Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
500
610
Mohammed experiences
visions and begins
570 Qur’an (sacred text
Birth of 600 of Islam).
Mohammed.
7th century
632
Expansion of Islam
Death of Mohammed.
across the Middle East
711 and Africa.
Islamic forces 700
conquer Spain.
717
Advancing Islamic
forces defeated at 800 8th century
Constantinople. Early Islamic Empire at
its peak; beginning of
732 the ‘Golden Age of
Defeat of Islamic Islam’.
forces in France at
900
the Battle of Tours.
1000
1452–53 1459
Sultan Mehmet II Construction of the
of the Ottoman 1500
Topkapi Palace begins.
Empire captures
Constantinople. 1529 1 What do you know about Islam?
Advancing Ottoman
forces defeated 2 Which modern day country was the centre of the
1600 at Vienna.
Ottoman Empire?
1683
Ottoman forces again 3 Examine the image on the opposite page. How big
defeated in Vienna.
This is seen by many does the Blue Mosque appear to be? What does
as the beginning of the 1700 this tell you about the importance of religion to the
decline of the
Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Empire?
4 Can you name two Islamic countries in our region?
Student workbook
5.1
m Bulgarians BL ACK SE A
ba
SP
rd
IA
s
N
SPAIN ARMENIA
SEA
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
M
ED SYRIA
ITE
RRA
NEAN
SEA Damascus
Berbers Jerusalem PERSIA
EGYPT
PE
RS
N
IA
GU
LF
Medina
RE
D
Key ARABIA
Mecca City Mecca
Avars People
SE
A
ATL ANTI C
Franks Avars
O CE AN Magyars
Lo
CA
m Bulgarians BL ACK SE A
ba
SP
rd
IA
s
N
SPAIN ARMENIA
SEA
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
M
ED SYRIA
ITE
RRA
NEAN
SEA Damascus Baghdad
Berbers PERSIA
EGYPT
PE
RS
N
IA
GU
LF
RE
Key
D
Baghdad City ARABIA
Avars People
SE
At the death of Mohammed, 632
A
After the conquests of the first four caliphs, 661 AR ABIAN
After the conquests of the Umayyad caliphs, 750
0 500 1000 1500 SE A
Outer limits of the Byzantine Empire
kilometres
Student workbook
5.2
Education Source 1
Some sayings of
the Prophet Mohammed that
One of the main reasons for the encouraged learning
creativity and brilliance of the
achievements of the Islamic people He who pursues the road of
was their love of learning and the great knowledge Allah will direct to
importance placed on education. the road of Paradise . . . The
The Islamic world built many brightness of a learned man
compared to that of a mere
universities where law, languages,
worshiper is like that of a full
mathematics, science and medicine
moon compared to all the stars
were studied. Great literature was . . . Obtain knowledge; its
written, such as the One Thousand possessor can distinguish right Astronomy and geography
and One Nights, which includes from wrong; it shows the way to Inspired by earlier works, Arabic
the famous stories of Ali Baba and Heaven; it befriends us in the
scientists were fascinated by the stars
Sinbad the Sailor. desert and in solitude, and when
and the planets. In 771 the caliph of
Perhaps the highest point of we are friendless; it is our guide
Baghdad built an observatory to study
Islamic learning came in 832 CE to happiness; it gives us strength
in misery; it is an ornament to the stars. By learning more about the
when the House of Wisdom (Bayt
friends, protection against stars, Islamic scientists could develop
al-Hikma in Arabic) was established
enemies . . . The scholar’s ink is charts that helped their sailors navigate
in Baghdad as a collection of world
holier than the martyr’s blood . . . and enabled their traders to travel more
knowledge. It was one of the great
Seeking knowledge is required quickly by sea.
libraries of history. It was destroyed
of every Muslim . . .
by Mongol invaders in 1256.
Medicine Source 3
A thirteenth-century illustration showing a
teacher instructing students in the House of Wisdom.
Islamic scholars studied the works of the Greeks and Note the stacks of books in the background.
Romans as the basis for their medical knowledge.
Some of the main medical texts that were used
until recently were written by Muslims during
this time. One of the greatest doctors of the time,
al‑Rhazi, lived from 865 to 925. He studied
medicine at Baghdad University and was later put
in charge of the hospital in Baghdad. He wrote
over 100 books on medicine, with the most famous
book, the al‑Hawi, being an encyclopaedia of
medical knowledge at the time. In it, he recorded
the opinions of Greek, Syrian, Hindu and Persian
writers on how to treat various conditions. He then
added his opinions. This shows that he and other
Islamic doctors had open minds about medicine
— something that was not reflected by some other
cultures of the time.
Land route
Sea route
Buda Azov
Venice Osijek
Belgrade
Genoa
A
D
BLACK SEA
RI
AT
IC Dubrovnik
SE Sinope
A Edirne
Constantinople
Naples Salonika Trebizond
Bursa Tokat
Ankara
Palermo Tabriz
Athens
Adana
Tunis Siracusa
Aleppo
Rhodes
To China
Crete and India
MED Cyprus Tripoli
ITER
RANE Beirut
AN SEA Damascus
Baghdad
Tripoli
Alexandria
Gallipoli
Involvement in trade 1354 Bursa
1326
Ankara
1402
The Ottomans were in a position to take part in the
major trading routes: between Europe and China by the
Silk Road; from India by land and sea; and from Africa
along the pilgrimage routes to Mecca, as shown in 0 250 500
Source 1 . Profits from trade brought the money to wage kilometres
wars, but trade also brought ideas and technology, such
Jacaranda World History Atlas
as the use of the cannon.
Ottoman Empire pp. 104 –5
Adoption of Sunni Islam Key Byzantine Empire
The Ottomans, like their neighbours to the east and Bursa
1326 Capital (with date made capital) Ottoman Empire by 1352
the south, followed Islam. The Ottomans were Sunni, a Kosovo
1389
Battle (with date) Ottoman Empire by 1400
branch of the religion that was generally more tolerant to
Christians and Jews than other Islamic denominations.
Student workbook
A military tradition 5.4
Constantinople
Following Bayezid’s death in 1402, there was a period of
confusion when his sons fought each other for power. Restoration
of the empire began under Murad II (1421–51), and a victory at
the Second Battle of Kosovo (1448) re‑established Ottoman rule
in the Balkans. Murad II died three years later and was
succeeded by his nineteen-year-old son, Mehmet II. By this time
Constantinople, the capital of the Orthodox Christian Byzantine
Empire, was completely surrounded by Ottoman-controlled
territory, and Mehmet’s military advisers persuaded him that a
great victory at the city would help him secure his position.
Source 1 Source 3
Sultan Mehmet II gives his A map of
reasons for attacking Constantinople. Constantinople showing
its major defences
The ghaza [holy war] is our basic
duty as it was in the case of our Palace
fathers. Constantinople, situated in
Road to
the middle of our domains, protects
Ly
Edirne
cus
ld
m
en
or Chain to block
H
er
n entry to Golden
Church of the
Bosporus
Horn when
Holy Apostles
ll
attacked
wa
Source 2
Candarli Halil, adviser to
the sultan, warns Constantinople that (u
nd
er
Sultan Mehmet is more of a danger to gr
ou
nd
Double
about 250 kilometres west of army. Edirne take weight of on coast attacked. SEA
1365−1453 cannons.
Constantinople. To defend the February 1453
Winter 1452–53
Ottoman troops
Bosporus, in April and August Cannons
brought in
cross Bosporus.
1452, the Ottomans built the Key preparation.
August 1452
fortress of Rumeli Hisar on the Bursa Ottoman capital with dates New Ottoman fort built
1326−65
western bank. With an earlier Ottoman land attack
fortress on the other side, the Ottoman sea attack Constantinople
Ottomans could now control Byzantine Empire
6 April 1453
shipping along the Bosporus. Fort Ottoman bombardment begins.
Old Ottoman
fort
In late August 1452, MARMARA SEA
Mehmet inspected the walls of AEGEAN
Constantinople and then returned SEA
Gallipoli
Belgrade Bucharest
CA
BLACK SEA
SP
IAN
Istanbul
Bursa SEA
ME
DIT Rhodes
ERR ASIA
ANE
AN SEA Damascus Baghdad
Jerusalem
Cairo
Medina
RE
Mecca
kilometres
AFRICA
SE
A
Key
Bursa City
The Hapsburgs
The Hapsburg dynasty was based
in Austria, but through wars and
marriage alliances they controlled
a large part of western Europe,
including Spain, Portugal, Poland
and Hungary, as well as sections of
the Netherlands and northern and
southern Italy. At this time, it was
led by Emperor Charles V.
The challenges
The legal system had to take into
account the complex structure of
the Ottoman Empire.
• Almost all of the empire, except
parts of Africa, was mountainous.
Communities were isolated from
each other and had developed
their own laws.
• There were many different
lifestyles in the empire. Some
Ottomans lived in great cities
while others were nomads or
merchants who travelled long
distances.
• The empire was made up of
people with many different
faiths, including Christianity
and Judaism. In some parts of
the empire Muslims were in the
minority.
Source 3
An artist’s reconstruction
of a caravanserai
c Domes allowed light into
the rooms. This idea was g This accommodation
was suitable for
further developed in the
summer.
domes for mosques.
a Winter quarters
provided protection
from cold weather.
Art
One popular form of art was calligraphy. The Qur’an
was written in Arabic, so letters themselves were seen to
have a sacred quality, and lettering became an art form.
Ottoman art, like literature, was first modelled on
that of Persia. However, over time it moved away from
Ottoman architects continued in the tradition. Often the depiction of imaginary worlds to depicting current
a complex of buildings surrounded a mosque, and this events or scenes from daily life. One of the most famous
was called a kulliye. As well as the mosque, a kulliye artists was Bihzad (c. 1440–1514), who depicted scenes
in the former capital of Edirne contained separate of everyday life.
buildings including a hospital, mental asylum, school
of medicine, school, library, bakery and eating hall. A Source 3
A painting by Bihzad showing the construction of a fort
windowed dome over the mosque allowed the use of
light that became a feature of Ottoman architecture.
Source 2 Source 4
A painting depicting the entry of Mehmet II into Constantinople after its An account from the French
capture in 1453. This picture was painted by the French artist Jean-Joseph Benjamin- ambassador Philippe du Fresne-
Constant in 1876. The artist had grown to appreciate the Islamic and Eastern Canaye who led an embassy in 1573
cultures after a journey to Morocco in 1872. to the Ottoman Empire (quoted in
Architecture, ceremonial, and power:
The Topkapi Palace in the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries by G. Necipoglu,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT
Press, 1991, pp. 64–6)
Student workbook
EXPLANATION AND 5.8
COMMUNICATION
ARC TI C O CE AN
1 Which of the achievements
outlined in this spread do
you believe to be the most
important? Justify your
response.
Analysis and use of sources
2 Using Source 1 and the text,
describe which parts of the
world most of the followers of
NORTH
Islam live in today.
AMERICA
3 Compare Source 1 with some
of the maps from earlier in the
chapter that show where Islam
ATL ANTI C
originated. Is it still prevalent
PACI FI C in the areas where it started?
Where has Islam spread to since
O CE AN 750 CE?
O CE AN 4 What aspects might make the
mosque shown in Source 2 an
‘architecturally and culturally’
significant building?
Key
SOUTH PERSPECTIVES AND
Estimated percentage of the AMERICA INTERPRETATIONS
population practising Islam
95−100
5 Based on the information you
75−94
have read in this chapter, in
50−74
what ways did the Ottomans
25−49
continue the traditions of the
Less than 25
earlier Islamic empires?
Source 2
The interior of the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, built during the 1550s
Back to the big
questions
At the beginning of this chapter
several big questions were posed.
Use the knowledge you have gained
to answer these questions.
1 What were the main features of
Ottoman society?
2 How important was Islam in
Ottoman society?
3 How was religious tolerance
practised in the Ottoman Empire?
4 What was the contribution of
Islamic and Ottoman scholars,
writers, scientists and doctors to
human knowledge and culture?
5 Who were some of the most
influential and important
Ottoman rulers? Why were they
so important?
Source 3
A sixteenth-century painting showing an attack by Ottoman
forces on a Christian city