su 9 ANo TON stem tm mtn sateen ts, teat ac cae Cm cnt Seether yaa 8, Secen of Mining and Metallorgical Engineer, Proceedings, mnie ore ven eae SRE 8 nae, om See See tindin a elcgel inc lane sume ie REE Sonata temacmecetcatss Sear ams mes mm Saree ee ener Sa cree eres PSR ilo cage of and the wap of olin slime Je Rich J, uma, Mand ee 8 oryopper ame) Gs Seto Ameen rcs Sua nn SSSSTEREY a Raat ences eames SSeS Stari Eo SS eeeetee ‘rem 194 The aac gnu rock, NewYork: Wey. p62. 2S ao EE aceon i ea rnin Art Aone one ot See ermeretnsens Secretar pure seta oe rie EE ee tlie mame SED Ly Pines aaa ap oe ‘Sin Fl PD. ad un, L167 Sore of Cede ‘Sine bt 2 Cece ine ep Seed ‘Etisal ae Coogee Ames eh Poe ie earner Eh eae ee Sor as er ceer atte sacar as ner poet ee tenes tap ta a See ‘plex Cole USA bn Cost See of nei Aa th Soe RSS an mene eres re dese a te ‘awocr W 180 Mineral depot sociated it carbonates ad “Sakesedc wane Rand So Ste ante eee ‘Plata Mountaos, oloradc: An alkane rock ated porphyry compen Sonos eects Soe cancac he Sark oe came Ears ree ements Setegegecnomnenremcaes EER en momen tama Se cater ne een ear Ale ao ae ee anne ee Sey Bedarra Er crema roage ce beta earn facicuataaaek Gree ee merece eccteaea ae Ee rie emcee Soe etoeuetet nnacacnm Ooo hag an py. P1984 Feo miner, as ce eeeSRC np ss Chapter 9 Gold Rich Porphyry Deposits: Descriptive and Genetic Models and ‘Their Role in Exploration and Discovery Riousp H, Startoe 27 nt i Paha Vila, Lando NS SND, Began cs iy ir in etn gt ce et cae ees re std Sea ape Seeley ace leemeny note Hoes Geert aa wg omen ope whee eis See eine aes Nort ctiie emer eee Sceptre hen ae eeneccematiass Saeco rage yee orc nege ler met srg er ate ip eet Recah eee epee apaenet otaku ce ple lee ney aoe ce Siero regen inn en eer Seg hee sien eeaaeact Seem etic semen Secigeckmy opm cons an peeet eoeaertn et Spek ogphmellsvarethenmomuntseorareteated Sint cay cous One yeas eo ge a ey eee acca eas ei eere ct eiteni etna areenantets ‘Farag as Inroduction caper nn pa Seem pete em ror sc ee ‘hyry copper deposit (€.., Lowell and Guilbert, 1970; Tiley Shue tyes aad nance Serenata ect Soe Spider tentnea ce a Beacame eter Scheie jorent eit or Sorted abet eh teccroriat Pegpeuraee omnes Sa toemrias ae pas cea eer rat Sane Soa cere oat ett iretiereaterd erecta eta Epa et wet ict inadctertye hs Telgacatnsies Sowa eae tains several hundred milion metic tons (Mt) eraging 315 g/t Au, Typical goldich por depots ae dete ‘eatin moladenum tat there are noble excepson (eg ‘Bingham, Ok Te, Skoures, Table 1) The st of the de as varies maria fom 300.500 Mt (ig 2) ‘Bingham, the fst porpyy copper depos tobe worked asabubhsonnage operation, ls old ch: boweve, due old ‘ret di not become econobeally mporanc ust hese ‘ofthe inernaonal gold pice in he late 1010s Other tn Imari in he explltaton af golach porphry copper de ois incude conmisioning of Alsaint Cabelbean, in apt San Toaas I Phipps in 1958, Pagers, Pa New Guinea, in 1972, and Granberg, Indonetn in 1059 Goldenly end members were fit dtcovered nthe Mart ‘Sigal ortern Chen 188 wah produto ea ‘mening yr later (Vl and Soe, 1991) “Te lrge ze and high grade ofthe Grasbrg deposit ‘aie the profile of gldichporpiyy deposi and led 0 {heir becoming prime exploravon tates fr companies in terete in gold, copper or both metas. The patent of sgoldich porphyry depos underscored by be fet that Sneath a te world’ gan gold depots defined a those Sonning 30 Au, epi op.The eat pout are Graber, Almay: Brigham, Panguna Fe Soath Ext and Cerro Cue (Tbe). a assn stare "| Lmtd asic py pt Ne ncn nee Pic roo a wen ns te eg eel Bet nese eps pase roe pos “This ail updates the generalized descrpie empi- seal) mote for porphyry depots presented pre ‘oy lige, 193), emphasiang where certain xan De difer from the ort, Historia advances is the ‘ndertonding of porpiyty copper ques are the bly Tevowee sb a prelude tothe curren preferred genede ‘model fer gold porpry depos, Methods wed in ex plraion and covery of golich porphyry dept are {hen danse, wy spec tention pid to the telatvely Ininor role played by descriptive and genet modes Tw ‘peal dacnery cae hii ave iced The ate com Rides vith suggestions for forther work and a eres of ‘Gueiom and savers eating othe models described. Descriptive Model Regonlictni sting Golds porpiyy deposi are genera convergent pine bonne ving or medi ewig sabe Caafetinic osprey oft aren Cie, Pe nd the Philipines are prof wocion seated vl ‘optic eta whi ether gat depot re ‘Se tndapread:Exewhere,howeer eng Bn “Dulnedet Aarne (abe gots pope ee fit eed in tacare sting doe the Sop ex eine fstab ppg oper ab Sango pi are genersed ding nur when are ar sujet pte of wea xe sion, at Cerro Corona an Minas Conga in nother en (Petiord ad Atherton, 108), and Mare, Lato, Refi, ahd Corea Case in the Masicunga bet nortera Chile {ay ea, 199) Hey, exeton progres pe Ace crave ite the Cagayan basin (Flrendo, 183), hos to the Dini depot Lazon, Pilppnes (Table), However ange highgade deposi, in common wih thelr feligoor comers re me pay emplaced sing ‘gional compresson (Sse, 1088). Compresion may be {product of tubducton ofan aseomie ge, asm Par Sdurheast Ganget 1, 199), or srccontinent collin, as 2 Grsberg and OF Tes (Devey and Bud, 1070) Indeed ii epi wre cmp i ht eee 2 callsonal events (ase 1). The gan Bigham de post aan exception to tar generalization, however, be Pate was generated ding extension immediately Fo Towing prolonged compresive teconism (Pexel, 1997), Crating arundel cine rst el arin and ee Uinderiin by either ontnenal or oceanic ens. Stl CO Felnions between godsich porphyry depois aod oceanic ‘etings and moedenusn ich porphyry deporte and com tinea settings (eq, Holster, 1075) ae cles val “Gbseration solo not support any clea reauonshp ‘between goli'ichporpi) deposi and anomalous i fold contents n underying cra soc, s proposed itg a7 i : . “ i bee "| Bak. eel, bra, = 7 domi Sem Pe Suc an def nce gsc poy et copes em ido ad) ac sont eerie ee be oop ie nor sinning Ca ‘poet ecept Ot Saf) and Sg ak), nr inporaat speech cece wil. ‘Steroids und gh) ma (Ma Ply) a tn) rear tad ‘Tidy (1900, Goldsich porphyry deposi are widely di Ubud in olanoplutonc ars worldwide (1) (bey flodaces (eg. Dov Fobrstin Asoc Latpon fod ‘Was, 1983} adjacent porphyry deposta may have Imarkelydiferene gold contents (eg, Sindak: Sloe {ind Khan, 1977), Nevertheless, there is a tendency for {oldsich perphyry deposi fo be concentrated fa geo. [apical rected bet, suchas the Cajamarea bel of omtera Pe, tne Maricanga belt of nortern Cue, and ‘he Cordis Cenual of Luzon, Philippines, Voto ting “Golrch porphyry depos are commonly emplaced at ‘hallow (-Dhn)crusal levels (Cox and Singer, 198) and, hence are Ihely to be associated closely wath coer vo. fanic rocks, Indeed, able I reese that threes of Apo rea seman of coer vocanse sequences The ‘keane rel are pialy andesite to dat or Asie wo la in tomapoison and, where woeani land. forms ate parally preserved, they conse satovok ‘toes Hovever, the exsence of owedome complexes a be inferred above some golrich porphyry deposi, ‘special tose anociated wath more fle magrnsm (ig. Bingham; Wake etal 197) Row tt glint apnea OL ea) ones Nerd dopo few deposi emplaced at shallow depths are hoted by ctr anc god example ‘ellg Mare wich fred at -depeh of S00 tom beseath a arly preserved sratonicano (Miata, 181) General bow: Err the srrounding country rc compris ode ho. ing uni a variable ar serpentine (am Rosia find Wakia, 1978), sche (Shoure: Tobey et a, 1968), ind tcstone (eg, Graberg, Banga, Ok ed, Gn Corona Satara sting Some golsich porphyry deposi ar loaned by major ‘ual no, wheres many have ony relay minor se tires in tet immediate vcs The forme ce ex ‘npliled by Far Southeast, Culnatang, Sano Tomas Sed inghng fg Table 1) allocalacd by pay the TBooktlong Mppine vasacrrene fuk ste (Se toe and Gap, 180). few gdh porplyry ceponts are infeed to ie stong deeply penetrating cra lines: tment for example, Coomumbie and Cada Hon the Tachlan River lineament in New South Wales, Australia (Walshe et 1988. epost in compreniveseings tend {Boccupy ocala lata ste, such that proved by Suikelpfuting In the foldandshrst bet St Graber (Sapte nd Coon, 1098),18 ‘acuanow, srT08 ‘a son hare ip i Pap Deze E = =, & at. ee ee Sete ‘As 09 Seng pony cheny ()_ yoann striae jee Seman sme ee eee rn ee er) gnanpe we kk ee > gage” coe we Erin won em mK silt noo km = oe ee =a ao me =i Bo me wm er Ck mon me RMR Het comme sm mm ee | sn ome wR reote oF coun NCH one Dero MoDELS EELORATION 9 Fe se a, SL, SE SE Se oe See ee ke exe Slee mk clam me FP 2 SEE AAS Ok OE gem eae ees pee aie In sum, dough, ther eno specie srt ve sing Oat fives the foaistion of goleieh porphyry de pris: Rather, the pein ued that deeply derived [aga are copa of tng shallow lvl appropiate for porphyry depost generation whatever the suet sue and prparsdon ofthe upper cast uta ck pint "The porphyry inusions that ae reat genetical 1 algo porphy deposits belong excusey 0 Fpe, ‘magne series sults (eg shihaa, 1981. Indeed the hundance of hydrothermal magnedie tn goldrih por ‘hy depeata maybe taken osegget ha thet hos True re hig oxide ulurpoorrepresentates of the magnet ees Site, 1979) Bulabanage gold de- Desisae sho hot by and veld genedeal © more e- ‘ec ier magnetite or mentees nisin Bt theseare of hectduein rather than uly porpy 9 {ionpaon et sl, 1999; Thompson and Newberry, 300) Sir several “porphyy”coppergold depos elated Uoiette teres none (Rovina, 200) are not com ded be orp spe she st sen moe “The porphyry seks pan range of compostons rom low Kealcaltaline done, quarts dionte, and tonalite ‘hgh high Keane quar monzoaite wo altaline ‘onnitend syente The high K epresentes gener: aly met be crtraforclasleaion i shosbonites eg, ‘conus and aaa Hill Wachee, 1095 Buje ‘Asmater Miller and Forrestal 198) The alain 100s tay teeter sass or understated wth eect © {oir (Lang eal, 19950), Cea intrusive compotion ‘rere ite obs intuence on foray fr goiich SG cle cane ore ae EE eee ti ta a Pate Sees sce Re porphyry genesis, alibough more highly facionated in Eton of rani componon are nobly absent "The oreseated porpyre contin feldspar and mate smincrat' quae: pocorn at ape to aphanie fFoundmast Al the porphyries conn horablende Eit/or bose to whl pyrotene commonly added in the cae of the alkaline repesentcher Some Wadena ‘ated altalineinrusions conan pcwolewcte a 4 phe Says phase (Lange a 1986), Iwi mo geomeris ‘erally extensive (1-2 km) porphyry socks of gon hatin itch at a tpy and contin allor par ofthe or (ig. 8). Tht Gilnce rage fom ‘pred andsbundant diseminted and wine content In Kalcateawemblge, ss wel an ocurving in aocaon vith the other alteration gpes described below. Cnarse- FFalned anhydte view tre charactersal lt and copper geld mineralaton. ‘Acar of quar vines nrodace in several gner= ion pial compra: 1010990 vl perceatof Kats Serato, The eines may ocear as milena tock ‘orks and/or subpar suggestive of enkenced vetural consol on emplacement The mox abundant ‘eine, from a few milimetes fo several centers a Width, are composed of vires, granular quart, a pla $A igh mous and in laces, dion In {orm and commonly ack promfnent eran has ‘hough K feldopar and/or bioute may be absent (Gig 9) they are renincent ofthe A eles deste by GiSafvon and Hant (975) ftom the Sader pork ‘opperdcpou, Cle Some einer are landed 2 of eer peated opening snd quarintodson or con “entation of magnesie aor pyrite in certain bach ing them a darkgay coloration. The later varie, com ‘mon in goldoalyporpyy deposits in the Marcungs bel (ia and Site, 181; Vos € a, 1901, aswell ee: ‘here, may powes Warslucent centers ad dak margin ‘rc vert Tatraly more extnave planar quart ee ie epeally wh cee ines, ar iorariab ter than ‘Atgpe vile but also lack promineat aeration ebages (thf ariewoton as {sy 'bvclslew but ae nr ammonia most goldich porphyry depos in contrat, Roweves sme, bl or al olde porphyry depois snocacd va alin mi. fons rach ar thene sn Best Combi (Darr ea, 1975 lng ea, 19950, are defen in quire vlsing Ts presumably Betis the magiatc hydrothermal Suds frre understated wih respect to ars Fyrothermal magnetic sreregng 3 fo 10 vl percent inmany seat ones, occu inves it or wit ‘ara, in regular ot, ands dimeminated gas and {Gain aggregates (Slitoe, 1979; Cox and Singer, 188) Magnetteonly vinlets may be considered at M type, whereas those containing quart are esentally Ape {Big 5). Al ue hee depots in Table Yate estimated Yo Sonn pret ageing ecg St ne The magnetic both precedes and acconpani cop. Perbearing sb inodicion bt contrary t ree ‘ffm (late and Arann, 105), docs not errs predate Kalea tenon “Chalcopt and pre are he principal hypogene sub fier in Race alteration, sBough borate presenta some deposits Chaleopyrte pally occur as fine ie feminste grains in quar vee sociation wih nag eit, wells alone in inlet and dseinated oe, Brite conten are opal fay low, with pyrite cha opyre ratios ranging tom <05 to The core snes of some deposi however, are enentally deved of piesa Subsanualy higher pete contensare generally the prod tet of superimpoved intermediate argc alteration. ‘Where ori present prelerentall Uh deeper, cea: tel pars of K sine aeration sone, chaleopyte/bat rite ratio can be 1 ‘Since porpyy phates pill young berzomtal iw‘Ur 0F COLD PORPYRYDEFSTT MODEL IY XPLORATION a ‘fom the margins stocks mut expand progeny dur Ingmagna eplacement Inthe staence of corse wall roeks, expansion inp that the wocks occupy localized {anal ates cen where the overall seting & compre Sona, Individual pulses of magma ascent and crys. Son in tock apes o be separated by reseed pases beeate ching b general absent between porphyry aor: however ote extended cooling interes tei ese locally by the presence of arom chilled margin. Where obered (¢g” Guinaoang silie and Angten, 1985; Wal, Slitoe 1990), the opt of porphyry wots are ome in overal form impiying that magia not nor tally erated fom the nda cupolas once golsach Tomato commences. Inde, ponding of mag. ‘ate fui beneath tps of toh maybe a prerequnte {Sr tcctve development of porphyry depos, Kay be ‘Mgeted further dat impermeable wal ck cate ae ‘oh id spousdment ann exreme casey lead ‘developmen of abnormal high gold 1 g/0 20d cop- Per GOB) grade wibin choy ining eral ‘eral daspation of magmatic fis. The permet of aloes commonly reauced by contactictaorpham Chornfeting, marlon) consequent vpon ial xk placement In hs manner martieaed esto othe Sper preserved Uhm of he sock at Geasberg may have ‘Rhanced oe gra lite, 1997) "Atoogh hte loca eence fran absence of magma dlacharge fom ejndrieal cupolas once mineralization ‘Commences, x nunber ofspiens undergo inestage res gence of magma hat tay reach he paleonrace The ‘Ragmaie pduce ae postineal plug and datreme, sinh are Gough be represented ste paeororface {ome comptes at maa? eeanor resp need ccuenet of subseral produc ining te gee: fost, lke bed, and carbonized wood, im dremes con ims‘ surface cormecton (Sito, 1985), Diateme fo ‘mation topically ite inthe evolution of goldsieh orp stems because itis ony then, once magmatic [jthermal acy has waned, hat appreciable smount meteors wnter te able aces magma bodies ‘quem Tor phrewomagmate magmatsm Indeed, here {Scorn nugget cat ateesin mid wate Conse pldsch porphyry copper stems aze more common in Southeast is andthe toueenera Pade region, where ‘al cimas egies pred that ie Mattenriced magutic fd geraton Mogmatc uid discharges from parent chambers either TE fet epi tate Secrstecyes mol eeore oso eames Se 1967). lever, te lower temperatre and lower sinily {hud vesponaie or copper aod old precpaion wa ferme argc or titi atemagers considered ob {he bas of ight tae botope data, fd inlason stds, Sha geolgie considerations tobe ther an admire of ‘magmatic snd meteor id (eg, Bodna, 1988) orale age lower temperature magmatic uid Hedenqust etl, 1M) har scenery rm the parent chamber as cry laliztion advanes and the contained magma sognates (Sbinobara nd Hedengus 1007). Whichever explanation ‘Scomectshoud be compa wah de observations tha termediate apie and/or sere alteration svanstonal ‘Sowa 9 K sete aero in all golsich porphyry ‘Acpos and tat Kate alteration formed unde owe ‘conditions than prevaled during the enerprintd ‘Srmediate angie aeration, which ubigaltouly conans ‘arized magnetic #mpecsar hematite prove tobe correct {support de concept that gold and Eopper in the shalowe ater, ower temperature ateraon ones are euccesiney reconstituted and raul temo ‘tion hel gna stes inka aeration a pr poeed and modeled for Butte, Montana, by Brim {isn “eran in cope and nome ca ‘conten ove ver intevae of approxima m Spanning wanaonal K slat, intermediate aril rice, and advanced applic zones (Fig 3 2 aD, —————‘Advanced agiic Serie Intermediate argc PP Propyiic ke Kllcate Cana cate 2m Sian ° Pd espa rs Che aiae sae a goagea aa w FoPC Ere cigar ity jemi pe we Pim ct a ERECSRI ean date perfec pu macnn Seeteemes inion omer ick rn como ld Raae terenaed peger i ‘ize a renga me an cy pop ed etc wl ce (Pisieity agate ela ene ncn See ncn ees Eiaes ep eee pret omne ec Coeaiep plcouree opaon cme Capea ‘uot Sse pee pie ern rem on ‘tno oats ire ant lan sd eapen fen pepe eb fae cpa argues strongly for reconstitution of inal metal ivento- ‘es taher dha development of sae metal tenor dus {ng four diferent serton events Furthermore metal ‘mobilization seems tobe the unplest means of expan hy intermediate aril, serie, nd acanced agi Alteration may be ciently baren or either lower oF Iigher in grade with rerpeet to the preceding Kaietes- ‘eaton, cen within the confines of singe deposi Aer ely homers, the relate timing of metal Feleae fom ‘the magma coud be called upon to account for the astoc- ation of metas wit ethereal K leat o ae tierme Sate argic and eric aeration Nevertheless god and ‘oppertemobieadon i sured in any deposits where Kite stertioncontining chaleopyrite and borite it ‘verprnted by paces of barren pyise intermediate Siglo sell aeration, or ere ponpyry cat by ba. ‘Fen A ppe quar veinkes showing evidence or removal of Sulfide grains i perasirelyseitized and contains di eminated pte, caleoste, and corelte “Gontrovery also sareunds the cause of C2Na eicate alteration that formed during the eaty tages of at least fome goldsich and other porphyry depois. Lang et (1o06e) advocated magmade ud as he cause of otic and {alae aeration in the guldsich por copper deporte ‘teocated with altaline intrusions in Bea Colin ‘Gask and Arancbia (198) shared this opaion for golwe ich poopy copper depois eewhere. contrast, Dill SSUES GoRh and bes era 0985 pope the ‘Sty influx and hestng of conate brine fem semen {nyllrocia to account or apparent snr aeration at ‘Nevada Crainy tang offi iscpable of rncraun sod atersdon ar oppased o potas aeration incoming (cunt) Soch eer Bld inight or vable Gans crate aeration were everwhere Thlten of mec, but in sme of te allaline porpiy de fons of Bish Columbia so wells ewer, ls hey ‘Eitcompley veld to Ket aeradon and contains gland copper Morenes CoN sate ate SiSEs common n vnc honed dept were connate ‘ne is mow ently to have been wale "or thee resins rine capable of CaNa smetomatan whe preferred hid for cary Caan ‘eran, Pollard (1869) proposed an eg explanation {oralbitrationfolowed by pease metasemase in felsic raga stem, In hi model, COgrich aqueous fig “onan more sodium than an equvent OO,poer Suid ‘Solon phaveveparnon and parson oO, fo pon, ‘evo cent oft realign exceed the eo Aru yale, herelypromosngsiteaton and on cook Ingk ep ateraon, the sequence berved most om ‘eSatyin golds porpiyry Sepont, Thooreteally te Soticfo pti quence maybe epee explain cal Ponti sng me ashi (eg, Moan Mligan;Sketcle etal 1995), Tce Sy Unt he CO, content of ey magma at depth in perpyry soos (280 mole inthe Pine Grove por piyy iniensm sen, Uh: torent, 194) high Eiht eeste the dened fee Although mineralized nome cscs cari CoN sete averages are pay ‘defen! ng a copper asiaon wu ay rete (Site, 1985) (1) tha emperaaes were to Bigh for freshdoin of meta chorde complexes thes than at of iron form magneste, and/or @) that xensalyalaor ‘asin luton ithe Sided sate and terefore une Mie for meal preeptaion (Arana and Clark, 1986, Gist and Arann 195) “Io means for development of advanced agic alteron asemblages appear be fable in goloch porpiy depots (emiy and Hunt, 19%; Hedenquit Ee obs) cooling and prowresive onion of aie onsituent contained wii the dominantly agate ‘ene ad (2) absorp of acendant magma lates omtined inthe loweensiy magmas Bld page into me tore mater ley wi ceeon ofp > Propendonaion of 9001430, 0 generate aid (, Giggeabach, 1009) Fotmascn of prophyit,ickte and pefkapeother advanced sic minerus inte wie of Perpigeystocks may ren frm the former mechanism, Peres really exenivequvtzalunte aeration i the Thu itocap endronment more ely tobe a product ‘Stabe ler shown atthe Far Suthest gleich por hye and opegrphicaly higher Lepantoexargite fal Aponte (Hefengut etal, 1208), otaaon of sc sa propeive proces wheres vale condensation cha axceried by sharp chemi fon, This contrast should ansate ino palaonal ss cpposed to sharp contacts be: {een alteraonasemblages se one mons fom the 03 ‘Tiocaps upward Fig 3). "The origin of gold a cepper concentrations in ade vanced sili anes remain highly uncertain but nay Inde ont or ure of (1) remobizaon from presing iteration oper) the Iatewage, owaemperature ow Salinity mageae Duld propoed by Hledenquit eta. (do08), and’) voltle meal apeies cared in lvedensiy tags motes (Sitoe, (985 Heinch tay 19). eter ana fd ncsons from quart veil in the Kea teraton ane at Grabergshowed ta the fovedeniy vapor phase capable of carrying ten times tnove copper hd gold than the cooxbting beng a Tet {der hghpremarecondsens (Hetrch eta, 190), This ‘Phase may, eretore reason be nok aa supp of Jel w te ucap envenment Indeed, the fact that ‘ncrapr contains cxendaly abe ane Heh tay 1900 asongy mp nthe formato of high sala thon eptesnal depose containing the asec besing su onto ennyieant ame ee lows ©1510 % ‘Nac squid present in nlsboos from the Lpanto Tigh selidaon eaagie gold depos (Hedengust aL, 1988) accords poody ah ti mechani. Maa drition “Transport of gold and copperin magmatic rine widely accept to be athe fom chloride complenes(Hayasht Sid Omoro 100, Seward, 991), Nevertheless recente. al work oggens that elie species may bean eF he tamaportng ent of aid im rine under highpres sare (100-100 Ms), hightemperstre (80"=T25°C) ondilonsapproprat for al speraon of magmatic {ld fom cheers paren to porphyry stocks (Loucks fl Mamogenc, 108) were so, however, vould be dine esplain the god colton of ol and copper inthe Kate ateradon roves of mot gktsch por) tlpost unio the copper were ao cared uur com pita The goldcoppscomeaion sugges covanspor: [En codepostom fom the mine Nd wer neal iden ‘Al condion thereby ipl acammon anspor mech- ‘Shs "The cose meet af god with chalet ane Spahr gta ‘elas in these sats ding cooling vo 500°C (Sion ‘tals Rap eas the ae eonchon. Fd cooing the tow thease of gold snd coper precipitation om brine in Kllcate nope (Gammons and WittamsJone, 15s. The cooing may be sued by maxing of cendant fn cfs in (cf Fourier, 19%) ren mabey en of u/s ween golchporpiny depont (Fig 2) isancthes Sor tl poy dro Recess Inagatic brine (00 wt NaCl eqs) eld inl Inunrts elt fram the gleich Gratberg and Bajo de 12 Mambeera porpyry copper deponte mgr tat [hu/ Chan af the depoitecale may elec the ong Inctl budget of the magma Hid uel whlch Is comou oF couse ron oes owes EX DRATION as tlle by condions and procenes in parent chambers {Ch eal, 1090) Nevertbeles, the mippresion of op. per depestion in golconly porphyry deposit such Se ‘hse in the Mavcunga bet remains contentious, Based on geologic evidence for untaly shallow emplacement af Sane fe re guar re pop cain te Mascangs efor xp ol 5001070 pets Satvoleano sunita late (Vila eal, 1901 Site, 1994), gll rather han copper may have been preferen tally (tnaprted snd preted los, 1995) THE bechaseeuly magmatic fs liberated a low prestres {Ghallow depts) ikely to be of relatively Tow saliniy (Giine 2nd Bodnar, 191; Cine, 1908) and, therefore, est ‘apabte of earying copper in chloride form but able to teansport old etclendy asa bsulde complex (Seward, 1001) Th propos is supported further bythe fact at Ionsatilepor rater than bene exis under Hihetate tm (Candela and Blewn, inary sid Snhaon res from Mave (se al, 1901) An alternate explanation ‘ould singly invoke a copperdeicen magma fd ‘Ovespring of K sce asemblages by tntermediate angle or eeiseaterason may eine diferent reo: Baton of copper and gold, with the later apparenty ‘more coramonly depleted tan the former. This observa fiom i peaps not surpeising given that late Duis ae tore tel to be diate and, thereto, beter able tore Alsale god rather dan copper Such emobiized gold talabl er concenvaon in epithermal depose Beyond the main poopy depos, ether inthe spraacen igh ‘alsdavonlithocsp of in nya, lower sulason somes {ioe 198). "The clot correlation bemeen gold and POE, especially palladiu.in olsen porphyry copper depois and the Symmpatned vetaonship beoreen gold, PGE, and chal Bi prove god endence hat AGE ae anor ty {hloide cenplees snd precipitated under snr cond tons of tiee sabi icing bigh xidaton sats, to gold and copper This conclusion i spported by theo rel and experimental evidence (eg Wood eta, 902. eden hls, ich paral vei he owes imi of the coppergold cores some gelch porpy ‘deposi, ge the impression of being Somed wth reper {o-copper snd gold. Therefore, seems reasonable to a sme’ atthe thee els precipitated fom the sme ‘reall magmatie Bui, in kesping wih the presence oF ‘molydentn, copper, and gold im brine from the same Sid inetusons {Crick ets, 1999). However file i= ‘nonn about the paragenesic poston ofthe molyodenite ‘concerned In contrat the exceptional molyidensne ich ‘ore at Bigham appear to he te prodct of eately lite, pad superimposed event characterized by B pe eines (Philips es, 1997), Sui of uid incon from quar vill in dhe Kit eat aeraton sons a Gratery av ajo dela Altera ‘oe thc phil rine aed not the cena apn ‘nian mst ofthe eeu sd ser in concentrators (eater eee than that copper (Uh etal, 199), How ‘et, none af thew metal appreciably concentrated in the depena themstves Cooking of mageatcbrine aire Sc on al oct ad becasue comer eaned meteor or connate isin propyie haloe may ‘the main ese ofthe tin lend anda precpaon (Gtemey and Hunt, 192) ging nto grocemical halos fies meta and nome cased en concer ‘aon More subantal concnusdons fae lead ad Sher are confined to some nem ih recepvecarioate Honors ch ot Bingham and Gero Coron here Ba neal induces prcipiaton of he bac metal rk {is (Sevard and Bares, 190), Exploration and Discovery Mod expiration ‘Thompson (1998) argued that a combiaadon of de- sexi and genevic models sed more widely im por hye copper exploration including Wat for oldie ex Empl than in the seareh for many other mineral deport ‘ypes This sation stems fom the fact thatthe genes of deposi reaonaby well understood, ending 0 Ecce underpinning of the descriptive model by res. Uhely urambiguous genetic parameter Thi ofr [ety erent fom that of many gold depot ype, for ‘hie there exit multiple compeding genetic hypathcse. ‘Nowitatanding this favorable aon, the descrpve ‘model for goldich porphyry depos hasbeen applied in 2 general unsophsicated anner to exploraton. Onty ‘ery generalized geologic features ae witelyexpioyed or etample,gldsich porphyry explorauon w conducted In welldeflnedvoleanopltone are, pial in belt or ‘dari wit inown depot and prosper ad, therefore, ‘demonurted poten. Zinclead aecrrences and Bee: ‘hemialsnowalles ae often interpreted to mgget the petipere of porphyry ystems More dete exploration tendon is oeased on altered porphyry stock, in which ‘haracteriaie quart venletsoctwork are eto cons. the presence of porpbyr-ppe mineraiasion and oudine Principal anget (eg, Lee, 1977). Zoning of aera, [Eward trom propytc tok leat asemblags, pony vith an intervening sere zone (Lowell and Culbert, 1870), i used commonly asa broadscle vector Enrich ‘ent of stocks and thelr immediate all och hydro. {thermal magnetite i sign that stems are ely toe gold rch (Sloe, 1979), More recent thas become quite widely accepted that, advanced argc libocaps may ‘overle conceal por phiry deposi, including goldsich ones (eg. Sloe, {dS}: Lidcaps have become incremingly popular ex plorauon targets since opportanitis to encounter out Eropping porpiny depouts hive decreed. Telexoped Sen are equitcd sf poldsich porphyry minerazaon 16 be found ateconomiclywahle depths, Neverthe, Unlen quara venir tochorsin advatced apicaltered ‘ak sie olnered tn owes ci pene ie co ‘ichermine the degre of elescopng mithout considers ‘ailing™ con sear Although explortonit are sully fama with some covall pect ef the genetic mode! for glee porphyry Adposie these are rely brought to Bear deed dustog ‘xploration, Cones interpretation simply provides ames ‘eof intellectual suppor Bld observations and acts ss ‘Noort factor forte exploraion nfl of wad phi nd pepo: ‘Geocheristy and geophysic are widely used in explo- ration for porphy copper deposi including goltich ‘nes The nupretaeof geochemical and geophysical ‘aponses depende hen on the erosion level of the po phy pstem and, hence tbe mineralogy ofthe alteration Eanes exposed and concealed a shallow depths (ig. 10. “Convehtonal geohesatyt normaly ery eflectve In dcetng outcropping gliseh porphyry promect, espe- ‘Say where ptepoorK alate steratons exposed. Geo ‘hemleal ales in rocks and sos icing tas fines in ‘thd repons Maranzana 1972) pla exceed 500 ppm and 100 ppb Au Copper anomalies ay tain several ‘hound pp where pie coment are earemely low, but they become progreney more subdued as pyte/copper basting suid ros Increase (eg, Leggo, 1977). Never thlews gold remne equally eee sea pathfinder in priterich and psc poor swasons (eg, Learned and Beison 1995) ayer sme to date paral nee Lapping geochemical alos to many golrich porphin Je polo Fig Tobe, wheretszne an ead conseate patchy Etyetoped outer alow, Arsenic rales are not normally Somalous unless enargte of Tovonte bearing seriise Sin/oradvancedsrgiicaeradon inthe root ofo within Likocapeare peered Drainage geochemistry using -808 to -2008 als, bulk leach exrcable gid (BLEG) or panned hear mineral Concentrates ao highlight most gldick porphyry de- fost, la topical regions, where drainage geochemistry is esi ellcove, seam ain high-order drainages com ‘Benly contain hundreds of ppm Ou and hundzed of ppb ‘Ravin kn oo of goldech porpiy depos. Copper transport aay be largely mechanical ort an around x ‘Suing seme charcterined by extemal Tow pete com {ent but prt in soon and potential over great: die tenets inthe case of tems conning more abundant Pie, The fine gran ie of mach of Ue ol in porpBty Eposts impli that zea sl provide an efecte sample ‘eum By the same token, placer gl accumulations are ow widely owner ra goldich porphyry ‘epost aldough sual exampler are epored at angus, (Oi Tel Kemes South, and Bingham. ‘Svea gldich porphyry depose generate prominent omagntic nomalice Fi 10), asa Grsberg {Posse 1995) and Ba Hj (ala and eve, 190), a sella leary defined ground magnede highs (eg. South body at Sindsk, iio and Khan 1977, Skouiey, Tobey eral 1998, Chailhuagon at Minas Conga, Llosa et aly Sido), because of te abundance of hyaroieral tag ‘ele Kalleate mnes. Neverteles, ker depot gee ‘ate magnetic rine io cena lowe (egy Endeavour 48 a ee oi, ts coy meme ers Khon) ————— ratlonanes Kes — Ce ls eanty a _— in ll toe onecteany ex se sears gta ee erro ‘igen papi sock one ce See eee Pepe a pr nin ef arden mae ig eee Spender AgeeGoomumbl; Heithersy et, 1996) or no realy dent ‘hie agomah ata Inermediate age erst ands anced agile erp wil all cate age desc {on and ence, oppress magne sepa wh the {corded reponse depending on the depo agaedte: fearing Keiete sons fs dict tue reqiondl ero agaist explore eflecvely for eves magnesic- ‘cht porphy deposi, however ecasne the areal Foetal magne igntucs ae cat to ding ‘Bom eapocat gen Oy numerous her geologi furet ‘Common tome terrane Indced, cotnie atomsgned ‘mein the ental Andensoutnestra Foie eon, Std chewher hee farfaledto cover galsich pa ny depos Nevrdeles, the fir recogaton of oy Ee intatindon atthe Howat Pay pore) copes oid depot red from fllowup ofan aeromagnese Snomaly (Err etal 185). ‘Parsef glsich porphyry tems commonly erst chageniliy highs or Conducon or reasons How: ‘Seri strated schemadcaly in Figure 10 the responte Provided by decal geophysical stops Be Core Eearetya gelope and steraton eres bore ‘ali ding rpc canbe selected. For example, ce Peng on Coin lee and, bene, tot wide Content dotcom, x charges high may ences an ‘te poping sem (eg, Saindak: Silice and Khan, 177 Srampl dene is pyri halo (eg. Mouse Ma fan, Skvchly et al, 1905 Pig. 10), wets prt poor Stems may lick an appeciale response altogether be- Pris characerteed near surlace by extensive Intermed [Keane sleraion (eg Pero! 2 Minas Cong Ula ta, 100) or supergene Lakaton accompanying ot ‘ion and Glee entetment may ge Fic wren itykowa (ondecty igh), although Oe oppose ccs Commonplace, expel nihosp stings where quar ingen ipertaT ama were at conten a “Where sted rock or rock fragment occur at uric, sgltvich porphyry motes may ghee 0 pound or i Some radio anomalies in fesponse wo potas a Alions during state, seri, of shnierch advanced ‘lic alieraton (ig 10). Howeve, concealment of dx is iy deme negation o even under thin poner ‘rer rata in suppreion or elininaion ofthe pose Mal pds “The descrip mode! for goich porphyry deposts tas prec power that may be brought Bari ‘Fintnaing betneen economical atratve and vata {hecsploradon py. Aracomerence, exporston ad Ing be fceed on more promiang sea "The ben gach porpy depots ae those that por {pa Nie, coherent, singlephase welbminerleed in: sows paaning several hundred vertical mete. Nocall Siete cinco Sees nt gold aloe which ve lr ein tn as tower grade ner and ateminerl phases Recognition snd ‘mapping often atenoeal pans tng eet Stabe abore, te pregunta forsclecion of ems ‘th the reso petial Furthermore, setimraton of Inter and lteminerlintrave phase Sport i = “onnaisance dling i (aid lower grade commonly ‘nr lesed par of ema, These ae commoaly no ‘ell defied wih al and sometimes, een rockchip eo. ‘hems, which are he whales fen sed wo ste ns Aniholes Late posminera daveme emplacement may Sto remit in destruction of pars of porpiyr depos (eg Dizon Siitoe and Capper 06s), thechyredocing the mount of sealable re Porphyry stock emplaced into rocks of relatively low permeatlty,especaly marbled Imesone and poosy Fractured hornf, are bleed toe parle fable ‘args for high grade gokstch porphiyy depos because ‘of ther espacio prevent aera and ih some xc, 0 ‘etal dinipaon of mealiferous Od Cold sd copper [Brees slo seem ey wo be higher in depots gencrted Else rater than vita, weenie lies neo ‘ore efiient retention of agmase fia. “Gach porpiyry prone in wich borate (igen sueand chaloce) es dominant slice in lice 23 re paicalaryateactve explortion objec Dott be ‘hue gold contena tend tobe higher and because the "ose bornite gold smocaion lade high gold recoveries, ommonly 90 percent, by comenional oon (Sloe: 1985; Simon etal, 3000, In contra, deeply eroded prospec in which intermediate arp and/or serie [eration asemblages are developed bth perasiely snd inne ar common estar propontons an ‘howe dominated by Kae ssemblages Pests cane Intermediate age and verge overprins exe recom ston of sulle asembages snd rest Gone aoc tion ofvome ofthe gold vi insodaced pre Aa eu old rcconeies ted to be <60 perce compared to 570 percent in ore dominated ty prtepoor Klien a Seanbtages,becaseof low ofsrferous pyrite tothe tal [Nevetheles where intermediate agli or sericea: ‘tio dominates, the lkethood alae exis tat Klte eration containing higher mea, ope god values tay ex a depth (ea, Wal ‘Shallow exposed gesch porphyry prospect showing appre degrees of lescopingcomnoay preserve the Toot aflithocaps, in the form of serie and/or anced tgli ateradon, superimposed on pecsing Kee needa sg mage concn at ‘inlet stochwork (Fg. Sand 8) Such zones, cecal The hallowe’ par of them commonly contin cre ‘oe arene (og Ya arg thereby dexagrading economic potential becnse ofthe dlyaneniceeh foton concentrate tat would Fs, Esp beaing sone could come of intestine tare, however if copper and gold grades were eulfiend ‘igh wo jsuybiesching of fe letaton concentrate, "Phe cconomic potent of goldsichporpiy depot, like tht of all ter porphyry depot pretend i.30 acnno we stasr0e ‘nuenced by the iaerplay between alteration type and ‘epih of rpergene weathering, Where oxidation deep (Gloo mr ascommonty the cae inthe metern United ‘Sats andthe cena Anden the coppesbraring sles phusninor pte pelo slcateSteraion tones ox {Ede easendly i Mo, rvuling in widerpread develop. tment of copper nie mancrals Pe copper may be ready ‘covered fom such material tring heap lachingelee ‘Sowinning (SKEW), bu gold woul be le Converaey, ‘copper onde coment would preciue eect gol re over by eyanidation. Therefore, where prompts af¢ ‘omnia by Kalla steradon med fue oxide ons abantgeous ting tat tems in opi eo ronment (weirs Peete pon, Suthean Ae non {Andes cna Americ) cated regions (Bath Gobi Asta, southern And) pes he rete o- tena Nevereles, even tere, problems may result ‘Sine of adteed copper oxge mineral td gol na {ow ove anes to be ned fret Explotaon f gold fom thelenchedcaplngat Ok Tel warts han sucteal be- ‘hse remmant Sd copper cased seriou probs due ‘Sqesanidaion (Rush at Seege, 1200, Sul higher cope par cntens (605) in oxide rock at Kinghing Site En Gappe, 1984) may enuely prevent exraton of the ‘eeited gol, TE pyririch serie or advanced argc stration it widely developed, however deep oxidation may induce TDual Copper leaching and, gold content are high ‘enough (2-0 8/0), eu ia gol ore sabe fr eyaniir thon Leaching favored by igh acageneraing capacity ‘aured by high prte/copper beating slide ratios com bine with ow reutaliation exact stemming from de- Bley of felispar and mate minerals The leached cop. per would aecmulate st the tp of the underhying ude one to generate a one of chaos enrichment, n Wich {old content woul approximate hypogene values. Such ung calcocite enrichment comprises much fe {reat Ok Tel (Rush and Seegrs, 199 Diswey methods ‘Notwistnding the extence of fry sphisicated de serpin and genetic modes for porphyry depot discovery ‘St goldich Ckamples during the oder ery sy he st So's general tarkedbyalack of mphsseaion. Rather, the taebandened mnethode-geologe obsertion and {feochetry. ether separately or in conjunction have Creare teal duconery ble). Remove ses ig statis dno se in dsconery, although si epost ‘were fit spotted from de alr the ground because of Frominent olor anomie, Geophysics which contbated {bjt discover ao plajed a surpesingy minor rl ‘Two depot (Wad, Guinan, both conceded were it Covered by dling witha derentsot of urge nnd In ‘iced, nine (8) ofthe discoveres stemmed rom pro- (pate designed to explore for depont pes other than foldch porphyis (Table 2). These conelusionsiniror ‘Bose for dncoveesofporpyry copper and tae of fold depont ypesin general (toe 1095). anit that future discoveries of golieeh por phy depos wil flow the suc pater. Cera no ‘elo ofthe discovery proce apparent ver he st 30 yr (Tae 2) It us prognons is acepted, the explor ‘avon methodology to Be employed ie clearcut. Nejerthe {application of vmoesnater geology, tated by exe ‘Ten eteriptive and genetic model fo golovich porphyry ‘Sepont, shoud help to dacrminate between well ad poorly endowed prospects and thereby maximlee the Shancesofexploration ces coer te toes “Two cate hitores ate summarized ss ypical examples ‘ofthe dsconery of goleh porphyry Seponis (1) Ceo Gane st high stale inthe aid Macon bel of or ‘rm Cle, which entailed inal recognition a color ‘Rewmly daring a overigh, flowed by geloge map Ping peocherbery snd dling and (2) Bate Han te {ropleal rain foren enitaament of Indonesia, which ie threddrinage geochemty followed by vl grochem- lin raided geste mapa wench smng and ling: Bot programs were deste’ primary to scare Ireptheral ol deposis! “Con Carle An extensive tone of hydrothermal aer- salon war ecognned in 1980-1981 during Beda ve fing of an extensive area in the high Cordlers of rt fem Chile, Ground fllowyp reveled an area of pel {meres denominated Aldebarin which i 3 (ale es) adsorp geocemisy showed to comin hee separate acest anomalous with respet to polcopper- ‘mevodenum, sincleadaiver, aad. anenteandiony- ‘erty especie The gold copper and molybdenum ‘roma ian nes exteeded 1, 100, 09 pent Speciney (Vila and Silitoe, 190; ig 11). Geologie ie {Peston othe goldcopper target, Cervo Cae ate iw fr eleatons (asim 480m a), determined i to ‘bea oid porpyry prospect based on recognition of 2h osterping porpny sock containing este er Sons ckterk haragpca eatemognete ‘ining (ils and sito, 1981). In contrat, the annie [nimonpmercury anomaly coincided with an advanced [ipc itocap 2800 higher tn elevadon, wi the in lexdaiver anomaly being esined bys vein sone atthe base ‘ofthe lthoeap an slongade the porpyy target (Vin and Site, 191) Tenching of the expoted quarsspeclat hemattemagnetie noclwork oud antes for tesing Epimenr after Seelagon ding Tk dling wa "areted to he ondized sme, in which a average ade ‘ot -01b g/t and 0.06 percent Os ws determined. AEE ‘Svea yar of inctinn the major company controling the pooper optioned i tos jun which proceeded © shi Al of nie gl oe rangi anc fanded geologic resource of Meat 084 g/ Au Sake Kote adlca © apps the ended sme ouomed sulfides containing copper a wll a gold values, the or explorer tol the deco o drs deep woe St {he god and copper potentials depth The hole ie ‘ei etemive gland copperbening Kiet ae Dia Pp Now Giee ‘Tepe Ne Cane tang nese ‘Seng a does a ton in Fer Somten Prine ania were” Cr Carn Fes Mw Goes Fes Mote aeaten ‘wer, om 1299 x, mets ager echey ig rs, sealing Seg pga at Spacey ‘outed 208 sre) ase = ‘Sipechemity ooo pe cee: beso cae pane 2oesar ees 2S ratte Tsing elo cnet Cee maprng sod seo etheiy agdcnor cameaah Sotgechaniy ana eso mpecton nd oot Drage 78 phen. pig aod skip peste eich rey Spon npn Se ar ese gtems Enea oe “esgg henge Rieti permet pee nemo ot Pree ab Re leak Ranberapa t Se pra ol xlron Seemed a 337 tor ss" Yoptn ay owe 6) ipa 0985) te" ane 0986 ere) soe 18) apg (ss soe (185)= sont Ss ee a andere seein Ch EeEaoi peda” Te oe ogame Rina asin Saag” menos Uae Ee Se ie tee so maces Spaeth eaten enone” eee tae Eta golenay en Ee i. {eenaned tom aren, SSiiconrcapegoe a Se. Soe Sree sion and ed to a major program of core dilling to inves Tigate these and grade ofthe oldcopper resource. The Program led wo estimation of 91 Me a0 71 g/t Aa and Bisipercent Cu. Thecriginal owner had ty ths ime been ‘luted oat and dhe junior optioned the propery to one of the major gold companies which indereook adaivon! ‘Sting Wo ing the eource to S47 Meat 072 g/t Av and 1199 percent CA fea stdy completed butte fo {ue plans for Gore Cale have yet to be announced, ‘Bhs jn: A major old company commenced ss ati drainage geochemistry in the fain forest terrane of SuimbawsInand Indonesia in 1985. The BLEG technique was combined with -SI¥ seam st panned concentrite, In ecsimping The Spt BLEG aroma di fot include Batu Hj, which gave ss oa secondorder sponse (0 and 198 ppb As) slog wit 138 ppm Guin {he coneponding -60¥stream le samples (Meldrum ely 1904. Eye follow yp drainage suping in 1989 re vealed a San anomaly (ig. 12), teluding 100 ppb Auin TBLEG and 80 ppm Ou instream at sapples aten 1 km forth ofthe dcovery outcrop (Meldrum eta, 1990. ‘Wea coppermineralined beirock and coppetsich i Ime lt sa 1967 field eres ad Menuet coppertearing slides in ore Roa fom nent the bland southers Costin a ‘reck draining the Btu Hj area (Meldrum etal 1998), ‘Wren the dratnage anomaly wa lowed pin 1050, pee [ata molachetsainedoutropr mere encountered in an "eso pare foret vegetation (Medrum etal, 194) The ‘rice oxen ofthe mineralization a Bats Hija was out {icity w dc praeabers (earn feet lange stove cf site ateraion contained 3100 ppm Gait the top of bedrock. Detaled sampling of 629 ra ‘ony erent, Smlong trenches dug with hs anon Sts one reeled 0 pom Gyan 302 ppm. toe “per part the Bary Hiss ill Mayidenum aes de [he sfannulis around the coppengel cove Dring com ‘enced in 101 to generate a geologic resource of 354 Mt averaging 080 percent Cv.and (69 g/¢Au Further ding ‘sued nan expanded mineabe reserve of914 grad ing 058 percent Ca and O40 g/t Au which as he basis {Gf open mine dewopment and it production of olden copper concentrate i te 108, Some Outstanding Questions “The descriptive and genetic models for goldsich por phyry depose are reeonaby wll defined so that major Enonledge pep do no exist Nevertees, continued (quali eld mapping of geologe relations, expecially ie Chusiom, alteration, aad veinet reladonships, comple- ‘mented by petrographic, id inclusion, and expe Studies wil rer reine our understanding of this ie porant depost pe “Ata pra! eel, we need to document the following siatoae beter: 1. Why goisich porphyry deposits occur in discrete bel or date although ao extn as holed centers {i geneslly goitpoor regions He formation of god ‘hel deposi relics emplacement of highly oxidived ‘maga, supported ete, how do rela bolted > ‘ron die so markedly in reo ate om neighboring ‘nee the redon state of magma deternined te mate tte wedge source, following Carmichael (1991), or can ‘ronal Componn cae redox rates to change? TB Any conta betneen gldrch porpiy depose format a exensonal wsnus compres ngs tc ‘ergent pate boundaries. How do answer acrsea i iment influence dept locallation under dren Seal aree pines! 'S'The nar ofthe deep, common uneconomic pars cof goldvichporpiyry depois scared out in gold po0F ‘Seem atVeringtom (Dales and Einaudi, 1092) and Sa dor (Guneion and Quiroga, 105). Result il ep 8 ‘ecogalion of root sone charsctertc for we i es) ‘ton aswel throw more tight onthe CaN sate a {eran ype and the nature of cary, higheempereare‘Le oF coup ac PORPRY Dost MODELS IN EXPLORATION 30 magmatic fd. or example i singlephatesupercrical ‘ud common present as proposed for and Copper, ‘Bash Columba by Arancia and Clark (1900)? 4 'The deal ofsteraton and sinerliaton in dhe toe of uanson between the man porphiy depos and. the base of the overpingithorap i atone hae pay {erent degree of eexoping (eg Slitoe, 198). 5 The mmnerloge and geochemical parameter of a vanced age busoepe thst may denote promi 0 ‘erying goldich porphyry deposits, For example, docs ‘olfodemum concenurate above porphyry centers? More rece means of targeting porphyrype mineralization Feneathareally extensive leaps ave ugeay needed Avan academic level i would be welt know more stot the following pointer 1. The uve inte pas hydrothermal ifspans of gla 18d porphry stems, fom fst nusion through Yo end ‘age adanced rpc serio, Emplorment ofthe UPD tmcthod on nrcons and Re-Os method on molybdenite ‘ould tn combsnaton, be eapable of sang the problem ‘Thelaier met dacinnaied beeen te ning of Band Dwi fete at Sado, Chie (Watanabe t 100). {2 Causes of id encharge from parent chambers t generate goldrich porphy} depois, the Burnham figer 1975 mode seat and neces, orare exter triggers reuired? Theoreel model {ea of various proposed external cases, die on the of mafic magma, atatrophic paleorurface degradation, ‘pid magma acest or temic even (ce shone), wold londe useful sar 'S Whether fd sicendscontinsouly or aitermivent ples om the parent chamfer int compost porphiy re a i tn een ie ‘ears bis srr hae fe fo ian Ste, [age tow cg ne xe oe ale plc Scenes Scere ‘oper span: bee lac pared wh many gld th por {lbh Te main oars pee Tod ps Rowe Seger [> K a ‘ ‘Cu, ppm in -808 at, ---- ‘Au, ppb in BLEG- = ‘100 — 20 we 101-500 ee 21-50 EE 500 ME 350 Spiscapapiy pat al hc nines en fem Non ea BS Inge tes lh yy cet od pb ea fonts pp boa 1a oman re ge 29 pack et legewpaen daa ee 99) Row a Festa ieee operant eneemen an dag poh sca teesto soci, andisnivenc on the minerlation proce. De {ae sy of intone eladons may help 2% ths prodien “Tne temperature sini, and composition of fui sponte or ta Coie site aera andir an Pine tad alway magmate, a ftvored above, or can i sometimes be tema derive (es Dil et a 195)? "The nus) raponnble for oxrprined nena ate aril and serie ateraton” Fluid inclaion and ight sable otope studies, ie hove cried out at Far Stes Lepanta by Hedenqust cal (1998), wil be re ‘qired ia eange, lwcemperstar, lows) af fate id rather than illu of meteors water i the sof te overprinng (Hedengu tl, 198), sock fii sould be pewnt eile accu A pe gare ‘inlets (containing highsaliaiy brine) in underying itheate terion he ite magmate ld cannot hae focended fom te underog parent chamber witout iSong celle gn he catcro advanced argc aleraon form lhocap a porphyry seme Whit are the clave lesa Iontatin ofalfacdc components during fd acent and ‘Soling. and of absorpdon of sii vols, ocludlng Etat 80, fo merce weer, 1, Te on te ld response for hgh dan gold an copper ineraon in the htop enor: ‘eno ihe neti ui ex the orp ocho Itagmate brine orale? How much mal i remah- Tne om the sndtyng porphyry eneronment Actooledgments Numerous fends and colleagues around the world are tnanted for melting dseustons on gldsich porphyry (leposis and their gold por counterpar oer the Yea (Gane due tothe Fevers, Rich Golf an fest Hledengot, and SEO’ eitoria sal, Ace Bouley and Lis {ii for someowr managing to get ny ave manuscript the publication age, smenaseren eet ai eet ty Bopeetiegeeern aeons Heiress sc Shar et le a Sen econ. rs hare Seneca SMa Fedengu 1, ta.T, Oba TE, Conepon Hay rica Cocco topo ‘Broad spin Gv epee be orem Lo, ‘etn nog hp, 0 antl enc Gal hin CH. 18 Summary Sreedhar si o gon nt rth 95 Te Mapa pt naj dep Oak Woy pam per” oC, ‘co sear ke, Gi depot Ceo depots en nd ‘es eae ecg npn Gente an ee oun (ONT) erp pede Trae Prucr pn dw es Ea gh ute opie) deat unary Canman e t Maing ad itp Slates np ast setae is dct acne be mgm ue for Pee SEB ee ttp ese ee or ‘Boley BA 5 Gouge, Pe and Wehbe, PE 108, Geology a i NS eet pari nen Bak Gea in i ace a i, omc pao fu Baga ining dati “Dae US Cee Sap eons er Se) san Fa We re 7, Che it ei ma cs mpi, "etre per Boats kane ean Fibs capper ronobtinadon ipoovo: tonomsc Gels 7 Teena anya of alta? Ce, er tech! ae mace gee Tek teckoread Winamp Sen eR ptr al ae, UG meyer pam SN fe CEE lsc. cm te Encoding Mealy and Peau Spel Vane 6 p 2-48, the er nd ape eo At gt fics queen inptorieemiamens ieee Sines (Gna si Py 198, estes Fae a Ge Ne Neagle “gout sin sep Cana a t e ‘Be Saal Vane sp S067 ial tiation, prea i Soret mah io Sepa en Emons eat tomas se Seen beet SE eet aE Ae acneOIRO COLD. RORY serene Fem nner w coer nl, it Pde tea opie ees ree SE ae ee me Seem rea tac ESET ES cso prep n Sieeeatee Wan eaeae eo Sa ee ie eee fartieaey entre etmneneeres ies) Lt 3, 108, St Pa mpeg Sein igo tt neni cy ote of eh, Glog the en Hkh pry copped i iy, Puerto Rew US. Gell Suey a con BP ad Ste DA, 188, Darina of gin pty copper See sanantonio in og [oe iuatareaecmcacsne uses ete Saeco eran tos ve Sec ef ne Aba oS cater ita econ Ea Cee ee ae cee Se mmo hepa ad Epon DG 0, ae pene ipance:Gre sag eon op 2870 ae ‘Sector cpereatemaet ma Soe er creates Po Sy CN, 27 Pe, R a GoD 195 The Heiter enptreatagen shen ‘Sis nn nel ean grein ae Sa fc, AE 12%, nm ty Todi proce cen aro ag Cage 8 196 Te olga nin be Dil ry See Te waren talealale 1 Sut nnd Asa Mra foun p re “Mice Tine Cece ipa fe na ane imtieuidnnge eee ‘Gagpennch WF, 1988 Sn tener hproticemalaraon Sper nt CnC EERE rn een rami i Coc coeup ree ‘se Bice mrtatteicerss i ree errr Steen Saeed Beeps vouaemmereameret a a. tan 3 ate mined ty micardis Geog. af 7, eee Sl oeec ee ceae men emia oem bem EE nce meernay ncn i scarce ae Perea Satrep eps vat son nnn cei be parm ROALD, gual ee Peace Eloyremmn ‘Saarinen pee ie toes 1 Cel pf seta a ‘eu non npn ny ths. gp nna pet eran prin compe aoa Sa ‘sk copper gi sepia he cant che Bor meeps ‘etoile 2A od Rodse acnaso sro cory nt gi ms Po er rE mene mca Soho See a ee pes depos NerSs Sens aod Engceng Cp SEES. See eS lite, SPs, The ani sere and minrnton Female Gx EPS bel cto sep pin a i eee ee nad _feoma, Sf a Some femrepetear explo o porpry Sete ntecdiey ean cubes Sop se seem ee emer Binge ns nt cea op EE aca ate ees Rogeordetie mon goon Onan 9 Fee Se Lee ALATA TC WF: ineenined nets adr bwing on ee ze ecarimen eats {ictharm, RY. sd Scat, W.D, 1996, Poppy copper, gold malybde- Eee ce Canaia, Coola of Canada nh p 14a See a eeu peters emer Ung. J, Luce, B. Monensen, [K, Ruse JK Santen CR. and See eee eee eer See eters i ere: ek ee a tag Soni CR, Tompon JFK: a Due REE, 1, FE ta ot ens J Coors sce nen on RR ES pete parte Eeemraneree en ee ere an foresee eee Sone uae neers SSE el Semen Mjzedc Grechentealeaploraton 1978 London, lntuton of Mining st rein pete siatiteemreetiarentoerest Seater entree Loreena pec ae aeatecenitieent fee amd tame SN 1005 Cao wai elle: Re oer ees meer SERRE memories see othr tenia eet eats eee le conetrnons ere ring magma: Ge SEER En mprregeereeeee okie erate eames ce Caaeeet eo i ectinenel epontan sop ‘Maranzana F, 1972 Application af talus sampling to geochemical ex Goreme eaten EES ici at rome earns Seater cian BTA and Cameron, 184, Carbomte laine bri a cer aes be Siete cemieeieemtartaaey ee SEE gies Soe aN eons Meiers LD, 500, Cold tar rebel oepomal inion: Re Sen ee te eg ele “finnte Band Gare, DS 1904, The Bais Hig poophyry copper Seat teu tment eed Ceres eee MEE STSETSSSE I to theater Gta tor r e e Ma SNe RC pra tren Sr So ne Se teieriee ee occa = cocina bang Wal STDS er te eee me ‘ea Cn pe fief ce Ply WI, Wilton, PJs, MD. and Mee ME, 197 Coy hag scl eA tn ts pie eee at i cys Cnn Saovi nn tn een Se err eens eee amen eta ee cata a Shee toe eat are ai eeotceeinnine apn: CMs Bre Bi, Cap DY ad Nin, DW. 106, Specs eee Reractoe tare a Scents SEL seers Se at horace ote cpp cpone:Menng Eopcetan nf. BT IE eee ee ee cree Oe er ela sea bra one po ny SERPS oe ota nase ee Sr homme ‘Scar aly 1991, The bythe geocheiry f edn Fost Scan aed a ha ah keel ae aa eke Sedan Nero nig de aS SS men, ae eer degen of ites, Excision Guidebook, Excursion BS ofthe Jot and nee ee Seratenn S os pn et eg ep er eet reece SO USE manana ete alr mineraon win egecenermss cE egret errors erate See ec aratnesmemer REE amc See Se ee Sera en rare eee ee eee Gaetan movies EES see ares cutaeene ee ee Sige det bee crise Se ‘Ede, ceed gol conte ad upegent cotati a ene 00, Silt highelphinon pi ser ad copes miners. AIL inane ti Preceding Hlboure: Assad as ieee yan eet ee iene oma eee ana nace a a ee peer | Nal Re eae oe es ey smth are eee SEEUEAAEEED Nc rcemeprroumnaser Sitptgeting nev ees Bes 7 nen tere metees are a te erent cee Sue tins eceaa soca ano eee ae ne Roe ort. ot ata aeraua -cARD H.staTOE Tater me teceraetereiom “Tpoe HP e984, Toe applcaioncLegen ad hydro ope Sn fare senanto a AE ceneesne eo Se lero pee a th agatha “Hey ma te ne ts Tey Sa 000 Conrag metlog ad ional ago ee citric pears Sec ay nt EET EE onty cp opin mece re tame rer Senonr aa ee Sian gency ee Gt She Lis Meenas Rupkieetecerameatiaeias vine Cine Bed flan CA, 19, Gold onentatons ot arp ot wage a Abc, Cat 18D D6. wd one epnsc in incon Minas Egeesag 8,7. 28 Seaman heey eater ete eiarehonirenee nen ce Gaara ete a "ag Man St 10 Pa “opp spe Aenea See ESE term ct mea faassen es Feet ere a eeeeeeseesmarnrst ois partes EES em mmeegromecne Tere ears Sang Eesha pittanio wd SR aa 1, Te acu gece ae Peel af tres yesom: Candin bnesepe SHEE Sta cucratieeec eres Thepttig stos Teaco he a alee fan er ue 85 topper Siete men Dee Questions 1, Why ae goldrich porphyry deposi confined to are and bickaze environment at convergent pate bound Sie and absent fom inrplate lt setings? "2 Why do reduced mapmas fl wo genet te gold sich posptyry deposits? 93 Wihy do many goldech porphyry deposits tend to form lines array “P During field work you find in outcrop «quar dor she porphyry cut by pane vireour quate conta ing sea-brown limonite (goetite) and minor malachite, ‘a your samples ret an average of on 01 g/t As ‘What would be the next ep 3. During Geld work you encounter sof, whitish, yellow (jroite) shined rock outcrop crcroses by vseon (fee svlets that appear to be esenaly barren. Yoo: onciode thatthe vines are Aye. What could the oc ‘sence signi ‘Dring geologic mapping and idgeandspar sol geo- heminty you determine hats one of realised porphyry {Spt phy seman of recognisable BsteX espe (Ranta) aleradon consining cou quae vellew i sich you obscrye malchte at pels of hatous Brown Tonte paying a conchoidal cure (pho ‘apreous geet The porpiyy concise wth ower ‘£2000 ppm Cu and “B00 pp ae Wha mul you e- tio entbume wen you dl "in rl ore, you recogni chalcocit ard covete at cen on gra of pt cine igh sere (ected or kak) porphyry Wha con Be Around magne ure eel ht ane por pip slock contain zoos quar veicas marke. Tayo sages scp, You note tt it ‘SFyeae tobe magni inlet td nce gras iis red rel indica of rpc by marie {remate)How could ths have happened? 1, Meking of subuctionmodfed mane, geseraly rig cor inmerinely flowing see sbducton, 6 requred © ‘enerte the hydro and exe clea wo aie aga them ge in pole pore depo 3 Napmate sides form and remain tabi dung, ‘eywalliztion of redced magma and acta an eflectne {ink for gold and copper, thereby ing wala of thse metal the hyeothermal tage; neverbles Re fol! depos of nonporpny pe deficenln copper == flnipany some reduced invasions. '. They are generated widun or beneath olan ter, which theteles form linear arm above somes ‘Sbducion-elated mane eldng Sach somes pial ex tend fr hundred f lometrs pale to ocean thtareoaly 10 20 lm wile, Nevetbelem, oldich por Bye depots generted i backare or poroaiicionaie Ee ted not to acai ner belou OF COLD ac PORPYRY Deer anes EAA TON 8 4, Underuke denied rvening of the ostropping ack ln serch of arsine phere nec peat ‘ent of ype quar enlewin the hope that sh ea ler intsions contain more gold (petal. >03g/) “The rock orginally underwent slice aleradon to ceplice the quar veiltsolwork bat has since been erasielyoverprinted by another akenson asembnge ge he whtecolor Thaswenblages ely ober Tpfogene serie or propiyite, dckte and/or aot ie (actanced sii) alteration indie ofssescoped Stem or supergene totizaon developed ring wea ing rom onerprinted serictechontoaee (ote Seale) stieraton Seri advanced ali and ner ‘bedate age stration maya conn cae ‘lds whe, on wea as tee most Say diacion or PIMA help 20 dings ‘ice, propiedad ioc an you hve ‘come familar ath hei dxincte appearances under & snd en 6. An oxdaed me containing copper and gold valor ‘yo yee ds be hoe Se Sl, me Sn Inity pytedetent bypogene auldes reporting 2p- proximally sini copper and god values, Chalcocte en- Echment at die topo the rade one wold be developed ‘nly incipient yeh aan ude eng de ned in he ou ihe ding taping. Aer ‘ey te copper uy teal cetera ‘nrichnent of preecting pyrite. Te former har te po- ‘ental to poss a greater versal extent than the inter Unless you ae n'a"yion charac by deep (300m) ‘sidan and thiekenchmen ones. "S. Maratation may have accompanied intrmedite aril overprintng of the original Kalle aserblage Dior tothe supergene Kaolin, Alternately it may bea ect supergee weathering efectof the Ksiicate Searblage, hating leaned during the baonisaton. A com ‘ination of these erates would also bes possi.