ANE ALYSES, AND EDInternational Conference ANALYSES FOR GEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 97 Spi’sk4 Nova Ves, Slovakia September 30 - October 3, 1997 ORGANIZER Geoanalytical Laboratories Acereditated Laboratories of Geological Survey of Slovak Republic Spitska Nova Ves COOPERATION Section of Geology and Natural Sources of Ministry of Environment, Bratislava SUPERVISION Ing. Jozef Zlocha Minister of the Environment of the Slovak Republic SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD Professor Ing. Eduard Pi8ko, DrSc. Comenius University, Bratislava Professor Ing. Karol Florian, DrSe. Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University, Kosice Professor Ing. Jan Garaj, DrSc. Slovak Technical University, Bratislava Ing. Vladimir StreSko, CSc. Geological Unstitute, Faculty of Natural Sciences of Comenius University, Bratislava Docent Ing. Erika Krakovska, CSc. Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University, Kosice RNDr. Jana Kubova, CSc. Geological Unstitute, Faculty of Natural Sciences of Comenius University, Bratislava Ing. Viliam Patoprsty, CSc. Slovak Institute of Metrology, Bratislava ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Ing. Hana Mjartanova chairman Ing. Daniela Mackovych, CSc. scientific secretary, poster sessions RNDr. Pavol Ludivjansky budget secretary Ing. Vladimir Citek editorial secretary, print Mgr. Lubica Zihorové propagation Ol'ga Barabasova secretary RNDr. Ludmila Penedkova social events RNDr. Jaén KraP, CSc. member(Tuesday, September 30, 1997 10,00 - 13,00 Presentation 14,00 Opening Ceremony Welcome by the Minister of Environment Jozef Zlocha Greeting address by the Director of Geological Survey of Slovak Republic Pavol Grecula 14,30 - 15,45 [P1] Opening Lecture PWBko E., Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia THE ROLE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AT THE MONITORING, PROTECTION AND FORMATION OF ENVIRONMENT (P2] _ Stre’ko V., Medved’ J., Kubova J., Geological Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynské dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR SPECIATION OF ELEMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 15,45- 16,00 Coffee break 16,00 - 18,00 [P3] (P4] [Ps] [P6] (77) 20,00 Sulcek Z., Czech Geological Institute, Praha, Czech Republic DECOMPOSITION OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND THE RELIABILITY OF ANALYTICAL DATA Florin K., Hassler J2, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Kosice, Letnd 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia ? Blektroschmelawetk GmbH, D-87405 Kempten, P.O. Box 1526, Germany THE PAST AND THE FUTURE OF DIRECT ANALYSIS OF POWDERED SAMPLES Hassler J., Elektroschmelzwerk GmbH, D-87405 Kempten, P.O. Box 1526, Germany DIRECT SOLID SAMPLE SPECTROSCOPY IN WIEV OF AN INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY Curlik J., Soil Fertility Research Institute, Gagarinova 10, 827 13 Bratislava, Slovakia SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF SOIL SAMPLING AND SAMPLES PRE-TREATMENT Koéan A., GC/MS Laboratory, Department of Xenobiotics in the Environment, Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Limbova 14, 833 01 Bratislava, Slovakia AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AND HEAVY METALS WITHIN THE EU/93/AIR/22 PHARE PROJECT Welcome reception in hotel Metropol Greeting address by Director of Geology and Natural Sources of Ministery of Environment Karol Egyiid Greeting address by the Mayor of Spiiské Nova Ves Karol MitrikWednesday, October 1, 1997 8,00 - 10,00 [P9] {P10} [Pl] [P12] [P13] Matusiewiez H., Politechnika Poznariska, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 60-965 Poznaii, Poland APPLICATION OF MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY TO GEOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Zemberyova M., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia SINGLE AND SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION PROCEDURES FOR METAL SPECIATION IN SOILS PlieSovska N., Florién K., Sedych E, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Ko8ice, Slovakia ? Vernadsky Inst. Geochem. Analit. Chem., Moscow, Russia HEAVY METALS AND THEIR FORMS IN SEDIMENT IN HORNAD RIVER BASIN Butkové M., Labuda J., Vaniékova M., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Slovak Technical University, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia NEW CRITERIA FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF METAL ‘SPECIATION Hrabé Z., Smrtkovd E., Department of Ceramics, Chemical Technology Faculty, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovakia Cr "IN CEMENTS: 10,00- 10,15 Coffee break 10,15 - 12,15 [P14] (P15) [P16] [P17] Korenman YL, Fokin VN,, Zhilinskaya K.1.?, Voronezh State Academy of Technology, Russia : ? Odessa Medical University, Ukraina TWO-STAGE CONCENTRATION AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN MINERAL WATER Kalmykov S.N., Sapozhnikov Y.A., Division of Radichemistry, Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia DETERMINATION OF Pb-210 AND ACTINIDES BY EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY Kra? J., Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Mlynské dolina 1, 817 04 Bratislava, Slovakia SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR STRONTIUM ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION -MEASUREMENT IN SILICATES AND BIOGENIC CALCITES Bendl J., Sktivan P?, Analytika Ltd., U Elektry 650, Prague 9, Czech Republic ? Geological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic TRACE ELEMENTS CONTENTS AND LEAD ISOTOPES RATIOS IN A FOREST AREA WITH GRANITIC BEDROCK MEASURED BY ICP-MS[P18] [P19} [P20] Skrabana R., Klinéekova M., Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Mlynska dolinal, 817 04 Bratislava, Slovakia PRECULIARITY OF TRACE ELEMENT DETERMINATION IN FOREST BIOMASS SAMPLES Machaéek V., Praha, Czech Republic X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES Lomen M , Heckel J., Koleékai P., Spectro s.r.0., Martin, Slovakia X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS: 12,15 - 13,30 Luneh break 13,30 - 15,00 [P21] [P22] [P23] [P24] Meloun M., Militky J2, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic * Department of Textile Materials, Textile Faculty, Technical University, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic PRECISION AND ACCURACY IN TRACE ANALYSIS WITH COMPUTER-ASSISTED DATE TREATMENT Lintnerov O., Sucha V., Stresko V., Department of Mineral Deposit Geology, ‘Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynska dolina G, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia ? Geological Institute, Comenius University, Mlynské dolina G, 842 15 Bratislava THE MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF Fe-OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES ON SEDIMENTS AND SOIL Korenman YL, Novikova N.A., Niftaliev S.1, Kalembkiewicz J., Kopacz S.?, Voronezh State Academy of Technology, Russia ? Politechnika Rzeszowska, Poland SEPARATE EXTRACTIVE AND TITRIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BENZOIC ACID SUBSTITUTED IN AQUEOUS MEDIA AND FOOD STUFFS Kalmykov S.N., Sapozhnikov Y.A., Golubov B.N. 2, Division of Radiochemistr ‘Ys Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia ? Biosphere Scientific Council, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia ARTIFICIAL RADIONUCLIDES IN OILS FROM THE UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TEST SITE ( PERM’ REGION, RUSSIA ) 16,30 - 17,30 Commercial Firm Presentation 17,30 - 18,30 Posters Session(Thursday, October 2, 1997 7,45 - 8,30 Posters Session 8,30 - 10,00 [P25] [P26] [P27] Putoprsty V., Slovak Institute of Metrology, Bratislava, Slovakia ACCURACY OF CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS - A REALISTIC WIEV Krakovska E., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University Kofice, Slovakia UTILIZATION OF ET AAS FOR ANALYSES OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS Bendl J., , Analytika Ltd., U Blektry 650, Prague 9, Czech Republic ICP-MS APPLICATION IN THE ANALYSES OF GEOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 10,00- 10,15 Coffee break 10,15 - 12,00 [P28] [P29] [P30] [Pai] [P32] [P33] ‘Holubec M., Télgyessy P., Liska I., Water Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE PARAMETER NON-POLAR EXTRACTABLES IN WATER Puli P., Military Airforce Academy gen. M.R.Stefénika, Rampova 7, 041 21 Ko’ DETERMINATION SELECTION OF ELEMENTS BY AAS-ETA METHOD IN WA Feriandik E., Geotech a.s., 052 01 Spiiské Nova Ves, Slovakia DETERMINATION OF GOLD IN GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES - THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE Kubova J., Polakovigova J., Medved’ J., Stre’ko V., Geological Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia UTILIZATION OF ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS Mackovych D., Feriandik E.?, Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Geoanalytical Laboratories, MarkuSovska cesta 1, 052 40 Spi8sk4 Nova Ves, Slovakia ? Geotech a.s., 052 01 Spi3ské Nova Ves, Slovakia DETERMINATION OF Te IN ROCKS BY AAS-ETA Bagin J., Slovak Power Plant, Bratislava, Slovakia ‘SEPARATION OF FLY ASHES OF POWER PLANT ENGINEERING 12,00- 13,30 Lunch break 14,00 - 16,00 Excursion to Belanska Cave in Vyské Tatry mts. 17,00 - 18,30 Sight-seeing in Levo&a 20,00 Evening PartyFriday, October 3, 1997 8,30 - 10,30 (P8]} [P34] [P35] [P36] [P37] [P38] [P39] Garaj J., University of Trenéin, Studentské 2, 911 01 Trendin, Slovakia QUO VADIS ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ? Gidek V., Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Geoanalytical Laboratories, MarkuSovské cesta 1, 052 40 Spiské Nova Ves, Slovakia DETERMINATION OF THE DERIVATIZED PENTACHLOROPHENOL Gavora J., Murin M., Gavorové Z., Ecotoxicological Centre Bratislava s.r.0., Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia ECOTOXICOLOGY AND MONITORING Adamkova J., Durkoviéova D., Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia SURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORING IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC Cicmanova 8., BokSanské K., Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, MarkuSovska cesta 1, 052 40 Spi8ské Nova Ves, Slovakia MONITORING OF INFLUENCES OF THE ACID MINE WATER FROM THE SMOLNIK Cu-Fe-ORES DEPOSIT ON THE SURFACE WATER Jako V., Aquipur Ltd., Bratislava, Slovakia DEPTH MONITORING OF THE FLOODED SHAFT Fe-Cu DEPOSIT IN SMOLNIK Kobza J., Soil Fertility Research Institute Bratislava - Research Station Banska Bystrica SOIL MONITORING AS A PART OF ENVIRONMENT MONITORING IN SLOVAKIA 10,30- 10,45 Coffee break 10,45 - 12,00 [P40] Curlik J., Ivando P., Sefétk P., Soil Fertility Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia PEDOCHEMICAL MAPPING OF KOSICE REGION [P41] Seféik P., Vojtek R., Soil Fertility Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia PEDOCHEMICAL MAPS OF GALANTA REGION ( SW SLOVAKIA ) [P42] Pramuka S., Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Markuovské cesta 1, 052 40 Spiska Nova Ves, Slovakia ‘STREAM SEDIMENTS OF THE VYSOKE TATRY MTS. REGION [P43] Skalka J., Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, KoSice, Slovakia GEOMONITORING OF THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT FROM THE ASPECT OF THE BIOLOGICAL PYRAMID PROTECTION [P44] Penedk V., Citko V., State Health Institute, Spitské Nova Ves, Slovakia INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON THE CONTENCE OF HEAVY METALS IN AIR 12,00- 12,15 Closing ceremony 12,15 - 13,00 Lunehfol] [02] [03] [o4] [05] [06] [07] [os] [o9] [010] POSTERS Makovnikova J., Soil Fertility Research Institute -r.s. Banské Bystrica SELECTIVE SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION PROCEDURE OF HEAVY METALS IN SELECTED COLLECTION AGRICULTURAL SOILS Blahut L., Ambru8 J., Pi8sko E., El spol. s1.0., Ecological Laboratories, Duklianska 46, 052 01 Spi8ska Nové Ves ? Donské 97, Bratislava SIMPLE ICP-OES METHOD FOR ROUTINE DETERMINATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN ROCKS Reitznerova E., Jassie B. L. ?, ames M. R. *, Nawrocki D. °, Technical University Ko8ice, Slovakia ? CEM Corporation, Matthews, NC, USA. 3 University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA SAMPLE DECOMPOSITION BY FUSION IN MICROWAVE ASSISTED MUFFLE FURNACE Manova A., Laitincova J., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Slovak Technical University, 812 37 Bratislava TOXICAL ELEMENTS IN SURFACE WATER LEAK OUT FROM MINING DUMP AROUND BANSKA STIAVNICA Styk J,, Soil Fertility Research Institute - r.s. Banské Bystrica VARIOUS METHODS COMPARISON AND DETERMINATION OF RISK TRACE ELEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS Baranvfkova G., Soil Fertility Research Institute Bratislava, Research Station PreSov DETERMINATION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER DuriSinova D., Duri8in J , Kysefova K. *, VSZ Labortest s.r.0. ? Metallurgical Faculty, Technical University Kosice DETERMINATION OF CARBON CONTENT IN MOULDING POWDERS BY THERMOEVOLUTION METHOD KontriSova O., DuriSova B., KontriS J. *, Beseda I. *, Zarski T.P.*, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of the Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia 2 Institute of Forest Ecology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Stirova 2, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia 3 Faculty of Animal Science, Agricultural University, Warsaw, Poland. (CUMMULATION OF MERCURY IN NEEDLES OF Picea abies (L.) Karst Martiny E., Elexova E., Water Research Institute, Bratislava BIOACUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN BENTHIC ORGANISMS Heel J., Salamon J., Regional Research Institute of Agroecology, Michalovce THE MEDICAL PLANT AND HEAVY METAL CONTENT[on] [012) [013] [014] [015] [016] [017] [018] [019} Gal T., Morvay L., Keoskés A., Konstantin Filozof University, Nitra MASS SPECTROMETRY TO CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: ANALYSIS OF THE AEROSOLS IN THE AIRSPACE OF NITRA Gianits L., Garéar J., Smirjék M., Bello J., Military Veterinary Institute, Ko3ice MONITORING OF THE Pb, Cd, Cu AND Zn IN THE FODDER AND MILK OF THE AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS BRED IN THE MILITARY TRAINING AREAS OF THE ARMY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC IN 1993-1996 Duria O., Mejeed 8.Y., Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, 842 15 Bratislava 7 SOIL KAPPAMETRY AND HEAVY METALS IN SOILS FROM MALE KARPATY MTS. (SLOVAKIA ) Dlapa P., DoSekové A. , Jurdni B., Linke3 V.*, Department of Soil Science, Comenius University, Bratislava 2. Soil Fertility Research Institute, Bratislava GEOSTATISTICAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METALS IN THE SOILS OF SLOVAKIA ‘Medved’ J., Kubova J., Dlapa P. *, Stresko V., Geological Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava ? Department of Soil Science, Comenius University, Bratislava DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER, LEAD, NICKEL AND ALUMINIUM IN FOREST ‘SOIL EXTRACTS NEAR NALEPKOVO Diapa P., Madaras M., Vybohové M., Simonovigové A., Department of Soil Science, Comenius University, Bratislava SOIL DEGRADATION PROCESSES ACCELERATED BY PRODUCTS OF PYRITE WEATHERING Holéczyova G., Mathemy M. ?, PlieSovska N. °, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safétik University, 041 80 KoSice 2 Chair of Environmentalistics and Ecotechnics, Faculty of Manufacturing Technology located in PreSov, Technical University of KoSice, 080 01 PreSov 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Ko8ice, 042 00 KoSice THE DETECTABILITY OF THE ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMISATION - COMPARISON OF THE TUNGSTEN AND GRAPHITE TUBE TECHNIQUES Veselsky J., Forgat J., Mejeed S.Y., Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynské dolina, 842 15 Bratislava ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS IN THE REGION OF MALE KARPATY MTS., SLOVAKIA Kaka R., Meyeed 8.Y., Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynské dolina, 842 15 Bratislava USE OF ELECTROKINETIC METHOD FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION[020] [021] [022] [023] [024] [025] [026] [027] Hassler J., Floridn K., Forster O., Perzl P. *, Elektroschmelzwerk Kempten GmbH, P.O. Box 1526, D-87405 Kempten/Allg. Germany 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Kodice, Letnd 9, 042 00 Kodice, Slovakia 3 Spectral Systems, D-82256 Firstenfeldbruck, Germany EXPERIMENTS WITH MAGNETIC FIELD DC-ARC-OES COUPLED WITH AN ETV-FURNACE FOR DIRECT SOLID SAMPLE ANALYSIS Korenman Y.1,, Belskih N.V., Kuchmenko T. A., Voronezh State Academy of Technology, Russia APPLICATION OF PIEZOQUARTZ SENSORS, MODIFIED WITH POLYOLES AND THEIR DERIVATIVES FOR DETERMINATION OF ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS INTHE AIR Jaroa 1., Kudowska B., Kucharzyk J., Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland APPLICATION OF ICP-AES METHOD IN GEOCHEMICAL CARTOGRAPHY Cebulak S., Gaweda A., Piwkowski R., Poland APPLICATION OF THE OXYREACTIVE THERMAL ANALYSIS TO THE GRAPHITE IDENTIFICATION IN THE METAMORPHIC COMPLEX OF THE W-TATRA MTS. (S-POLAND ) Temerdashev Z.A., Tsyupko T.G., Voronova O.B., Schmalz V.V.,S&PA ANALIT of Kuban State University, Stavropolskaya St. 149, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS AND ORGANIC CARBON IN ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTS Korenman Y.I., Kuchmenko T.A., Voronezh State Academy of Technology, Russia APPLICATION OF HYDROPHILIC EXTRACTANTS FOR EXTRACTION AND CONCENTRATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM AQUEOUS OBJECTS. POTENTIALITIES REALIZATION AND THE PROSPECTS Majehrak A., Mackovch D., Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Geoanalytical Laboratories, MarkuSovskd cesta 1, 052 40 Spi’ska Nova Ves DETERMINATION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN WATER BY AES-ICP Schwartz M., State Health Institute, Ziar nad Hronom, Slovakia DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE IN ECO-SYSTEMP3 DECOMPOSITION OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND THE RELIABILITY OF ANALYTICAL DATA — tot tt pe nn Pr uu Transfer of substances of solids into solutions is the basic operation which, together with the analytical method used, determines the precision and accuracy of the results obtained. Decomposition of solids involves a serie of reactions, which transform the original substance and produce quantitatively new phases, The decomposition usually results in the formation of solution or melts, but sometimes new solids are formed. The reactions are generally accompanied by the formation of gases.The conversion of the original materials is either complete (usually by the fusion decomposition ) or an undecomposed fraction with the original or changed phase - mainly reactions products - remains (prevailing in acid decompositions). During the fusion procedure, new solid phases with a crystalline structure are formed. Sometimes, according to the reaction conditions new solids with the structure similar to glasses could be produced,the composition of which is quite different from that of the original ‘material.As the cooling period is usually very short (with exception e.g. for some borate melis prepared for the X ray fluorescence spectrometry), the melts contain mostly both forms - the Crystalline and the glass (or microcrystalline) phase, The sample decomposition should be as simple as possible and should proceed in one phase - step. From the theoretical point of view the decomposition methods should satisfy the following conditions: 1) All the present solids should be quantitatively transferred into solution 2) All the present considerated elements should be contained whithout loss by volatilisation in the final solution, which has to remain stable and unchanged for a long period of time. 3) The final solution must not contain either any coloidal particles, hydrolytic products ot difficult suluble (newly formed) reaction precipitates. 4) The solution containing the decomposed sample should be of maximum attainable degree of purity with a low ionic strength, uncontaminated from the chemicals, decomposition vessels, laboratory equipments and atmosphere, 5) Blank values must be low enough and sufficiently stable in comparison with the requirements on the reliability of the produced analytical data. Although during the last years the new apparatus and devices for the decomposition have been developed, they cannot universally meet all the above mentioned requirements. Practically,the process. of dissolution of solids (used in routine analytical procedures). brings always about the danger of incomplete decomposition, losses in some components and contamination from the reagents or leached from the walls of the decomposition vessels. The total error caused by the above named factors must be negligible in comparison with the demands on the credibility of the produced analytical results and their scientific or commercial significance. The greatest error in the analyses of geological objects probably arises as a result of insufficiently effective decomposition technique. The degree of resistivity of geological solidsP3 depends on the kind of the material and on the appropriate methods used for transferring of solids into solution. The individual elements or element association to be analysed are usually bound in a large and unknown number of mineral species which behave quite differently during the decomposition process, These above named facts are especially important in analysing materials of highly variable polyphase composition e.g, rocks, beach sands, soils, stream sediments, products and tails from the ore dressing etc. Before performing the analysis, the analyst usually knows neither the approximate elements content nor ( only very rarely and exceptionally) the phase composition of solids to be analysed. That is why the main part of analytical chemists has to choose for dissolving of materials the maximum effective but time consuming universal methods, which assure the complete sample disolution. It is generally not well known that the succesfulness of analysis could be resolved by the analyst himself already before performing the proper analytical operation - that means before treating the materials with acids,in microwave field or by melting agents, First of all - the serious complication could come from the unsuitable sample weight influencing the way of decomposition, Excessive sample weight influences the whole dissolution process very significantly and - almost in the same manner - the yield of elements in question during the separation eventually also the final determination. The decomposition process proceeds then very slowly and often incompletely. There is mostly an appreciable insoluble residue le which must be brought into solution by means of other selected decomposition agents (e.g. by melting or dissolution under pressure efc,). As a rule, the sample weights exceeding 10g are necessary for the determination of the precious metals including the platinum group metals because of inhomogenity of ores and rocks to be analysed. In this case the sample has to be transferred into solution by some specialized procedures e.g. by stepwise leaching materials by aqua regia or by reductive fusion (lead or nickel sulphide collection of the precious metals)The leaching procedures for some radioactive isotopes (e.g. *”Pu,”°Pb from the soils and rocks especially near the atomic power station) proceeds in a similar way: the sample weight often exceeding 100g is treated by 1a stepwise leaching with acids and the isolated insoluble residue consecutively fused e.g. with potasissium fluoride - sulphuric acid mixture, Leaching in acids is mostly less effective and its low yield must be therefore checked by addition of the ariically prepared radioisotopes(e.g Pu). The preliminary thermal treatment of the analysed geological objects serves in most cases for simplifying the following analytical procedures - for removing the carbonaceous matter, sulphur and other volatile elements. In analytical practise of geological materials, this reaction leads only very rarely to improvement of the decomposition. On the contrary, more resistant structures, connected with the deep physical and chemical changes of material are often produced.COE ‘SK98K0219 P7 AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AND HEAVY METALS WITHIN THE EU/93/AIR/22 PHARE PROJECT Anton Kogan GC/MS Laboratory, Department of Xenobiotics in the Environment Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Limbova 14, 833 01 Bratislava First toxicological research and later also everyday life have shown that a number of chemical compounds exhibit harmful effects on living creatures already at very low doses. Polycyclic eromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-lioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (Cl- pest), particular volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals (HMs) belong to the pollutants which are of much research concem for several decades for their adverse health ef- fects, environmental and biological persistency and bioconcentration in living organisms, These pollutants are mainly formed during anthropogenic activities (industrial production, wasie disposal, etc.) and are released into all the environmental compartments, including the atmosphere. Because the pollutants can be transported by air as vapours or adsorbed onto air- borne particles to regions remote from any industrial and agricultural activities there is con- siderable effort of countries taking care of the cleaner environment to control harmful emis- sions outside of their own territory, as well. These activities result in preparing and approving international conventions on long-range transboundary air pollution. The ongoing PHARE Project EU/93/AIR/22 “Local Studies of Air Quality in the Cities of Bratislava and KoSice; National Needs Assessment of Air Pollution” supported by the European Union and the Min- istry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic is one of the activities focused on ambient air quality in Slovakia. Within the framework of the project the concentrations of eight HMs', vapour mercury, PCDDs*, PCDFs’, PCBs’, Cl-pest®, PAHs®, VOCs’, total suspended particles (TSP), particu- ate matter < 10 jum (PMio), and five PMio fractions (10.0+7.2 um, 7.23.0 pum, 3.01.5 um, 1.50.95 um, 0.95-0.49 ym) were analysed. The morphological characterization of collected airborne particles and bioassays aimed at the evaluation of the mutagenic potency of pollutants present in collected air were also performed, ‘Cadmium, lead, manganese, chromium, nickel, arsenic, cobalt, and mercury. Seven 2,3,7,8-substituted chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin congeners. Ten 2,3,7,8-substtuted chlorodibenzofuran congeners. Bighteen congeners (IUPAC numbering): 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180 (marker congeners); 105, 114, 118, 123, 156, 157, 167, 170, 189 (mono-orsho-substituted congeners); 77, 126, 169 (non-oriHo-substituted con genes). Hexachlorobenzene, p,p’-DDE, and p,p'-DDT. © Fourteen congeners: Fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(ajanthracene, chryzene, benzo(b}fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(!23ed)pyrene, dibenzo(ahanthracené, benzo(ghi)perylene, and coronene. 7 Forty-two congeners: Freon 12, chloromethane, freon 114, vinyl chloride, 1,3-butadiene, bromomethane, chloroethane, freon 11, 1,l-dichloroethene, methylene chloride, 3-chloropropene, freon 113, 1,1 dichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,J-trichloroethane, benzene, car- bbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloropropane, trichloroethene, cis-1,3-dichloropropene, érans-I,3-dichloropropene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, toluene, 1,2-dibromoethane, tetrachloroethene, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, 1,3/1,4= dimethylbenzene, styrene, 1,1,2.2-tetrachloroethane, 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1-ethyl-d-methylbenzene, 1,3,5~ trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, benzyl chloride, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2- dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and hexachlorobutadieneP7 ‘Ambient air samples were collected in the period October 1996 - July 197 twice in each sea- son at twenty sampling sites: Bratislava (Kamenné Sq., Tmavské myto Sq., Turbinova St., Starohéjska St., Hviezdna St), Kosice (Stirova St., Galaktické St., Strojarska St., Dumbierska St, Velka Ida), Topofniky, Hurbanovo, Mochovee, Ziar nad Hronom, Prievidza, Zilina, Ruzomberok, Strézske, and the Starina water reservoir. Moreover, morning and afternoon grab VOC samples were collected at the Bratislava sites during two summer sampling cam- paigns. In total, 1 076 ambient air samples, 170 duplicates and 20 field blanks were collected. Air samplers were located in the vicinity of SHMU monitoring stations (except Mochovee) so data from the stations can be used for correlation with project results. In order to acquire ac- tual meteorological data, a 4-m meteorological mast equipped with ambient temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, wind direction, and wind speed sensors was mounted at every site before the start of sampling. Ambient air samples destined for VOC analysis were collected during 24-hour sampling into cleaned® 6-L-Summa® passivated stainless steel canisters using a special sampler’. To avoid 1,3-butadiene decomposition, grab samples had been collected (at 8 a.m, and 2 p.m.) at the Bratislava sampling sites and were analysed as soon as an hour after their sampling. A cryo- genic concentrator linked with gas chromatographic (GC) separation and mass spectrometric (MS) detection systems was used for VOC analysis. Ambient air samples destined either for PCB/Cl-pest, PCDD/PCDF, and PAH analysis or mutagenic bioassays were collected by 24-r drawing about 400 m? of air through a fine par- ticle glass fibre filter (GFF) followed by a vapour trap containing a pre-cleaned polyurethane foam (PUF) plug installed in a high volume sampler (Graseby Andersen, USA). To determine sampling efficiency, the spiking surrogate solutions of isotopically labelled standards were added on the GFFS prior to sampling. The semivolatile organic pollutants were analysed by GC/MS methods, TSP concentration was measured by weighing the GFFs from PAH and PCBICI-pest samplers before and after sampling ‘Ambient air HMs were caught on cellulose filters using the same type of the sampler used for semivolatile compounds sampling and analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Vapour mercury was trapped on gold sand packed in a tube through which about 280 L of ambient air during 24 hours were drawn, On-site analysis was performed by an atomic fluo- rescence analyzer (PS Analytical Ltd., UK). Inhalable air particles, i.e. particles less than 10 um in diameter were collected by a “PMio” sampler (Graseby Andersen, USA) equipped with a cascade impactor fractionating the PMyo into five size fractions (see above) involving respirable (<3 um) fractions. The morphology and composition of the respirable fractions was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis Supervised by a sampling co-ordinator, two three-members’ teams rotating after 2-week field work were conducting eight I-month sampling campaigns. The samplers were kept under sur- veillance by a team member on duty during the whole of 24-hr sampling periods. Strict obser- vance of a QA/QC plan was ensured (sampling logs, daily logs, QA and chain of custody forms). * According to the TO-14 EPA method, the concentrations of each analyzed congener should be < 0.2 ppbv in a cleaned canister. ° Approximately 12 L of ambient air was pressurized into a canister at a constant flowrate of 8.3 mLamin"" us- ing an AVOC sampler (Graseby Andersen, USA).vag SK98K022 fone DETERMINATION OF Pb-210 AND ACTINIDES BY EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY Kalmykov St.N.*, Sapozhnikov Yu.A. Division of Radiochemistry, Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899, Moscow, Russia. *- Author to whom all the correspondence should be addressed The simultaneous determination of trace amounts of radionuclides is of a special interest for environmental and geological analysis require selective separation technique to be used. Liquid-liquid extraction, extraction chromatography and anion exchange chromatography are usually used for radionuclide separations. This work is devoted to the determination of Pb-210 and actinides (Pu-238,239, Am- 241, U-235,238, Th-232) by means of highly selective chromatographic resins and anion exchangers. The special interest was paid to the analysis of large quantities of samples with high concentration of competitive ions like ocean sediments, bone ash and others. The commercially available TRU-Spec (EiChrom Industries, Inc.) chromatographic resin was used for separation of actinides from the matrix. Then U, Th, Am and Pu were separated from each other using anion exchange chromatography with AG-1X4 anionite in Cl’ form, electrodeposed and cr-counted The matrix after the TRU-Spec separation was analyzed for Po-210/Bi-210. Sr-Speo resin (EiChrom Industries, Inc.) was used for selective Pb/Bi-210 separation and for their isolation from the matrix. Pb-210 and Bi-210 were determined by liquid scintillation counting The developed procedure is rather express, effective and could be also adopted for the determination of radionuclides like Ba-133, Ra, Np-239.‘a SK98K0221 P16 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR STRONTIUM ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT IN SILICATES AND BIOGENIC CALCITES. Jan Kral’, Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Mlynska dolina 1, SK- 817 04 Bratislava, Slovakia, e-mail: Kral@gssr.sk ‘The measurement of isotopic composition of strontium in silicates and biogenic calcites is significant step in age determination of the samples analysed, The precision of the measurement is strongly dependent on chemical preparation of the samples. In our laboratory with filtered air and overpressure we adopt the techniques for chemical preparation of silicates (granitic and metamorphic rocks and minerals) and biogenic calcites for precise measurement of the strontium isotopic composition. To keep low analytical blank in adequate level (< 1 - 2 nanograms) we use teflon beakers and high purity chemical reagents (Suprapure / Merck) in all preparation steps. The silicate samples (50 - 300 mg) are decomposed in a mixture of HF and HNOs After dissolution, the samples are centrifuged and ready for the column chromatography. The main problem in the biogenic calcite samples is to diminish Ca : Sr ratio from appr. 800 : 1 in natural samples to 15 : 1. Two steps are needed: Ml the main contents of Ca is removed on the basis of the different solubility Ca(NOs)2 and Sr(NO;)z in the growing HNOs concentration; Mi column chromatography for the separation Rb and Sr. Columns for Rb and Sr separations are 20 cm in length with an inside diameter of 8 mm, They are filled with Dowex AGSOWX8 resin (200 - 400 mesh), from Bio-Rad Laboratories (total volume of the resin is appr. 10 cm*). After loading of the sample into column, Rb and Sr are separated by 2.5N HCL Fig. 1 shows the peaks of Rb (left) and Sr (right), Column I. - separation of RbaSr 35 3,0 25 2,0 1,5 1,0 05 0,0 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 Fig. 1.: The separation of Rb (left) and Sr (cight) on Dowex Bio-Rad AGSOW-X8 (200 - 400 mesh) in 2.5N HCI.P16 7 collector VG-54 Sector installed in the geochronological laboratory of the Geological Institute of the Polish Academy of Sci. (Warsaw) were used for Sr isotopic composition measurements in the dynamic multicollector mode. The required precision of *’Sr/**Sr_ ratios (0.0007%) is reached after 10 blocks that represent appr. 100 ratios. Fig.2 shows.the changes of the grand mean during analysis. BR-1gm 0,70882 0,70880 0,70878 0,70876 0,70874 0,70872 87S1/86Sr 012345678 910N~34 Block Fig. 2: The changes of *’Sr/**Sr ratio during the dynamic multicollector analysis.UT ‘SK98K0222 P17 TRACE ELEMENTS CONTENTS AND LEAD ISOTOPES RATIOS IN A FOREST AREA WITH GRANITIC BEDROCK MEASURED BY ICP-MS. Jiti Bendl, Petr Skfivan*, Analytika Ltd, U Elektry 650, Prague 9, Geological Institute,Prague Studied “Lesni potok" forested catchment 0.765 km? is located approximately 30 km SE of Prague and is a part of the Nature State Reserve "Vodéradské butiny". Prevailing beech Fagus sylvatica L., hornbeam Carpinus betulus L. and Norway spruce Picea abies Karst L. are underlaing by biotic monzogranite and twomica syenogranite of the Ritany Massif. A maximum catchment height is 500 m above sea level and the streem discharge is on the 406 m as. The average runoff is 132 mm and mean annual precipitation is 635 mmn. The bulk atmospheric precipitation, the surface water discharge and the throughfall have been sampled monthly. Water samples were immediately filtered through a 0.45 um Sartorius nitrocellulose membrane filter and stabilised by 0.5 ml subboiling nitric acid per 100 ml of the sample. Rock and soil samples were decomposed in a mixture of HF + HNO3 and HCl acids The distribution of elements throughout the soil profile was determined through extraction of the <1 mm soil particles by diluted 0.1 M HNO3, t=24hrs, V/m=200. Trace elements and lead isotopes were measured using the Varian UltraMass ICP mass spectrometer. Waters and sample solutions were nebulised in the Meinhard and Babington nebuliser into argon atmosfere, Short and long term signal fluctuation were corrected by In, Rh or Eu internal standards, Lead isotopes ratios were measured by peak jumping without internal standard and normalised to Pb isotope standard NBS 981 Table 1: Lead isotope ratios (mol/mol) and trace elements composition in forested catchment waters (ppb), soil extracts (ppb) and altered bedrocks (ppm) in Autumn 1996 (selection). ‘ample [Bulk [Beech[Spru-[Dis- JA soi[Bw [Go [Gr Gr Gr fyeno fmonzo] lpre- ke hargelambricsoil foil oil foil foil oil {granitelgranitel [Element(ipita-throu throu -15 feambiclgleyc leleye |gleyc [eleye |90- ion |ghfall jghfall lppb {15-33 [53-48 148-67 67-74,84-87 01 ypb_fppb_fppb_| ppb pb ppb _ppb_fppb_fem _[ppb_ppm_| ppm. 206/207/1.137 |1.163 [1.164 |1.07 [1.169 |1.214 1.196 |1.240 /1.235 [1.210 /1.224]1.196 1.185 b p08/207p.34 f2.257P.330B.06 .489 b.476 b.460P.540 2.517.498 p.4962.437 2.431 lp pb B38 B17 fio3 O39 loa bs 3 3 ba Bs 2 a bs Br (2.99 604 [isi B55 65 bs [71 67 64 5260 _b2 bo p35 6.02 68 413 bs 67 bs bs [12 b9 [13 bs 3 Za fis 1 foo fi9 b7 his bs 2 bo 7 2 Bs [Cd 19 [0.67 [0.7 1.62 |0.73. 38 4 55 _|0.5 28 (0.31 0.19 sr fas 86 [13.9 fico [7 fs [7 3 63 b9 fi2s bs Babs 63 fi2 ba bo foo [73 boo iss fs [132 Bo Ico o.082 0.15 p78 bos 0.7 fos ps fii fi4 bse b 2 b3 Conclusion: The ICP-MS method is enough sensitive for measurement of lead isotope ratios and trace elements - Pb, Br, I, Zn, Cd, Al, Ba, Co, Cs, Cr, Cu, Hf, Li, Ma, Ni, Nb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, U, V, Y, Zr, Ga, Ge.Mo, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu in studied forested area with granitic bedrock. Acknowledgments; The study was supported by the grant No. A3013603 of the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,A SK98K0223 P19 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL AND ENVIROMENTAL SAMPLES Vaclav Machaéek, Praha, Czech Republic X-Ray fluorescence(XRF) spectrometry methods can be, from the technical point of view, divided in tree main group; wavelenght-dispersive - (WDXRF), energy-dispersive ~ (EDXRF) and total reflection (TXRF) X-Ray fluorescence. All this tree type of XRF are used for quantitative determination of elements start from B up to U. The limit of detection is about in the range of ppm, or less, especially at TXRF - ppb for heavy elements. On the other side there is possible to determinate the elements up to 100 %, The advantage of these methods is the possibility to analysed solid-o liquid samples with simple sample preparation: Geology. The number of reviews in these area shows the significant use of XRF as an analytical tools for determination major, minor and trace elements in rocks samples. The methods were used for classification of rocks, soils and sediments. Typical applications are to analyse soils, rocks, minerals and ores. The results of XRF are used for distribution of some group of elements in geochemical research, for searching of row material etc. Enviromental . A wide variety of samples in the enviromental field and pollution control have been investigated by XRF. Air pollution on some filter, plant material, water, organ tissue, plant material, vegetable foodstufis can be analyzed after a simple preparatin Further sample material such ashes and soils can be added. In the last time was developed the method for separation and XRF determination of Cr and Cr“ in water. TXRF can be expected to play an important role in enviromental analysis as it already plays in wafer analysis since pollution and contamination can be effectively detected by TXRF. Low detection limits can be achieved for all elements with atomic number greater than 11 (Na) and about 20-25 elements can be detected simultaneously.TT SK98K0224 Réntgenfluorescenéna analyza Roziirenie aplikaténych moZnosti pouzitim krystalov v EDXRF J. Heckel, P. Koleékai, M. Lomen Stanovenie chemickych prvkov réntgenfluorescenénou analjzou Energodisperzné réntgenfluorescenéné analyza (EDXRF) je nedestruktivna analy- tickd metéda stanovenia chemickych prvkov v pevnych,préskovych a kvapalnych materidloch. Tento spésob analyzy neumodiiuje dosiahnut také parametre ako vino- vodisperznd réntgenfluorescenénd analyza (WDXRF). K vyhodam EDXRF patri lahka priprava vzoriek, vysoky stupeii spolablivosti a vyborné reprodukovatelhost analytickych vysledkov. Je zaloZend na fyzikalnom principe pouzitia rontgenového Ziarenia k budeniu jednotlivych prvkov skiSaného materidlu, éo spdsobi emisiu ich charakteristického Ziarenia. Prvky je moZno identi- fikovat a kvantitativne stanovovat’ meranim energie a intenzity tohoto emitovaného Ziarenia. K tomu, aby bolo mozné priblizit EDXRF na troveii WDXRF bolo v poslednom éase vyvinuté velké tsilie a rézne technické rieenia. Jednym z najvyznamnejgich je poutitie polarizovaného RTG liga na budenie fluorescentného Ziarenia. Tento spd- sob budenia sa realizuje v pristroji pomocou polarizaénych teréikov, ktoré mozu byt vyrobené z Be, BeO, Al,O; alebo B,C, Vyhoda takéhoto budenia je v tom, Ze mnoz- stvo primameho rozptylencho Ziarenia z RTG lampy, ktoré dopadéd na detektor klesa na 10% pévodnej hodnoty. To znamené ovela vaési pracovny as pre detektor pre spracovanie uzitoéného signahu. Dalsie zlepSenie prinéSa poutitie tzv. sekundarnych teréikov. Tieto fungujé tak, Ze primame RTG diarenie z RTG lampy dopadé na teréik, v fiom je vybudené jeho Vlastné fluorescenéné Ziarenie a tymto charakteristickym Ziarenim je buden vzorka. Podla materilu z akého sti tieto teréiky vyrobené, méZeme menit droveli budiaceho Ziarenia a tym optimdlne budit vady uréit skupinu prvkov. Ako sekundédrne teréiky sa poudivaji materidly z Co, Cd, Pd, Mo, Sm, Ti, v pripade potreby iné. Poslednym skutoéne revoluénym zleSenim v tejto oblasti, hlavne pre analyzu Iah- kych prvkov prind8a pouiitie tzv. HOPG Braggovho kry8tdlu. Vysoko integrovan4 reflektivita HOPG kry&télu zlepSuje detekéné limity a citlivosti pre Na, Mg, Al, Si, P a S v stopovych mnoistvach tak pre Iahké ako aj thiké matrice. Z toho dévodu, Ze druhy a tretf poriadok odrazeného Ziarenia miu byt pouzité na budenie, bolo toto budiace Ziarenie pouzité pre prvky F - Fe. V porovnani so sekunddmym teréikom z Cd sa efektivita zlepsila faktorom 8 pre prvky Na, Mg, Al, Si, P a S. Pri porovnani vysledkov LOD pre tieto dva spésoby budenia vychddza zlepSenie pre HOPG 5 - 10 ndsobné, Na pripojenych tabulkiich je demongtrované aké parametre dosahuje pristroj v kto- rom sti zabudované spomenuté konStrukéné rieSenia. Na obrazku je nézorne vidiet porovnanie budenia pomocou primarneho RTG Ziarenia a polarizovaného Ziarenia na vzorke polyméru.P20 SPECTRO aol rot Vergleich Direktanregung mit Polarisation am Befspiel einer Polymerprobe SPECTRO Ssisei7) et reweTY ° Mg alSiP S 7 . Fe 2a Pe Co Ti wa : on w a & o Waar (are oe 2 yuk [FIG Twotten Sis son Words cet Lichen Se oan Alloennchar irae Syabaine. sine] Fourie! Bwrrene| sates | “pawr| erere| FEtetes.. [TET Bute. | [TTS SPECTRO ("SPECTRO x-cae 2000 Ssrecma xr Geochemical prospecting Standard GSR-0S Aoplication of the FP - model Sample : Sulfidie copper ore standard RUS-2 [cement] cenified value_| Fadel uae m7 S| 503300 = 4000 [274000 $00 Fe_| 260600 + 7000 | 251300 = 300 Co 40212 SI Wi 2126 1see Ge [ 30000 1300 | "30080 « 50 [[2n | 19300 « 800 [19900 = 40 as | 35002300 | 3570215 Se 4825 4222 Mo_|__35#21 se? ag 3335, 35e 1 ca_| tos 13 ose? So [an 228 5822 Te 31z3 221 Ba_| 15800 = 300 | 168002 50 ir a6 Sisd (Ceo 3600s 200 | a3a0 215 30 analysis ‘cetfied values [mean = Sd dev. (19) % % WaO| 035 2001 | 032 = 002 MgO | 2,01 =0.03 | 2,04 «0,02 ‘ALOy | 18,82 £0.08 | 19,01 = 0,06 SiO, [59,23 ¢0.10__[°59,37_+0,06 P205 | 015840004 | 0,150 + 0,005 30> [0,015 0.005 | ~0,0164% 0,002 KO _|“416 £0.05 | 4.26 0.02 ‘CaO [0,600.02 | 0,600 + 0,008 TiO; [0,66 £0.01 | 0,664 + 0,005 ‘C0; [0,014 + 0.007 | “0,016 = 0,003, ‘MnO [0,022 + 0.001 | 0,027 = 0,002 FeO; | 7,60 £0.04 | 7,66 £0.01 concentration | Sandard dev range oxides te % % 70% -95% | _<013 40% -70% | $0.09 10% -40% | 0,06 3%-10% | $0,03 05% -3% | 0013 <05%. 0,01MOLINE > 2 ‘SK98K0225 ARTIFICIAL RADIONUCLIDES IN OILS FROM THE UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TEST SITE (PERM’ REGION, RUSSIA) Kalmykov St.N.'*, Sapozhnikov Yu.A. ', Goloubov B.N.” 1- Division of Radiochemistry, Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia. 2- Biosphere scientific council, Russian Academy of Sciences +. Author to whom all the correspondence should be addressed Underground nuclear tests (UNT) are one of the possible sources of contamination of environment by the radionuclides. A lot of so-called industrial (peaceful) UNTs were conducted at oil and gas deposits for different purposes. This work is devoted to the determination of some artificial radionuclides in oils from Gezh deposit (Perm’ region, Russia). Oil samples were collected from different holes (were the explosion took place and distant ones). For the determination of y-emitting radionuclides (like Cs-134,137, Co-60, etc.) the HPGe spectrometry was conducted. For Sr-90 determination the measurements of Cherenkov radiation generated by daughter Y-90 were performed, H-3 and C-14 were determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry after the distillation of each oil sample, It was founded that even in oils from the hole were the explosion took place there is no measurable Sr-90, Cs-134,137 or Co-60 activities. But in most of the samples the H-3 and C- 14 concentration was higher than the background level. For the low boiling fraction (40-75°C) for one of the sample it reached the value of about 1,3+10° Bq/L. It is obvious that oil is preferably enriched by such radionuclides as H-3 and C-14 but not metals like Cs, Sr or Co. The migration of H-3 and C-14 could be studied by the comparison of their activities in samples from different holes.INA SK98K0226 P27 ICP-MS APPLICATIONS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES Jifi Bendl, Analytika Ltd, U Elektry 650, Prague 9 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) is remarkable sensitive and suitable for multi-element analysis and isotope ratios measurement The field of geochemistry is gradually exploiting this capability. Detection limits in pure solutions for most elements are currently in the range 0.005-0.1 ppb. INSTRUMENTATION Conventinally, a sample solution is nebulised into the ICP where it is desolvated, volatilised, dissociated, excitated and atomised to produce ions, which will be used for measurement. Most elements are efficiently ionised in the high temperature Ar atmosphere (ca.8000 K) of the normal analytical zone. A portion of the plasma is extracted via the water-cooled sampler, commonly made of Ni with an orifice diameter of 1 mmm, into a differentially pumped region at approximately 500 Pa, Downstream from the sampler and coaxial with it at a distance of about 8 mm is the skimmer with an orifice diameter of about 0.8 mm. The central section of the supersomic jet of gas, expanding through the sampler, flows through the skimmer into a high vacuum region (at 10-5 Pa). The temperature drops rapidly, and reactions which could change the composition of the extracted gas are effectively frozen. Byond the skimmer, the extracted gas enters a region where the pressure is low enough to ensure that the mean free path becomes longer than the system dimensions. Ions are than electrostatistically deflected by the ion lens system off axis, to the quadrupole mass filter and detector. A small optical bafile plate is placed in the central axis of the lens system to prevent optical radiation of the ICP (10000 K) from reaching the senzitive electron multiplier detector. The optimum combination for the operation of the Varian UltraMass appears to be 1.2 kW RF plasma power with 0.85 l/min aerosol flow rate and sampling depth of 7 mm appeares to be chosen for most analyses. CALIBRATION The modes of calibration currently used are extemal, with and without intemal standardisation, standard additions and isotope dilution. Spiked or isotope dilution analys are used to determine the amount of an element present by adding a known amount of "spike" isotope to a sample and measuring the effect that spike has on the isotopic composition of the sample. ALTERNATIVES OF SAMPLE INTRODUCTION ICP-MS intolerance towards solutions containing high concentrations of dissolved solids ( > 2g/l) has fostered research into modes of sample introduction other than conventional nebulisation, Applictions of alternate means of introduction are flow injection analysis, electrothermal vaporisation, laser ablation, direct sample insertion, slurry nebulisation, introduction of analytes as gases by hydride generation of As,Ge, Se, Sn, Sb, Te and Pb. Conventional nebulisation remains the most popular method of sample introduction.P27 INTERFERENCES ‘As with every analytical technique, ICP-MS suffers from interferences; although the degree of spectral interference is lower than in ICP atomic emission spectrometry , the opposite is true in the case of matrix-induced effects. Plasma gas and matrix species present in the sample solution produce some polyatomic ions which could cause interferences. Typical of such reactions are those between the most abundant species Ar, O, H solvent acids (Cl, N, 8, P) and major salts (Na, Mg, Ca, K,..) Isobaric overlaps between coincident isotopes of neighboring elements may cause interferences, but rarely preclude a determination. It is often possible to correct for an interference by measuring another isotope of the interferent and subtracting the interfering peak from the wanted one. Matrix suppression for rock solutions is relatively small. Solid deposition on the sampling apertures usually limits total dissolved content of the solution to 0.5 or 1 gil. TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS The power of ICP-MS for rapid trace multi-element determination in the earth sciences is natural. The range and combination of elements which can be analysed is very broad, In practice, analytical methodology is often best developed for specific elemental groups, taking into account the matrix and sample preparation ( Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, Th, U ), (Mo, W, TI). RARE EARTH ELEMENTS The REEs lie in area of the mass spectrum characterised by minimum interferences and greatest sensitivity for ICP-MS. All of the REEs have at least one isotope free from isobaric overlap, and consequently the entire group is easily determined in most geological samples. Determination of the REEs. Isobaric overlap by the axis of the LREEs on the HREEs must be monitored, especially where oxide formation seems more prevalent. Most schemes incorporate 1-5% HNO} as the final acid medium, the blank spectrum being exceptionally "clean" in this mass region. With correction for oxide formation and internal standardisation the preconcentration of the REEs by ion exchange as carried out in ICP-AES is not needed to obtain the detection limits as low as 0.1-1 ppb in the solid sample. Barium caused some difficulties in Ba-rich samples that produce significant interferences on Eu. Were Ba levels are not too high, the Ba interferences can be corrected by running a Ba interference standard. Ion- exchange sepaaration might be used to separate Ba from the REEs. PRECIOUS METALS Gold, silver and platinum group elements ( Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt), like the REEs, the high masses of the precious metals Ru-Pd and Os-Pt make them well suited to determination by ICP-MS. The precious metals occur in most natural materials at very low concentrations and are very heterogeneously, distributed, commonly being concentrated in discrete particles or phases. Such low abundances and sample inhomogenity, require well-designed samplin strategies and sample preparation, which incorporate sufficient mixing and grinding to homogenise the material, to representative aliquot. ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS The range of isotope ratio measurements which can be made by ICP-MS is large (Pb, Li, B, Fe, Cu, Zn, Re, Os, U,..)- ‘The present state of development of ICP-MS for application to biological materials clearly indicates that the method can provide isotope ratio measurements with precision in the rangeP27 0,1-1,0%. A number of applications concerning the determination of Pb isotope ratios in geological and environmental studies have been obtained by ICP-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS ‘There are many features which make ICP-MS an attractive technique for environmental element studies: 1 Rapid, simultaneous analysis with typical sample throughput times of 3- 5 minutes including washout between samples. This is important in environmental studies where large sample numbers and a wide range of elemens are normally involved. 2 Low detection limits for many elements not readily determined by other analytical techniques (U, Th, Li, B, Be, rare-earth elements, I, Br, TI, Nb, Mo, Ta, W, Zr, Hf, Rb, Cs, Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ge, Sb, Bi, Se, Te). 3 The potential for undertaking small sample analysis, from, for example atmospheric aerosols, biological materials, where the lower detection limits of ICP-MS enables smaller sample sizes to be analysed than can be done by other methods. This avoids the necessity for precontration steps which introduce the possibility of analyte loss or contamination, 4 Enhanced sensitivity for undertaking ultratrace element determinations in aqueous solution generally below 0.1 ppb. Such low detection limits are desirable for evaluating water quality in groundwater, fresh and seawater samples. Waters are an ideal medium for analysis by ICP- MS. 5 The ability to determine isotope ratios provides the opportunity to undertake tracer and speciation studies (lead isotopes in blood or soil profile, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: ‘The study was supported by the grant No. A3013603 of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Analytika Ltd. where UltraMass ICP-MS (fy Varian) is working.“AKL > 20 ‘SK98K0227 DETERMINATION OF GOLD IN GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES - THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE E. Feriantik, GEOTECH, as. Spiské Nova Ves, Slovak republic Wide variations in the gold content of mineral and ore samples demand development and aplication of various analytical methods. But it seems nowadays that the most usefull methods are both flame and graphite furnace techniques of atomic absorption spectrometry. ‘This paper reviews some analytical techniques which have been described for the gold analysis of geological materials: spectrophotometry (SP) flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GAAS) inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) neutron activation (NA) electroanalytical methods fire assay Some specific problems of gold analysis in geology have been developed into the five main parts: + decomposition techniques + weight of sample and the size of gold particles + presence of organic matrix + presence of quartz. and silicates + separation and enrichment methods ‘The analytical requirements in connection with technological processes for the treatment raw materials has been summarized as follows: * content of gold from this point of view + representative sample from field and industry materials References 1. AG. Coedo, M.T. Dorado, E, Escuredo and LLG. Cobo, Atomic Spectroscopy 15, 78 (1994). 2. P. Nowinski, Atomic Spectroscopy 15, 109 (1994) 3. J. Rowland, Varian Instruments at Work 1982, 1 (1982). 4, J, Medved’, E. Martiny, E. Plsko and E. Feriantik, Geologica Carpathica 38, 575 (1987), 5. E. Feriandik, H. Mjartanova and I. Hic, Hornicka Pribram ve véde a technice 1987, p. 20, Kutna Hora, . 6.RJ. Puddephatt, The Chemistry of gold, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, p. 227 (1978). 7. J. Polakovitovi, J. Medved, V. Sreiko, J. Kubovi and A. Celkové, Acta Chimica Slovenica 42, 329 (1995).ine none P3t SK98K0228 UTILIZATION OF ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS Jana Kubova, Jozefa Polakovitova, Jan Medved’, Vladimir Stre3ko, Geological Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Bratislava The intensive priority of utilization of the rare earth elements (REE) has started since seventy years, The great importance of high purity compounds of REE has found their utilization first of all in electrical industry, nuclear energetics, optics, ceramics, engineering, chemical industry and other. The importance of data on REE for petrogenetic classification of rocks since it provides information on magma differentiation and the metamorphic or other geochemical processes is well recognized [1]. The new analytical techniques and procedures which were developed in eighties for determination of ultra-trace contents of REE have led to their wide popularization not only for many geochemical and petrogenetic investigations but for the environment monitoring as well. Requests for REE determination have therefore become common in most geoanalytical laboratories in spite of the fact that analysis of usual concentration levels is in the least not a simple task, Many years ago only two analytical techniques, namely neutron activation analysis (NAA) and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), were available for the determination of REE at chondritic abundance levels in rocks and minerals, but use of these techniques remained confined to a few well-established laboratories, mainly because of the high cost of the equipment, In the seventies, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry had a great impact in this field in its optical version and more recently in its ICP-MS form [2-4], Despite considerable progress in REE determination as witnessed by numerous publications, several problems have still remained and may cause errors if not properly handled. Problems in the determination of REE arise from their very low concentration in many common substances (rocks, ores, slags) as compared to the concentration of main elements, Most of matrix elements falsify the REE determination by ICP-AES because of spectral overlaps and background continuum interferences [5]. In most cases, REE group separations are required prior to analysis to eliminate or minimize interferences with concomitant elements, such as Fe, Al, Ca, Ti, and to increase the sensitivity. Additional, optical spectra of some of the REE are fairly line-rich with many overlaps and coincidences, Mutual spectral interferences are therefore fairly common, and they are highly instrument dependent. To achieve correct analytical results, extensive experimental work with the particular used instrument and with regard to the expected composition of the analyzed samples is required. The next serious problem of reliable determination of REE in geological materials consists in incomplete dissolution of the sample, Some of the REE may be bound in accesory minerals waich may not be properly attacked by the mixture of acids, including HF, generally used for decomposition. An incomplete decomposition may even result in a fractionation of the REE, thus changing their mutual ratios. Decomposition, therefore, should proceed in twoo steps: after digestion with acids, an alkali fusion of the undissolved residue should be included. ‘The application of ICP-AES method for detection sometimes needs a chemical separation and enrichment step to achieve the required detection limits and elimination of interferences. Separation of REE by precipitation yields in unacceptably high matrix salt load, by coprecipitation with Ca oxalate or CaF the losses may occur through the formation of colloid solutions or soluble REE complexes, whereas liquid-liquid extraction and separation by ion exchange procedures proved to be suitable for a following ICP analysis. Any of these methods are not free from limitations ( e.g. loss of REE during separation of matrix elements),P31 In our laboratory we have been involved in the problems of REE determination since 1977. We elaborated and applied procedures for REE determination using optical emission spectrography with D.C. arc excitation and ICP atomic emission spectrometry. REE determination by methods of atomic emission spectrography We worked out @ reliable, simple, fast and economically advantageous method for REE determination in different minerals (titanites, apatites, epidotes, garnets, scheelites and turmalines), consisting in the transformation of REE in their heavily soluble fluorides (6,7) Owing to the lowest solubility of REE fluorides, as compared with their other compounds, this procedure ensures a sufficient quantitative separation of the analyzed elements precipitated together only with Ca (and Li) contained in the original sample, The problem of the analysis of different minerals was so restricted to the RBE determination in practically pure CaF matrix. ‘The REE are so separated and simultaneously enriched in a single common matrix what enables to prepare calibration standards for the analysis of different types of geological materials only in.CaFz, The most sensitive REE spectral lines are in UV and VIS spectral region a part of which is covered with intensive cyanogene bands. For to supress their influence we worked in COz protective atmosphere using Schontag’s quartz cuvette. The greatest interest was dedicated to the choice of analytical spectral lines applicable from the point of view of their mutual interferences and interferences caused by high Ca concentration. REE determination by ICP-AES For the solution of several geological problems requiring data on REE contents, the reliability and in particular the detection limits of results obtained by the above mentioned method were not satisfactory. Many disadvantages of the classical excitation sources are significantly suppressed by the application of inductively coupled plasma, Among the main advantages of this excitation source as applied for REE determination, good detection limits for the majority of the analyzed elements, elevated precision and relatively simple background have to be quoted. The necessity to dissolve solid materials and the presence of often significant mutual and matrix interferences, representing the main sources of errors at the REE determination, have to be considered as the principal drawbacks of ICP application. In our laboratory we have used different decomposition procedure according to the type of the analyzed material. For the decomposition of rocks, repeated treatment with acid mixture (HNO, + HF + HCLO,) and following fusion of the insoluble residue with NaBO> has been most often applied. From the solution prepared on the indicated way the separation of REE is performed by means of catex ion exchanger Dowex AG 500W-X8 [8]. A disadvantages of the separation proposed in this procedure consists in the great volume of relatively concentrated acid nacessary for the elution (400 ml 1.8M-HCI and 450 ml 6M-HC!) which must be evaporated for the final adjustment of the resulting solution, This essentially increases the Jaboriousity and duration of the analysis, even not speaking about the loading of the environment. An essential part of the experimental work at the elaboration of the procedure for REE determination is played by the choice of analytical lines and determination of appropriate correction factors for the elimination of still present interference influences. Despite the separation of REE concomitants their mutual interferences however not be avoided. The calculation of correction factors must be performed for each used technique, it is namely not possible to take their values simply from literature, The proposed procedure was applied for the analysis of different types of geological materials from several Slovak localities. The resultsP31 the REE determination were used for e.g. investigation of REE distribution in volcanic rocks, rhyolite tuffS with U-Mo mineralization, sandstones with heavy minerals accumulations, phosphatic sandstones, granites, quartz-carbonate veins [9] and in the meteorite found in the locality Rumanova, REE determination in mineral waters Mineral waters are characterized by a relatively large variability in their basic chemical composition and their REE contents are very low as compared with the concentrations of main components. From these reasons the use of separation-preconcentration procedures is in the majority of cases inevitable. In a collaboration with Dr. Nevoral [10] who determined REE in mineral waters after their separation and preconcentration spectrophotometrically, we analyzed the same samples using ICP-AES. REE contained in mineral waters from Czech Republic, (taken volume 25 - 100 1) were preconcentrated and separated by means of the ion exchanger Dowex 500W X12. For spectrophotometric determinations the REE elution from a column with catex Dowex SOW X8, ammonium salt of o-hydroxyizobutyric acid at pH 4.43 of increasing concentration was used. For the final determination of Sc 4-(2-tiazolylazo) resorcinol, for the other RE xylenol orange in the presence of cetylpyridinium bromide was used. The REE contents were determined in 19mineral water sources and the results obtained by the both mentioned methods compared. The total REE contents in the analysed mineral water samples were between 2x10” and 3x10° g dm®. The obtained results were used for the characterization of the mineral water springs, and the mutual correlations of the REE contents served as a basis for hydrogeochemiical evaluation of rock-water interactions. Conclusion The perspectives for improvement of REE determinations using methods of atomic emission spectroscopy can be found first of all in the region of sample treatment e.g. in the use of more effective separation and preconcentration procedures. Application of the described methods (classical fluoride precipitation and ionex chromatography) cannot ensure a sufficiently high preconcentration factor for all REE (problems connected with the decomposition of high sample inweights, limited sorption capacity of ion exchangers etc.). The applicaton of ionex chromatography is laborious and extremely time consuming. From this point of view, so called chelating ion exchangers Ostsorb-Arzenazo (OA) and Spheron-Salicyl (SS) of Czech production are more perspective. These exchangers have a high selectivity on the REE, at the found pH=6 the efficiency of REE sorption is in the range 98.3-104.6%, The OA sorbs only Fe from a model solution containing Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, K, Na, but at the specific condition (masking, application of multifunctional buffering solution for Al and Fe) the sorption of Fe can prevented, The SS sorbs besides REE quantitatively also Al and Fe depending upon the capacity of chelating ion exchanger. At the use of static procedure which is simpler than the dynamic one, the efficiency of REE sorption in the range 95-105% was found. The preconcentration and separation procedure based on the mentioned chelating ion exchangers has till now been proved only on model samples but on the basis of the gained results it is possible to state that it represents an essentially more effective preconcentration-separation method than the till now used ones.P3t Literature 1. Henderson P, (ed.), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984. 2. Broekaert, J.A.C., Leis F., Laqua K., (1979) Specrochim. Acta, 34B: 73-84. 3. Crock J.G., Lichte FE., (1982) Anal.Chem., $4:1329-1335, 4, Uchino T., Ebihara M., Furuta N., (1995) J. Anal. At. Spectrom, 10: 25-30, 5. Zachmann D.W., (1988) Anal. Chem., 60: 420-427 6-Kubova J., HvoZd'ara P., PISko E., Polakovitova J., (1988) Geologicky zborntk - Geologica Carpathica, 39: 569-575. 7. Rojkovit I., Medved’ J., Posta S., Sulovskj P., Walzel E., (1989) Geologicky 2bornik - Geologica Carpathica, 40: 453-469, 8, Sulcek Z., Rubedka L., Sixta V., Paukert T., (1989) At, Spectrose., 10: 4-9 9. Rojkovit I, (1994) Urénova mineralizécia Zap. Karpat. Doktorska dizertatnd praca, GU SAV, Bratislava. 10. Kubova J., Nevoral V., Stre3ko V., (1994) J. Anal, At. Spectrom, 9: 241-143,NIENAKA, 20 SK98K0229 SOIL MONITORING AS A PART OF ENVIRONMENT MONITORING IN SLOVAKIA Ing. Jozef KOBZA, CSc, Soil Fertility Research Institute Bratislava - Research Station Banské Bystrica Environment monitoring conception was approved by the Government of the Slovak Republic in 1992 ( Law number 449 ). This one consists of 13 partial monitoring subsystems Finally, one of them has been named ,, Partial monitoring system - Soil ,, which was passed by the Government of the Slovak Republic (Resolution number 620 from 7.Sept, 1993), Coordinator of this Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is Soil Fertility Research Institute in Bratislava which is also Slovak Centre for Soil Information since 1994. There are co-workers institutes which have been participated in Soil Monitoring system solution as follows + UKSUP ( Central Checking and Testing Institute in Agriculture ) Bratislava = LVU (Research Institute in Forestry ) Zvolen It is well known that the soil includes relatively stable resp. more or less dynamic soil properties, inorganic and organic components, various depth of soil profile covered by various plants, etc. For the sake of this fact it was no easy to table unified soil monitoring conception (with comparison of water or air monitoring systems ). In framework of Soil monitoring system it is going about a lot of methods in advance as follows: + methods of soil monitoring sites selection and soil monitoring network construction, as well «methods of soil survey and soil sampling analytical methods ( indication of chemical, agrochemical and physical properties) ‘soil database and methods of evaluation and interpretation of measured results Methods of soil monitoring sites selection and soil monitoring network construction The monitoring network was constructed on the base of ecological principles including the monitoring of all soil types and subtypes, various climatic and emission regions as well as relatively clean regions, lowland and highland, Soil monitoring network in forest land is regular (8 x 8 km ) with regard to Intemational Soil monitoring system in Forestry. Finally, the soil monitoring network in Slovakia consist of 650 monitoring sites ( 312 sites in farming land and 338 sites in forest land ). In addition soil monitoring network includes also 21 key monitoring sites ( monitoring of more dynamic properties, problem of spatial variability, introducing and testing of new methods - especially for available forms indication of important soil parameters ). All monitoring sites are geodesically located and reported on the map at a scale of 1:5000. Methods of soil survey and soil sampling All soil monitoring methods are presented according to prepared and approved Project (1992). The monitoring site is of circular shape with a radius of 10m and on the area of 314m” Soil sampling started in 1993, The standard depth of 0 - 0.10 m ; 0.20 - 0.30 mand 0.35 - 0.45 m is sampled. The basic soil monitoring ( all network ) is running in 5 years oycles, but more dynamic soil properties are monitored yearly ( bulk density, porosity, pH, Al, fractional composition of P and K nutrients and qualitative composition of humus ).P39 Analytical methods ‘There are the methods concerning the important soil parameters indication with regard to main soil degradation processes as follows : ‘soil contamination trace risk elements content in total (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni, Se, Co) ‘trace risk elements content in 2M HINOs (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co ) Asin 2M HCI mobile forms (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co) in EDTA F water soluble (Larsen arid Widdows method ) organic contaminants ( PAHs - polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons, PCB - polychlorined bifenyls ) according to chromatographic methods. © soil acidification pH (in HO, in 0.2M KCL, in 0.01M CaCh, ) exchangeable cations Ca, Mg™, K*, Na’ (in IM CH;COONHs ) ‘content of carbonates (volumetrically in 10% HCI ) © soil salinization analyses of soil solution, sorption complex and water extract * soil erosion deluometrically by the "Cs and remote sensing methods © soil compaction important physical properties ( bulk density, porosity, max, capillary capacity - in 100cm’ cylinders, soil macro - and microstructure, soil permeability ) © soil fertility and protection available mutrients P (Egner and Mehlich II. methods ) and K ( Schachtschabel and Mehlich 11. methods ) fractional composition of P (Scharafat ) and K ( Bujdo’ ) ‘Mg and Ca ( Mehlich II. ) ‘Ny (in agricultural soils according to Kjeldahl method, in forest soils by LECO EP 228 analysator ) organic carbon ( Tjurin method ) fractional composition of humus (Kononova and Beléikova method ) Analytical control system is elaborated according to Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) ‘Soil database and methods of evaluation and interpretation of measured results The main data blocks - identification data, co-ordinates in JTSK system with the possibility of transformation into the geographical co-ordinates, classification data ( soil classification according to system of Slovakia as well as FAO system ), code of soil - ecological unite polygon Data Block. Database is managing by users programme on the base of ACCESS | Windows 95. Evaluation of soil monitoring network results is not simple because it depends on various monitored parameters, on aim of evaluation as well as on the scale of landscape which is object for evaluation, There are used the modern statistical methods in monitoring system which can be : © universal + disjunctive simulatedP39 Used statistical methods are significant for interpretation of measured results as follows * trends in landscape * anisotropy * comparison Finally, it may be seid that the evaluation and interpretation way is very significant with regard not only to soil cover but also to other components of environment, as well.