URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS, PYELONEPHRITIS AND PROSTATITIS

Acute infections of the urinary tract fall into two general anatomic categories:
a) Lower tract infection (urethritis and cystitis) and
b) Upper tract infection (acute pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and intrarenal and perinephric
abscesses).
Epidemiologically, UTIs are subdivided into
a) catheter-associated (or nosocomial) infections and
b) Non-catheter-associated (or community-acquired) infections.
Acute UTIs: Urethritis, Cystitis, and Pyelonephritis
Agents causing:
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Biofilms are important for persistent UTIs.
Organisms known to form Biofilms are Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
Streptococcus sanguinis (dental plaques); Legionella; Neisseria
Risk factors:

Gender and sexual activity

Pregnancy
Obstructive uropathy
Neurogenic Bladder dysfunction
Vesicoureteral reflux
Virulence factors pili etc..

Catheter-Associated UTIs:
Bacteriuria develops in at least 1015% of hospitalized patients with
short-term indwelling urethral catheters.
The risk of infection is ~35% per day of catheterization.
E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Serratia, staphylococci,
enterococci, and Candida usually cause these infections.
Despite precautions, the majority of patients catheterized for >2 weeks
eventually develop bacteriuria.