USBR EM14 Begg Deformeter Stress Analisys

A WATER
RESOURCES TECHNICAL
PUBLICATION
ENGINEERING MONOGRAPH
No.1 4
Beggs Deformeter Stress Analysis

of Single-Barrel Conduits
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
Mission
of the Bureau
of Reclamation
The Bureau of Reclamation

of the U.S. Department
responsible
for the development
and conservation
water resources in the Western United States.
of the Interior
is
of the Nations
The Bureaus original purpose

*to provide
for the reclamation
of arid
and semiarid lands in the West today covers a wide range of interrelated functions.
These include providing
municipaland
industrial
water
supplies; hydroelectric
power generation;
irrigation
water for agriculture; water quality
improvement;
flood control;
river navigation;
river
regulation
and control;
fish and wildlife enhancement;
outdoor
recreation; and research on water-related
design, construe tion, materials,
atmospheric
management,
and wind and solar power.
Bureau programs
most frequently
are the result of close cooperation
with the U.S. Congress, other Federal agencies, States, local governmen ts, academic
institutions,
water-user
organizations,
and other
concerned
groups.
A WATER
RESOURCES
Engineering
Monograph
TECHNICAL
No.
PUBLICATION
14
Beaus Deformeter Stress Analvsis

vu
of Single-Barrel Conduits
By H. B. Phillips and I. E. Allen
Experimental Design Analysis Section,
Technical Engineering Analysis Branch,
Office of Chief Engineer,
Denver, Colorado
United
States
Department
OF the Interior
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
As the Nations principal

conservation
agency, the Department
of the
Interior
has responsibility
for most of our nationally
owned public
lands and natural resources. This includes fostering
the wisest use of
our land and water resources, protecting
our fish and wildlife,
preserving the environmental
and cultural
values of our national
parks and
historical
places, and providing
for the enjoyment
of life through outdoor recreation.
The Department
assesses our energy and mineral
resources and works to assure that their development
is in the best
interests of all our people. The Department
also has a major responsibility for American
Indian reservation
communities
and for people
who live in Island Territories
under U.S. Administration.
ENGINEERING
MONOGRAPHS
are prepared and used by the technical
staff of the Bureau of Reclamation. In the interest of dissemination of research
experience and knowledge, they a,re made available to other interested technical
circles in Government and private agencies and to the general public by sale
through the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C.
First Printing:
1952
First Revised Edition:
1965
Second
Revised Edition:
1968
Reprinted:
1986
U.S. GOVERNMENT
WASHINGTON
PRINTING
OFFICE
: 1968
For saleby the Superintendentof Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402, or the Bureauof Reclamation,Attention 822A, DenverFederalCenter, Denver,
Colorado 80225.
CONTENTS
PW
INTRODUCTION.
.............................................
APPLICATION................................................
DETERMINATION
APPENDIX:
OF NORMAL
1
3
STRESS DISTRIBUTION.
THE BEGGS DEFORMETER
..
.. ..................
57
FIGURES
No.
1. Dimensions of conduits and location of points studied. Shapes A,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
B,andC............................................,...
Dimensions of conduits and location of points studied. Shapes D,
E,andF...............................................
Dimensions of conduits and location of points studied. Shapes
circular, square, and G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform vertical load
and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . . . . . . . .
Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform vertical load
and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . . . . . .
Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for concentrated vertical
load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C. . . .
Coefficiepts for moment, thrust, and shear for concentrated vertical
load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . .
Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical
load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C. . . .
Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical
load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . .
Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for vertical arch load and
uniform foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . . . . . . . . . . .
Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for VerticaLarch load and
triangular foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . ; . . . . . . . .
Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for dead weight of conduit.ShapesA,B,
andC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform horizontal
load on bothsides. ShapesA, B, and C.. .*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coafticients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular horizontal
loadonbothsides.ShapesA,B,andC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
CJoefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform internal
radialload.ShapesA,B,
andC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular internal
radial load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and
c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . * . . * . ., . . . .
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
...
ill
NO.
17. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular internal
radial load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes A, B,
andc~............................,.....................
18. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular external
hydrostatic load including dead load. Shapes A, B, and C. . . . .
19. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform vertical load
and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . , . . . . .
and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . .
21. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for concentrated vertical
load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . .
22. Coefhcients for moment, thrust, and shear for concentrated vertical
load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . .
23. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical load
and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . . . . .
24. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical
load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F . . . .
25. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for vertical arch load
and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . . .
and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . .
27. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for dead weight of
conduit. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform horizontal
load on both sides. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular horixontal
loadonbothsides.ShapesD,E,andF..
. . ..................
30. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform internal radial
load, Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
radial load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and
F......................................................
radial load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and
F....,.................................................
hydrostatic load including dead load. Shapes D, E, and F . . . . . . .
and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square,
andG..................................................
and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square,
andG..................................................
load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square,
and G..................................................
load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square,
andG..................................................
iv
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
NO.
38. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical
load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square,
andG..................................................
39. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical load
and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, and
G......................................................
and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, and
G . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square,
andG..................................................
42. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for dead weight of
conduit. Shapes circular, square, and G.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform horizontal
load on both sides. Shapes circular, square, and G. . . . . . . . . . . . .
44. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular horizontal
load on both sides. Shapes circular, square, and G. . . . . . . . . . . . .
45. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform internal radial
load. Shapes circular, square, and G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
radial load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes circular,
squ~e,andG............................................
radial load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes circular,
square, and G..........................................
hydrostatic load including dead load. Shapes circular, square,
andG..................................................
hydrostatic load including dead load with conduits assumed to
float.AUshapes.........................................
50. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for horizontal passive
pressure. Circular shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51. Beggs Deformeter apparatus and shape B conduit model. . . . . . . . .
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
58
TABLE
NO.
1. Correction factors for difTerent radii of curvature.
. .......... .....
INTRODUCTION
This monograph
presents the results of the
stress analysis, by means of the Beggs Deformeter
apparatus, of nine shapes of single-barrel conduits.
A partial analytical
check was made using the
least work method to determine the redundant
reactions for all shapes due to a uniform vertical
load and a uniform horizontal load.
All personnel of the Experimental
Design
Analysis Section, including
several rotation
engineers who had training assignments in the section, assisted in the experimental work and computations. In particular,
the assistance of W. T.
Moody in computing the analytical solutions, and
the work of H. E. Willmann,
who prepared the
drawings and also assisted in the experimental
work and computations,
is gratefully
acknowledged.
The nine shapes of conduits studied are those
most widely used in Bureau
of Reclamation
structures. All except shape D and the square
shape have semicircular
top portions of uniform
thickness. They can be further described as follows :
1. Shape A: horseshoe-shaped interior with a
horizontal exterior base.
2. Shape B: circular-shaped
interior
with a
horizontal exterior base.
3. Shape C: circular-shaped
interior
with a
curved exterior base.
4. Shape D: circular-shaped
interior
with a
square-shaped exterior.
5. Shape E: uniform thickness with a horizontal
base.
6. Shape F: uniform
thickness of horseshoe
shape.
7. Shape G: transition between shape B and
shape E with fillets of W r radius in lower interior
corners.
8. Circular shape of uniform thickness.
9. Square shape of uniform thickness.
Reaction
coefficients
for bending
moment,
thrust, and shear at selected locations along the
centroidal axis of the conduits have been determined for 15 different loading conditions.
1 See Appendix
for description
of this instrument.
The 15 loading
follows :
1. &I33
conditions
top with
considered
f3YJ3 foundation.
2. I1113 top with m
foundation.
3.
top with
tflf3
foundation.
4.
top with
P-U
foundation.
5. hEr.
top with
Efm
foundation.
6. Q
top with
P-U
foundation.
7. P-Y
top with
Efa3
foundation.
8. 1/
top with
P-U
foundation.
9. Dead load with
PXI
foundation.
10. Uniform
11. B
horizontal
horizontal
12. Uniform
are as
both sides.
both sides.
internal
radial.
13. b
internal radial with
t3333 foundation.
14. b
internal
YV
15. R
load.
external
radial with
hydrostatic
foundation.
including
dead
Figures 1, 2, and 3 show cross sections of each

shape, giving the dimensions and the location of
points at which the reaction coefficients have been
determined.
Each shape was analyzed for three values of
crown thickness, t, expressed in terms of the
internal crown radius, r. These three values were
t==rJ2, t=r/3, and t=r/6. A conduit of unit length
was considered in the analysis. Bending moment,
thrust, and shear coefficients were determined at
the various locations shown, and are expressed
in terms of unit intensity
of loading and unit
internal crown radius. Multiplying
the reaction
coefficient by the proper load factor gives the total
bending moment, thrust, or shear at the centroid
of the section under consideration.
APPLICATION
The reaction coefficients determined in the

study are tabulated in figures 4 through 50 for
the various shapes and loading conditions. The
reaction coefficients are given for points on the
right side of the conduits only, since the conduits
and loadings are symmetrical about the vertical
centerline. The shear reactions on the left side of
the vertical centerline will have an opposite sign
from those given for the points on the right side.
Consistent units should be employed when
using these data. Thus, if loads are expressed
in pounds per square inch, all dimensions of the
conduit must be expressed in inches. The bending
moment will then be in inch-pounds per inch of
conduit length and the thrust and shear in pounds
per inch of conduit length. If the load is expressed
in terms of pounds per square foot, the dimensions
of the conduit must be expressed in feet, and the
bending moment will be in foot-pounds per foot
of conduit length and the thrust and shear in
pounds per foot of conduit length. It will be
noted that the bending moment in inch-pounds
per inch is numerically equal to the bending
moment in foot-pounds per foot.
One should bear in mind that this analysis
assumes no restraint to the deformation of the
conduit.
In some cases this restraint, or passive pressure,
may be important. Some work on passive pressures
on tunnel linings through rock has been done by
R. S. Sandhu.2 By using his method for determining the intensity of the passive pressure, and
using the moment, thrust, and shear coefficients
2 Sandhu, R. S., Design of Concrete Linings for Large
Underground
Conduits,
Journal of the American Concrete
Institute,
December 1961, pp. 737-750.
for a circular conduit given by figure 50, the

effect of restraint may be approximated.
The foundation load distribution due to a
vertical load on the conduit must be assumed,
and is influenced by the modulus of elasticity of
the foundation material. As the foundation
modulus increases, the foundation load distribution approaches a concentration at the outside
corners of the conduit, and as it decreases the
load approaches a uniform distribution. For all
vertical loading conditions except three, two distributions were assumed, viz., uniform, and
triangular with zero at the center and maximum
at the outside corners.
For the dead load the assumed foundation
reaction is minimum at the center varying linearly
to a maximum at the outside corners, with the
intensity at the center equal to the intensity of
the weight of the conduit at the center of the
base.
For the triangular internal radial load the assumed foundation reactions were uniform, and
triangular with zero at the outsides and maximum
at the center.
For the triangular external hydrostatic load;
including dead load, the unit weight of the
conduit material and the unit weight of water
were assumed to be 150 and 62.4 pounds per
cubic foot, respectively. With these assumptions
the weight of the conduit for the t=r/6 case,
except shape D, is less than the uplift, causing
the conduit to float. The reaction is assumed to
be uniformly distributed across the top. The
coefficients for this assumption (conduit floating)
are given in figure 49. In the other figures of this
loading condition, tension is assumed to develop
uniformly along the foundation.
DETERMINATION OF NORMAL
STRESS DISTRIBUTION
In a curved beam the neutral axis will not be

coincident with the centroidal axis, and the normal
stress distribution
on radial lines, due to moment,
will not be linear. However, the radius to the
neutral axis and the normal stress distribution
may be determined by the following equations,
derived from the Winkler-Bach
theory for curved
beams: 3
T
y,,
e
is the thrust at the centroidal axis

is the distance from the neutral axis to
the point of interest (positive outward)
is the distance from the centroidal axis
to the neutral axis.
As t decreases e approaches zero, and the ug distribution approaches linearity.

a#, as computed by equation (2), is only for a
constant
thickness section. Where the section
thickness is not constant,
the distribution
of
stresses must be determined by some other method,
such as photoelasticity.
The extreme fiber stress in a constant thickness curved beam due to bending moment may be
determined by the equation:
Mt
CT)=Krr
t
rn=Gqqq
(1)
where
is
T is
r, is
t is
In is
r,
the
the
the
the
the
radius to the neutral axis

internal radius
external radius
wall thickness (rO-r>
log to the base e,
T
ue=-+
t
MY,
(r,+y&
where
(Tb is
M is
t
is
I is
K is
the extreme fiber Stress

the bending moment at the section
the width of the section
the moment of inertia of the section
the factor by which the extreme fiber
stress, assuming linear distribution,
is
modified to correct for curvature.
The following equation for K was obtained by
equating equations (2) and (3) :
(4)
The values of K and e for the t/r ratios used in
this study are tabulated below:
(2)
TABLE l.-Correction
factors for different
where
a0
(3)
radii
of curvature
K
is the normal stress in the tangential
direction
is the bending moment at the centroidal
axis
3 Murphy,
McGraw-Hill
219.
Glenn, Advanced Mechanics

Book Co., Inc., New York,
of Materials,
1946, pp. 217-
t
Inside
fiber
42
r/3
r/6
1.153
1.105
1. 054
o;EP
0.880
0.912
0.951
.
0. 0168r
0.008Or
0. 0021r
6
03lOlllS
SlNlOd
JO
3 ONW 8
NOllWOl
ONV
S3dVHS
SllfMN03
SISAlVNV
SS3US
U313WYOd30
llnQN03
13clWle
319NIS
A0
SNOISN3WlCl
SO038
OfbE.
66Of
JlLZf
'I
0
JbSOZO
LZLS'Z
ILIZb
JSS6bO
JZbLf
iad
OIJV
Jf6990
01 6
JblbSO
II
0
I
3Nl-l
JOLL612
90
HION
JfbZSf.2
IlNlOd
JCZCOSI
10
HI
3dVHS
3dWS
+nOqO
3NI-l
(O~!J(blUUI~S
1 OOEOE
1 OLILb
I
1
(zJ)oW
Symmetrical about
vertical centerline-m
A ---------SHAPE
D --_--_-_ Lea
SHAPE
+j+AJ+&
Centraidal
about
LA-+SHAPE
It=flt=5lt=fl
0.33333r
0.33333~
0.33333 r
I. 50000r
I.33333r
I. l6667r
4.4635
2.7773
I. Z895
SINGLE
BARREL CONDUIT
BEGGS DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
DIMENSIONS
OF
CONDUITS
AND
SHAPES
L,_
oxis
Area(#)
For length of lines for Points 6 thru
ond 9 thru 14, se6 Shapc 8.
Svmmctrical
I+----..._
LOCATION
0, E, AND
OF
F
POINTS
STUDIED
Symmetrical
obout
vertical
centerline--za
SQUARE
CIRCULAR
t=+
Arto(r*)
3.9t70
t-i
t=+
2.4433
1.1345
Arco(r*)
BEGGS
DIMENSIONS
OF
SHAPE
t-f
t=f
t=f
5.0000
3.llII
1.4444
SINGLE
BARREL CONDUIT
DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
CONDUITS
SHAPES
AND
CIRCULAR,
LOCATION
SOUARE,
OF
AN!
POINTS
G
STUDIED
-%.
A+-----
FIGURE
SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
+
Sign
convantion
UNIFORM
VERTICAL.
FOR MOMENT,
LOADSHAPES
THRUST,
UNIFORM
A,
8,
AND
FOUNDATION
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
X- PEL-372
FlGUPE
a
L
9
m

COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM
VERTICAL
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
LOAD-TRIANGULAR
SHAPES
A,
AND
FOUNDATION
B,
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL-373
FIGURE

COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATE6i&CAL
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD
SHAPES
THRUST,
-UNIFORM
A,
6,
AND
FOUNDATION
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL-374
~~~,
to.536
to.716
t1.361
to.444
-to.632
tl.21

COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATED
FOR MOMENT,
VERTICAL
SHAPES
5EP
8.lDlO
THRUST,
LOAD -TRIANOVLAR
A,
6,
AND
AND
FOUNDATION
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL
- 375
BEGGS

DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
FOR MOMENT,
VERTICAL
SHAPES
LOAD
A,
THRUST,
AN0
UNIFORM
FOUNDATION
8,
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL-
14
1034

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANSULAR
FOR MOMENT,
VERTICAL
LOAD - TRIANGULAR
SHAPES
SEP.
20,
Is*4
THRUST,
A,
8,
AND
AND
FOUNDATION
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL-IO35
15
NOTEg represents the vea*ht per unit

volume
of soil
cover
the
conduit
sect,on
with
those
of the
on the
arch
of
I un,+s
consistent
rod,us
r

:03
COEFFICIENTS
U-F
VERTICAL
ARCH
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD
SHAPES
SEP.
16
28.
1964
UNIFORM
A,
B,
THRUST,
FOUNDATION
AND
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL-1036
FIQURE
t.-a(r+t)
..i
!10
Ia
NOTE:
g represents
the weight
per unit
volume
of soil cover
on the arch
of
the conduit
sectton
in units
consjstent
with those
of the radius
r

COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL
ARCH
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
LOAD-TRIANGULAR
SHAPES
FOUNDATION
A,
0,
AND
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
I I
NOTES
c represents
the weight
per unit volume
concrete
or other motertal
m units consistent
wth Ihose
of the radius
r.
See Figure
I for
net
area
of shapes
of
BEGGS

DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
FOR MOMENT,
DEAD
+ Sign
convmtion
THRUST,
AND
SHEAR
WEIGNT OF CONDUIT
SHAPES
A, B, AND C
X-PEL-1037
18
FIGURE

BEGGS OEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
HORIZONTAL
LOAD
SHAPES
8,
A,
AND
BOTH
C
AND
SIDES
SHEAR
13
t - r6

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
FOR MOMENT,
HORIZONTAL
SHAPES
THRUST,
LOAD
A,
E,
AND
BOTH
AND
SHEAR
SIDES
X-PEL-379

COEFFICIENTS
FOR MOMENT,
UNIFORM
THRUST,
INTERNAL
SHAPES
A,
RADIAL
8,
AN0
AND
SHEAR
LOAD
C
21
Wessun
vertical
Wessure
vertical
ditiribution
along
C of conduit -:
dlstnbution
along
e ot conduit. --,
NOTE: w represents
the wright
par unit
volume of woier in units consistent
with those of the radius P.
SINGLE BARREL CbNDUlT

BWGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS
+ Sign
convention
COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
INTERNAL
FOR MOMENT,
RADIAL
SHAPES
LOAD
THRUST,
- UNIFORM
A, 8, AND C
AND
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
REACTION
POINT
Pressure
vwticol
distribution
obrq
C of conduit-..
NOTE : I represents
the weight par
volume of water
In units
consiat*nt
with those
of the radius
r.
unit

COEFFICIENTS
+ Sqn
convention
TRIANGULAR
INTERNAL
FOR MOMENT,
RADIAL
LOAD
SHAPES
THRUST,
- TRIANGULAR
A, 0,
AND
AND
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
REACTION
23
Deod
one-half
Dead
weight
of
of conduit
WeiQht
of
NOTES: Y rWWS~tr
the WlQht
per I+
volume of water
in units
consistent
with those
of the radws
r
The assumed
WeiQht
per unit volume
of the conduit
I?) IsOw/62.4.
Tenston
is
assumption
assumed
that
to develop
the
conduits
at
the foundotion.
For the
float
see
Figure
49.

COEFFICIENTS
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
TRIANGULAR
EXTERNAL
HYDROSTATIC
INCLUDINQ
DEAD LOAD
SHAPES
AND
SHEAR
LOAD
A, 0, AND C
x-
24
PEL-
1039
-.I
FISURE
19
.-1
ftttttfftttftttt?f?ful--I
BEGGS

DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM
VERTICAL
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD
SHAPES
SEP
ea.
1964
THRUST,
UNIFORM
D,
E,
AND
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
AND
REACTION
x-
PEL-
1040
25
BEGGS

DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM
VERTICAL
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD
SHAPES
THRUST,
AND
TRIANGULAR
FOUNDATION
D,
E,
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
x- PEL-
26
104 I
FIGURE
el

COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATED
+
Sign
FOR MOMENT,
VERTICAL
LOAD
THRUST,
UNIFORM
AND
FOUNDATION
SHEAR
REACTION
convention
SHAPES
D,
E,
AND
X-PEL-1042
27
FIQURE
t=j
I +t)
22
t = 5
2vcr
BEGGS
SINGLE
BARREL CONDUIT
DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATED
+
Sign
VERTICAL
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD
conventlo
SHAPES
THRUST,
TRIANGULAR
D,
E,
AND
AND
FOUNDATION
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL-
1043
FIGURE
BEGGS

DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
+
Sign
convention
23
FOR MOMENT,
VERTICAL
LOAD
SHAPES
D,
THRUST,
AND
UNIFORM
FOUNDATION
E,
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL-1044
29

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
FOR MOMENT,
VERTICAL
THRUST,
LOAD - TRIANGULAR
SHAPES
D.
E,
AND
AN0
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
REACTION
X-PEL-1045
30
Note:
No
vertical
POINT
1101E:
g rmprwentr
the
weight
per unit
VO~U~C of soil
cover
on the
arch
of
the conduit
section
in units
consister
with
those
of the
radius
r.
arch
lood
on
Shape
D.
S
nrl
-a
11
SINGLE BARREL
CONDUIT
BEGGS DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENT, THRUST, AND SHEAR
VERTICAL
Sign
convention
ARCH
LOAD
- UNIFORM
SHAPES
0.
E,
FOUNDATION
AN0
REACTION
X-PEL-IO46
31
FIGURE
Note:
No
vertlcol
arch
load
on
Shape
0.
NOTE:
g represents
the weight
per unit
volume
of soil cover
on the arch
of
the conduit
section
I nits
c:onsis+en,
with
+hose
of the rod,*
r
BEGGS
iD
COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL
c
I
ARCII
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD-TRIANGULAR
SHAPES
Sign
SEP. es. ,964
32

DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
THRUST,
FOUNDATION
D,
E,
AND
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
convention
X-PEL-1047
26
NOTES
c represents
the ueiqht
per unit volume
concrete
or other
moterod
in units consistent
wth those
of the radius
r.
See Figure
2 for net orea
ot shows.
of
BEGGS

DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
+
SEP.
2%
Slqn
1964
convantion
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
DEAD
OF
CONDUIT
E,
AND
WEIGHT
SHAPES
D,
AND
SHEAR
X -PEL-1048
33
-y
h -
BEGGS
SINGLE
BARREL CONDUIT
DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM
FOR MOMENT,
HORIZONTAL
SHAPES
THRUST,
LOAD
D,
E,
AND
BOTH
AND
SHEAR
SIDES
X-PEL-
34
1049

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
FOR MOMENT,
IfORltONTAL
SHAPES
THRUST,
LOAD
0, E,
AND
BOTH
AND
SHEAR
SIOES
X-PEL-
1010
35
FIGURE
BEGGS

DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
FOR MOMENT,
UNIFORM
t
Sign
INTERNAL
THRUST,
RADIAL
AND
SHEAR
LOAD
Convention
SHAPES
D,
E,
AND
X-PEL-
36
30
1051
FIGURE
Pressure
vertical
Pressure
vertical
31
distribution
along
k of conduit-.:
dirtributlon
along
C of conduit--%.
NOTE: u represents
the weight par unit
volumr of voter
in units consistent
with those of the radius
r.
BEGGS

DEFORMETER
STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
+
Sign
convention
INTERNAL
FOR MOMENT,
RADIAL
SHAPES
LOAD
D,
THRUST,
-
E.
UNIFORM
AND
AND
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
REACTION
X-PEL-IO52
37
FIGURE
t = i
Pressure
vertical
Pressure
vertical
Pressure
VWtiCOI
t = f
t=f
distribution
olonp
t of oonduit..
dishlbution
olonp
C of Conduit-.,
distribution
along
C of
conduit-.,
NOTE: Y represents
the weight
per unit
wotunw of rater
in units
consistent
with thow
of the radius
r.

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANOULAR
INmNAL
R)R MOMENT,
RADIAL
THRUST,
LOAD - TRIANGULAR
SHAPES
D, E, AND
AND
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
REACTION
x-PEL-IO63
38
39
FIQIJRE
Dead
on5-half
33
Y ei ht of
o P conduit
t-f,
t-i,
t-i.
D5ad
one-halt
5.SeIwr*
t-:*
.t
wight
af
of mndult
-f*
t = f.
D5od
one-hall
5.55.
wr
I.55OW
r5Wt
of
of conduit
w;155:
w reprewnb the wlght
p.r unit
VOhmw of ratw
In unite con5lrtent
with tho55
of th. rodiu5
r.
Th5 ouumod
roight
p51 unit voIum5
of t)u conduit
I5 l5Ow/55.4.
Tension is assumed to
olsumption
that the
develop
conduits
at the foundation.
For the
float see Figure 49.
SINGLE
ARREL CONDUIT
BEGGS DEFORM1 TER STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
TRIANGULAR
EXTERNAL
HYDROSTATIC
INCLUDINQ
DEAD LOAD
SHAPES
AND
SHEAR
LOAD
D, E, AND F
39
utttttrtltrltttttttt11
--fL
CQEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM
+
Sign
VERTICAL
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD
THRUST,
UNIFORM
AND
FOUNDATION
SHEAR
REACTION
convention
SHAPES
CIRCULAR,
SGUARE,
AND
X-PEL-I055

COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM
VERTICAL
SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD
CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
TRIANGULAR
SQUARE,
AN0
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
AND
REACTION
G
X-PEL-1056
41
FIGURE

COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATED
FOR MOMENT,
VERTICAL
SHAPES
LOAD
CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
UNIFORM
SPUARE,
AND
FOUNDATION
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL-
42
1057
36
:
a
--r----
7
-
___
f
LlLzziJ
(I
w
a.
a
is
(( _ ,
,
--
i
I:

COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATED
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
TRIANOULAR
VERTICAL
LOAD -
SHAPES
CIRCULAR,
SQUARE,
AND
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
AND
REACTION
X-PLL-
1058
43

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
+
Sign
VERTICAL
ee,
LOAD
THRUST,
UNIFORM
AND
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
REACTION
convention
SHAPES
SEP.
FOR MOMENT,
1964
CIRCULAR,
SQUARE,
AND
X-PEL-IO59
FIGURE
39

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
VERTICAL
SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD
THRUST,
TRIANGULAR
CIRCULAR,
SQUARE,
AND
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
AND
REACTION
X-PEL-1060
45
FIQURE
t-f
t-L
t-S-
utttltffttflnmltms.:
o.*l446(r
l t1..-a
Note:
No
vertical
arch
1006
on
square
shopc.
NOTE: g represents
ttm wight
par unit
volume of wil
cover
on the arch
of
the conduit
section
in units conrirteni
with
those
of the rodiur
r.

COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL
SHAPES
SEP.
46
Le.
1964
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
ARCH LOAQ - UNIFORM

CIRCULAR,
AN0
FOUNDATION
SQUARE.
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
6
X-PEL-IO61
40
Note :
No
vertical
arch
load
on
square
shape.
-f
0
1(r+t)
nom:
g represents
the n@ht
PM unit
volum.
of ~11 COYW on the arch
of +he conduit
aaction
in units
consistent
with those
of the radius

COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL
ARCH
SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD
THRUST,
- TRIANDULAR
CIRCULAR,
AND
FOUNDATION
SQUARE,
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL-106R
47
FIQURE
NOTES:
c represents
VOlumC of concrete
in units
consirtant
radius
r.
See FIgwe
3 for
the weight
per unit
or other
motwial
with those
ot the
net
or.x
of
sh.,,xs.

COEFFICIENTS
FOR MOMENT,
DEAD WElSHf
SEP. PI.
4-a
Sign
I,d.
conwntion
SHAPES
CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
AND
SHEAR
OF CONDUIT
SQUARE,
AND
X-PEL-1063
42
-1
h p-
-04
h b-
-1
h p-
-4
h )r-

COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM
SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
HORIZONTAL
CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
LOAO
SQUARE,
AN0
BOTH
SHEAR
SIDES
AND
x-
PEL-
IO64
49
FIQURE

COEFFICIENTS
50
FOR MOMENT,
TRIANQULAR
HORIZONTAL
SHAPES
CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
LOAD
SQUARE,
AND
BOTH
AND
SHEAR
SIDES
0
44
FIQURL -- 45
I)
, -
I-t
,..
I-I

BEGGS DEFDRMETER STRESS ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS
FOR MOMENT,
UNIFORM
+
Sign
INTERNAL
THRUST,
RADIAL
AND
SHEAR
LOAD
convention
SHAPES
CIRCULAR.
SQUARE,
AN0
X-PLL-
1055
51
Prrrrum
vertical
Pressure
vertical
distribution
along
e of conduit-.,
distribution
along
E of conduit.,
NOTE w reweeentr
the weight per unit
volume of voter in units consistent
wlh those of the radius
r.
)I+
COEFFlClENfS
m-
TRIANGULAR
L
q
Sqn
convention
INTERNAL
SliAPES
FOR MOMENT,
RADIAL
LOAD
CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
-
UNIFORM
SOUARE,
AND
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
AND
REACTION
>
r
SEP.
52
er,
1964
X-PEL-1067
FIQURE
Pressure
distribution
Pressure
vertical
distribution
along
C of conduit-.,
Pressure
vertlcol
w repmsante
volume of rater
with those of
NOTE:
47
along
distribution
along
c of conduit-..
the weight per unit

in units conristrnt
the rodtur
r.

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
+ Sinp convmtion
SEP.
er,
1004
INTERNAL
SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
RADIAL
LOAD -
CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
TRIANGULAR
SQUARE,
AND
SHEAR
FOUNDATION
AND
REACTION
X - PEL-IO68
53
hod wai ht of
one-holf f COIldUll
D*Od wqht of
one-half of conduit
6.010 wr
t-f,
t - 5, 5.7.0 wr
1.75* wr
t-f,
MOTES:w r5pr555nts the w5ipht p5r unit

volum* of water In units conatmt
with those of th5 rodlur r.
Ths owumed weight p5r unit voIum5
of th5 conduit I5 150~/6~.4.
,+
D
Tension is assumed ta develop at the foundation.

Far the
assumption
that the conduits
float
rep Figure 49.

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANWLAR
SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
AND
EXTERNAL
HYDROSTATIC
INCLUDING
DEAD LOAD
CIRCULAR,
SOUARE,
AND
SHEAR
LOAD
Q
X-PEL-1069
54
SHAPE
POINT
SHAPE
T
wr
SHAPE
SHAPE
-1
SHAPE
SUAPE
Top rtoction
of uniform
SOUARE
CIRCULAR
is ossumed to be
intensity, v.
For loading diagram,

t sign
convention, ond the assumption
that the conduits do not floot
see Figures 16, 33, ond 48.
Note:
Shape
does
not
floot

COEFFICIENTS
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
TAIANQULAR
EXTERNAL
HYDAOSTAtlO
INCLUDINS
DEAD LOAD
CONDUITS
ASSUMED
ALL
em,
SHEAR
LOAD
TO FLOAT
SHAPES
t-
,EP.
AN0
i
x- PEL-
1944
1070
1-1
r -0.218
~~
II +0.5301
-0.196
to.512
-0.137
-0.265
II
II
-0.
IB3
1 -0.164
11 -0.109
I to.471
I
II
1 to.455
1 -0.122
1 to.4061
6
-0.236
~l--o.t
I,
--
50
I z.412
--I
-...-I
-0.135
I +0.39q
r- a
-
-0.107
ll -0.090
-0.238
1+0.2l
~t0.103~t0.242~t0.420~i+0.065~t0.215~+0.373
IO
I-0.024itO.3751
II
I-0.130
I2
-0.196
to.512
I3
I-O.218
I +0.530
Sign
convention
to.082
l+o.459
to.306
t 0. I79
to.073
to.272
to.149
II- +0.069
+ 0.357
+ 0.398
to.412

COEFFICIENTS
FOR MOMENT,
HORIZONTAL
PASSIVE
CIRCULAR
56
THRUST,
PRESSURE
SHAPE
AN0
SHEAR
APPENDIX: THE BEGGS DEFORMETER
This study has been made, using the Beggs

Deformeter apparatus 4 6 e (figure 51). The basis
of the method is a direct application of Maxwells
Theorem of Reciprocal Deflections, which states
that. for any two points on a structure, the ratio
of the displacement at the fist point to the load
causing it, applied at the second point, is equal
to the ratio of the displacement
at the second
point to the load causing it, applied at the fist
point. Displacements
are measured in the load
directions.
In the general application
of this method of
stress analysis, an elastic scale model of the
structure
under consideration
is deformed
at a
cut in the model by use of a special set of gage
blocks and plugs. Three sets of plugs are used to
apply a rotational,
a normal, and a shearing displacement at the gage block. Microscopes equipped
with filar eyepieces are used to measure the model
deflections at points corresponding
to the load
points of the actual structure. Deflections are measured in the direction of the prototype loads. No
loads are applied to the model. Deflections of the
model are read at prototype load points for displacements applied at the gage block. The difference in microscope readings is a measure of
the model deflection induced by the change at the
gage block from the first position of the plugs to
the second position of the plugs.
From Maxwells
Theorem the following equations may be written for the redundant reactions
at the cut section:
-.
For a concentrated
load
M,=PFn
.
For a distributed
load
MI=:
pe,dl
M s
4 Beggs, G. E., An Accurate Solution of Statically

Indeterminate
Structures
by Paper Models
and Special
Gages, Proceedings ACI, vol. XVIII,
1922, pp. 58-78.
5 McCullough,
C. B., and Thayer, E. S., Elastic Arch
iii&es,
John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1931, pp. 2826 Phillips, H. B., and Allen,
formeter Theory and Technique,
Denver, Colo., July 1965.
I. E., The Beggs DeBureau of Reclamation,
SFPF
Sl=$
S
TI==PF
T
pes dl
Tl= $spe,
T
dl
where
d, is the angular rotation

ds is
dT is
eM is
es is
eT is
I
is
MI is
n
p
is
is
is
is
T1 is
The
applied at the cut

by the moment plugs
the displacement applied at the cut by
the shear plugs
the displacement applied at the cut by
the thrust plugs
the measured deflection at a load point,
in the direction of the load, due to d,
in the direction of the load, due to ds
in the direction of the load, due to dT
the load length
the redundant moment reaction at the
cut
the scale factor (prototype to model)
a load acting at a point on the prototype
the load intensity on the prototype at
the deflection point
the redundant shear reaction at the cut
the redundant thrust reaction at the
cut.
only
unknowns
in
these
equations
are
MI, T,, and S,.

In the actual operation of the Beggs Deformeter
the arithmetic
is simplified by the use of calibration factors based on the plug dimensions and the
eyepiece scales. An influence line through points
obtained by multiplying
the deflection ordinates
by the proper calibration
factor gives directly
the magnitude of the moment, thrust, or shear at
the gage block position for a unit traveling load.
It should be pointed out that the Beggs Deformeter method automatically
takes into account
the strain energy in a structure due to moment,
thrust, and shear as well as haunch effects and
other shape changes.
57
FIGURE
51.
-Beggs
Deformeter
apparatus
and
shape
B conduit
model.
58
GPO
850-512
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A WATER

Beggs Deformeter Stress Analysis

The Bureau of Reclamation

The Bureaus original purpose

Beaus Deformeter Stress Analvsis

As the Nations principal

THE BEGGS DEFORMETER

1. Dimensions of conduits and location of points studied. Shapes A,

1. Correction factors for difTerent radii of curvature.

2. I1113 top with m

9. Dead load with

internal radial with

Figures 1, 2, and 3 show cross sections of each

The reaction coefficients determined in the

for a circular conduit given by figure 50, the

In a curved beam the neutral axis will not be

is the thrust at the centroidal axis

As t decreases e approaches zero, and the ug distribution approaches linearity.

radius to the neutral axis

the extreme fiber Stress

factors for different

Glenn, Advanced Mechanics

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

NOTEg represents the vea*ht per unit

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CbNDUlT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT

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SEP. es. ,964

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ARCH LOAQ - UNIFORM

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the weight per unit

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