Chapter 2 ‘Water and waste ‘Wier i at consinstion maria tit of huge impart fo mie, bo ie he damage hat ican do whee wool adn he epee ht we ave asf sbunan provision, Water nd waste ste he ce urdpeednca of cio if. Ooe aa’ es ‘is another mans water supply Is much eset be sal abst ‘supa the fe on others econesoverntniiag, Aswoply of eth wae is one of te eset ments of inate ‘which we often ake fo granted in ton cer. Dweling arte ‘al ees muy te owe Wels or pings wlch ere there ofthe wether. Caryiag oar owa water When ein io ent aE ‘make all the more appreciative ofthe alae ap bck ame, Child ‘moray i tbe doeloping world i aaa seduced wna tho iy of he wae aval fo crinking and cooking improved, Fare of waste ipsa systems flowing nal dates ~ her dct de ‘sop or impli bat in enporry camps for dpicd pxions— ‘ea chlo and pol epider huh contamination hing ove the wesc Unie Stats octal and western Aus it is vr obvious hat he dese is utes peteence for mc ofthe e- ‘eat on a supely of wae fom somewhere cle, eer Below od {ef he ie, Punping wae fm deep well o osloing penuenble agi esol war which bat prcably spent many thousands of years percoliing ough the oud in order to rach the ‘aur (he geaopical yer i which the water is red and troup ‘which the water i abet Dow) evidently gute ary fer the te of pumping exceed the rate f replenishes that be water supply e- somes» giinishing ese, Reliance on purged wre 9 ply a expanding urban area can be precanous Water oleied fom rfl in ‘ure servis or abaracted fom vers ca be sea at young wale ‘hore more evden retionsip bowers quasi of wane at are Rives ad heir wn problems tothe water ply Water beacted wp stcam ofa tow wil ue doubt be dicharged as waste wae to be wed ts opt for other towns futher dowruteam, River wate may bo wed ‘many times before in cvently lowed nd eed in he 8. Water ‘Water hasbeen sch an essential supporting component of ciizaion over the lena tially bas fen governed the loaton of cases and viluges, Equally, the provision of water and handing of ‘wate for low and ces hs fen rgured impensive il engineer ‘The island of Samos inthe Aegean basa foitied town withthe same sume cas south: coat. Aa fotfed cao or town ads « suply of war (ed foo) a erro be able w survive prong ape. A lensing, ses fom ihe own bythe imeione Mount Ape Jos 28 m hgh, provided a possibe source. Tarspring the wer by certour chase would have been vulerbl to atack. The aerave, ‘ous rough he mousaia fora dance of out 1 is deseed vy Harodous, wing abou 60 yeus arty complaioa in wound 528 BC, a eof he gts nginaning feu of he Crock weed He ats ally numer te decgnevenginer (he wer the fern architect, “mater ‘bulk as pains. ‘Civil eniacers we quired nt only to desig tier works but also put ‘hem in he ietendedYeations Skil of surveying ae today geal 8- Std by precision opi intrunents ar levels an slcbal positon: {ng syste fending on stlites at ze contnlyoiing the exh. Such meer vies may seem abit ke cheng to those surveyors ‘oho had 9 toil up mountains with heavy theooltes, hoping fr eond- tins cea enough ob able to sete colleague on aac! pals, al the tie crating invisible tragles aero the countyide which ‘would be tought downto exh a x becength which ind bon very Prevely mesnired ting cain rode of metal oat. The precision hat was achieved by such teiniqes inthe 18th cemary was remark- se upains had no serious opal istanents, but Me ust Have used some syste of siping beacon to estan he ine ofthe tuoel wader the moun, and some sor of eveing device oesblich the reative levels ofthe two enranoet to the tne, constricted simslaneoaey fom bt nen the event hero tne headings me th epee in of! verczally al 6m horizontal. The water supply was cand ‘fom the fer ofthe tunel depths upto 8 m, to nae the neceary ain of about 6 per cet proving 2 ow of re 1200 abi me ‘Us pr day, sient supply «town of 20000 inhabitants togtber ‘with let of ships, an anny, andthe constrstion workers breught infoc he tne! self and ter works of fiction. The chanel el ‘va fed ove nd th lt bcd wih rock debris. The sine at ‘Be nor end and the ply rxenci at he city ead a ink inate ‘unnlbybarid condi The tae, 18 m = 18m stn, doubled (2 sauburrncn scpe rou oe te fied tn ~Hhe te modo ‘wove in Kil Lr which doubles tw ighway ada od relict ‘ae ‘Trvellng ody onthe Va Apia, oon oer ods Heading fer Rome, you can see exensie remains of urdu conveying wa othe city ‘lt beeen 312 Bc end AD 226. Thee ae oer mace spec ‘msas of Rama wate apply ators. The Pot du Grd i soukare rane, saplie some $0,000 eae metres of wate er day 10 the ety ‘of Nes fom «sping soe $0 fm aways water tock more than ay fri jrey fo spring ity. The Roca sed lend or exien- ‘rare pce when acer oer ers By Forming verted pho, ‘ut toy profrd 1 use ope ural as far as ose. The survey feats in eing out th ecessary lw gets forthe ow oer es of Jelomates were impressive. Mineral of ae, sck a od are found where the polo fap ‘wal consumption Tho gad a str Ausvaa was dives bythe ‘sue human weakness forthe yellow metal as hin Non Ame. ‘he discovery of gold at Kloot ithe 18805, ld ulin the ection of oe of terest opi mig inthe worl at alo a- (peda aed for water Cher eieron O' Conor wat apie a2 (Sit engineer Sor Wester Acai in 1892 ane, hving bat he ba ourat Feat, rods asin Co pubi of wae supply foe algo His slusion wes to bud a mas conse dim in the hl Fuso the est of eth and then cons 0.75 m daneter pipeline for ome 500 on tough wich vo pamp the wate, with a srs of echt ping ston. The project tok stou ve year to complete ed wa ‘erated Mowing ough the pln in 1903 aly te conan! ap eal essa of te poe and ils wecusaoes of ort pate 0 sic he was subj led O'Connor to commit susie in 902 by de Inghis hore no te sn. He is now ered as lochs. Waste ‘A good supply of flah wate ison eset elamen of cvzed ‘sete soe contel of the west wie fom houses a inst ‘another. The wo are ofcourse, no comple indepeniet see one tot ve boos cmtamied with wate before teacher destination ‘of cursus: ence to preference far ag aquatics or pple: stating fo ar] sings athe ha aking water om vers which ‘wee probably already contaminate by upsveam conurbations ti car- ‘tow on ia istry theless as ado be art 1500 BC there was an entenive network of dca charms beth the sues, lind with red ich ad leading to sakaways beyond he ‘uban are, The Mincans in Cee provied simi eaborate fused pers r wate elvison ke sae sores bse are what re femer ‘ered scoreton ane dt wil nat sive he sae publi, Poe etre very semi lo nggcvion of pcan relat of chemicls (oe asoucviy, or mioorgnins), Tasigoa of xfrmaion 1 ‘hy spi tht what is thought bea local sue Beers lbal = ‘00 in a mater of econds. Engineers needa be reper think Intra ly ofthe pose nine consequences of heaton nd eed ‘eine to deal wt otnilybostle medi. The engincerng et sughorver