (Teg 1956) reseed a opis oti 186. The tesilram sate ofthe elm external lod ane sia enton of ech group of [Sr ples was ottaned by deaving 4 force polo The applcaton of Omens thd lide the eas foundation wt tee pou of slr pies A sop tiemal method otis rapa sation Was proposed a 1930 by Bremecke & Lob. tneyer(Teraphi1956. The vera eomponct of te resultant load i ised in 2 ‘rape shape in cha way tha th tl ea Sule he nagiude ofthe veil emponent ands ener of gravity Lies che ine the vel compost of ter ‘stan Tod. The vera! loa i stibuedf ech pl suring that te taped Toad espa it ndpendett backs the fp of te ple, excepts the end pies ‘Unlike Calan’ matod, the ter mead ca ale mare tants groups sir pls. Bu the tod of Breese & Lobmeyer reste the ease wera fhe Piletop ae tesa eve “The east dplcemen of le op wat fist ke int consideration by Wesergars ‘1917 kare 196), Wester stned iery eae dapacement fp op de caressed, bt the lea estan of he piles ws ot conse, He Se ‘eloped a metodo ad a cont of retin o pile ep. Wit the cer of oon ‘now, the deplacemens nd fren each pl cold be computed, "Nokiestved (Hasen 1959) peseed a 1924s thd silat tht of Wester He defo a pou that was dependent ely onthe geometry ofthe ple arangement £0 ‘tices wh us dough his pit pede oly ul vera nd horn ral. tions of the pil ap. Th metbod was als pusuedYy Vea (Teraghi 1956) 1939 ‘ere inves he ‘dummy pl’ techie sino the effet of the Ita retin {td th ona ty fp tops. Dury piles aze propery assumed abe iiary ‘ta colunes, Late i 988, Vandepie applied he concept of the elie center in developing the Timieattedsign tod, which was fuer fouled hy Hansen (1959), Te tes. tional sage in wi some of the ples rah he lima Bearing capac, wie tere tinder ofthe pls fondo are inane rang, an be computed by «ply ‘Sse method ifthe rato of the pies inthe nate ages a regarded at cst {oer one cp, Te flue of heap eae fer saccesive fires ofl bt he Jat vo ples. Tea he ap can rote ound he nscton of the suf the two late piles. Vannes fo grapes 0 compte dey te ultimate oad oe { two-dmensorleap. Hanon extended the mek! fo the er dnerstonal cae, A ‘hough he plastiodsip meted i uniue ane atonal, the assumptions to sin he ralsulaoucure jim may need examination I arsed fat» pl had ea ‘snes no fouls fhe ple tps on he cape camer. Thea Toad versus plement of ech nd ple was presente ty ies relist "Aconmpeebsiv, modem scl tetinen was peed by Hrenot (150 foe ‘te twe-dimensioeal case He consldere hav rasvese, and rataonalrsisace of Pils onthe ea. The lad dplacemeatreaoship of the pe top was assumed Wo Se Tir lane One restive asmption ws that al piles rust have the se fad placement laoosip. Hreno sisted a eesandng ease eas for at ‘aly ooded ple, A Tar Toned ple was ead as an este bs ona ete foundation wih uniform sess Even wh tee cue proximation of ie bhai,128 Pier andr lateral oaing the method is significant in the sense ht it press the pote rhe asia est ‘et ofthe sip itrcton sytem. Hrenns mod costed of easing in. ‘ueice coeticiens fr cap dplacemens by suming te infsac offen of ak ‘ial ple ia ors of the ing eens which eres the leben ono ‘hep cap. Almont al he sohequet work follows te agpoich ken by Hee. “adostlevic (957) so repaded eral Toad lesan ei Beam in a9 laste medium wih ufo sles He advocated te eof the eae of tests of Slag ples wide ai loaing In his wey designer ean shoo the ot practical Speing Eons fr te aaly-oadedple hod and welnet behave an also te co sldred. Radovic showed ath feet fmuiion than Henna in driving the coefficients ofthe equsns of te egullriam af frees Ise of tring ant ee icra of cap, he se mn arbiray se of dsplsceren Sil sca approach [Ss coentaly analogous o Hraskaths mehod: Radosajei's metod I rested a ‘hecas fete pe inert ol ands ‘urns (196) prested a formulation by the mar method fr the tor mensional ase. Neghcing tele esstace of ile ard cose oly the ‘al esses of piles Frc, essed pile as ase clumas pinned othe top and tthe tp. He derived tes mata and Inverted ito oan he ety mat Ex ep fo thematic matod, Tues’ method des nt weve a praca we bese of ISoversinpiieaton ofthe reipesneration yes, ‘Aspland (1986) fomulted te max mead for both tmodinensonl and tise inesieal cases, His meio also ars out for ellos ofa sis at fo ‘bin exilim by inversion. an ate to simply he fal exity me trix, Asplund defied a ple-goup centr by which he fexly maz dagen. He sesed the importance ofthe ple agement fer an eroomil soup ile fn avon, ed he contended thatthe ple grupcenter mesh heed uae bet the effet of th geomet acts He employed te elas center mod fr he Westnet ot aera ode ples Any ravers la through the eaten cose oly ane ‘ere disphcemen of the ple hed, and rtm load around th etic enter gies aly the rotation ofthe pile bead In pit te elite ssa multi, thee = no pata corelton with te soil ym. Laeraly ad pile ar metly r= {dd s elastic bas on an lished we unierm spr ont, "nds (1954) computed the twodimensinal cise sip. the fntuencecoefficieat rtd. The lar resstnce of si war conte er une treghout oi ‘rensng in propa o dep. ASuning» Getto ot of hy a ean Sept, ‘lst ours ed both cnsare subst fr intr ede ile. The elds individual piles are assumed to have an effet nly othe le sabliy without fatsing any selement or ula ep ip ‘Achenrener (967) peed teedimensoel eas bed 0 he nftaence- coetcem method. Tis alysis ian extension of Hrenkas mtd othe tee Simei ese. Aschenbrenter’smetod i rericted to pocoece ple. ‘Sil (I968) give te mast geal frmulton ofthe mak method for 8 the. sinesioealfetation with gy connected piles, He employed he anew mead to describe the blair ofl loaded pls. He fet ito eden to st thee rte fr tring te selene: of axial lode ples nde esitance fara londed pis Sal indented the pose application of his mead w dynam Td ‘ounaon.Anat of rope of pls uted inlined and ecetri lading 129 Rees & Mite (1960, 196) and Rese et al (1970) preset mato for ooping te ata of the ups ple oan with he anal of lea Todd ples by the fnte-dierence meiod. Tet method presumes the us of gal compet. The formalin of egetons ging te movement ofthe ple capt done bythe Hnene- ‘coin mth, smi to Hremior metho. Rees & Matlock devi conte ies way to represent te plshnd moment and nel ato by spring forces ony in terms ofthe tel dpacennt of pile top. The ef led voto te le ead actions sided ply in the fre lassen eatonship. Using Rese & Mates metho example prblens wre weed ext by Roberson (1961) aod by Parker & Cox (195). Roberson compre the method with Vee ‘method and Heerkos meta. Pare a Corea atthe meted pel Si ‘sia for neal loaded ples Reese O'Neil (1967) developed the esr forthe ganerel anys ofthe imensina group of pls sing mat fron. Thi theory tn extension of he theory of Hrenmio (150), in which springs re ed o repent th ple Represent ‘ino ils by sings imposes the superposition of wo independ modes of deecon ‘of ally faded pl The sping constant fre nr rencton an the momect the pile top mus be obalned fer 2 moe of defen where apie head i ven oly trenton dpacemeet wiht rion and ale fo ode of Getecton whee pie edi given ely otaton wiht ranltion, White sinensis py nolnar eansips, te pile mail ao exhibits ona chrtrisies ‘en sanded nea eulktesoeng “The metod of arlsis used herein i bse oo the concept presered by Reese & atic (1966, but the slution of the relevant exuatons I dane more sorely by special tines (Avs & Rese 1971), ‘1 RATIONAL EQUATIONS FOR THE RESPONSE OF A GROUP OF PILES. UNDER GENERALIZED LOADING SA tnredtion ‘A stuctcl tery, reply lowing te work of Aoshi (171) and Awostia ‘nd Reese (1971), Toma bain fr comping te havo 9 two-dimensional Pile fonéton with abarlyananged pile tat possess nonlinear fre dilacen Shares Coupled wit th uct theory of ple ap ae the ere of a ly loaded plan an atl lone ple In hs caper each theory is developed eps ely. Sato for ll of te teres depend onthe ts of ig computes fe the ke- ‘ual computation S411 Base sonctral ates Figure sn tstaes te geal stem of» twodimeasions ile foundation. Tee piles, wi arity spacing and biay clinton, are connected to en sbitaly Supe ple ap. Sie scanalprpertier ofa pl te det th cession tne, an he omen of nea cry. rot enly Hom pl ple balsa aon he ais ff ple. The ple meri may be ie fom pil 0 pe bu tb asumed tht he Sane materia ied wing le,130 Pie nde lateral oading The src stem at th pile cap is steed igure 1b. The lea, nerd os. and bend mrss a ech le bead mst pa to ple expo calvin Alo, ‘nds pile onde tbe consist wit the movers of ach of te pleads There af tre eonosvabe cases af pile conecton the ple emp Pl In Figures Ia _&cillarates ined conection. Pile 2 shows a fed-bead pile wih het cape by tte pile cp. And Ple3 represents an easly etaned pl, wich isthe typical ese of ‘a ehoresrusta, sh in Fgue 32. In Flue 324th ples ae exende and oe 2 par ofthesuperstuc. In Figure $25, th ples ret guint inife-dge srpots al en Seo Bel even tse suppor ls estas pvied bye ural sty of ‘ple ise. The wane fatal ld ple with an eat reseind top, i asd in Chip, ges ef ol fr banding he ea ton Piles ae feguely embodied into a onal reinfored-roret ile cp ith he sumption that complete fay ofthe il to the il ap retain! (ip. 5.3). However, ‘becuse of te Flfred cnet and rl fire defo srs coenaions A Tons thertzion fle bal within te ple ap The magia fhe restraint othe ple fom the ple apis lnteizte, bl range of values maybe compte By es Thing the cures fr conte an slvns forthe reponse ofthe pron of tel iin he py use othe eqns fo ile under ters oa (oid pey te 1, Bae seucund ten A piousabi of eroupe of ple subjected 9 incined and esos loading 13 ca (ea pt att yen Fie 52. yp esc erika 190), P53. pe i ine te ‘The pl aps sabe to two-dimensional exterl loads. The line of nother sulla eu ad maybe ntned and may asime ay ay poean wi pet othe strate (Fig 5.18). The eter ode ene csplcement of he ile cap which results ia, era, an rottona placements ofeach dvi pile. The Si placer of inv! piles in tm ess in Tends onthe pl ap (Fp 1b). Thee Pile econ are highly pnts in eature. They are Functions of pe ropes, Propet, nd te boundary conan tthe pile op. “The stot thor fo the pe ou wes a mame method wo sek compatible islet ofthe pl cap, wlth ota the equiva of the pied enteral nas tnd he oie ie ears 541.2 Assumes Some ofthe bsi assumption employed the ueument of he ile group ae presctd tow. ‘Two-Dinesonaly Te fst assumption is the evo-inensioa rangement of the bene ap and te pls, To wal design pace ito arene piles seta with plane or planes wih lads acing in ths plne of syranety. The assumption of 4 Wo limeasindl case eden criderbly th aumbe of rable fo be handled. However, thee no ese ierece la thery between te Swo-dimensina case a he ee lneasinal case. the ality ofthe then) fore ferme is eabihed, he theory ad beextended oe lane by adil mae components of fres ad placa wide gu dto te no dense Reese & O'NeI 1967)152 Pe unde trl oaing Nondormabty of Pe Cap. The send mor seunption the nondefrmabiliy of | ‘hel cap.A ple he ected na molt ple cap (Pile 2, Fg 31, of sported bya mio edges (Pie 3 Fig 5.1) en rotate orf wit the pscap, But the Shape ofthe ple cap isl is sume to be aways te sane forthe suas shown bert. That means thatthe relate posilomo teppei th se for my pile ap displacement. Ifthe ple exp defomabie the stu theary ofthe pil fou ‘since te cmpay conn ofthe ile cap ul. While go eament of ‘oundsion with «deformable ple cap nla inthis the theory ena be ‘ended sucha ese ifthe pl cap conse of sructura eie soch at the eral cal computon ofthe deformation ofthe ple esp ips, ide Spacing of Pes. The qutons deelped Were 2 forte case where the nv piles rs wide spaced tat heim intense one pile on anche, However, there ‘ue may ple designs wher the ples ae clove enough so at psp eration oes cer, nd sch nection dscsed i eta Iii chapter Toe ees ot pileslbnteractbn can be ioduce to the aii method waht deny. Behavior under Lateral Load and nde Ail Load ar Independant. Te essmtion is tae tht there i no iteration betwen he xia Bebavor ad he iaerpe be- ‘av Thats the eltnsip betwee a ada placer ot ates by tbe presence of lea deletion and vice vers. The valid of thi sumption dns by Pater & Rese (1971) The argument mate, and enerlyavopeht esll ‘eat the round srtieprineipally deters lea responce and the sot depth pene Siply termine axial response. [ovens ly ext the pound sae and Pile deletions siabe te recreation is made at te sll love the Ts! pet vet litera deision eo be discounted in computing ail apy $2. Equation fr a wo-dimerionl rep of ples To da wth he nonlinearity inte system, the equlliam fhe apple eas sn the pile reason on ile cap are sought bythe mecesive corso of lec dplce Ines. Ae eth eerecon of the placement the ference tween he nde Pe ration is eaelated The eat corestion is cbined throug the elton of ew sitfiess matrix at th previous plesp poston. The elements of sibs matin tne ein by giving a seal vi treme teach componcat of dspace ne Sa time. The proper maghitde af he vil aeremet may bev 1 10 tes tnt placement toatl accepabeseaney 5421 Coordmat systems and sign comenitens Figure 54 shows te cordinesstern vgn connetions. The spersrucre and the pil xp are eferred the gba sect! coordina stem (X.Y) where the and ‘sues ae verte an horizon respecely. Theresia eel frst ae ating at the otga © ofthis gel suztul eorite sytem. The postive itn of te components of teresa: oad Py. Ops are shown by the sows Te psie ‘ar ofthe momen was eerie by th ral phan ue The ple head of exch ‘vidual pile in» group refered to th lal srl outs Dose ‘origin the pile head and wi axes orig parallel ote othe global scl cour,Analy of roof ples bested isin and ecenri loading 133 pet nga tn oe Fos 34, Carta sensor als af ple pou sawing poste isto of dpe ‘ee Aes Ree 191) inate yom. The member cordate i» fhe asin och ple, The ‘iain ofthe member cordate stem the ple ead ls = ae eines withthe pile ‘ate ani perpendelr to tex ai. The ais makes sn angle hy wth ‘erica The ange pale whe it ismeanre ounces gue 5. shows the pov dete of te fess, Oy an Meet om the pile tp cota te top ofan avid ile in he Rh inva ile gonp The faces P, $d Q are ing long the sandy ares repose oth eee coordi Se 5422. Trangormation of Cordinates, Disploceen Figure lusts Ue le bad pacers inh strata te lca strict, ad the member corte Stems. Duet the ple-cp daplcenen! fom oi poi 0” wi oto a, he pil roves fom te evita poston ioe ‘ew postin P The otn athe pil Ret depends on the way ts fsened tthe cap. ‘The components of plea placement are erred by (La) with ted to oe socturl corn system. The piles dslscamen denoted hy (ve) the |ocaleoorinte sem aby (ue) he member coordinate nt “Te cert vansematon between he stl the focal staal cordate system is died rom the simple geometries; wav-ra on Werede 62