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Figures of speech are departures from the direct way of speaking or writing,
intended to explain, emphasize, elucidate or embellish what is being said.
They are chiefly used in poetry for the sake of vividness. They are also used
in prose especially in public speeches to give added effect or beauty to what is
said.
1. BASED ON SIMILARITIES
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Note: Comparison between two objects of the same kind is not a simile
but a simple comparison.
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(4.) Apostrophe. An Apostrophe is a direct address to the dead, to the
absent, or to a personified object or idea. This figure is a special form of
personification.
Example:
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(4) Irony. Irony is the use of words, the natural meaning of which is just
the opposite of what is intended to be expressed. By this figure,
therefore, we say one thing but mean just the opposite.
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(i) He was not a little annoyed at his failure.
(ii) I can assure you he is no fool.
(iii) These pens are not at all bad.
(iv) I am not a little surprised at your conduct.
(v) He is no dullard.
(vi) He does not look too pleased.
(vii) The first flight across the Channel was no small achievement.
(viii) Johnson was not an ordinary combatant.
(ix) He was by no means overjoyed at the news.
(x) We had no small difficulty in finding his house.
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(2) Synecdoche. Synecdoche: or “the understanding of one thing by
means of another”. By this figure one noun is changed for another of a
similar meaning.
e.g.,
(1) All hands to the pump.
(2) Preach the Gospel to every creature.
(3) A Daniel come to judgement.
(4) There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a
Frenchman.
(5) All the rank and fashion came out to see the sight.
(6) The marble speaks.
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e.g., (1) Can Flattery soothe the dull cold ear of Death?
(2) Has not Helen of Troy been a beautiful woman?
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(2) Exclamation. Exclamation is a figure in which the exclamatory form
is used to draw greater attention to a point than a mere bold statement of it
could do.
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(3) Climax. Climax is a figure in which the sense rises by successive steps
to what is more and more important and impressive.
e.g.,
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e.g., (1) The soldier fights for glory and a shilling a day.
(2) For thy sake, dear Helen, I would do anything but die!
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e.g.,
(1) He would draw the stage with tears.
(2) For one smile from Helen, I would barter ten thousand years of
anguish.
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V. Based on sound
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(vi) Can a leopard change its spots? Yes, when it goes from one spot
to another.
(vii) A boy who eats dates makes good use of his time.
(viii) He kept his spirits up by pouring spirits down.
(ix) It shall be called Bottom’s dream, because it hath no bottom.
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