Opcode

Instruction
JnS

Operand
<address>

Load

<address>

Store

<address>

Add

<address>

Subt

<address>

Input

<none>

Output

<none>

Halt

<none>

Description
Nhy n
chng trnh
con ti a ch
ton hng +1
(lu tr v a
ch ton hng
trc )
Np ni dung
ca a ch ton
hng vo danh
sch truy cp
Ct ni dung ti
AC vo a ch
ton hng
Cng ni dung
ton hng ti
danh sch truy
xut
Tr ni dung
ton hng t
danh sch truy
xut
Nhp gi tr t
bn phm vo
danh sch truy
xut
Xut gi tr ca
AC ra mn hnh
Dng chng
trnh

Skipcond

000

400

800

Jump

<address>

Clear

<none>

AddI

JumpI

B qua ch th
k tip khi
AC<0
B qua ch th
k tip khi
AC=0
B qua ch th
k tip khi
AC>0
Nhy n a
ch ton hng
Xa tt c ni
dung ti AC
Cng a ch
gin tip
Nhy n a
ch gin tip

Bin tp MARIE
Mt khi bn chn File | Edit, v nu bn khng c mt tp tin c ti
trong m phng (nh trong hnh 3), khung bin tp vin c hin th
vi mt vng vn bn trng. Tuy nhin, nu bn ti mt tp tin lp
rp thnh cc m phng, cc m ngun cho tp tin c t ng a
vo trnh son tho trnh son tho c th xc nh v tr n.

MARIE lp rp m ngun cc tp tin phi c mt "mas" m rng, cho

MARIE Assem bler. C hai trnh bin tp v lp rp cng nhn cc tp
tin thuc loi ny. Mt khi bn lu mt tp tin vi phn m rng ".
Mas", lp rp trnh n ty chn tr nn kch hot v bn c th lp rp
chng trnh ca bn bng cch chn lp rp hin nay tp tin trnh n
chn. Nu bn ti mt hin ti "mas." Tp tin, nt Lp rp c t ng
kch hot. Bt k modifi ca tions m bn thc hin ca bn file
lp rp ngn ng ca bn c t ng ng minh c cu bi cc
bin tp vin trc khi gi ca n lp rp. Qu trnh ny c th hin
trong hnh 4, bng cch s dng v d t Bng 4.5 trong vn bn.

Nu lp rp pht hin sai st trong chng trnh ca bn, bin tp vin

gi cho bn mt tin nhn v danh sch cc tp tin lp rp xut hin trong
mt khung popup nh th hin trong hnh 5. Tt c nhng g bn cn
lm l ng chng trnh ca bn v nhn cc nt lp rp tp tin hin
nay mt ln na. Nu tp tin c cha cc li lp rp khng c khc, bn
s thy mn hnh hin th trong hnh 6. Nu bn mun, bn c th hin
th hoc in cc tp tin nim yt lp rp, bng cch s dng cc bin tp
vin hay bt c chng trnh x l vn bn.

Cc tp tin nim yt s c t trong th mc hin ang ng nhp,

cng vi tp tin "m my MARIE", nu lp rp thnh cng. Cc tp tin

nim yt l mt tp tin vn bn n gin vi mt phn m rng ". Lst".

V d, khi Fig4_5.mas c lp rp, lp rp sn xut Fig4-5.lst. Bn c
th xem, in, hoc kt hp n vo mt ti liu nh bn s bt k tp tin
vn bn n gin. Nu lp rp li, mt "mex." Hoc tp tin thc thi
MARIE cng s c t trong cng th mc nh l ngun gc v cc
tp tin nim yt. y l mt tp tin nh phn (thc ra l mt i tng
Java tun t) c thc thi bng cch m phng.
Ti chng trnh ca bn
Sau khi bn thnh cng lp rp chng trnh ca bn, bn phi ti n
vo Simula tor bng cch chn File | ty chn trnh n ti t m
phng. Ty chn ny s tr v mt bng chn tp tin lit k tt c cc tp
tin thc thi MARIE trong th mc hin ti ca bn, v tn cc th mc
khc c sn cho bn. Tt c nhng g bn cn lm l nh du hoc g
tn ca tp tin m bn mun chy.

Lu : Mi ln bn tp hp li mt tp tin, bn phi ti li
n.

Hnh 7 cho thy m phng MARIE sau khi mt tp tin thc thi c
ti. Ca s chng trnh gim st cho thy nhng iu khon v ngn
ng lp rp nh chng c vit ra, cng vi h thp lc phn tng
ng ca h. pha bn tri ca mn hnh chng trnh, bn s thy
a ch ca cc bo co ca chng trnh. Nhng tuyn b rng c
thc hin bng cch m phng c th hin trong lm ni bt mu
xanh l cy, do bn c th xem hng dn c khi trng thi ca my.
Tt nhin, khi chng trnh c np u tin, lm ni bt mu xanh l
cy s c trong bn tng trnh ti a ch u tin ca chng trnh ca
bn. Bn cng s nhn thy rng cc ng k my tnh c thit lp ti
a ch ca bo co u tin trong chng trnh ca bn, ch ra rng y
l bo co tip theo s c chy.
Hy ghi nh rng ca s chng trnh gim st l ch gip bn hnh
dung nhng g ang xy ra. Cc hng dn ca chng trnh l, trong
thc t, ko t bng iu khin b nh di cng ca mn hnh. Mt
khi bn ti chng trnh ca bn, bn s thy rng mn hnh b nh
cha cc hng dn chng trnh thp lc phn trong cc a ch tng
ng vi nhng ngi trong ca s theo di chng trnh. Nt ni bt
mu xanh l cy s di chuyn n v tr b nh khc nhau nh chy
chng trnh ca bn, truy cp vo cc a im lu tr khc nhau.
Sau khi np, chng trnh ca bn c th c thc hin bng cch s
dng bt k ca ba ty chn chy khc nhau.
Menu Run
Cc trnh n Run cung cp mt s tnh nng cho php bn c quyn
kim sot nh th no chng trnh ca bn c thc hin bng cch
m phng. Nh th hin trong hnh 8, ty chn u tin trn menu ny l
Run | Run, thc hin cc bo co trong chng trnh ca bn theo th t
chm dt. Khi bn chn Run | Run, nt Stop s tr thnh kch hot,
to cho bn c hi ngn chn chng trnh ca bn nn n b kt
trong mt vng lp hoc ch n gin l dng qu lu chy.
Hnh 8 cho thy cc ty chn trnh n Run m bn s s dng chng

trnh ca bn vo ch bc. Bc ch cho php bn thc hin

tuyn b mt chng trnh ti mt thi im. Sau khi thc hin tng
tuyn b, m phng tm dng cho n khi bn nhn nt Bc (hoc
chng trnh kt thc).
Lu : Nu m phng trong ch bc, v sau chn Run | Run, m
phng t ng chm dt ch bc v i vo ch chy.

Run | Set tr Ty chn

Theo mc nh, m phng MARIE tm dng khong 10 phn nghn giy
gia cc hnh quyt sau bo co chng trnh khi n ang trong ch
chy. Mc ch chnh ca s chm tr ny l cho php bn tm
dng thc hin cc chng trnh ca bn, bn mong mun lm nh vy.
Cc tnh nng chm tr cng c th c s dng cho php xem cc
bo co chng trnh ca bn chuyn ng chm nh m phng thc
hin chng. Bn c th t cc gi lp trong ch ny chm chuyn
ng bng cch thit lp s chm tr n 500 mili giy hoc lu hn.
Mn hnh thit lp s chm tr c hin th trong hnh 9. thay i
s chm tr thc hin, ch cn di chuyn thanh trt n s mong mun
ca phn nghn giy v nhn nt OK.
Thit lp thanh trt: Nh bn mong i, bn c th di chuyn con tr
trt bng cch nhn v ko n vi con chut ca bn. Bn cng c th
di chuyn n bng cch s dng cc phm con tr-chuyn ng trn bn

phm ca bn. Page Up v Page Down di chuyn thanh trt bng cch
gia tng ln, v mi tn tri v phi di chuyn n bng cch gia tng nh
hn, cho php thit lp chnh xc ca cc thanh trt.

Run | Khi ng li la chn

Cc la chn tip theo trong menu Run l la chn Khi ng li trnh
gi lp. Ty chn ny ch n gin l thit lp li cc chng trnh truy
cp n a ch u tin ca chng trnh c ti trong m phng. Bt
k thay i chng trnh ca bn c th thc hin b nh ca gi lp
ti ch. Nu bn mun khi ng li chng trnh ca bn "t u"
(khng c thay i vo b nh), lm mt File | Reload. V d, nu bn
c mt bin Sum trong b nh lu tr tng hp cc s m mt ngi s
dng u vo, khi ng li s khng thit lp li s tin, mt ti li s
thit lp li tng hp.
Ty chn Run | Thit lp li

 thit lp li hon ton gi lp, s dng Run | Thit lp li ty chn.

La chn ty chn ny c tc dng tng t nh cch nhn phm reset
trn my tnh c nhn. B nh tt c s b xa v ng k thit lp li
khng. Bi v ty chn ny tn dit tt c mi th trong m phng, bn
s c yu cu xc nhn trc khi tin hnh thit lp li (khng ging
nh cch nhn vo nt t li trn hu ht cc my tnh c nhn).
Ty chn Dump Run | Core
Nhiu my tnh ton b ni dung ca b nh ca h sau khi h gp
li nghim trng nht nh. Nu bn s dng Windows NT, bn c
th c kinh nghim "mn hnh xanh cht" ni ting xut hin trong
khi h thng l bn ph gi b nh ca mnh cho mt tp tin dump. Khi
n gp mt li nghim trng, m phng MARIE khng t ng cung
cp mt bi cha ct li, bn cn yu cu mt thng qua menu ty chn
Run | li Dump. Ty chn trnh n ny cung cp cho bn vi cc khung
qung co c hin th trong Hnh 10.
Nh bn c th nhn thy t hnh, popup cho thy hai thanh trt (trong
, ging nh cc thanh trt chm tr, c th c kim sot bng cch
s dng cc phm con tr). Quy m trn thanh trt nm trong khong
t 0 n 4095 v c a ra trong thp phn. Cc dch h thp lc phn
ca gi tr thanh trt xut hin trong cc hp vn bn bn phi ca
thanh trt. Cc gi tr ban u ca cc bi cha li c thit lp
khng gian a ch b nh b chim ng bi chng trnh ca bn.
Trong hnh minh ho, chng trnh ca chng ti chim 100H a ch b
nh thng qua 106h. Bn c th di chuyn cc thanh trt bt k a
ch m bn mun.

Nu bn nhn nt ri t khung la chn bi cha ct li, khung khc

sm xut hin, c cha cc ni dung ca ng k MARIE v b nh cc
a ch m bn chn. Mn hnh ny c th hin trong hnh 11.

Trc khi hin th n cho bn trn mn hnh, m phng vit bi cha li

ca bn mt tp tin trn a vi mt phn m rng ". Dmp". V vy,
nu tn ca chng trnh ca bn MyProg.mas, tp tin dump ca n s
c t tn l MyProg.dmp. N l mt tp tin vn bn n gin m bn
c th chnh sa bng cch s dng bt k trnh son tho vn bn n
gin, nu bn mun.
breakpoints
Breakpoints l l c c t hng dn trn my tnh cho h thng
thc hin tm dng s hng dn m im dng c thit lp.
Breakpoints rt hu ch bi v mt lot cc hng dn c th c thc
hin mt cch nhanh chng (nh trong khi to mt mng, v d) trc
khi h thng tm dng cho php bn kim tra cc ni dung ca ng
k v b nh trc khi tip tc. Trong m phng MARIE, breakpoint
c thit lp bng cch nhp vo hnh vung bn tri ca s hng dn
trong khu vc theo di chng trnh. Mt im dng c nhp
vo ti 101h hng dn trong chng trnh th hin trong hnh 12.
Khng c gii hn s lng breakpoint c th c thit lp trong mt
chng trnh.

Khi bn chn Breakpoints | Run ty chn trnh n Breakpoint,

chng trnh bt u thc hin gi tr hin ti ca chng trnh truy cp
v tin thu c cho n khi breakpoint l gp phi. Breakpoints Nhn |
Run Breakpoint mt ln na h s thc hin cho n khi cc im
dng tip theo l gp phi hoc chng trnh chm dt. Nu bn chn
Breakpoints | Run Breakpoint khi truy cp chng trnh ch vi mt lnh
ngng, m phng thc hin mt khi ng li t ng v thc hin bt
u chng trnh ca bn vi cc lnh u tin.
Bn c th nhn thy rng khi chng trnh ca bn trong Run ch
Breakpoint, nt Stop s tr thnh kch hot. iu ny cho php bn ngn
chn chng trnh ca bn nu bn cn phi lm nh vy. Run la
chn Breakpoint cng lu tm n s chm tr thc hin m bn thit
lp trong chng trnh. V vy, nu bn thit lp s chm tr ny ti
500 ms, m phng s ch i khong mt na th hai gia mi cu.
Breakpoints | r rng Breakpoints trnh n ty chn thc hin chnh xc
nhng g bn ngh rng n s lm: N loi b tt c cc breakpoint t
mn hnh hng dn chng trnh. Bn cng c th loi b mt
breakpoint bng cch nhn vo du kim ca n.
Bng k hiu
T cc cuc tho lun trong vn bn ca bn, bn bit rng mt trong
nhng cu trc d liu ch yu lin quan n trong qu trnh lp rp l
bng biu tng. MARIE ca lp rp l khng c khc nhau. Bn s
thy bng ny vo cui danh sch lp rp ca bn, c hoc khng lp rp
thnh cng. M phng MARIE cng lm cho bng ny c sn cho bn
ngay trong mi trng gi lp thng qua cc nt Bn Symbol. Nu
bn ang c gng g li mt chng trnh ln, hoc mt chng trnh
c cha mt s lng ng k ca cc biu tng, bn c th mun tham
kho bng ny t mi trng gi lp. Hnh 13 cho thy mt khung biu
tng hin th bng cho chng trnh nh c np trong m phng.

Ch u vo v u ra
Bn s thy trong nhng con s m mi regi ster, cng nh cc ca s
OUTPUT, c cung cp vi mt ko xung (combo box) cho php bn
chn ch hin th ca regi ster, hoc trong h thp lc phn, thp
phn hoc mt char ASCII acter. Nu bn yu cu ng k hin th
ni dung ca n trong ch k t ASCII, con lu ng k s c
hin th trong mt stan S NN & PTNT ASCII 7-bit-mun trn con
lu ng k. V d, nu regi ster cha mt gi tr ca 00C1h, cc k t
ASCII hin th s l mt vn A. Hnh ure 14 minh ha la chn ch
ng k.
Vic la chn ch c sn cho ng k u ra (hoc u ra ca s) s
hu ch khi bn mun xem nhn vt u ra. Theo mc nh, ng k u
vo v u ra trong ch ASCII. V vy, bt k gi tr m bn g vo
s ng k u vo s c hiu l cc k t ASCII. V d, nu chng
trnh ca bn l yu cu cho u vo v bn nhp 29 trong khi ng k
u vo trong ch ASCII, k t u tin ca u vo ca bn s c
cng nhn do , cc gi tr c lu tr trong c quy s c 32h, l
gi tr ASCII ch s thp phn 2. Nu bn mun t mt gi tr ca 2

vo chng trnh ca bn, bn phi thit lp ng k s thp phn hoc

ch Hexa thp phn. Cc gi tr bn nhp vo phi ph hp vi ch
ng k, hoc ngi no khc bn s nhn c mt thng bo li
nghim trng trong m phng, nh bn trn mt h thng thc.

Bn s nhn thy rng khi bn thay i ch c s ca u ra, tt c

cc u ra ca bn ngay lp tc thay i ch m bn chn, ch v
n khng cho ng k khc. Hnh 15 cho thy hnh 14 sau khi ch
thp lc phn c la chn.
Mt tnh nng hu ch ca ca s u ra l kh nng kim sot u ra s
c t trong ca s. Theo mc nh, khi gi tr sn lng, n l t
ng matically theo sau bi mt linefeed rng sn lng s l mt ct
duy nht ca nhn vt, tng t nh cch cc k t in trn mt bng
my thm.

Nu bn chn Khng c ty chn Linefeeds, nh th hin trong hnh 16,

u ra ca bn s c t theo chiu ngang trong ca s u ra, t tri
sang phi khng c bao b t ng. Khi ty chn No Linefeeds c bt,
bn s cn cung cp lp trnh ring linefeeds ca bn thc y
u ra cho cc dng tip theo.
Thc hin lu : Mc d chng ti c gng lm cho Simulator
MARIE hnh x nh nhiu ging nh mt my tht nht c th, trong
lnh vc u ra v u vo chng ti Devi ated t l tng ny. X
l u vo v u ra mc my tnh l mt nhim v v cng t
nht. Tc gi ca bn cm thy rng l truy cp sn xut vt ln vi
nhng vn ny khi bn u tin hc chng trnh ngn ng lp rp
ming. Khi bn ang ln cho mt thch thc lenge, hy th s dng ch
c gi tr thp lc phn cho cc u vo v khng c linefeeds trn u
ra ca bn!
Mt ty chn khc c sn cho bn kim sot u ra cho php bn xa
cc ni dung ca ca s u ra. Khng ging nh ng k khc, cc ni
dung ca s ng k u ra (ca s) c gi li cho n khi bn r rng
r rng hoc ti mt chng trnh khc nhau.

Bn cng c th in ni dung ca s ng k u ra, nhng bn ch n

gin l c th mun sao chp ni dung ca n vo mt chng trnh x
l vn bn. Trn hu ht cc h thng, bn c th sao chp ni dung ca
khu vc u ra vo clipboard h thng ca bn. Vn bn sau c th
c dn vo bt k chng trnh cng nhn clipboard.

Con ng d liu Simulator

MARIE d liu ng dn m phng cho thy phong tro ng k cp
d liu trong my tnh MARIE. Trn mt my tnh Windows, bn c th
vo tng gp i vo file MarieDP1.jar chy phn mm ny. chy
n trn dng lnh, s dng lnh:
java MarieDP1
(Lu : Trn mt s my, bn c th bin dch li cc ngun trc khi
gi lp s chy ng Bn lm iu ny bng cch s dng lnh javac
MarieDP1.java.)

Mi trng MarieDataPath
Hnh 17 cho thy mi trng ha ca m phng ng dn d liu
MARIE. Mn hnh bao gm bn phn: mt thanh menu, mt mn hnh
hin th ng dn d liu ha, theo di mt khu vc my, v mt
khu vc tin nhn.

Cc hot ng c bn ca m phng ny song song vi hot ng ca

MarieSim: tp tin c np thng qua trnh n tp tin, v my chm tr
thc hin l thit lp thng qua nt "Set Delay". Chng ti s khng
nhc li cc chi tit ca cc chc nng ny y, nhng thay vo s
m t s khc bit gia hot ng ca cc m phng ng dn d liu
v MarieSim.
Cc tnh nng ca Simulator ng dn d liu

MARIE d liu ng dn m phng c tnh nng t hn MarieSim, bi

v mc ch ca n l hp hn: ch n gin hin th d liu chuyn
ng bn trong my MARIE. MarieSim, la chn c cung cp ti
tp tin, khi ng li chng trnh v ci t li cc h thng, nh th
hin trong hnh 18.
r, mt con ng hin th d liu ha, mn hnh my tnh mt khu
vc, v mt khu vc tin nhn.

[Run] nt chy chng trnh lin tc chm dt. [Bc] nt cung cp mt

lp i lp li ca chu k np-gii m thc thi. Tc microinstructions
thc hin c iu khin thng qua nt [t tr]. Bn c th thit lp
s chm tr nh cao nh 30 giy, l cn thit cho cc my tnh nhanh
nht.
Khi s tr hon l thit lp mt vi giy, xem qu trnh ly c nhm
chn sau mt thi gian. Trong hy vng lm gim s nhm chn ny, mt
[Fast Fetch Mode x] nt c cung cp. Khi "nhanh chng ly ch
" c kch hot, chu k ly mt m khng cn s dng khong thi
gian tr hon thit lp thng qua tr Set [] ca s.
Chy mt chng trnh m phng ng dn d liu

MARIE d liu ng dn gi lp s ch chy nhng chng trnh

c lp rp bi cc nh lp rp MARIE. C th, n s ti cc tp tin m
i tng vi phn m rng MEX..
Theo chng trnh thc hin, hng dn ang c thc thi c nh
du trong bng theo di chng trnh. Cc phong tro hot ng d liu
tng ng l ng trong lnh vc ha ca mn hnh. Bt c khi no
mt thnh phn tham gia trong mt hot ng chuyn d liu, n c
a ra trong mt mu sc ti sng hn.
n v iu khin bn tri ca khu vc ha thm sinh lc ng
iu khin cho php v v hiu ha cc thnh phn khc nhau ca h
thng. C hai b ng dy kim sot ng k, mt trong nhng thit
lp cho php c t ng k mt, v mt cho php bng vn bn ng
k mt. Gi tr nh phn ca s lng ng k c t trn cc ng
iu khin thch hp. V d, hnh 19 cho thy trng thi ca m phng
nh cc gi tr t cc hng dn ng k (d liu ng dn thnh phn
s 7) ang c c vo ng k a ch b nh (d liu ng dn
thnh phn s 1).

Trong thi gian hot ng mi khi thay i gi tr ng k, ni dung ca

tt c cc ng k c in trong ca s du vt pha bn tay phi thp
hn ca khu vc theo di. Bn c th in ni dung ca ca s di chuyn
bng cch nhn [In] nt nm bn tri ca ca s theo di.
Vi li V Assembler MARIE
Sch ca bn tho lun v cc hng dn MARIE chi tit, v vy chng
ti s khng trnh by li chng y. Tuy nhin, mt vi iu c bit
lp rp m bn s cn phi bit trc khi bn bt u vit chng
trnh u tin ca bn.
Assembler Ch th
C bn ch th rng lp rp MARIE nhn. u tin trong s ny l ch th
khi, ORG. Ch th ORG kim sot cc a ch bt u chng trnh ca

bn. Nu bn khng bao gm mt ch th ORG trong m ca bn, a ch

u tin ca chng trnh ca bn c t ng 000h. (Lu : Trn mt
my tnh thc s, bn khng th m v iu ny, l l do ti sao cc
ch th nguyn c s dng.) Nu bn mun a ch u tin ca
chng trnh ca bn c 010h, bn s t cc ch th, ORG 010 vo
lc bt u ca ca bn chng trnh. Ch th ORG phi l tuyn b u
tin ca chng trnh ca bn, nu khng, lp rp s cung cp cho bn
mt li.
Ba ch th cho php bn t cc hng s trong chng trnh ca bn l s
thp phn (DEC), bt phn (OCT), v s thp lc phn (HEX). Cc hng
s ny phi c hp l cho c s quy nh trong ch th. V d, tuyn
b, thng mi 0900, s cung cp cho bn mt li.
Nh li rng kch thc t MARIE l 16 bit, v tt c cc hng s c
gi nh l s k. Do , phm vi hp l ca cc hng s s thp phn l
s thp phn -32.768 n 32,767 (8000h 7FFFh).
Php ton
Nh bn hc trong chng 4, tt c cc ton hng MARIE l nhng
a ch. Nu bn s dng cc ch a ch trong chng trnh ca bn, gi
tr hp l l 000h qua FFFh, k t MARIE c 4096 v tr b nh. Nhng
a ch ny phi c a ra trong h thp lc phn, trc mt s khng.
V vy, nu bn mun thm cc gi tr ti a ch F00 cc c, bn s
s dng hng dn, ADD 0F00. Nu bn thay v s dng cc hng dn,
ADD F00, lp rp s mong i tm F00 nhn mt ni no trong
chng trnh ca bn. Tr khi bn c mt a ch trong chng trnh ca
bn, lp rp s cung cp cho bn mt li.
Bn c th thch s dng cc nhn biu tng thay v cc ch a ch.
MARIE ca nhn l trng hp nhy cm v c th c hu nh bt k
chiu di (ln n gii hn c t trn cc bin chui bng ngn ng
Java). Lu , tuy nhin, ch c 24 k t ca biu tng u tin s in vo
danh sch lp rp v ch c 7 nhn vt u tin s c hin th trong

bng iu khin ca mn hnh chng trnh MARIESim.

M Xy dng
Lp rp ngn ng tp tin m ngun c th c kch thc bt k,
nhng bn c th ch l bo co chng trnh s ph hp trong b nh
MARIE. S lng bo co chng trnh khng bao gm kin hoc cc
dng trng. Chng ti khuyn khch bn s dng v dng trng lm
cho m ca bn d hiu i vi con ngi cng nh my tnh.
Ch hn ch trn m ca bn l n c th bt u ch vi cc loi bo co
sau y:
1. Ch thch theo sau bi mt ch th nguyn v t nht mt tuyn b bt
buc
2. Mt ch th nguyn v t nht l mt cu mnh lnh, hoc
3. t nht mt tuyn b bt buc.
Ni cch khc, chng trnh ca bn khng th bt u vi mt ch th
thng mi hai, thng mi hoc HEX. Nu c, khng phi l lp rp
cng khng phi m phng s chm sc, nhng cc gi tr theo ngha
en c xc nh bi nhng ch th s c gii thch nh hng dn
ca my, cho bn kt qu m bn c th khng c d kin.
Mt vn tng t s xy ra nu bn khng bao gm mt tuyn b
HALT trong chng trnh ca bn, hoc tuyn b HALT ca bn khng
thc hin, v cc chng trnh truy cp kt thc ln ch vo d liu.
(Lm th no cc my s phn ng nu n c gng thc hin cc
tuyn b HEX 0000? HEX 0700?)
Tm tt cc File Types
Trong sut hng dn ny, chng ti cp n cc loi tp tin khc
nhau m MarieSim s dng cho cc chc nng khc nhau. tham kho
ca bn, chng ti bao gm mt bn tm tt ca cc loi tp tin trong

bng di y.
a ch ng k (d liu ng dn thnh phn s 1).