Optional Theme: Patterns and Change

Populations in transition
Population change
Explain population trends and patterns in births (Crude Birth Rate in contrasting regions of the world.
Explain population trends and patterns in natural increase in contrasting regions of the world.
Explain population trends and patterns in mortality (Crude Death Rate, infant and child mortality rate
Explain population trends and patterns in fertility in contrasting regions of the world.
Explain population trends and patterns in life expectancy in contrasting regions of the world.
Analyse population pyramids.
Explain population momentum and its impact on population projections.
Responses to high and low fertility
Explain dependency and ageing ratios.
Examine the impacts of youthful populations.
Examine the impacts of ageing populations.
Evaluate example of a pro-natalist policy.
Evaluate examples of an anti-natalist policy.
Movement responses - migration
Discuss
causes
of migrations,
bothinforced
voluntary.
Evaluatethe
internal
(national)
migration
termsand
of their
geographic (socio-economic, political and envi
impacts
at
their
origins
and
destinations.
Evaluate international migrations in terms of their geographic (socio-economic, political and environm
impacts at their origins and destinations.
Gender and change
Examine gender inequalities in culture.
Examine gender inequalities in status.

Examine gender inequalities in education.

Examine gender inequalities in birth ratios.
Examine gender inequalities in health.
Examine gender inequalities in employment.
Examine gender inequalities in empowerment.
Examine gender inequalities in life expectancy.
Examine gender inequalities in family size.
Examine gender inequalities in migration.
Examine gender inequalities in legal rights.
Examine gender inequalities in land tenure.
Disparities in wealth and development
Measurements of regional and global disparities
Define indices of infant mortality.
Define indices of education.

Define indices of nutrition.

Define indices of income.

Define indices of marginalization.

Define indices of Human Development Index (HDI).

Explain the value of the indices in measuring disparities across the globe.
Origin of disparities
Explain disparities and inequities that occur within countries resulting from ethnicity.
Explain disparities and inequities that occur within countries resulting from residence.
Explain disparities and inequities that occur within countries resulting from parental education.
Explain disparities and inequities that occur within countries resulting from income.
Explain disparities and inequities that occur within countries resulting from employment (formal and informal).
Explain disparities and inequities that occur within countries resulting from land ownership.

Disparities and change

Identify and explain the changing patterns and trends of regional and global disparities of life expecta
Identify and explain the changing patterns and trends of regional and global disparities of education.
Identify and explain the changing patterns and trends of regional and global disparities of income.

Examine the progress made in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in poverty reducti
Examine the progress made in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in education.
Examine the progress made in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in health.
Reducing disparities
Discuss the different ways in which disparities can be reduced - trade and market access.
Discuss the different ways in which disparities can be reduced - debt relief.
Discuss the different ways in which disparities can be reduced - aid.
Discuss the different ways in which disparities can be reduced - remittances.
Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies designed to reduce disparities.
Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability
Atmosphere and change
Describethe
thechanges
functioning
of balance
the atmospheric
systemforcings
in terms(changes
of the energy
balance
between
solarinan
Explain
in this
due to external
in solar
radiation,
changes
th
the atmosphere and changes in the longwave radiation returned to space).
Discuss the causes and environmental consequences of global climate change.
Soil and change
Explain the causes of soil degradation.
Discuss the environmental and socio-economic consequences of this process, together with managem
Water and change
Identify the ways in which water is utilized at the regional scale.
Examine the environmental and human factors affecting patterns and trends in physical water scarcit
Examine the factors affecting access to safe drinking water.
Biodiversity and change
Explain the concept and importance of biodiversity in tropical rainforests.
Examine the causes and consequences of reduced biodiversity in this biome.
Sustainability and the environment
Define the concept of environmental sustainability.
Evaluate a management strategy at a local or national scale designed to achieve environmental susta

Patterns in resource consumption

Patterns of resource consumption
Evaluate the ecological footprint as a measure of the relationship between population size and resour
Identify
variations
its size.
Discuss international
the two opposing
views in
(neo-Malthusian
and anti-Malthusian) of the relationship between pop
and resource consumption.
Changing patterns of energy consumption
Examine the global patterns and trends in the production and consumption of oil.
Examine the geopolitical and environmental impacts of these changes in patterns and trends.
Examine the changing importance of other energy sources.
Conservation strategies
Discuss the reduction of resource consumption by conservation, waste reduction, recycling and subst
Evaluate a strategy at a local or national scale aimed at reducing the consumption of one resource.

:-) or :-| or :-(

contrasting regions of the world.

gwave radiation.

strategies.

d economic water scarcity.

onsumption.