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CAPITULO II

CAPITULO .

CARACTERIZACION DE LA FORMACION NAPO, ARENISCAM-1

2.1 TIPOS CONSOLIDACION DE ARENISCA.

En lo que respecta al tipo de arenisca presente en la Formacin Napo

Arenisca M 1, debemos decir que estn presente los dos tipos de
arenisca, tanto arenisca consolidada, como no consolidada, a una
profundidad de 7800 8000 pies.

40

2.1.1. ARENISCA CONSOLIDADA.

Arenas consolidadas
cementacin

son aquellas donde ha habido una buena

entre los granos, dndole

a la arena una buena

consistencia. Cuando encontramos una buena arena consolidada se

tiene la ventaja que tanto la porosidad y la permeabilidad cercana al
pozo no se ve afectada por flujo de arena.

La M-1 superior es una arenisca consolidada y corresponde a los

intervalos A, B, C de orientacin marino somero.

La M-1 inferior tambin es una arena consolidada que presenta una

homogeneidad continua, estructural.

2.1.2 ARENISCA NO CONSOLIDADA.

Arenisca no consolidada son aquellas donde no hubo una buena

cementacin a travs de los granos, por lo tanto la consistencia es
baja y en algunos caso nula y este problema se agudiza cuando se
tiene un pozo con bomba electro-sumergible (B.E.S.) y no se lleva un
control adecuado de la frecuencia del motor.

41

La desventaja de tener arenisca no consolidada es que la porosidad y

la permeabilidad de la formacin al pozo decrece a medida que la
arena fluye con los fludos del yacimientopor efectos de cadas de
presin de ciertos lmites.

En la arena M-1 se encuentra un intervalo no consolidado localizado

debajo de una intercalacin arcillosa. Esta arenisca no consolidada
presenta una diagenesis (es la transformacin del sedimento despus
de ser depositada, o tambien su paso al estado de roca coherente).

2.1.3 PROPIEDADES PETROFISICAS DE LA ARENISCA M-1.

El estudio de las propiedades de las rocas y su relacin con los fluidos

que contienen, en estado esttico o de flujo, se denomina petrofsica.
Las propiedades petrofsicas ms importante de una roca son:
Porosidad, Permeabilidad, Saturacin y Distribucin de los Fluidos,
Conductividad Elctrica de los Fluidos y de la Roca, Estructura Porosa
y Radioactividad.

Pero los tres mas importante conceptos en ingeniera de reservorio

que concierne a ciertas propiedades fsicas de la roca de reservorio y

42

de la distribucin de los fluidos dentro de los limites de los poros de la

roca de reservorio son:

A)

Porosidad

B)

Permeabilidad

C)

Saturacin de los fluidos.

Los datos sobre la permeabilidad relativas y saturacin del campo y

de los pozos seleccionados se presentan en la Tabla # 2.1 y 2.2.1 y
2.2.3, las Figuras # 2.2.1 y 2.2.3 de las permeabilidades de los pozos
seleccionados

2.2 PROPIEDADES DE LOS FLUIDOS DE LA ARENISCA M-1.

En la perforacin de los dos primeros pozos exploratorios se realis el

anlisis de P.V.T el cual ha servido de gua para todos los dems pozos
ya que las variaciones son mnimas a lo largo del yacimiento.

43

2.2.1 PARAMETRO P.V.T

Aparte de la determinacin de los tres parmetros primario P.V.T

como el Factor Volumtrico del Petrleo, Factor Volumtrico del Gas y
la Razn de la Solucin del Gas en el Petrleo, el anlisis

de

laboratorio consiste en la medida o clculos de la densidad de los

fluidos, viscosidad, composicin, etc.

En la tabla # 2.2.2 y 2.2.4 se presentan datos sobre los parmetros

P.V.T, las Figuras # 2.2.2 y 2.2.4,en el anexo A1 se presenta los datos
de los primeros pozos perforados.

2.3 MECANISMO DE EMPUJE EN EL YACIMIENTO.

La recuperacin de petrleo del yacimiento se obtiene mediante un

proceso de desplazamiento, siendo los principales los siguientes:
1) Expansin de la roca y de los lquidos.
2) Empuje por gas disuelto.
3) Empuje por capa de gas.
4) Empuje por agua.
5) Desplazamiento por segregacin

44

En lo que respecta al Bloque 16 y la formacin Napo M-1, el sistema

presente de desplazamiento es de empuje por agua de fondo y lateral,
una capa de gas esta presente pero el desplazamiento gravitacional en
el mecanismo de es despreciable y no influye en el proceso de
desplazamiento, ya que hay muy poca liberacin de gas debido al
mantenimiento de la presin por el acufero.

A continuacin se presenta la Tabla # 2.3 y Figura # 2.3 en la constan

la presin vs tiempo.

2.4 CALCULO DEL PETROLEO ORIGINAL IN SITU.

El clculo del petrleo original in stu en el campo Amo se lo realiz a

travs

(3)

de un modelo de simulacin de reservorio realizado el 18 y 19

de septiembrede 1997 en las oficina de Dallas, para l yacimiento M-1.

Este estudio nos permite conocer que las reservas in situ son 260.93
MMBP, teniendo como reservas recuperables 56,25 MMBP, contando
con un factor de recuperacin de 21,25 % de petrleo original.

Este estudio del yacimiento de las reservas han sido estimado hasta el
ao 2011, fecha en vence el contrato de la compaa YPF ECUADOR
INC con el Estado Ecuatoriano

45

En la Tabla 2.4 se presentan la informacin sobre la caractersticas del

yacimiento

CAMPO AMO
YACIMIENTO M-1
PROPIEDADES PTROFISICAS PROMEDIO

POZO
AMO 1

AMO OSO 1
AMO OSO 2
AMO OSO 3
AMO OSO 4
AMO OSO 6
AMO 2
AMO TIGRE 2
AMO TIGRE 3
AMO TIGRE 4
AMO TIGRE 5
AMO TIGRE 6
AMO TIGRE 1
AMO TIGRE 7
AMO TIGRE 8
AMO TIGRE 9

Tabla # 2.1

ZONA/PAGO
FT
63
66
38
56
69
18
41
47
61
51
51
36
46
51
40
30

Referencia (2)

POROSIDAD
%
21.11
21.81
21.77
23.47
22.00
25.9
20.8
19.08
21.17
21.31
21.45
22.5
19.00
22.00
20.00
20.00

SATURACION DE AGUA
%
21.30
37.72
21.37
54.93
42.54
37.6
26.0
23.00
16.00
27.83
22.78
23.3
16.00
18.00
24.00
23.50

PERMEABILIDAD
mD
3447
3447
3360
4034
4288
3560
4025
2325
3255
3744
2834
2935
3355
3100
3250
3850

CAMPO AMO TIGRE 1

YACIMIENTO M-1
PERMEABILIDADES RELATIVAS.

Swc
Sor
Kro
Krw

0.212
0.25
0.8
0.3

uw/uo = 0.0125

SW

KRO

KRW

FW

0.212
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.550
0.600
0.650
0.700
0.750
1.000

0.8000
0.6910
0.5597
0.4422
0.3386
0.2488
0.1727
0.1106
0.0622
0.0276
0.0069
0.0000
0.0000

0.0000
0.0125
0.0342
0.0586
0.0850
0.1127
0.1417
0.1717
0.2027
0.2344
0.2669
0.3000
1.000

0.0000
0.5908
0.8300
0.9138
0.9525
0.9735
0.9850
0.9920
0.9962
0.9985
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000

TABLA # 2.2.1

Referencia (2)

POZO AMO TIGRE 1 , YACIMIENTO "M-1" PERMEABILIDADES

RELATIVAS
1.2

1.1

0.9

0.8

Kro-krw

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Sw
PRESION (lpc )

Figura 2.2.1

Referencia (2)

Kro-Krw

fw

0.8

0.9

CAMPO AMO, POZO TIGRE 1

YACIMIENTO M-1
DATOS P.V.T

PRESION

VISCOSIDAD

Ipc

Cp
47.2
50.8
58.8
66.7
74.5

545
1000
2000
3000
4000

FACTOR VOLUMETRICO
DE FORMACION
BY/BN
1.054
1.052
1.050
1.047
1.045

FLUIDOS DEL YACIMIENTO

PRESION DE BURBUJA
Ipca
545

TABLA # 2.2.2

Referencia (2)

API

GOR MPCN/BLS

17.6

54

POZO AMO TIGRE 1, YACIMIENTO "M-1" DATOS P.V.T.

1.052

80
70

1.050

60

Uo (cp

50
1.046
40
1.044
30
1.042
20
1.040

10
0

1.038
545

1000

2000

3000

PRESION (lpc)
Uo (cp )

Figura 2.2.2

BO ( BY/BN)

4000

Bo (BY/BN)

1.048

POZO AMO, TIGRE 2

YACIMIENTO M-1
PERMEABILIDADES RELATIVAS.

Swc
Sor
Kro
Krw

SW
0.180
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.550
0.600
0.650
1.000
TABLA # 2.2.3

0.18
0.22
0.58
0.25

KRO
0.5800
0.4710
0.3597
0.2865
0.1435
0.0613
0.0276
0.0069
0.0033
0.0009
0.0000
0.0000

uw/uo = 0.0125

KRW
0.0000
0.0125
0.0383
0.0516
0.0724
0.1081
0.1356
0.1643
0.1982
0.2169
0.2500
1.0000

FW
0.0000
0.1235
0.5341
0.7548
0.8846
0.9365
0.9741
0.9903
0.9975
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000

POZO AMO TIGRE 2 , YACIMIENTO "M-1",PERMEABILIDADES

RELATIVAS
1.2

Kro-Krw

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

Sw

FIGURA 2.2.3

Elaborada en esta tesis

10

12

14

POZO AMO TIGRE 2

YACIMIENTO M-2
DATOS P.V.T.

PRESION

VISCOSIDAD

Ipc

Cp
44.8
47.6
54.9
60.1
69.2

545
1000
2000
3000
4000

FACTOR VOLUMETRICO
DE FORMACION
BY/BN
1.050
1.048
1.046
1.044
1.042

FLUIDO DEL YACIMIENTO

PRESION DE
BURBUJA
Ipca

API

GOR
MPCN/BLS

585

16.5

49

TABLA # 2.2.4

80

1.056

70

1.054

60

1.052

50

1.050

40

1.048

30

1.046

20

1.044

10

1.042

1.040
545

1000

2000

3000

PRESION ( lpc )
Uo ( cp )

BO (BY/BN)

4000

Bo (BY/BN)

Uo ( cp)

POZO AMO TIGRE 2 , YACIM IENTO "M -1", DATOS P.V.T.

CAMPO AMO POZO TIGRE 1

YACIMIENTO 2 M-1
DATOS DE PRESION

fecha

Presion de reservorio (Psi)

05/11/97
06/11/97
07-15/11/97
16/11/97
17-21/11/1997
22-26/11/1997
27-28/11/1997
29-10/11-12/97
11-13/12/97
14-18/12/1997
19-25/12/1997
26-27/12/1997
28-31/12/1997
1-6/01/1998
7-14/01-02/1998
15-22/02-03/1998
23-2/03-04/1998
3-13/04/1998
14-8/04-05/1998
9-28/05-09/1998

3.282
3.295
3.296
3.295
3.294
3.292
3.291
3.290
3.289
3.288
3.287
3.286
3.285
3.265
3.266
3.267
3.268
3.267
3.268
3.269

TABLA 2.3

Informacin de la empresa

TIEMPO.

RESV.PRESS

9-28/05-09/1998

14-8/04-05/1998

3-13/04/1998

23-2/03-04/1998

15-22/02-03/1998

7-14/01-02/1998

1-6/01/1998

28-31/12/1997

26-27/12/1997

19-25/12/1997

14-18/12/1997

11-13/12/97

29-10/11-12/97

27-28/11/1997

22-26/11/1997

17-21/11/1997

16/11/97

07-15/11/97

06/11/97

05/11/97

PRESION DE RESERVORIO, PSI

GRAFICO DE LA PRESION DE RESERVORIO DEL POZO

TIGRE 1

3.300

3.295

3.290

3.285

3.280

3.275

3.270

3.265

3.260

3.255

3.250

3.245

CAMPO AMO
YACIMIENTO M-1
RESERVAS Y FACTOR DE RECOBRO.

PETROLEO ORIGINAL IN SITU

RESERVAS

FACTOR DE RECOBRO

MMBP

MMBP

260.93

56.25

21.25

YACIMIENTO

M-1

El petrleo original in situ fue tomado del estudio de simulacin del yacimiento efectuado en Sept de 1997

TABLA 2.4

Referencia (3)

CAPITULO III

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CAPITULO V

121

CAPITULO V

ANALISIS ECONMICO COMPARATIVO EN LOS POZOS HORIZONTAL

Y DIRECCIONAL SELECCIONADOS.

En esta parte del captulo se har la evaluacin comparativa de los costos de

perforacin, completacin y de produccin, de cada uno de los pozos
seleccionados.

Los costos que se presentan son los valores reales totales de cada
operacin.

122

5.1 ANALISIS DE COSTO DE PERFORACION Y COMPLETACION DE

LOS POZOS SELECCIONADOS.

Los costos de perforacin de un pozo consisten: en el arrendamiento del

equipo de perforacin, tuberias de perforacon, corrida de registros
elctricos, cementacin del pozo, etc. Todos estos costo estan tarifados
en dlares.

En la completacin del pozo que representa el 50% del valor total del
pozo listo para producir, este gasto se justifica por cuanto el costo de los
diferentes tipos de casing, tubing, etc, tienen un valor significativo para la
operadora.

Los costos de perforacin y completacin de un pozo horizontal , son

mayores a las de un pozo direccional. Esto se debe a que las
operaciones para un pozo horizontal son ms elaboradas.

Con respecto al pozo horizontal Tigre 1, el costo total de la perforacin y

completacin del mismo fue de $ 3,449,300, en cambio que para el pozo
direccional Tigre 2, su costo fue de $ 2,127,595. Esta diferencia se da por
cuanto en la perforacin de la parte horizontal, se tienen operaciones
ms complejas como por ejemplo: cambiar el lodo de perforacin comun,

123

por uno especial llamado viplez, el cual le da seguridad para perfora; la

perforacin misma de la parte horizontal( 1200 pies ),etc.

5.2 ANALISIS DE LOS COSTOS DE PRODUCCION Y OPERACIN .

Los costos de produccin y operacin representan un valor significativo

para cualquier operadora, por que son egresos que corresponde poner
1 barril de petrleo desde el fondo del yacimiento hasta la superficie,
adems del proceso que se debe llevar una vez que el petrleo esta en
superficie para obtener el producto final, listo para entregar al estado
para su comercializacin

Estos costos tambin incluyen la utizacin de qumicos, combustibles,

tratamiento de slidos y lquidos, etc. En la informacin que se obtuvo,
este costo van disminuyendo como se muestran en las tablas.

5.3 PRECIO POR BARRIL.

En el presente trabajo se ha tomado el precio promedio para cada ao,

asi en 1995 fue de $12.41, 1996- $12.41, 1997- $12.41, 1998 -$9.5 y en
lo que va del ao de 1999, ante una medida de todos los pases
involucrados en el negoco del petrleo, se tom la decisin de disminuir

124

la produccin a nivel mundial, para recuperar su precio en el mercado

internacional, el cual alcanza en los actuales momentos un promedio de
$ 17.00.

5.4 EVALUACION COMPARATIVA DE POZOS SELECCIONADOS.

Uno de los aspectos ms importantes dentro del desarrollo de un

proyecto es el econmico . Por tal motivo el anlisis de este parmetro es
el que nos determina la realizacin de un proyecto.

Los valores que en este caso permitirn establecer comparaciones

econmicas son:

-Costo promedio de la operacin (Gasto de Capital)

-Flujo Neto de Caja (FNC)
-Valor presente Neto (VPN)

Cuando se tienen varias alternativas de inversin que puedn ser

cuantificadas en trminos de dinero, es importante reconocer el concepto
del valor del dinero en el tiempo .El valor presente neto del dinero es un
valor nico para la fecha calculada, es el reflejo del valor actual que tiene

125

una suma de dinero existente, invertida o gastada en el pasado o en el

tiempo futuro considerando una tasa de inters conocida o asumida.

Los clculos econmicos para cada uno de los pozos en estudio se

muestran al final del captulo.

Con estos valores vamos hacer una evaluacin econmica de los pozos
horizontal Tigre 1 y direccional Tigre 2.

5.5 DISCUSION DE LOS RESULTADOS

A travs del anlisis econmico realizado, se puede dar cuenta de la

importante que resulta un determinado tipo de explotacin de un
yacimiento, es decir que hay que considerar la productividad del pozo y
los costos que se generan al producirlo . Se ha realizado un balance de
la produccin de petrleo obtenido del pozo y el beneficio alcanzado .

Al estudiar los paramtros econmicos para ambos pozos(Tigre

1,Tigre2), se tiene la informacin en que tiempo

se logra la

recuperacin de la inversin , y adems el lmite econmico del pozo.

126

En el anlisis, hemos considerado ciertos indicadores econmicos ,

para saber el tiempo de recuperacin de la inversin en valor presente.

Las tablas son diseadas para calcular los costos-beneficio de cada

pozo seleccionado .De acuerdo al tipo de produccin , se ha calculado
la ganancia que deja un pozo por la cantidad de produccin.

CALCULO DE PAGO DEL POZO HORIZONTAL TIGRE 1

Jun-97
30

Jul-97
31
12.41
2.38

OIL PRICE ($/BO)

COSTO DE OPERACIN.
PORCENTAJE DE DESCUENTO
PORCENTAJE DE INFLACIN
AMO TIGRE 1
PRODUCCION ANUAL DE PETROLEO
FECHA INICIAL DE PRODUCCION
5/11/97
BOPMONTH
BOPD
PERFORACION Y COMPLETACION
WORKOVERS
INGRESOS
COSTO TOTAL YCAPITAL
CASH FLOW
FLUJO DE CAJA ACUMULATIVA
PERIODO DE PAGO (dias)

Aug-97
31
12.41
2.38

Sep-97
30
12.41
2.38

Oct-97
31
12.41
2.38

dec-97
31
12.41
2.38

326,595
10,887

311,914
10,062

12.00%
2.00%

$3,449,300

$4,053,044 $3,870,853
$777,296
$742,355
$3,275,748
$3,128,498
$3,449,300
-173552
$2,954,946
0
1.72
0
0
30
31.72

Clculo para obtener el da en que se pago el pozo.

10062*2.38 =23947,56
por da
10062*12.41= 124869,42 por da
(-173,552 - 23947,56X + 124869,42X) = 0
100921,86X = 173552
X = 1,72

Nov-97
30
12.41
2.38

TABLA 5.1

ANALISIS ECONMICO DEL POZO HORIZONTAL TIGRE 1

DATES

PRODUCCION DIARIA

INCREMENTAL M FLUIDO PRECIO DE COSTOS CAPITAL PRECIO INGRESOS GANANCIA FACTOR PVPAT
GASTOS
OIL
DE
TOTAL COSTO POR DE OPERACIN
BARRIL
Y CAPITAL
DESCUENTO
WATER
OIL
WATER
BWM
MBO
MSW
BFM
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

CUM PROD'M
CORTE
DE AGUA

OIL
BOM
6

Cum.
NCF

Cum.
NVP

M$
19

M$
20

BOPD

BWPD

05-30/11/97

13064

5802

28.74%

326595

132133

326595 132133

458728

2.38

777296

12.41

4053041 -173555

1%

-173555

-173555

-173555

01-31/12/97

10062

10077

50.41%

311914

312388

-14681

180255

624302

2.38

742356

12.41

3870855 3128499

1%

3097214

2954944

2923659

01-31/01/98

7188

14378

66.67%

222825

445706

-89089

133317

668531

2.38

530324

9.5

2116839 1586515

1%

1554785

4541460

4478444

01-28/02/98

5212

13602

70.07%

165546

380857

-57279

-64849

546403

2.38

394001

9.5

1572691 1178691

1%

1143330

5720150

5621774

01-31/03/98

5497

14799

72.89%

170401

458761

4854

77904

629162

2.38

405554

9.5

1618806 1213253

1%

1164723

6933403

6786497

01-30/04/98

4758

15831

76.81%

142752

474919

-27648

16158

617671

2.38

339750

9.5

1356147 1016396

1%

965576

7949799

7752073

01-31/05/98

4299

17064

79.81%

133261

529000

-9491

54081

662262

2.38

317162

9.5

1265983 948821

1%

891892

8898621

8643965

01-30/06/98

3763

16754

81.63%

112899

502618

-20362

-26382

615518

2.38

268701

9.5

1072544 803844

1%

9702464

9391540

01-31/07/98

2853

13782

83.84%

82429

427246

-30470

-75372

509675

2.38

196181

9.5

783076 586894

1%

539022

10289359

9930562

01-31/08/98

3590

18592

83.81%

111295

576348

28866

149102

687643

2.38

264882

9.5

1057303 792420

1%

721102

11081779

10651664

01-30/09/98

2984

17880

85.63%

89514

536397

-21781

-39951

625911

2.38

213043

9.5

850383 637340

1%

573606

11719119

11225270

INPUT PARAMETERS
COSTOS POR BARRIL
PRECIO DEL PETROLEO
AUMENTO DEL PRECIO
FACTOR DE DESCUENTO
INFLACIN

2.38 $/BTF
12.41-9.45 $/BO
-23.85%
12.00%
2%

GASTOS DE CAPITAL

(COLUMNA 13)

TABLA 5.2

3449300

747575

CALCULO DE PAGO DEL POZO DIRECCIONAL TIGRE 2

OIL PRICE ($/BO)
COSTO DE OPERACIN.
PORCENTAJE DE DESCUENTO
PORCENTAJE DE INFLACIN
AMO TIGRE 1
PRODUCCION ANUAL DE PETROLEO
FECHA INICIAL DE PRODUCCION
1/7/95
BOPMONTH
BOPD
PERFORACION Y COMPLETACION
$2,127,595
WORKOVERS
INGRESOS
COSTO TOTAL YCAPITAL
CASH FLOW
$2,127,595
FLUJO DE CAJA ACUMULATIVA
PERIODO DE PAGO (dias)

Clculo para obtener el da en que se pago el pozo.

1861*5.44 = 10123,84
por da
1861*12.41 = 23095
por da
(-18,815 - 10,123.84X + 23095X) = 0
12971.16X = 18815
X = 1.45

Jul-95
31
12.41
5.44

Aug-95
31
12.41
5.44

Sep-95
30
12.41
5.44

Oct-95
31
12.41
5.44

Nov-95
30
12.41
5.44

94377
3044

72689
2345

55296
1843

80189
2587

55819
1861

$1,171,218
$ 513,410
$ 657,808
(-$1,469,787)

$ 902,070
$ 395,428
$ 506,642
(-$963,145)

$ 686,223
$ 300,810
$ 385,413
(-$577,732)

$ 995,145
$ 436,228
$ 558,917
(-$18,815)

12.00%
2.00%

31

TABLA 5.3

62

92

123

$
$
$
$

692,714
303,655
389,059
370,244
1.45
124.45

ANALISIS ECONMICO DEL POZO DIRECCIONALTIGRE 2

DATES

1
1/31/95
28/02/95
31/03/95
30/04/95
31/05/95
30/06/95
31/07/95
31/08/95
30/09/95
31/10/95
30/11/95
31/12/95
29/02/96
31/03/96
30/04/96
31/05/96
30/06/96
31/07/96
31/08/96
30/09/96
31/10/96
30/11/96
31/12/96
31/01/97
28/02/97
31/03/97
30/04/97
31/05/97
30/06/97
31/07/97
31/08/97
30/09/97
31/10/97
30/11/97
31/12/97
31/01/98

CORTE
PRODUCCION DIARIA
DE
AGUA
BOPD
BWPD
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3044
2345
1843
2587
1861
2006
1882
1624
1496
1680
1834
1756
1366
1341
1451
1447
1048
1385
1068
1209
1141
1126
1047
1107
1183
1152
706
0
0
0

3
0
0
0
0
0
0
107
849
1804
4397
4842
7083
8167
7425
6612
2923
8727
9086
8027
8657
10481
10581
10326
10231
8580
10536
10502
10604
10513
9672
10557
10399
6478
0
0
0

4
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.41%
26.59%
49.47%
60.99%
72.24%
77.93%
81.27%
82.06%
81.55%
82.50%
82.63%
83.80%
85.46%
86.59%
87.84%
87.97%
87.70%
88.07%
88.93%
89.71%
90.20%
90.40%
90.95%
89.73%
88.92%
90.03%
90.17%

INCREMENTAL M FLUIDOPRECIO DE COSTOS CAPITAL PRECIO

TOTAL COSTO POR DE OPERACIN COSTOS
OIL
WATER
OIL
WATER
BARRIL
Y CAPITAL
BWM
BOM
BWM
MBF
$
$
$
$
7
8
9
10
11
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3328
94377
3328
97705
5.44
513411
2127595
12.41
26330
-21688
23002
99019
5.44
395428
12.41
54132
-17393
27802 109428
5.44
300810
12.41
126306
24893
72174 206495
5.44
436228
12.41
145255
-24370
18949 201074
5.44
303655
12.41
219584
6383
74329 281786
5.44
338379
12.41
236840
-7624
17256 291418
4.37
238506
12.41
230189
-4239
-6651 280528
4.37
219981
12.41
198357
-5462
-31832 243234
4.37
196112
12.41
245610
7210
47253 297697
4.37
227620
12.41
261807
2939
16197 316833
4.37
240464
12.41
281671
-590
19864 336107
4.37
237885
12.41
248827
-12097
-32844 291166
4.37
185021
12.41
259716
-2104
10889 299951
4.37
175827
12.41
324898
4746
65182 369879
4.37
196567
12.41
317419
-1583
-7479 360817
4.37
189649
12.41
320097
1492
2678
364987
4.37
196169
12.41
317151
-1940
-2946 360101
2.38
102221
12.41
240241
-13038
-76910 270153
2.38
71191
12.41
326627
7557
86386 364096
2.38
89176
12.41
315067
-3241
-11560 349295
2.38
81463
12.41
328717
678
13650 363623
2.38
83076
12.41
315404
-3507
-13313 346803
2.38
74730
12.41
299824
2921
-15580 334144
2.38
81682
12.41
327258
2355
27434 363933
2.38
87287
12.41
311983
-2121
-15275 346537
2.38
82239
12.41
200812
-12670 -111171 222696
2.38
52084
380702
12.41
0
-21884 -200812
0
2.38
0
12.41
0
0
0
0
2.38
0
12.41
0
0
0
0
2.25
0

CUM PROD'M
OIL
BOM
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
94377
72689
55296
80189
55819
62202
54578
50339
44877
52087
55026
54436
42339
40235
44981
43398
44890
42950
29912
37469
34228
34906
31399
34320
36675
34554
21884
0
0
0

INGRESOS

GANANCIA

FACTOR
DE

PVPAT

Cum.#
DE MESES

DESCUENTO

Cum.
NCF

Cum.
NVP

$
21

$
22

DESDE WO

$
16

$
17

$
18

$
19

1171219
902070
686223
995145
692714
771927
677313
624707
556924
646400
682873
675551
525427
499316
558214
538569
557085
533010
371208
464990
424769
433183
389662
425911
455137
428815
271580
0
0
0

-1469787
506642
385413
558917
389058
433548
438807
404726
360811
418779
442409
437665
340406
323489
361647
348920
360916
430789
300017
375814
343307
350107
314932
344230
367850
346577
-161206
0
0
0

1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%

-1469787
501575
377705
542150
373496
411871
412479
376395
331946
381089
398168
389522
299557
281435
311016
296582
303169
357555
246014
304409
274646
276585
245647
265057
279566
259933
-116068

20

-1469787 -1469787
-963145 -968212
-577732 -590507
-18814
-48357
370244
325139
803792
737010
1242599 1149489
1647325 1525884
2008136 1857830
2426915 2238919
2869324 2637087
3306990 3026609
3647395 3326166
3970885 3607601
4332532 3918617
4681452 4215199
5042368 4518368
5473156 4875923
5773173 5121937
6148988 5426346
6492294 5700992
6842402 5977577
7157334 6223224
7501563 6488281
7869413 6767847
8215990 7027780
8054784 6911712
8054784 6911712
8054784 6911712
8054784 6911712

28/02/98
31/03/98
30/04/98
31/05/98
30/06/98
31/07/98
31/08/98
30/09/98
31/10/98

0
0
0
282
519
234
0
143
601

0
0
0
3751
9641
4305
0
2414
9967

93.00%
94.88%
94.84%
94.43%
94.31%

0
0
0
8748
15595
7266
0
4276
18630

0
0
0
116271
289244
133472
0
72420
308972

0
0
0
8748
6847
-8329
-7266
4276
14354

0
0
0
116271
172973
-155772
-133472
72420
236552

INPUT PARAMETERS
COSTOS POR BARRI PROMEDIO
PRECIO DEL PETROLEO
AUMENTO DEL PRECIO
FACTOR DE DESCUENTO
INFLACIN

3.61 $/BTF
12.41-9.5 $/BO
-23.85%
12.00%
2%

GASTOS DE CAPITAL

( COLUMNA 13)

TABLA 5.4

0
0
0
125019
304839
140738
0
76696
327602

2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25

0
0
0
19683
35089
16349
0
9621
41918

9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5

0
0
0
83106
148153
69027
0
40622
176985

0
0
0
63423
113064
52679
0
31001
135068

1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%

42493
74622
34241
19531
83142

8054784
8054784
8054784
8118207
8231271
8283949
8283949
8314950
8450018

6911712
6911712
6911712
6954205
7028827
7063068
7063068
7082599
7165741

VALOR PRESENTE ACUMULADO, POZO TIGRE 1,

HORIZONTAL.

13500000

VALOR PRESENTE ACUMULADO, $

11500000

9500000

7500000

5500000

3500000

1500000

-500000

0530/11/97

0131/12/97

Figura 5.1

0131/01/98

0128/02/98

0131/03/98

0130/04/98

0131/05/98

TIEMPO ( MENSUAL )

0130/06/98

0131/07/98

0131/08/98

0130/09/98

VALOR PRESENTE ACUMULADO, POZO TIGRE 2,

DIRECCIONAL.
8000000
7000000

VALOR PRESENTE, $

6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
9/23/94

4/11/95

10/28/95

5/15/96

12/1/96

6/19/97

-1000000
-2000000

TIEMPO ( MENSUAL )
Figura 5.2
VALOR PRESENTE ACUMULADO

1/5/98

7/24/98

2/9/99

GANANCIA NETA MENSUAL POZO TIGRE 1,HORIZONTAL

3500000

3000000

GANANCIA

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

-500000
05-30/11/97 01-31/12/97 01-31/01/98 01-28/02/98 01-31/03/98 01-30/04/98 01-31/05/98 01-30/06/98 01-31/07/98 01-31/08/98 01-30/09/98

TIEMPO MENSUAL
Figura 5.3

TIGRE 1

Figura 5.4
TIGRE 2

TIEMPO ( MENSUAL )
Sep-98

Jul-98

May-98

Mar-98

Jan-98

Nov-97

Sep-97

Jul-97

May-97

Mar-97

Jan-97

Nov-96

Sep-96

Jul-96

May-96

Mar-96

Jan-96

Nov-95

Sep-95

Jul-95

May-95

Mar-95

Jan-95

GANANCIA NETA ,$

GANANCIA NETA MENSUAL, POZO TIGRE 2, DIRECCIONAL

1000000

500000

-500000

-1000000

-1500000

VALOR PRESENTE ACUMULADO COMPARATIVO

VALOR PRESENTE ACUMULADO

12000000

10000000

8000000

6000000

4000000

2000000

0
9/23/94

4/11/95

10/28/95

5/15/96

12/1/96

6/19/97

TIEMPO ( MENSUAL )
Figura 5.5

TIGRE 1

TIGRE 2

1/5/98

7/24/98

2/9/99

TIGRE 2

Figura 5.6
TIGRE 1

TIEMPO ( MENSUAL )
Sep-98

Jul-98

May-98

Mar-98

Jan-98

Nov-97

Sep-97

Jul-97

May-97

Mar-97

Jan-97

Nov-96

Sep-96

Jul-96

May-96

Mar-96

Jan-96

Nov-95

Sep-95

Jul-95

May-95

Mar-95

Jan-95

GANANCIA NETA

GANANCIA INDIVIDUALIZADA COMPARATIVA

3500000

3000000

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

-500000

-1000000

-1500000

CONCLUSIONES

1- La principal razn para decidir una perforacin direccional u horizontal en

el Campo Amo, es la de afectar lo menos posible al medio ambiente,
disminuyendo notablemente la deforestacin que se tendra si para cada
pozo hubiera necesidad de construir una plataforma de perforacin.

2- La perforacin de un pozo horizontal resulta ser el 40 % ms costosa que

una direccional, en el Campo Amo y adems, tomarse casi el doble del
tiempo para su ejecucin.

3- La produccin de un pozo horizontal con respecto a la de un pozo

direccional en el Campo Amo, es aproximadamente cinco veces mayor,
debido a que el rea del pozo abierto al flujo desde el yacimiento a la
correspondiente es de 1200 pies de punzados comparada con los
correspondiente 50 pies de punzados del pozo direccional.

4- Es conocido que la capacidad productiva de petrleo en un pozo

horizontal se v seriamente afectada por la proximidad del contacto agua
petrleo. El pozo horizontal objeto de este estudio, fue perforado
horizontalmente alejado del contacto agua-petrleo por la que al presente
su produccin no se encuentra afectada por por dicho contacto.

5- Del anlisis del tiempo de pago se desprende que la perforacin y

completacin de un pozo horizontal en el Campo Amo, tiene un tiempo de
pago del 80 % menor con respecto al de un pozo direccional.

6- El control de los costos, la logstica y la tcnica de perforacin en una

perforacin horizontal en el Campo Amo es crtica, ya que a falta de estos
controles el tiempo de pago podra extenderse, y perjudicar la econmia
del proyecto. De este particular existe unejemplo en dicho campo.

RECOMENDACIONES

1- En una perforacin horizontal en el Campo Amo, se recomienda

balancear la posibilidad de obtener una mayor tasa con la de recuperar
finalmente ms petrleo, considerando que la arena Napo M 1 tiene un
contacto agua petrleo en dicho Campo, y que una alta tasa podra
ocasionar conificacin.

2- En una perforacin horizontal en el Campo Amo, se recomienda aplicar

un mayor control en la produccin de arena, ya que una alta produccin
de arena podra ocasionar la obstruccin de los fludos del yacimiento
hacia la superficie.

3- Por la alta tasa de agua que produce el Campo Amo, sera recomendable
hacer un estudio de Recuperacin Secundaria, reinyectando el agua
producida y para desplazar el petrleo en el yacimiento.

!"#$%&'("#$)$*$+
,"&#-!.%/
01/',.%2'&.'$%$!%$.'#1#

ANEXO A4

Customer Y.P.F ECU

Well Name AMO TIGRE 1 ( HM)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HARDWARE
TEMPERATURE
Casing
9.625, 47#
Down hole temp ( F )
200
Perforation Depth
7651 ft
Well head temp ( F )
120
Vert Depth of Pump
6700 ft
Tubing Length (ft)
6700 ft
Tubing ID ( in )
4653 in
Instrument tube OD
0 in
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WELL DATA
FLUID CALCULATIONS
Oil gravity ( API )
16
Specif Grav Water
1.033
Water Cut ( 0-1 )
10 %
Specific Gravity oil
0.959
Gas gravity
0.85
Avg Specific Gravity
0.967
GOR SCF/BBL
50
Gradient ( psi /ft )
0.419
GIP
100 %
Bubble Point psi
805
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WELL TEST DATA PI METHOD
WELL CALCULATIONS PI METHOD
Static down hol psi
3256
At depth (ft)
6500
Ultimate Flow ( BPD )
32560
Stat Fluid Lev ( ft )
-1279
( pump dn to perfs )
Static down hole psi
3256
Maximum Flow (BPD)
28961
( at perforations )
( GPM)
845
PI ( BPD/ PSI )
10
(at min pump intake pressure)
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD CALCULATIONS PI METHOD
Fluid Wellhead
Tubing
Total
Flow
Flow
Level Pressure
Friction
Dynamic
GPM
BPD
Feet
Feet Loss ( ft )
Head ( ft )
466.7
16000
2544
956
414
3913
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DESIRED OPERATING CONDITIONS
PUMPING CONDITIONS
Pump speed in rpm
3680
Well HD Press ( psi ) 400
Flow in BPD
16000
Flow ( GPM ) 467 GPM
Min Pump Intake psi
25 PSI
Fluid HP ( pump out )
488
Pump horsepower rqd.
711
Maximun Desired Flow 16000 BPD
Eff. ( pump only )
68.6%
467 GPD
Head Produced ft.
4281
Frecuency
64
Head Required ft.
3913
---------------------------------------------Intake pressure psi
1321
PUMP
Drawdon Straight Line

Type CK 20000
Stages
44
MOTOR REQUIREMENTS
No. Stages to try 40
60 Hz Hp rating
667
8%.0 flow error due to
formation Bo
60 Hz. Speeds
Use Compsel if error > 5 %
User specified
3450
NO GAS SEPARATOR REQUIRED
Computer calculated.
ERR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Well Name AMO TIGRE 2 UNIDAD C

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HARDWARE
TEMPERATURE
Casing
9.625, 47#
Down hole temp ( F )
210
Perforation Depth
8706 ft
Well head temp ( F )
120
Vert Depth of Pump
7062 ft
Tubing Length (ft)
7517 ft
Tubing ID ( in )
2.992 in
Instrument tube OD
0 in
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WELL DATA
FLUID CALCULATIONS
Oil gravity ( API )
15
Specif Grav Water
1.02
Water Cut ( 0-1 )
10 %
Specific Gravity oil
0.959
Gas gravity
0.85
Avg Specific Gravity
0.967
GOR SCF/BBL
50
Gradient ( psi /ft )
0.418
GIP
100 %
Bubble Point psi
519
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WELL TEST DATA PI METHOD
WELL CALCULATIONS PI METHOD
Static down hol psi
3125
At depth (ft)
8706
Ultimate Flow ( BPD )
1800
Stat Fluid Lev ( ft )
- 222
( pump dn to perfs )
Static down hole psi
3125
Maximum Flow (BPD)
1510
( at perforations )
( GPM)
44
PI ( BPD/ PSI )
1.33
(at min pump intake pressure)
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD CALCULATIONS PI METHOD
Fluid Wellhead
Tubing
Total
Flow
Flow
Level Pressure
Friction
Dynamic
GPM
BPD
Feet
Feet Loss ( ft )
Head ( ft )
29.2
1000
4562
1196
28
5786
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DESIRED OPERATING CONDITIONS
PUMPING CONDITIONS
Pump speed in rpm
3450
Well HD Press ( psi ) 500
Flow in BPD
1000
Flow ( GPM ) 29 GPM
Min Pump Intake psi
25 PSI
Fluid HP ( pump out )
47
Pump horsepower rqd.
123
Maximun Desired Flow 1000 BPD
Eff. ( pump only )
37.7%
29 GPD
Head Produced ft.
6540
Frecuency
60
Head Required ft.
5786
---------------------------------------------Intake pressure psi
1045
PUMP
Drawdon Straight Line

Type GN 3200
Stages
131
MOTOR REQUIREMENTS
No. Stages to try 116
60 Hz Hp rating
123
8.7%. flow error due to
formation Bo
60 Hz. Speeds
Use Compsel if error > 5 %
User specified
3450
NO GAS SEPARATOR REQUIRED
Computer calculated.
3434
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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