Прохоренок Н.А. - Python 3 и PyQt. Разработка Приложений - 2012

Python 3 .
PyQt

2012
681.3.06
32.973.26-018.2
84
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84
Python 3 PyQt. .--:- .:

2012.-704 .: .-
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ISBN 978-5-9775-0797-4

Python:
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01.12.11.
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2012
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..........................................................................................................................
1.
PYTHON 3 ................................................................................ 15
.................................................................................................. 17
Python .................................................................................................................... 17
1.2. n Python .................................................................................................. 23
1.3. n ............................................................................................................ 24
1.4. ........................................................................................................................... 27
1.1.
1.
13
1.~.
IDLE ................................................................................................. 28
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
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1.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
.................................................................................................... 36
....................................................................................................... 36
........................................................................................................................... 38

.................................................................................. .41
..................................................................................................... ,..... .43
3.
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... :......................... :............................................................................. .47
......;............................................................................................... 48
................................................................................................... .48
.............................................................................................................. 50
................................................................. 51
....................................................................................................... 52
...................................................................................... 53
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
2.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
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............................................................................................................................ 3 1
4.
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............................................................................................................. 56
if .. e/se ........................................... ,....................................................... 58
................................................................................................................................... 61
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
rangeO
enumerateO .............................................................................................. 63
whi/e ................................................................................................................................ 66
continue. ............................................ 67
break. ...................................................................................... 67
5.
................................................................................................................ 69
........................................................................ 70
6.
math. .............................................................................. 72
random. ...................................................................... 73
............................................................................................................ 76
6.1. ...................................................................................................................... 77
6.2. ........................................................................................................... 81
6.3. .......................................................................................................... 81
6.4. ........................................................................................................... 84
6.5. Meojormat0 ......................................................................................................................... 90
6.6. ......................................................................... 94
6.7. ................................................................................................................... 97
6.8. .............................................. ,................................................ 98
6.9. ........................................................................................ 98
6.1 Q. ....................................................................................................... 99
6.11. ................................................................................. 102
6.12. bytes ................................................................................................................. I05
6.13. bytearray ......................................................................................................... 108
6.14. .................................................. 112
6.15. ............................................................................................................. 112

7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
7.
............................................................................. 114
.................................................................................. :.. 114
..............................................................................
123
........................................ ,.......................................... 127

..................................................................................................................... 128
................................................................................................... 130
8. ....................................................................................... 132
8.1. ......... ;.......................................................................................................... 132
8.2. ....................................................................................................... 136
8.3. ........................................................................................................... 139
8.4. . ................................................................................................... 139
8.5. - .................................................................. 140
8.6. mapO, zipO,filterO reduceO ............................................................................... 141
8.7. .......................................................................... 144
8.8. ...................................................................................................... 147
8.9. ....................................................................... 148
8.1 . .............................................................................. 148
8.11. ...................................................................... ,....................................... 149
8.12. ............................................................................................... 150
8.13. ....................................................................................... 151
8.14. ............................................................................................................................... 151
8.15.
8.15.1.
8.15.2.
8.15.3.
8.15.4.

9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
9.7.
9.
itertoo/s ................................................................................................................... l53
.............................................. 153
.......................................................................... 154
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156
..................................................................................................... 157
................................................................................. 159
..................................................................................................................
159
161
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............... , ....................................................................... 164
............................................................................................................ 166
............................................................................................................................. 167
.......................................................................................................... 172
......................................................................................................
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
1.
.......................................................................
173
................................................................................. 173
...................................................................................... 175
"" .......................................................................................................... 177
datetime. .......................................................... 178
10.4.1. timedelta ........................................................................................................ 178
10.4.2. date ............................................ :................................................................... 180
10.4.3. time ............................................................................................... ................. 183
10.4.4. datetime ......................................................................................................... 184
10.5. ca/endar. .................................................................................. 189
10.5.1. TextCalendar LocaleTextCalendar........................................... l90
10.5.2. HTMLCalendar LocaleHTMLCalendar ................................... 191
10.5.3. ..................................................................................... 192
10.6. ......................................................... 195
11.
.................................................................... 197
11.1. ............................................................................................. 197

11.2. ............................................................................... 200
11.3. ............................................. ..20 1
11.4. ....................................................................... 203
11.5. .......................................................................................................... 205
11.6. - .......................................................................................................... 206
11. 7. .......................................................................................................... 207
11.8. . ................................................................................... 209
11.9. .............................................................................. 210
11.1 . ........................................................................................................ 213
11.11. ................ ...................................... :.................................................. 215
12.
....................................................................................... 216
12.1. import .............................................................................................................. 216

12.2. fr ................................................................................................................. 219
12.3. ......................................................................................................... 222
12.4. ............................................................................................. 223
12.5. ................................................................................................................................. 224
13. -11 ................................ 228
13.1. n n ......................................................... 228

13.2. _init_O _de/_0 ............................................................................................ 231
13.3. ...................................................................................................................... 232
13.4. ........................................................................................... 234
13.5. n .......................................................................................................... 236
13 .6. n ....................................................................................................... 239
13.7. .............................................................................. 242
13 .8. .......................................................................................................... 243
13.9. n ............................................... 244
13.1 . ................................................................................................................ 245
13 .11. ......................................................................................................... 246
14.
............................................................................ 247
14.1. try... except... e/se...final/y .. :........................................................................... 1.. 248

14.2. with... as ........................................................................................................... 252
14.3. ....................................................................................... 254
14.4. .......................................................................................... 256
15. ............................................................. 259
15.1. .................................................................................................................. 259

15.2. .......................................................................................... 265
15.3. n n os ........................................................................... 271
15.4. String/0 Bytes/0 .................................................................................................. 273
15.5. n ................................................................................ 277
15.6. .n ......................................................................... 278
15.7. n ..................................................................... 281
15.8. n ! ......................................................................................... 283
15.9. ............................................................................................. 286
15.1 . .................................................................................. 289
16. SQLite ........................................................................................... 293
16.1. ....................................................................................................... 293

16.2. ............................................................................................................... 295
16.3. n ................................................................ ; ................................................. 301
16.4. n ........ :............................................................................... 303
16.5. .............................................................................................. 304
16.6. n .................................................................................................................... 305
16.7. n ............................................................................... 308
16.8. WHERE .......................................................................................... 309
16.9. ............................................................................................................................... 312
16.1 . n ......................................................................................................... 314
16.11. ........................................................... : ............................................................ 315
16.12. ................................................................................... 317
17 .1.
17.2.
17.3.
17.
SQLite Python ................................................ 318
................................................................................... 319
n n ........................................................................................................... 319
n ........................................................................................... 324
17.4. ................................................................................................. 327

17.5. ........................................................................... 328
17.6. .................................................................................. 330
17.7. .......................................................................................... 331
17.8. .......................................................................................... 332
17.9. ............................................................................. 336
17.1 . .................................................................................................... 337
18.
............................................................... 340
18.1. URL-apeca ............................................................................................................. 340

18.2. ................................................................ 343
18.3. .................................................. 34 7
18.4. L- ..... :........................................................................................ 347
18.5. ................................................................................ 348
18.6. ur//ib.reques/ ........................................................... 354
18.7. ..................................................................................................... 357
11. . ....................................... 359
19.1.
19.2.
19.3.
19.4.
19.5.
19.
PyQt ..................................................................................... 361'
PyQt ................................................................................................................... 361

............................................................................................................... 364
........................................................................................................ 365
- .................................................................................................. 367
Qt Designer ......................................................... 371
19.5.1. ..................................................................................................... 371
19.5.2. ui- ............................................................................ :373
19.5.3. ui- - ..................................................................... 375
19.6. PyQt ....................................................................................................................... 377
19.7. PyQt ........................................................................................................... 377
19.8. ..................................................................... 379
19.9. ............................. :............................................................... 381
19.9.1. QThread. ........................................ , ................................. 381
19.9.2. ..... ;..................................... , ........................... 384
19.9.3. queue. ............................... :........................... 388
19.9.4. QMutex QMutexLocker ........................................................................... 391
19.10. ................................................................................................................. 395
19.11. .................................................................................................... 397
20.1.
20.2.
20.3.
20.4.
20.5.
20.
............................................................. 398
........................................................................................... 398
....... :..................................................................................................... 399

............................................................................ 40 1
...................................................................................... .403
....................................................................................... .406
20.5.1.
20.5.2.
20.5.3.
QPoint. ........................................................................ .407

QSize. ................................................... .408
QRect. ......................... .41
20.6. ......................................... .'.................................... .415

20.7. ..................................................................................... .416
20.8. ................................................................................................................. .417

20.9. ........................................................................................ .419
20.1 . ............................................................................................ .420
20.1 1. ................................................................ 421
20.12. .............................................................................. 422
20.13. ................................................................................................ .423
20.14. .......................................................................................... 424
21.1.
21.2.
21.3.
21.4.
21.5.
21.6.
21.7.
21.8.
21.
.............................................................. 426
.................................................................................. 426

................................................................................ 430
.................................................................................... .433
........................................................ 435
.......................................................................................... 438
.................................................................................................... 439
...................................................................................................... .442
..................................................................................................................... .445
21.8.1. .................................................................................... 445
21.8.2. ........................................................ .446
21.8.3. .......................................................................... .447
21.8.4. .......................................................................... .448
21.9. ......................................................................................................... .449
21.9.1. ........................................................................................ 449
21.9 .2. ................................................................ .451
21.9.3. .................................................. .454
21.1 . ................................................................................................................. .455
21.1 0.1. ................................................................ .455
21.1 0.2. ...................................................................................... .456
21.10.3. ...................................................................... 457
21.1 0.4. .................................................................................. 457
21.1 0.5. .......... ,............................................ 458
21.11. drag & drop .................................................................................................... 460
21.11.1. ........................................................................................ .460
21.11.2. QMimeData ................................................................................................ .462
21.11.3. ................................................................................................ .463
21.12. ................................................................................................ .465
21.13. ........................................................................................................ 465
21.14. .................................................................................................. .466

22.1.
22.2.
22.3.
22.4.
22.5.
22.6.
22.7.
22.8.
22.9.
22.
.................................... .468
....................................................................................... .468
.............................................................. .469
...................................................................................................... 472
................................................................................. 473
QStackedLayout QStackedWidge/ ....................................................................... .415
QSizePo/icy ............................................................................................................... .411
................................................................................. 478
................................................................................................................. .479
............................................................................................................ 480
22.1 .
22.11.
22.12.
.................................................................................................. .484
.................................................................................... .485
........................................................................................ 487
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23.
............................................................................ 489
23.1. ....................: .......................................................................................................... .489

23.2. .............................................................................................................. 492
23.3. ................................................................................................................... .494
23.4. ....................................................................................................:........................... 494
23.5. .......................................................................................... .495
23.5.1. ................................................................................. 495
23.5.2. ........................... :................................................ .-............... 498
23.5.3. ....................................................................................................... 499
23.6. ......................................................................................... 500
23.6.1. ................................. ~ ............................................... 500
23.6.2. ' ...................................................................................... 502
23.6.3. ............................................................. 504
23.6.4. QTextDocumen/ ............................................................................................. 505
23.6.5. QTextCursor .................................................................................................. 508
23.7. .............................................................................................................. 511
23.8. .................................................................. 512
23.9. ......................................................................................... 514
23.10. ........................................................................................................................... 516
23.11. .................................................................................................. 517
23.12. ................................................................................................. 518
23.13. ........................................................................................................... 519
23.14. QDia/ ....................................................................................................................... 521
23.15. ............................................................................................................. 522
24.1.
24.
t ..................................................................................... 523
.................................................................................................... 523
24.1.1.
24.1.2.
24.1.3.
24.1.4.
24.2.
24.3.
24.4.
, .................................................... 523
............................................................................................... 524
.............................................................................. 526
................................................................................................................... 526
.............................. :................................................................ 526

................................................................................................................... 527
................................................................................................................................. 528
24.4.1. .......................................................................... 528
24.4.2. QStringListMode/ .......................................................................................... 529

24.4.3. QStandardltemModel .................................................................................... 530
24.4.4. QStandardltem .............................................................................................. 533
1
24.5. .................................................................................................................... 536
24.5.1. QAbstractltem View ....................................................................................... 536
24.5.2. ...................................................................................................... 539
24.5.3. ................................................................................................................... 540
24.5.4. ........................................................................................... 543
24.5.5. ......................................................... 545
24.6. .................................................................................. 547
24.7. ..................................................................................................... 549
10
25.1.
25.
..................................................................................... 551
................................................................................................... 551
QColor. ................................................................................................ 551

QPen. ................................................................................................... 555
25.1.3." QBrush. .............................................................................................. 556
25.1.4. QLine. ................................................................................................ 557
25.1.5. QPolygon. .......................................................................... 558
25.1.6. QFont. .............................................................................................. 560
25.2. QPainter .................................................................................................................... 562
25.2.1. ...................................................................................... 562
25.2.2. ........................................................................................................... 565
25.2.3. ............................................................................................... 566
25.2.4. ....................................................................... 567
25.2.5. ................................................................. 568
25.3. .................................................................................................... 569
25.3.1. QPixmap ........................................................................................................ 570
25.3.2. QBitmap ........................................................................................................ 572
25.3.3. Qlmage .......................................................................................................... 573
25.3.4. Qlcon ............................................................................................................. 576
25.1.1.
25.1.2.
26.
.................................................................................... 578
26.1. QGraphicsScene. ....... :.................................................................................... 578

26.1.1. ................................................................................ 579
26.1.2. ................................................... 579
26.1.3. ....................................................................... 580
26.1.4. ....................................................................................................... 581
26.1.5. ................................................................................... 582
26.1.6. ........................................................................ 582
26.1.7. ..................................................................................... 583
26.2. QGraphicsView. ................................... _. .......................................... 584
26.2.1. ................................................................. 584
26.2.2. ......................... 586
26.2.3. ....................................................................................................... 586
26.2.4. ....................................................................... 587
26.2.5. ....................................................................................................... 587
26.3. QGraphics/tem. .................................. 588
26.3.1. ............................................................................. 588
26.3.2. ........................................................................................ 590
26.3.3. ....................................................................................................... 591
26.4. ......................................................................................................... 592
26.4.1. ....................................................................................................................... 592
26.4.2. QAbstractGraphicsShapeltem ....................................................................... 593
26.4.3. ....................................................................................................... 593
26.4.4. ....................................................................................................... 593
26.4.5. ..................................................................................................................... 594
26.4.6. ........................................................................................................... 594
26.4.7. ......................................................................................................... 595
26.4.8. ........................................................................................ 595
11
26.5. nn ............................................................................................. :.......... 597

26.6. .............................................................................................................................. 597
26.6.1. QGraphicsE.ffect ............................................................................................ 597
26.6.2. ......................................................................................................................... 598
26.6.3. ................................................................................................................. 599
26.6.4. ..................................................................................................... 599
26.6.5. n .............. :........................................................................ 600
26.7. ............................................................................................................. 600
26.7.1. ................................................................................. :............ 600
26.7.2. ..................................................................... ,................................. 60\
26.7.3. n ..................................................................... 603
26.7.4. .............................................................................................. 605
26.7.5. ............................................................ 605
27.1.
27.2.
27.3.
27.
....................................................................................... 607
.................................................................................. 607
QDia/ogButtonBox .................................................................................................... 610

QMessageBox .... :............................................................................................... ;....... 612
27.3.1. ................................................................................. 614
27.3.2. ................................................................ 616
27.3.3. n ................................................................................ 616
27.3.4. n ............................................... 617
27.3.5. ......................................................... 617
27.3.6. " n" .............................................................................................. 618
27.3.7. "About Qt" ..................................................................................................... 618
27.4. QlnputDia/og ............................................................................................................. 618
27.4.1. ................................................................................. 619
27.4.2. ........................................................................................... 621
27.4.3. ................................................................................ 621
27.4.4. .................................................................. 622
27.4.5. n ....................................................................... 623
27.5. QFileDialog ............................................................................................................... 623
27.5.1. ................................................................................. 624
27.5.2. ..................................................................................... 626
27.5.3. ...................................................................................... 627
27.5.4. ................................................................................... 628
27.6. ....................................................................................................... 629
27.7. ................................................................................................... 630
27.8. ........................................................................... 631
27.9. n .................................................................................. 632
27.1 . ............................................................................. 633
27.1 0.1. QWizard .................................................................... :................................. 633
27.10.2. QWizardPage ............................................................................................... 637
28.1.
28.2.
28.
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n ................................................................................ 640
.................................................................................................................................... 644
28.2.1. QMenuBar ........................................................................................... :......... 645

28.2.2. QMenu ................................................................................. .'.......................... 646
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28.2.3.
28.2.4.
28.2.5.
28.3.
28.4.
28.5.
28.6.
28.7.
.................................................................................................. 648
QAction ......................................................................................................... 649

rpynny ............................................................... 652
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28.3.1. QToo/Bar ....................................................................................................... 653
28.3.2. QToo/Button .................................................................................................. 655
n n ...................................................................................................... 656
n ......................................................................................... 658
DI-n ...... ,......................................................................................................... 659
28.6.1. QMdiArea ...................................................................................................... 659
28.6.2. QMdiSubWindow .......................................................................................... 662
n ............................................... 663
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, n ,
n . ,
True:
>>>
>
is
[1, 2]
is
is.
42
True
> = [1, 2]
> = [1, 2]
>>> is
Fa1se
#
#
/.
Python 3
. , '
2, . :
>>> = 2; = 2; z = 2
>>> is , is z
(True, True)

>>> import sys

>>> sys.getrefcount(2)
304
getrefcount () sys:
sys
,
. , .
Python
=,
. ;
>>>
>>>
z
z
= 1, 2, 3
(1, 2, 3)
n .
;
>>> ,
(1, 2)
>>> ,
1, 2;
(2, 1)

. ,
, , ,
>>> ,; z = "123"
>>> , , z
( '1', '2', '3')
>>> , , z = [1, 2, 3]
>>> , , z
(1, 2, 3)
>>> , , z = (1, 2, 3)
>>> , , z
(1, 2, 3)
>>> [, , z]
(1, 2, 3)
>>> , , z
bytes
bytearray.
(1, 2, 3)
, =
, :
43
2.
>>> , , z = (1, 2, 3, 4)
Traceback (most recent 11 1ast):
File "<pyshell#130>", 1ine 1, in <modu1e>
, , z = (1, 2, 3, 4)
Va1ueError: too many va1ues to unpack (expected 3)
Python 3
n n,
(*). :
> , , *z =
> , , z
(1, 2, [3, 4])
> , *, z =
> , , z
(1, [2, 3], 4)
> *, , z =
> , , z
( [1, 2], 3, 4)
> , , *z
> , , z
(1, 2, [3])
> , , *z
> , , z
(1, 2, [])
(1, 2, 3,
4)
(1, 2, 3, 4)
(1, 2, 3, 4)
(1, 2, 3)
(1, 2)
, , ,
. , .
, .
>>> *, , *z = (1, 2, 3, 4)
SyntaxError: two starred expressions in assignment
2.4.
Python ,
. :
>>>
>
""
#
#
str
int
. , , type 1<
n>) :
> type ()
<c1ass 'int'>
:
>>> = 10
>>> if type(x) == int:
print (" int")
type 11,
44
t
1. Python 3
isinstance () :
>>> s = ""
>>> if isinstance(s, str):
print (" n str")
2.5.
Python
m ,
. ,
, . ,

Python-
, .
,
. , , . .
:
>>> 2 + "25"
Traceback (most recent 11 1ast) :
File "<pyshell#O>", line 1, in <modu1e>
2 + "25"
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
:
( [ <> J ) -
. :
>>> 1(0), 1(1), 1(""),

(Fa1se, True, Fa1se, True)
1("")
int ( [<> [, < >] ] ) -
( -
>>> int(7.5), int("71")

(7, 71)
>>> int("71", 10), int("71", 8), int("Oo71",
(71, 57, 57, 10)
~),
10).
int("A", 16)
, :
>>> int ("71s")

File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <modu1e>
int ("71s")
Va1ueError: inva1id 1itera1 for int() with base 10: '71s'
float ( [< > J ) -
. :
>>> f1oat(7), f1oat("7.1")

(7 ., 7 .1)
>>> f1oat("Infinity"), f1oat("-inf")

(inf, -inf)
> float ("Infinity") + float ("-inf")
nan
2.
+ str ( [<> J ) -
45
. :
> str(125), str( [1, 2, 3])

('125', '[1, 2, 3]')
>>> str((1, 2, 3)), str({"x": 5, "": 10})
('(1, 2, 3)', "{'': 10, '': 5}")
>>> str( ts("", "utf-8") )
"b'\\xd1\\x81\\xd1\\x82\\xd1\\x80\\xd0\\xbe\\xd0\\xba\\xd0
\\'"
>>> str ( bytearray ( "", "utf-8") )

"bytearray(b'\\xd1\\x81\\xd1\\x82\\xd1\\x80\\xd0\\xbe\\xd0
\\xba\\xdO\\xbO')"
st r (<> [, <> [, < !1>] J ) - bytes

bytearray . "strict" (
UnicodeDecodeError; ),
"replace" ( , \uFFFD) "ignore"
( ). :
>>> obj 1 = bytes ( "1", "utf-8")

>>> obj2 = bytearray("cpoa2", "utf-8")
>>> str (obj1, "utf-8"), str (obj2, "utf-8")
('1',
'2')
>>> str(obj1, "ascii", "strict")

Fi1e "<pyshe11#16>", 1ine 1, in <modu1e>
str(obj1, "ascii", "strict")
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte
Oxd1 in position 0: ordina1 not in range(128)
>>> str(obj1, "ascii", "ignore")
'1'
bytes (<>,
<> [,
< !1>] ) -
bytes. !l
),
"replace"
"ignore".
"strict"
>>> ts(";", "1251")

b'\xf1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0'
>>> ts("123", "ascii", "ignore")
' 123'
bytes (<>) - .
255 bytes. ,
Va1ueError. :
>>>
>>>
bytes([225, 226, 224, 174, 170, 160])
'\1\2\0\\\0'
>>> str (,
"866")
''
bytearray (<>, <> [, < !1>]) -
bytearray.
),
"replace"
"ignore".
"strict"
46
1.
Python 3
>>> bytearray("cpoa" 1 "1251")

bytearray(b'\xf1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0')
trr(<> J - n
255
>>>
bytearray.
Va1ueError. :
nn ,
= bytearray([2251 2261 2241 1741 1701 160])
>
bytearray (b '\xe1\xe2\xe0\xae\xaa\xa0' )
>>> str (bl "866" )
''
list (<'>J -
n.
>>> list("12345" )
[ 1111 2', '3' 1 '4. 1 '5' J
>>> list((11 21 31 41 5) J
[1 1 21 31 41 5]
11
tuple (<>) -
n n :
> tuple("123456" )
11
('1'1 '2'1 '3'1 '4'1 '5', '6')
> tup1e([11 . 2 1 3, 41 5])
#
(11 2, 31 4, 5)
n ,
. ,
n n (
input ( J.
2.4).
.. "\"'~,-~'<'"...1'~' ~~" t...- '#''"'''~ ~;~.. ~.. .,.......,..................,.,.. ,.... .,. ...... ,,_. .. '" ... ,. ~"
:~
~ 2.4. 'n.
-" - ""
..........................................................................,.............. ................. ............ ............................................................. ....................................................................................................:t
11 -*- coding: utf-8
input("x = " )
input (" = ")
= x.rstrip("\r"J
. rstrip ( "\r")
print ( + )
input ()
-*-
5
12
11
.n
11
11
11
3.2.0
3.2.0
(.
( .
1.7)
1.7)
n n , "512". ,
n , input ( J . i.t n
, n ( 2.5).
..............~,........ . ............ .............. ...... ..........., . ..... . .................... ~...... ~................................~..................................." ..'"""""'"'"'' "<"""''""''"""'" ''"'' ''' ''" ' "'"'"""' ' ~'"~""'''''''".1:
t' "''\'''"''" " ~ ~
~ 2.5. ~>,
: .....~ -- - - - ..... ............. ...~..... ....... .... ,. _ , , .._,.,.,., ,, .,_, , .,., .,.-,.,, ,~..........-........~......................-.),,," .... ,.,.,.. ,......,...-.~.....,_,_..,..,.. "''''-'""""''"''..............................,..,.. ,_",.,.,..,.,,,,,;
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*
= int(input("x = "))
int(input("y
print ( + )
input ()
=
"JJ
11
5
12
2.
47
17, .
, .
, .
2.6.
del
<1>[,
... ,
<N>]
>>> = 10;
10
>>> del ;
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#l>", line 1, in <module>
del ;
NameError: name '' is not defined
:
>>> , = 10, 20
> del ,
del:
n n n . n, n
n ,
n n , n n
. n, n
Python 3,
n.
3.1.
n n n:
+-
>>> 10 + 5
15
>>> 12.4 + 5.2
17.6
>>> 10 + 12.4
22.4
--:
>>> 10 - 5
5
>>> 12.4- 5.2
7.2
>>> 12 - 5.2
6.8
* -:
>>> 10 * 5
50
>>> 12.4 * 5.2
64.48
>>> 10 * 5.2
52.0
1 - . , n
. ,
3.
49
Pytho
2. Pytho 2
3 . :
, Pytho
>>> 10 1 5
2.0
>>> 10 1 3
3.3333333333333335
>>> 10.0 1 5.0
2.0
>>> 10.0 1 3.0
3.3333333333333335
>>> 10 1 5.0
2.0
>>> 10.0 1 5
2.0
+ 11- .
. :
>>> 10 // 5
2
>>> 10 11 3
3
> 10.0 11 5.0
2.0
> 10.0 11 3.0
3.0
>>> 10 11 5.0
2.0
>>> 10 11 3.0
3.0
>>> 10.0 11 5
2.0
>>> 10.0 11 3
3.0
%- :
>>> 10 % 5
>>> 10 % 3
1
>>> 10.0 % 5.0
0.0
>>> 10.0 % 3.0
1.0
>>> 10 % 5.0
0.0
>>> 10 % 3.0
1.0
>>> 10.0 % 5
0.0
>>> 10.0 % 3
1.0
/. ,th
50
**- n:
>>> 10 ** 2, 10.0 ** 2
(100, 100".0)
- () + (n):
>>> +10, +10.0, -10, -10.0, -(-10), -(-10.0)
(10, 10.0, -10, -10.0, 10, 10.0)

n, n n ,
n n, n. n
n, n- n .
, n ,
n , n n
. n .
n n
. n, n n
:
>>> 0.3 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1

-2.7755575615628914-17
. , , n , n
. n n ,
n
decima1:
>>> from decima1 import Decima1

>>> Decima1("0.3'')- Decima1("0.1")- Decima1("0.1")- Decima1("0.1")
Decima1 ( '0.0')
3.2.
n n n . Pytln
n n n:
-- . nn:
>>>
100
>>>
# 01100100
# 10011011
& - :
>>>
>>>
>>> z =
>>>
100
75
"{:)
&
&
(1:)
'1100100 & 1001011
1 -
100
75
>>> z
1
> "{:) 1 {1:)
'1100100 1 1001011
>>>
>>>
# 01100100
# 01001011
# 01000000
{2:b)".format(x, , z)
1000000'
# 01100100
# 01001011
# 01101111
{2 :)". format (, , z)
1101111'
3.
51
+ - :
> = 100
# 01100100
> = 250
# 11111010
> 2 =
# 10011110
{1:}
{2:b}".fonnat(x, , z)
> "{:}
'1100100 11111010 = 10011110'
+ -
- n
n :
>
>
> z
> k
100
<< 1
<< 1
z << 2
#
#
#
#
=
=
01100100
11001000
10010000
01000000
+ - n- n n
n , n:
> = 100
> = >> 1
>>> z = >> 1
> k = z >> 2
#
#
#
#
01100100
001,10010
00011001
00000110
, :
>>> = -127
> = >>
> z = >>
>>> k = z <<
> m = k >>
3.3.
#
#
#
#
#
1
2
1
1
10000001
11000000
11110000
11100000
11110000

n n n:
+-
> print ( "1" +
"2"}
12
>
[1,
>
(1,
[1, 2, 3] + [ 4, 5,
2, 3, 4, 5, ]
(1, 2, 3) + (4, 5,
2, 3, 4, 5, )
*-
n:
>>> "s" * 20
'ssssssssssssssssssss'
> [1, 2] * 3
[1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
> (1, 2) * 3
(1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2)
52
in-
Python 3
. ,
>>>
/.
in
""
True:
" n"
True
>>>
"2"
in
" n"
False
>>> 2 in [1, 2, 3]' 4 in [1, 2, 3]
(True, False)
>>> 2 in (1, 2, 3)' in (1, 2, 3)
(True, False)
3.4.
=-
>>>
5
5;
Python:
+=- :
>>>
>>>
15
= 5;
+= 10
+ 10
>>> s = ""; s +=
> print(s)
+= :
""
-=- ~:
>>>
>>>
5
= 10;
-= 5
- 5
*=- :
>>>
>>>
50
= 10;
*=
~ =
* 5
*=
>>> s = "*"; s *= 20
>>> s
'********************'
/=- :
>>> = 10; /= 3
>>>
3.3333333333333335
1 3
>>>
53
3.
= 10.0;
/= 3.0
1 3.0
>
3.3333333333333335
+ 1/=- :
>>>
>>>
= 10;
//= 3
10.0;
//=
~ =
// 3
3
>>>
3.0
// 3.0
>
3.0
+ %=- :
>>>
>>>
= 10;
%= 2
%2
10;
%= 3
%3
** 2
>>>
>
1
+ **=- :
>>>
>>>
100
3.5.
= 10;
**= 2
=5
+ 10 * 3 1 2
1.
10
3,
. .
n .
2.
2,
. .
(
), .
3.
5,
. .
4.
>>> = 5 + 10 * 3 1 2
>>>
20.0
:
=
(5 + 10) * 3 1 2
54
/.
Python 3
n n J :
\.
1.
2.
3.
1 n
3.
2.
4. n n .
>>>
>>>
22.5
(5 + 10) * 3 1 2
nI n J n:
\. -, +, -, ** -
I , I n, ,
n. J nI nJ n**,
n n, n- .. n, i
-10 ** -2
:
- (10 ** (-2))
2. *, %, /, 11-
(n), , , -
3.
+,-- (), J.
4. <<, >>- 'Ii
5.
& - .
- .
7. 1 -
8. =, +=, -=, *=, /=, 1/=, %=, **=-
n.
n n n
n , , n .
> True
True () False (),
1 :
1 + 2
> False + 2
+ 2
2
n:
>>> = True;
))) ,
(True, False)
False
n (rue) 1.
(False). n ~ bool 1).
True :
, :
>>> bool(l), bool(20), bool(-20)

(True, True, True)
>>> bool(l.O), bool(O.l), bool(-20.0)
(True, True, True)
n :
> bool("O"), bool([O, None]), bool((None,)), bool(("x": 5})

(True, True, True, True)
n
, :
>>> bool(O), bool(O.O)

(False, False)
n :
>>> bool(""), bool([]), bool(())

(False, False, False)
False:
56
/.
Python 3
None:
> boo1(None)
Fa1se
4.1.
. :
==-:
>>> 1 == 1, 1
(True, Fa1se)
!= -
>>> 1 != 5, 1 != 1
(True, Fa1se)
<-:
>>> 1 < 5, 1 <

(True, Fa1se)
>-:
>>> 1 > , 1 > 5

(True, Fa1se)
<=-
>=- :
>>> 1 <= 5, 1 <= , 1 <= 1

(True, Fa1se, True)
>>> 1 >= , 1 >= 5, 1 >= 1

(True, Fa1se, True)
in-
>>> "" in " 11 n" #

True
>>> 2 in [1, 2, 3]' 4 in [1, 2, 3] #
(True, Fa1se)
>>> 2 in (1, 2, 3)' 4 in (1, 2, 3) #
(True, Fa1se)
in :
>>> "" in {"": 1,

(True, Fa1se)
is -
"":
2}, "z" in
{"":
1,
"":
2}
, .
>>> = = [1, 2]
>>> is
True
is True:
4.
>
>
[1, 2];
is
57
[1, 2]
Fa1se
,
. ,
2,
:
= 2; z = 2
is , is z
(True, True)
>>>
>>>
= 2;
w not:
)))
>>>
==
1;
True
> not
==
, not
(Fa1se, Fa1se)
, w rue, . .

not, Fa1se. , . .
not , .
.
in, not
> 2 in [1, 2,
3], 2 not in [1, 2, 3]
(True, Fa1se)
is, not
:
>
>
= [1, 2]
is , is not
(True, Fa1se)
>
>>> 1 <
10
< 20, 11 <

(True, Fa1se)
< 20
>!'
:
and- and - ~ . Fa1se, ,

> 1 < 5 and 2 < 5
# True and True
==
True
True
> 1 < 5 and 2 > 5

Fa1se
> 1 > 5 and 2 < 5
Fa1se
> 10 and 20, and 20, 10 and
(20, , 0)
# True and Fa1se
Fa1se
# Fa1se and True
Fa1se
/.
58
Python 3
or- or - . n Fa1se, ,
n - :
>>> 1 < 5 or 2 < 5

#
True
>>> 1 < 5 or 2 > 5
#
True
>>> 1 > 5 or 2 < 5
#
True
>>> 1 > 5 or 2 > 5
#
Fa1se
>>> 10 or 20, or 20, 10 or
(10, 20, 10)
>>> or "" or None or [] or "s"
's'
True or True == True

True or Fa1se
True
Fa1se or True == True

Fa1se or Fa1se == Fa1se
rue ,
1
==
and
!=
True:
True, True:
1
==
or
==
n n n:
1. <, >, <=, >=, ==, ! =, <>, is, is not, in, not in.
2. not-
3. and-
4. o r -
4.2.
if... else
n if ... e1se n
n n , , n . n
:
if
<
<,
[e1if
>:
m,
>
< ~>:
<,
m,
>
m,
[e1se:
<,
,
n ( n). , n
n n. n
.
Python
, . . n . -
4.
59
n , ,
4.1 ).
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*
= int ( input ("
% 2 == 0:
print (, "else:
prin.t (, "input ()
") )
if
")
")
, !'
:
* -*
coding: utf-8 -*-
= int ( input ("

%
2 =
else: print
input ()
if
:
(,
print (, ""-
") )
")
")
. ,
, :
f -*- coding: utf-8 -*= int ( input (" : ") )

if % 2 = : print (, end=" "); print ( ". else: print (, end=" "); print ("-
")
")
input ()
, , , . .
n
. ,
. , ,
:
1 -*- coding: utf-8 -*
if
= int ( input ("
") )
%2 =
0:
print (, end=" ")
print ("- ")
else:
print (, end=" ")
print ( "- ")
input ()
if ... else .
(
4.2).
60
:-,,.........,,...............,................................,...,....... .,. ,.'(...........,.,... ......

~
. . . ._......... .
,...,~.-~!t.t~
~ nr 4.2. eCJ<(bKtfJC n
..
Python 3
. . .... . y_,,.,.....,.............,..........,...........,..........,....,..........
~ ~~-~tr~- ~_..
;-..............,~. .~............-..~w............~-...~,.._",,....-.............................,.........v.~...........,.4"""~.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
1.
,.~
l ......."
il.l..................................~ .......................................................................;
1i .......... ~. ............................
print("""ao ?
1 - Windows 7
2 - Windows
3 - Windows Vista
4
-'""')
os = input ( "J-1 , : : ")

# 3.2.0 (. . 1.7)
os = os.rstrip("\r")
if os = "1":
print (" -Windows 7")
e1if os = "2":
print (" - Windows ")
elif os = "3":
print (" - Windows Vista")
elif os = "4":
print (" - ")
elif not os:
print (" " )
else:
print (" ")
input()

elif
. ,
:
elif not os:

:
elif os
= "":
False,
True
. n
not.
n . n
( 4.3).
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*print("""ao ?
1 - Windows 7
2 - Windows
3 - Windows Vista
4 - :""')
os = input (" ,
os = os.rstrip("\r")
: :
3.2.0
")
( .
1.7)
4.
61
if os != "":
if
os = "1":
print (" - Windows 7")
e1if os == "2":
print (" - Windows ")
e1if os == "3":
print("B - Windows Vista")
e1if os == "4":
print (" - ")
e1se:
print ("
else:
print (" ")
input ()
")
i f ... e1se :
<>
< >
if
<>
e1se
< >
> print ("Yes" if 10
% 2
e1se "No")
Yes
> s
> s
"Yes" if 10 % 2 ==
e1se "No"
"Yes" if 11 % 2
e1se "No"
'Yes'
> s
> s
'No'
4.3.
for
,
n n
100
1 100
. n
print (1)
print (2)
print (100)
n n :
for
in range(1, 101): print(x)
, n n .
Python
n :
for whi1e. for n n
n. :
for
< >
<
in
<>:
>
[e1se:
<,
break>
62
/.
Python 3
n :
<>-
, n, , .;
+ .<
> -
+
+
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else. .
n n
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for s in "str":
print (s, end=" " )
else:
print ( "\n n")
n:
s t r
l
n n' ~ ( 4.5).
.. ~~'-""""'"''~"''.._.,,,.,..,_,~ ........ov....~"!""_',~"'''V'W-."t,,.,...._.,,,.,,..,.,. ,.,,.,"'" '''''''"" ''"''' "'''""''...-,...... ...........
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~-
! 4.5, n n
:..................... ~-........ ~ ....- .-..,.~ ..........,, .,/~;.....~....,,,,.,,,\......t,.,,;,,,,.~.,,,,,,.,,,,;,.,.,,.,."...,,..,.,,,,,,_,,,,,..,;,,, .. ,.,),,,,.,,..,.,..,,,.,,.,-,,,,,,,.,,,.,,,,.., ................. ,...,",,,, .......-.......,,.,,,,;,,,;,,,,,.. ,,,,,
in [1, 2, 3]:
print(x)
for in (1, 2, 3):
print(y)
for
for n n ,
. n n. ii
n n keys , dict_keys,
. n n n. ii
, n n
, (
:!"'-'"""
4.6).
""~"'1'-"'-"''' ' ''""''-'""'""' '"' ~"~""'"' '" '"'''""'-'''"'"''1""WI'"'' ''''~".v~"''"'''>'~'"''~'"''''' '' '''' ''' "''''''"'""''"'' ' ~'J ' ''''-"'''""'''''.''" ''""''''''"'"'' ""''' '"' "'~'~'"""''"'" ''''"'''''""''''
j r., 4.6.
f, ,,,,.,;,...,.,..,,,,.,.,,,.. ,.,.,.,h .....,,.,.,,...,.,.,,,,,,,,..,,,.,,.,.,,.,..,.,.,,.,,,."._,",,,.,,.,.,.,...,,.,,.,,,..,.,,,.,.,.,..,,.,.,,,.,.,,,.,,,,,,.,,,..,;,.,,.., ,,., ,,,, ,., ,,. ,.,,. .,,,,. ,,,f.,"""'""'~'""'''" "'' '''""''"""'"""""" .. ""'''''"'..,.
>>> arr = ("": 1, "": 2, "z": 3}

> arr. keys ()
dict_keys(['y', '', 'z'])
>>> for key in arr.keys():
# n
print(key, arr[key])
z 3
keys( )
4.
>>> for key in arr:

print(key, arr[keyl)
63
z3
, n n,
, . .
n, n
sorted ():
>arr = {"": 1, "": 2, "z": 31

for key in sorted (arr) :
p rint(key, arr(keyl)
1
2
z3
n for n . 1
n (
........................................................................
4.7).
~"''"'"'''''"''''''''''''''''
~ 4.7. n n
..".
......... ..............................................................................................,
''''''"'""''''''
lo_,,_.,,...,,..,,,,,,...,,,o~n,.,,"_,,,,,,,",,.,,,,.,..".,.,,,,,.,.,.,,,,.,,,.,",.,, ..,,,..,,,.,,.,,.;.",,,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,,,..,.,;,,.,,,.,,,,,.,,_.,",,,,,_,,.,...,.,,,...,.,,,.,,,,,,,,,,..,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,.,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,.,,,.,.,,.,,.,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,w,,,,.,,,,,,:
> arr = [(!, . 2), (3 , 411

> for , in arr:
print ( , )
11
12
34
4.4. range()
enumerate()
arr = [1 , 2, 3 1
for i in arr:
i =i * 2
print(ar r)
2:
n:
[1, 2, 3)
, . i
n .
n . n , , ,

range ()
range ()
range ( [ <>, ] <> [,
<>
1)
. n <> ,
no
n . .
, . n
64
/.
Python 3
<> , 1. ,
. for
.
2 (
4.8).
!"t""".,..., , ......., ..., .._.,,._.,,'l!.,.,_,.,",
.,.,,.,.,..,, ,...... ";,'"-" ' ""''"'-''''~'..,'".."""""'1:(~'""""''"'""'.'".."'-'"~tt~"'"""'r''" ''".''..'"'!' ''<!""'-''('''..,.''''''"'''"'~"""'""'~"'""'"~~ ".'"''''"'.,'~''''~"'"!"\~'l;!
~ fiC1"1r1H 4.8. J>()Q~ ~ {)
f..,,.,,;,.,,,..,,,..,,.,,;..,,,,,.)y..,.,,,.,u,,.~,.,.,,,i,..,,,,,;..,;,,;,,_,.,,.,,,,,.,..,,,..,\\;;,o.,,.";,...,, ...,,,.,,,\~,....,,.;,,,"..,..,.,,.,~;.,,,.,.,,,,,.,,~,.,,.,,,..,,..,.,,.,,.,,,_,,..,,,.,."'!o.to\o'l'o"''''""""''' ..''''"f.''""'''"'"''..-..""I."''"'"'''"''''"''"J
arr ; [1, 2, 3]
for i in range(1en(arr)):
arr[i] *; 2
print (arr)
#
n:
(2, 4.,
1en (1
range (). range () n
1en (arr) - 1. i
. ,
.

2,
print ().
range (). 1
100:
for i in range(1, 101): print(i)

.,, .
for i in range(100,
100 1:
-1): print(i)
~ .
100:
for i i n range(2, 101, 2): print(i)
Python 2 range () . Python 3
. ,
. ,
,
range (), list () ( 4. 9).

0
:'"\"~''' '''''''''' "''"''''' ' '''''"'""' '' I''~" ' ''""'"'''''''"I''"''''''''" '"-''1!"'""'~'\"'~'\\ ~-..."A~~~r.,..,-,:;?f''''''""'P"''"~'~"'"'.(-~ 'v..",o_.,,,,...,,,.w~v~t""'''''''..,'''''"~'''''"""'""'''''""'' '''''"':1
r-4.9.
range
:,,,,..:..,.o#<.oto.,.,,,,,,,_..,,,,..,,:,,,-,.,.;,,,,,,_.,\,,,,,,,.,,,,,,\;,:,n,,,,,,._.,,w.;,.., ... , ,,,,,.;v..,,.,..,,.h,{o\oHofo_.A,o,;'o\;foo".;.'''"'"''"W. oot~o"'t.t<ooitlltoo:;'io""''"'~t'>o(o,.,ow)ol><o:O~"'''"'''""''.,_,._,.,,.,,,,.,.,,,..,,,.,.,.t._.., .. ,oo,;,,(j,{,oAo04
>>> obj ; range(1en([1, 2, 3]))

> obj
range(O, 3)
>>> obj[O ] , obj[l], obj (2]
(0, 1, 2 )
> obj [0:2]
range(O, 2)
>>> i ; iter(obj)
>>> next (i ), next (i ), next( i )
(0, 1, 2)
>>> list (obj)
[0, 1, 2]
>>> 1 in obj, 7 in obj
(True, False)
n n
4.
65
Python 3.2, range
+ index (<>)
n :
- , .
Va1ueError. :
>>> obj = range(1, 5)

>>> oj.index(1), obj.index(4)
(0, 3)
>>> obj.index(5)
Va1ueError: 5 is not in range
+ 1t (<>)
, . :
>>> obj.= range(1, 5)

>>> obj.count(1), obj.count(10)
(1, 0)
enwerate (<>.[, start=O J) for

.
start . 2
, (
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ]
for i, e1em in ewerate(arr):
if e1em % 2 == 0:
arr[i] *= 2
print (arr)
#
n:
4.1 0).
[1, 4, 3, 8, 5, 12]
enwerate
() , .
next () . ,
Stopiteration:
> arr = [1, 2]

> obj = enwerate(arr, start=2)
> next(obj)
(2, 1)
> next (obj)
(3, 2)
> next (obj)
Traceback (most recet 11 1ast):
File "<pyshe11#10>", 1i 1, i <modu1e>
next(obj)
Stopiteratio
for .
3 . 1349
4.5.
1.
Python 3
while
while n
. while :
, n r
< >
while
<>:

<>
[else:
<,
n n n
break>
while:
1. - nn .
2. , , n ,
n .
3. - , n <>.
4.
2.
5. n n break, n

i = 1
while i < 101:
print (i)
i
+= 1
else. .
1 100, n while ( 4.1 1).
11
11
11
11
< >
<>
<>
<>
<> , . n
, <Cti>+<C>.
Keyboardinterrupt,
n n . ,
n , .
100
1 (4.12) .
i = 100
while i :
print(i)
i
-=
, .
-. 11
4.
67
. . ,

False,
True
wh ile n .
.
while
2 ( 4.13).
11
for.
__. .,, ... ,.,,,., .. ",_,.,.,,.".,,.,,.,,...,.,,.,.\,..."..._~,,,,., , ,,,,,,,,,,,.,,Voo".,"'"''''''~I''.., ....,., . ,.,,.,,,,,HV'""''' ''' ''.' '''~''''''''"'''''''''~'""{'""'''''"'''''''"'"''''"'""''''"""'''"''""''" ' """"' '""""'' '" '"~'"''' '' .,.
, . 4 ~ 13. .~n n .
. . .. . . . . .
. . . . .
..
. .
:................................................:. ............................,.,....... ,..................-.4,,,, ..,-r .,u...............,.u......................................................................................................................................
arr = [1, 2 , 3)
i , count = , len (arr)
whi.le i < count:
arr(i) '*= 2
i += 1
print (arr)
tl
l:
(2 , 4, 6)
4.6. continue.

continue .
. n
1 100,
10 t (4. 1 4).
:"""'''"'1'0"'~'t""l"'''''l""";o" "''""l'''''"'''~''''l"<~-lo.o~l>'"..''..~~~-""'""'l'l_.''fi"'',0"' ' ''""..0;t0''N'0"'' "\''''''...,"''''!'""''""'"''""..,"..'""'"'''"'''""'"''I""'"''""'"'"'"'""'''"""'''''''~
~ 4.14. n oontinue
t .........;.u......... ~.............o........................................................~.........l o,,.. ,"''"'''''''"""''"'~.t ... , .......1..; ..~........ ~..... ;,, ...... ;,,.., ............ ~~..~....................; .., ....................................................;
for i in range (1 , 101):

i f 4 < i < 11:
continue
pri nt(i)
t1
4.7. break.
break .

1 100 n ( 4.15).
,:!""~-"-''"'''-'""'''""''''''''""""''""'''"''''"'"''"""'"'"'"'''"''"''"' ''"~ .. ,,.,,,,,,;ti~"'::"'~'~...,.,_'V""""'' ' """\'I'~' ' ":'""'"'"'"_.,'"~""'"'''"''~'"""'V.~"""'-:'''"'"''''''"'' ' "'''"'""'''''''"""''.+'""'' ' ~
4.15. n"--~"''
~
,~...................................................................
.,...,..,-... ........................................................................................................................................
........
...................
................................. ............'
~
i =1
while True:
if i > 100: break
print(i )
i += l
rue.
n . b reak
,
100 .
68
1.
Python 3
break , , . .
, .
while n break n n n
n. n n
n (
:~ ' ''\\' !\"' ., ~ .
4. 16).
:;ro n..., tt'"\''' ' '' r .,...... ,., '"' " ... ' '\' .,.., . , ,,, . " ''' . .., ,., .,,,.,, ..,,.,. .... ''\
' "''' ...~ .,. ... ,., ..., .. ''" '' '' .,.,.. ''' '''""''1' ..1
: 4.1~. :. ttnr
;,,_,,.................-......................................................
.......- ................
......................................................- ....,; .............................................................._,........- ........... .......
~
~-+
# -*- coding : utf- 8 -*rint ( "
summa
while
'stop'
n ")
=
rue:
input ( "
x.rstri p ("\r" )
if == "stop":
= int ()
")
#
break
surrma +=
print ("
input ()
3.2.0
(.
:",
summa)
~ :
'
'stop'
10
: 20
: 30
: stop
: 60
, n , .
1.7)
Python 3 n n:
+ i n t - . n n;
+ float- ;
+ comp1ex- n .
n n , n
n, n. n n,
n- n . , n
, n
, n n .
n .
n n:
>>> = ;
>>> , , z
(0, 10, -80)
10; z
-80
, ,
. n .
( ) 1:
>>> 1111111,
(255, 45)
01101
(
) 7:
>>> 7, 12, 777, 007, 0012, 00777

(7, 10, 511, 7, 10, 511)
( )
9 F ( ):
>>> 9,0, 10, OxFFF, Oxfff

(9, 10, 16, 4095, 4095)
() n n
( ):
> 10., .14, 3.14,
1120,
(10.0, 0.14, 3.14,
1.1+21,
2.5-12
2.5-12)
/. Python 3
70

. ,
:
>>> 0.3 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1

-2.7755575615628914-17
. , , , 1
. ,

decimal:
>>> from decima1 import Decimal

>>> Decimal("O.") - Decimal("0.1") - Decimal("0.1") - Decimal("0.1")
Decima1 ( '0.0')
, ,

fractions:
>>> from fractions import Fraction

>>> Fraction("O.") - Fraction("0.1") - Fraction("0.1") - Fraction("0.1")
Fraction(O, 1)
>>> float(Fraction(O, 1))
0.0
>>> Fraction(O.S), Fraction("2.3"), Fraction(, 6)
(Fraction(1, 2), Fraction(23, 10), Fraction(1, 2))
:
<
>+<
>J
> 2+5J, 8j
( ( 2+5j)' 8j)

decimal frp.ctions,
. .
5.1.
int ( [<> [, < >]]) -
( 10). :
>>>
(7,
>
(0,
int(7.5), int("71", 10), int("Oo71", 8), int("OxA", 16)

71, 57, 10)
int(), int("Ob11111111", 2)
255)
float ( [< >]) -
>>> float(7), f1oat("7.1"), f1oat("12.")

(7.0,. 7.1, 12.0)
>>> f1oat("inf"), f1oat("-Infinity"), f1oat("nan")
(inf, -inf, n)
5.
71
> float ()
0.0
+ in (<>)
. :
>>> bini255), bin(1), bin(-45)

('01111111',
oct (<>) -
'',
'-01101')
. :
>>> oct(7), oct(8), oct(64)

( '7', '10', '100')
+ hex (<>)
. :
>>> hex(10), hex(16), hex(255)

('',
'010',
'Oxff')
+ round (<> [,
< n >] ) - ,
. 5, ,
. 5.
. 5,
. :
>>>
(0,
>>>
(1,
>>>
(2'
>>>
(3,
round ( . 4 9 ) ,
, 1)
round ( 1 . 4 9) ,
2, 2)
round ( 2 . 4 9) ,
2, 3)
round (3 . 4 9) ,
4' 4)
round(0.50), round(0.51)
round(1.50), round ( 1. 51)
round (2. 50), round (2. 51)
round(3.50), round (3. 51)
.
, :
>>> round(1.524, 2), round(1.525, 2), round(1.5555, 3)

(1.52, 1.52, 1.556)
+ abs (<>)
- :
>>> abs(-10), abs(10), abs(-12.5)

(10, 10, 12.5)
+ pow (<> 1
<> [ 1 < >] ) -
>>> pow(10, 2) 1 10
(1001 100, 271 27)
<> <>:
** 2 1 pow(3 1 3) 1 3 ** 3
, :
> pow(10, 2 1 2),

(01 , 1, 1)
+ max (<
(10
** 2)
% 2, pow(3 1 3, 2) 1 (3
>) -
** 3)
%2
> max(1~ 2, 3)1 max(3, 2, 3 1 1), max(1 1 1.0) 1 max(1.0 1 1)

(31 31 11 1.0)
72
/.
Python 3
min (<n >) - :

>>> min(1, 2, 3), min(3, 2, 3, 1), min(1, 1.0), min(1.0, 1)
(1, 1, 1, 1.0)
sum (<> [,
<
>]
)-
(, , ) < >.
, .
, . :
> sum( (10, 20, 30, 40)), sum( [10, 20, 30, 40])
(100, 100)
> sum([10, 20, 30, 40],.2), sum([], 2)
( 102, 2)
divmod(x, ) - ( //, % ):
# 13
>>> divmod(13, 2)
(,
==
* 2 + 1
1)
>>> 13 // 2, 13% 2
(,
1)
# 13.5
>>> divmod(13.5, 2.0)

( .0, 1. 5)
* 2.0 + 1.5
> 13.5 // 2.0, 13.5% 2.0

(., 1.5)
5.2.
math.
math ,
. ,
:
import math
n n
cmath.
math :
pi -
n:
>>> import math

>>> math.pi
3.14159253589793
>>> math.e
2.718281828459045
:
sin (), cos (), tan () -
~ (, ,
). ;
asin (), acos (), atan () - (, ,

). ;
5.
75
>>> random.choice ( 1"s", "t" "r"])

'r'
>>> random.choice ( ("s", "t", "r" ))
't'
1
+ shuffle (<n> 1,
< .
11
11
1. > J J -
. .
, ,
random .
>>>
>>>
>>>
18,
arr = 11, 2, 3, 4, 5,
random.shuff1e(arr)
arr
7, 8, 9, 10]
6, 9, 5, 3, 7, 2, 4, 10, 1]
+ sm1 (<>,
< >)-
. ,
. n
, . :
>>> random.samp1e("string", 2)
1'i', ' r' J
>>> arr = 11, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> random.samp1e (arr, 2)
[7 , 10]
>>> arr 11 n
11, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> random.samp1e (( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), 3)
(,
3, 5]
>>> random.samp1e(range(300), 5)
(12,
1 94, 272, 46, 71]
( 5.1).
arr ,
choice (). 8 .
~'""t'I"".. 'I''"''"''' '" ' ''''''''''''''''""'"'''"'''""''''''"'''''''"'''''"'"''''''.,.,.,.,,,., ,..,'!''''''''"' ''''''' 'J''tt,:~o~~~_.l'f"''' '' ''J ''''I''''~ ' "'' ' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"'''''ff""''"'''"""'''''"''''''''''"'"'''''1
~ r 5.1.
Ji;.,..,,.,.,..,;,,,, ,\,,,~,.,.,,,;, , ,,,,,,,.,,,;,,,,.,,,,.,~...,,.,,,..,.,.,,\, .,lf\.,,,~,.,,,..,,.,,..-;,...'4Aoo'"l;~.~.II>Oi'o"oioo/(,..;,,.,,., ... _.,...,,,,~., ..,,...,,,,;,..,",;"""' '''' ; ,.,,",r,,,,.",,",.~,, .. o,.,.,~";..,,,,,,,.,,.;,,,;,,,..,",,,.,,.. .,\,...,.,,,.,,,,.,,,.:
1 -*- coding: utf-8 -*~rt random # random

def passw_generator (count_char=8):
arr = [ , 1 1 , 1 , d, 1 , 1 , f, , 9
h, , , i, 1 , j
1
1n 1,
''
, ,,, ' 1
1 ,
1' 1 1q' 1 'r ', 's 11 1t 1' 'u 1, lv', 'w' 1

' 1 , 1 D', 1 1 , , F', 1G ',, , 1 , I 1 , 1 J',
'' ~ 'N', , '',
'0 1 , 'R', 1 S',
x,y,z 1 ,' 1 ','2',
''1 ~U', 'V',
', ''
',
k1
1 ,, , m1
'z 11
Ll,
'W',
3','4','5','6','7','8','9'~'0'J
passw = (]
for i in range(count_char):
passw.append(random.choice(arr))
return "".join(passw)
!W.
print( passw_generator(10)
print( passw_generator() )
input ()
11
ngODHE8J8x
zxcpkF50
.
. ,
, , (
+), (*), (
in).
, . n .
. -
- , n
n . ,
, ( 6.1 ).
[~~~~:~:i.~i~:~~~~:~~~~::~~~~:~:~!;::~~:~:~~~::~~::~~i~ii.'"': : : : : : : : : : .:~: : : : : : : : : ~: :~: : : : : : : :: : : : :: : ~: : : ~: : .: : : : :: : .: : : : : .:J

.>>> s, = "Python"
> s[OJ
no
''
>>> s [0) = "J"

#
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
#
s [] = "J"
TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment
.
Pytho :
> "stri ng\xOOstring" #

'string\xOOstring'
Python 3 :
str - Unicode-cpoa. ,
(UTF~8. UTF-16 UTF-32) . ,
, Unicode
n . Unicode-cpoy
- :
>>> type ("")

<class 'str'>
77
>>> "cpoa".encode(encoding="cp1251")
>>> "cpoa".encode(encoding="utf-8")
b'\xd1\x81\xd1\x82\xd1\x80\xd0\xbe\xdO\xba\xdO\xO'
+ bytes-
255, .
bytes
, ,
.
, . :
>>> s = bytes("cp str", "1251")

> s[O], s[5], s[:], s[4:7]
(241, 116, b'\~f1\xf2\xf0', b'str')
>>> s
b'\xf1\xf2\xf0 str'

bytes , .
, ,
1en (1 ,
>>> 1en ("")

6
>>> 1en(bytes ("",
"1251"))
>>>
12
len(bytes("cpoa",
+ bytearraybytes,
"utf-8"))
bytearray
n ,
. :
>>> s = bytearray("str", "cpl251")

>>> s[O] = 49; s
#
bytearray(b'ltr')
>>> s.append(55); s
#
bytearray(b'ltr7')
, ,
"".
str.
bytes bytearray
, , ,
.
bytes
bytearray
6.1.
.+ str ( [<> [,
<> [, < >]] ] ) .
,
. , .
78
/.
Python 3
> str(), str([1, 2]),

('',
'[1, 2]',
'(3, 4)',
str((,
"{'':
4)), str({"x": 1})

1}")
>>> str(b"\xf1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0")
"b'\\xf1\\xf2\\xf0\\xee\\xea\\xe0'"

bytes.
, .

bytes
bytearray,
>>> str(b"\xf1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0",
"1251")
''
"strict"
Un.icodeDecodeError; ),
,
"replace"
\uFFFD) "ignore" ( ~t
):
>>> obj1 = ts("1", "utf-8")

>>> obj2 = bytearray("cpoa2", "utf-'-8")
>>> str(obj1, "utf-8"), str(Qbj2, "utf-8")
('1',
'2')
>>> str(obj1, "ascii", "strict")

File "<pyshel1#16>", 1ine 1, in <modu1e>
str(obj1, "ascii", "strict")
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte
Oxd1 in position 0: ordina1 not in range(128)
>>> str(obj1, "ascii", "ignore")
'1'
>>>
'',
('',
>>>
"",
'',
'"":
'"":
5',
5',
"'':
"'':
5"
5")
print('Cpoa1\nCpoa2')
1
2
>>>
print("Cpoa1\nCpoa2")
1
2
(, )
;
, .
Python
. .
, .

. ,
\n . t
, n :
>>>
print("Cpoa1\\nCpoa2")
1\n2
>>>
print('Cpoa1\\nCpoa2')
1\n2
79
, , , ,
:
>>> "\"\": 5", '\'\': 5'

( '"": 5', "' ': 5")
, ( )
. :
>>> "string
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
n ,

\,
> "stringl \
string2"
'stringlstring2'
> ("stringl"
"string2")
'stringlstring2'
>>> ("stringl" +
"string2")
'stringlstring2'
, \, ,
:
>>> print("string\")

>>> print("string\\")
string\
n .

.
. :
>>> print(''
''')
'l
2
l
2
>>>
print("""Cpoal
2"
"")
l
2
nn , .
_ doc_
, .
,
:
/.
Python 3
> def test():

"""
"""
pass
>>> print(test.
doc
n, (
n) n
n .
r,
. , \n .
, : \
>>>
n:
print("Cpoal\nCpoa2")
>>>
print(r"Cpoal\nCpoa2")
l\n2
>>> print
(r"""l \n2'""')
l\n2
, :
>>> print(r"C:\Python32\lib\site-packages")
C:\Python32\lib\site-packages
, :
> pr.int (":\ \Python32\ \lib\ \site-packages")

C:\Python32\lib\site-packages
,
. , . :
> print(r"C:\Python32\lib\site-packages\")
>>> print(r"C:\Python32\lib\site-packages\\")
C:\Python32\lib\site-pacages\\
, ,
:
>>> print(r"C:\Python32\lib\site-packages" + "\\")

C:\Python32\lib\site-packages\
> print("C:\\Python32\\lib\\site-packages\\")
> print(r"C:\Python32\lib\site-packages\\"[:-l])
81
6.2.
- ,
, .
, ,
\n-
\r-
r:
\ t - ;
\ v-
\- ;
\- ;
\ f - ;
\- ( );
\"-;
\' -
\N- N. , \74
\xN- N. , \ j;
\\- ;
\uxxxx- 16- Uicode. , \u043a ;
\Uxxxxxxxx- 32- Uicode.
<;
,
, :
> print
("
\ n")
\ n
, :
> print
(" \\ ")
6.3.
, . ,
, , ,
. .
.
. :
>>> s = "Python"
> s[O), s[l], s[2],
('',
'', 't',
'h',
s[],
'',
s[4],
s[5]
'n')
, , ,
IndexError:
82
/.
Python 3
>>> s = "Python"
> s[10]
Traceback (most recent 11 last) :
Fi1e "<pyshell#90>", line 1, in <module>
s[10]
IndexError: string index out of range
.
, , , n
>>> s = "Python"
>>> sl-1], ~[len(s)-1]
( 'n',
'n')
,
:
>>> s = "Python"
#
>>> s[O) = "J"
Fi1e "<pyshell#94>", 1ine 1, in <module>
. s [0] = "J"
#
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
, . ,
. :
[<>:<>:<>]
. <> , .
. <> ,
. , , ,
. <> , . 1.
.
. :
>>> s = "Python"
>>> s[:] #
'Python'
>>> s[::-1]
'nohtyP'
# , <>
>>> "J" + s[1:]

'Jython'
>>> s[:-1] #
'Pytho'
1en(s)-1
>>> s[0:1]
''
83
.
n n n :
>>> s[-1:]
'n'
1en(s)-1
, ,
> s[2:5] #
2, 3 4:
2, 3
'tho'
n
len ():
>>> len("Python"), len("\r\n\t"), 1en(r"\r\n\t")

(6, 3, 6)
n, 1 ,
for:
> s = "Python"
> for i in range(len(s)): print(s[i], end=" ")
:
Python
, 1 n
:
>>> s = "Python"
> for i in s: print (i, end=" ")

:
Python
n n+:
> print ( "1" +
"2")
12
, n '[ .
> print ("1"
"2")
12
, , 1
, :
>>> s = "1",
>>> type(s)
<c1ass 'tuple'>
"2"
, , . ,
, :
>>> s =
"1"
> print (s +
"2")
12
> print (s "2")

SyntaxError: invalid syntax
84
/.
Python 3
n (n, )
n n n n str ():
>>> "string" + str(10)
'string10'
n, n n n n
. n n*,
n n n n in:
>>> "-" * 20
'--------------------'
>>> "yt" in "Python"
True
>>> ''yt'' in ''Perl''
Fa1se
6.4.
n n + n .
n n n n
.
Pytho % .

forrnat () ,
:
<
% <>
n >
n <
> n,
%[
(<>)
[<>] [<>]
[ . <>]
<n n>
n n
<>. n n, n <>
, n n
n , . :
>>> "%s" % 10
'10'
>>> "%s - %s - %s" % (10, 20, 30)
'10 - 20 - 30'
n :
<>- . , n <>
, . :
>>> "% (name) s -
'Nik- 1978'
%(year) s" % { "year": 1978, "name": "Nik")
85
+ <>- . :
#-
(
) ( ),
, <>:
>>> print("%#o
77
12
%# %# ..
(77,
10, 10. 5))
12
> print("%#x %# %#" % (Oxff, 10, 10.5))

Oxff
> print("%#X %# %#" % (Oxff, 10, 10.5))
OXFF
>>> print("%#.0F %.0F" % (300, 300))
300. 300
- :
>>> '" %d' - '%05d "'

"'3' - '00003'"
--
(3, 3) # 5 -
. ,
. :
>>> "'%5d' - '%-5d'" % (3, 3) # 53' -
11
'3
>>> "'%05d' - '%-05d'" % (3, 3)

"'00003' - '3
n- .
. :
>>> " ' % d' - ' % d "' % (- 3, 3)

"'-3' -
3'"
+- , ,
. + n, n
. :
>>> "'%+d' - '%+d'" % (-3, 3)

"'-3' -
'+3'"
+ <>-
, :
>>> "'%10d' - '%-10d'" % (3, 3)

3' -
'3
>>> "' %3s' '%10s'" % ("string", "string")

"' string''
string'"
"*"
:
>>> "'%*s"%10s"' % (10, "string", "str")

str'"
string''
86
/.
Python 3
<>- .
. :
>>> import math

> "%s %f %.2f" % (math.pi, math.pi, math.pi)
'3.141592653589793 3.141593 3.14'

"*"
>>> "'%*."f"'% (8, 5, math.pi)

"' 3.14159"'
< >- . .
< > :
s - str ():
>>> print ("%s" %
(" "))
> print ("%s %s %s" % (10,

10 10.52 [1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3]))
r - repr ():
>>> print ( "%r" %
'
10.5~,
("
"))
'
ascii ():
>>> print("%a"% (""))

'\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430'
- .
:
>>> for i in range(33, 127): print("%s
=>%"%
(i, i))
d i - :
>>> print("%d %d %d"% (10, 25.6, -80))

10 25 -80
>>> print("%i %i %i"% (10, 25.6, -80))
10 25 -80
- :
>>> print("%o % %"% (077, 10, 10.5))

77 12 12
>>> print("%#o %# %#"% (77, 10, 10.5))
77
12
12
- :
>>> print("%x % %"% (Oxff, 10, 10.5))

ff
>>> print("%#x %# %#"% (Oxff, 10, 10:5))
Oxff
87
+ , - :
> print("%X % %" % (Oxff, 10, 10.5))
FF
> print("%1!X %# %" % (Oxff, 10 , 10.5))
OXFF
f
F -
n:
> print("%f %f %f" % (300, 18.65781452, - 12.5))

300 . 000000 18 .657815 - 12 . 500000
>>> print("%F %F %F" % (300, 18.65781452, -12 . 5))
300.000000 18 . 657815 -12.500000
> print("%# . 0F %. 0F"% (300, 300))
300. 300
+ - n ( "" ):
> print ( " %
% "
% (3000, 18657 .81452))
3.000000+3 1.865781+4
+ - n ( "" ):
> print("%E
3.000000+03
%"
% (3000, 18657.81452))
1.865781+04
+ g - f
( n ):
> print("%g %g %g"% (0.086578, 0.000086578,

0.086578 8.6578-05 1.865-05
+ G-
1.865-005) )
f ( n 11):
> print (" %G %G %G" % (0 . 086578, 0.000086578,

0 . 086578 8.6578-05 1.865-05
1.865- 005 ) )
n n,
. & :
> print ("% %s" % ("- u" ) ) # u

File "<pyshell#'SS>", line 1, i n <rnoclule>
print ("% %s" % ("- u")) u
T.y peError: not all arguments converted during string formatt il1g
> print ("%% %s" ., ("- " )) 11
%-
n n n L
. n '!r~ n %,
- . n (11r
6.2).
~~~~:~~3.~~~:~-~~~~~~~~~F.~~~~~~~::~:~~:~i.~F.f.~~i.~:~~::~~~::: ::~:~: : :~ ~: :~: : :~: : :~: : : : : : : ~: :~: : : : : : : : : :~: : : : : ::;:~:J

~ -*- coding: , utf-8 -*html = "'"'<html>
<head><tit1e>%(tit1e)s</title>
</head>
88
/.
Python 3
<body>
<h1>%(h1)s</h1>
<div>%(content)s</div>
</body>
</htm1>"""
arr = { "tit1e":
" ",
"h1":
" : n ",
"content": " "}
print(htm1% arr) #
input ()
i:
<htm1>
<head><tit1e>o :</tit1>
</head>
<body>
<h1> : n </h1>
<div>o </div>
</body>
</html>
I:
expandtabs ( [< n> J ) -
J (i
) J . ,
s'. :
>>> s = "1\t12\t123\t"
>>> "' %s "' % s. expandtabs ( 4)
"'1
12 123 '"
i .
,
~
"1\t"
"12\t"- ,
"123\t"- .
i .

, i :
>>> s = "\t"
>>> "'%s'- '%s"'% (s.expandtabs(), s.expandtabs(4))
'-'
>>> s = "1234\t"
>>> "'%s'" % s.expandtabs(4)
"'1234
I,
, J
:
>>> s = "12345\t123456\t1234567\t1234567890\t"
>>> "'%s"' % s.expandtabs(4)
"'12345
123456 1234567 1234567890
89
12,
+ center (<> [,
<> J )
4,
8,
12
8,
. .
4;
, . ,
. :
>>> s = "str"
>>> s.center(15), s.center(11, "-")
('
', '----str----')
str

15
, - , - :
>>> s = "str"
>>> "'%15s' '%-15s' '%s"' %' (s, s, s.center(15))
str' 'str
str
,
:
>>> s = "string"
>>> s.center(6), s.center(5)
('string', 'string')
+ 1just(<>[,
<>])-
. ,
.
, . :
>>> s = "string"
> s.1just(15), s.ljust(15, "-")
('string
', 'string---------')
>>> s.ljust(), s.ljust(5)
( 'string', 'string')
+ rjust (<> [,
<> J)
. ,
.
, . :
>>> s = "string"
>>> s.rjust(15), s.rjust(15, "-")
('
string', '---------string')
>>> s.rjust(), s.rjust(5)
( 'string', 'string' )
zfill (<>) -
. .
,
. :
> "5". zfill (20), "123456". zfill (5)

( '00000000000000000005', '123456')
90
6.5.
format ().
/.
Python
format()
Python 2.6.
\I ,
<>= <
**kwargs)
n opaa>.format(*args,
< n >
{ }
, :
{[<>] [!<>] [:<>]}
, , .

>>> print (" { { } } { } - n
ValueError.
{}".
format
1 },
("n",)
<> ( )
. .
.
format ()
. :
{l}- {2}".format(10, 12.3, "string")

#
'10- 12.3- string'
>>> arr = [10, 12.3, "string"]
> "{0}- {1}- {2}".format(*arr)
#
'10- 12.3- string'
>>> "{rnodel}- {color}".format(color="red", model="BW") #
'W -. red'
>>> d = {"color": "red", "model": "W"}
>>> "{model}
{color}".format(**d)
#
'W- red'
>>> "{color}
{0}".format(2010, color="red")
#
'red- 2010'
>"{}-
format ()
>>> arr = [10, [12.3, "string"] ]

> "{0[0]}- {0[1][0]}- {0[1][1]}".format(arr)
'10- 12.3- string'
> "{arr[O])- {arr[1] [l] }".format(arr=arr)
'10- string'
>>> c1ass Car: co1or, mode1 = "red", "W"
>>> car = Car ()
>>> "{O.model}
'W- red'
{O.color}".format(car)
, <> .
, :
91
> " { ) - { ) - { ) - { n J " fonat ( 1, 2, 3, n=4 ) # " { J
{ 1}
{2}
{n}"
'1-2-3-4'
> "{}- {}- {n}-
{}".fonat(1,
2, 3, n=4) # "{0)- {1)- {n)- {2}"
'1-2-4-3'
<> , n n
. "s", str (),
. "r", repr (), "", ascii (). n

, n n str ().
:
> print (" {0! s)". fonat (""))
# str ()
> print (" {! r)". format
# repr ()
(""))
''
>
# ascii()
print("{O!a)".format("cpoa"))
'\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430'
<> , :
[ [<>] <>]
[.<>] [ <>]
[<>]
[ #]
[] [<>]
[, ]
<> n. n
, n:
> '"{0:10}'
3'
'{1:3}"'.fonat(3,
"strig"}
'strig'"
n n n fonat (.).
n :
>
'"
"'{0:{1))'".fonat(3,
10} # 10-
3'"
' n .
n n <>. :
t <-
t >-
n ;
+ '- n. :
> '"{0:<10}' '{1:>10)'
'{2:10)'".format(3,
31
'" 3
3, 3)
+ =- , n :
> '"{0:=10)'
3'
'{1:=10)'".fonat(-3,.
1
3)
3'"
n n, n
n, n . n
n , . n n:
> '"{0:=010}'
11
'-000000003 1
'{1:=010}'".fonat(-3,
0000000003'"
3)
92
/.
Python 3
, <>.
, :
>>> '"{0:0=10}' '{1:0=10}"'.format(-3, 3)

"' -000000003' '0000000003' "
>>> "'{0:*<10}' '{1:+>10}' '{2:.10}'".format(3, 3, 3)
"'3*********'
'+++++++++3' ' .... 3 ..... '"
<>. :
+- , \.
;
+
+
-- ( );
- ~ .
. :
>>> "'{0:+}' '{1:+}' '{0:-}' '{1:-}"'.format(3, -3)

"'+3'
'-3' '3'
'-3'"
>>> '"{0: }' '{1: }"'.fonnat(3, -3)

"1
3'
'-3'
11
<> :
- :
>>> "' {:}' '{:#} "' .format (3)

" ' 11 ' ' 1 "'
- :
>>> "'{0:c}'".format(100)
"'d'"
+
+
d -
n-
d,
. ,
>>> import 11
>>> 1oca1e.set1oca1e(1oca1e.LC NUERIC, 'Russian_Russia.1251')
'Russian Russia.1251'
> print("{O:n}".format(100000000) .rep1ace("\uffa0", ""))
100 000 000
Python 3.2.0
\uffaO,
. ,

rep1ace ().
2.6
\ .
Python 3.2.0
\, format () 11:
>>> import 11
>>> 1oca1e.setlocale(locale.LC_NUERIC, "Russian_Russia.1251")
>>> print(locale.format("%d", 100000000, grouping=True))
100 000 000
>>> locale.localeconv() ["thousands_sep"]
'\'
93
n, :
> print (" {:, d}".
fonat
( 100000000))
100,000,000
+ - :
> "'{O:d}'
'{:}'
"' 511'
'777'"
'777'
'{0:#o}'".format(511)
+ - :
>
"'{:}'
"'ff'
'{O:#x}"'.fonat(255)
'Oxff'"
+ - :
>
'
"'{:)'
FF'
'{O:#X}'".format(255)
' OXFF' "
n <>
:
+f
F - n:
> "'{O:f}' '{i:f}' '{2:f}"'.format(30, 18.6578145, -2.5)

'" 30.000000'
'18. 657815'
'-2. 500000 "'
n n n n <>:
> "'{0:.7f}' '{1:.2f}"'.format(18.6578145, -2.5}

"'18.6578145'
'-2.50'"
+ - n ( "" ):
>
"'{:}'
'{1:e}"'.format(3000, 18657.81452)
"' .+'
'1.865781+4'"
+ - n ( "" ):
>
"'
"'{:}'
'{1:E}"'.fonat(3000,
.+'
+ g - f
> "'{O:g}'
"'0.086578'
18657.81452)
'1.865781+04'"
( n ):
'{1:g}'".fonat(0.086578,
0.000086578)
'8.6578-05'"
+ n- g, ;
+ G - f ( ):
> "' {O:G}' '{1:G} "' .fonat (0.086578, 0.000086578)
"'0.086578'
'8.6578-05"'
+ %- 100 .
f. :
> "'{0:%}' '{1:.4%}"'.format(0.086578, 0.000086578)

"'8. 657800%'
'0.0087%'"
94
/.
Python 3
6.6.
:
str ( [<> J) -
". n ,
. print ()
> str(), str([1, 2]), str("(3, 4)), str({"x": 1})

('',
[1, 2]',
"{'':
'(3, 4)',
1}")
>>> print ( "1 \n2")

1
2
repr (<>) - . n

Python Shell
IDLE.
>>> rr(""), repr([1, 2, 3]), repr({"x": 5})

( " ' ' " , ' [ 1 , 2 , 3] 1 , " { ' 1 : 5 }" )
>>> repr ( "1 \n2")
"'1\\n2'"
ascii (<>) - n .

ASCII.
>>> ascii([1, 2, 3]), ascii({"x": 5})

('[1, 2, 3]',
>>>
"{'
5}")
ascii("cpoa")
"~\\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u043e\\u043a\\u0430'"
1en (<>) -
>>> 1en("Python"), 1en("\r\n\t"), 1Em(r"\r\n\t")

(6, 3, 6)
>>> 1en ("")
strip ( [<> J) -
. : , n

(\r),
(\t)
(\n),
(\v) :
>>> s1, s2 = "

str\n\r\v\t", "strstrstrokstrstrstr"
>>> "'%s'- '%s'"% (s1.strip(), s2.strip("tsr"))
"'str' - 'ok'"
1strip ( [<> J) - n :
>>> s1, s2 = "
", "strstrstrokstrstrstr"
str
>>> "'%s'- '%s'"% (s1.1strip(), s2.1strip("tsr"))
' - 'okstrstrstr'"
"' str
rstrip ( [<> J) - n. :
>>> s1, s2 = "
str
", "strstrstrokstrstrstr"
>>> "'%s'- '%s'"% (s1.rstrip(), s2.rstrip("tsr"))
str' - 'strstrstrok'"
95
+ split ( [<> [,
<> J J)
None, .
, .
, ,
. :
> 5 = "word1 word2 word3"

>>> 5.5p1it(), 5.5p1it(None, 1)
(['word1', 'word2', 'word3'], ['word1',
> s = "wordl \nword2\nword3"
>>> 5.5plit("\n")
[ 'wordl' '. 'word2', 'word']
'word2 word3'])
,
:
>>> 5 = "word1
> 5.5plit ()
[ 'word1 ', 'word2',
w6rd2
word
'word']
>>> s = ""wordl"word2"word3""
>>> s.5plit(",")
(' ', ' ' , 'wordl' / ' ' , 'word2' ,
>>> "1"2"3".5plit(",")
[ 1 1',
1 1'
121, 1 1 , 1 3']
'word',
'']
, ,
n :
> "word1 word2 word3".5plit("\n")

['word1 word2 word3']
+ r5lit([<>[,
<>]])- , 5plit(),
- , , , .
:
>>> 5 = "word1 word2 word"

>>> 5.r5plit(), 5.r5plit(None, 1)
(['word1', 'word2', 'word3'], ['word1 word2',
> "word1 \nword2\nword3" .r5plit ("\n")
['word1', 'word2', 'word3']
+ splitline5 ( [True])
'word3'])
- (\n)
. ,
rue. ,
. :
> "word1\nword2\nword3".5plitline5()
[ 'word1 ' , 'word2 ' , 'word ' ]
> "word1\nword2\nword3".5plitline5(True)
['word1\n', 'word2\n', 'word3']
> "word1\nword2\nword3".5plitline5(Fal5e)
96
/.
Python 3
[ 'wordl ' , 'word2 ' , 'word ' ]

>>> "wordl word2 word".splitlines()
['wordl word2 word']
parti tion (<>)
- n -
. ,
n n , - -,
- , n n -. n
n. - , n
, n. :
>>> "wordl word2 word".partition(" ")

('wordl', ' ', 'word2 word3')
>>> "wordl word2 word".partition("\n")
( 'wordl word2 word', '', '')
rparti tion (<>) -
parti tion (),
n n, , , n .
, n n,
. :
>>> "wordl word2 word".rpartition(" ")

('wordl word2', ' ', 'word')
>>> "wordl word2 word".rpartition("\n")
(' ', '', 'wordl word2 word3')
join () -
n n .
. :
<>
<>.jin(<>)
n n n :
">>> "=> ".join(["wordl", "word2", "word"])

'wordl => word2 => word'
>>>" ".join(("wordl", "word2", "word"))
'wordl word2 word'
, n ~ ,

TypeError:
>>>" ".join(("wordl", "word2", 5))

"".join(("wordl", "word2", 5))
TypeError: sequence item 2: expected str instance, int found
, n . nn
, .
n n n
, n
join ()
>>> s = "Python"
>>> arr = list(s); arr
['',
'',
't',
'h',
>>> arr [] = "J"; arr
'',
list (), n
n n . :
'n']
97
['J', '', 't', 'h', '',

>>> s = "".Join(arr); s
'Jython'
no
Python 3
'n']
bytearray,
>>> s = "Python"
= bytearray(s, "1251");
bytearray(b'Python')
> [] = ord("J");
bytearray(b'Jython')
>>> s = b.decode("cpl251"); s
'Jython'
>
6.7.
( )
set1oca1e () 11. , n
n :
import
11
set1ocale () :
set1oca1e
(<>
[,
<>])
<> n :
+ locale .LC_ALL- ;
+ loca1e. LC _ COLLATE- ;
+ loca1e. LC _- n ;
+ 11. LC_ MONETARY- ;
+ 11. LC_ NUERIC- ;
+ loca1e.LC_TIME- .
n getloca1e ( [<> J).
n n

UTF-8,
Windows
Windows-1251,
loca1e. LC_ COLLATE (
6.3 ).
:'",............................ ,,._,,,,,,,,,_,,,..,,,._,,.,.,,,~ ..'''"'""'':'''"'''''"."'"'"'"''\'.'',:::'"''"""'.'~~.~""'''"'.''',:'.'''''"""''~.'.'''.'''"'"'"''''"""'"".'''''"'""'".''''""'"''''"'"'''"'''""'" '""'""'""'''"'''''''''
lJ1 6.3. 110
. .
;..;..":"'"""'""'"""''''""'""'""' ............ : ............ :............ ; ......................... :ii ..............:.................~.i~ ................................................................................ ' ............................................. .
> import 1ocale

> # windows-1251
> loca1e.setloca1e(1oca1e.LC_ALL, "Russian Russia.l251")
'Russian Russia .1251'
> #
> 1oca1e.set1oca1e(locale.LC_ALL, "")
'Russian Russia .1251'
>>> #
> 11. get locale ()
('Russn_Russia',
'1251')
4 . 1349
98
/.
Python 3
>>> # locale.LC COLLATE

>>> locale.getlocale(locale.LC_COLLATE)
( 'Russian_ Russia', '1251')

localeconv ().
Russian Russia .1251
.
:
>>> locale.localeconv()
{'mon_decirnal_point': ', ', 'int_frac_digits': 2, 'p_sep_by_space': ,
'frac_digits': 2, 'thousands_sep': '\', 'n_sign_posn': 1,
'decirnal_point': ', ', 'int_curr_symol': 'RUR', 'n_cs_precedes': ,
'p_sign_posn': 1, 'mon_thousands_sep': '\', 'negative_sign': '-',
'currency_symol':
'.',
'n_sep_by_space': , 'mon_grouping': [3, 0],
'p_cs_precedes': , 'positive_sign': '', 'grouping': [3, ]}
6.8.
upper () - :
>>> print
("".
upper ())
lower ( J - :
> print
(""
.lower () J
swapcase () - ,
-:
>>> print ("
swapcase () )
capi talize () - :
>>>
print.("cpoa "
".
.capitalize ())
ti tle ( J - :
>>> s = "
>>> print(s.title())
"
6.9.
:
chr (<
> J -
>>> print(chr(1055))
99
ord (<>) -
>>> print(ord(""))
1055
6.1 .
. ,
find () -
. ,
-1. . :
<>.find(<>[,
<>[,
<>]])
, .

<> <> ,
<>[<>:<>]
r. :
>>> s = " "

>>> s. find (""), s. find ("") , s. find ("")
(0, 14, -1)
>>> s.find("p", 9), s.find("p", , 6), s.find("p", 7, 12)
(-1,
7)
index () -
find (),
ValueError. :
<>.ind(<>[,
<>[,
<>]])
>>> s = " "

>>> s.index("p"), s.index("p", 7, 12),
(0, 7, 14)
>>> s.index("ec")
s. index ("")
Va1ueError: substring not found
rfind () -
s.index("p",
1)
. , ~ -1.
. :
<>.rfind(<>[,
<>[,
<>]])
, .
<>
<> ,
. :
>>> s = " "

>>> s.rfind("p"), s.rfind("p"), s.rfind("ec")
100
(7, 21, -1)
>>> s.find("p",
(0, 14)
rindex () -
6),
s.find("p",
/.
Python 3
10, 20)
rfind (),
n ,
Va1ueError. :
<>.rind(<>[,
<>[,
<>]])
>>> s = " "

>>> s.rindex("p"), s.rindex("p"), s.rindex("p",
(7, 21, 0)
>>> s. rindex ("")
Traceback (most r~cent cal1 1ast):
s. rindex ("")
Va1ueError: substring not found
count () -
6)
. n
, . .
:
<>.unt(<>[, <>[, <>]])

:
>>>
>>>
(2,
>>>
s = " "
s. count ("") , s. count ("", 6) , s. count
1, 2)
s.count ("")
("")
startswith () -
n, n.
True, - False.
. :
<Cpoa>.startswith(<ocpoa>[,
<>[,
<>]])
n , .
I <> <> J, Jn ,
. :
>>> s = " ,"

>>> s.startswith("p"), s.startswith("p")
(True, Fa1se)
>>> s. startswith ("", ), s. startswith ("", 14)
(Fa1se, True)

2.5;
<> i :
>>> s = " "

>>> s. startswi th ( ("", "") )
True
endswith () -
, n.
,
.
True, n - Fa1se.
101
:
<>.nd5with(<>[,
<>[,
<>]])
, .
<> <> , ,
. :
>>> 5 = " "

>>> 5 .end5with (""), 5 .end5with ("")
(Fa15e, True)
>>> 5.end5with("oa", , 9)
True

2.5,
<> :
>>> 5 = " "

>>> 5.end5with( ("", ""))
True
rep1ace () -
.
. :
<>.r1(<
D,
< >[,
<
>])
>>> 5 = ", "

>>> print(5.rep1ace("e",
,
>>>
print(5.rep1ace("ne",
""))
""))
>>> 5 = "5tr5tr5tr5tr5tr"
>>> 5.rep1ace("5tr", ""), 5.rep1ace("5tr",
1 1
1
,
(
5tr5tr 1 )
3)
tran51ate (< >) - <

>. < > ,
Unicode-o , - Unicode-o
.
None, .
n "", "":
>>> 5 = ""
>>> d
{ord(""): None, ord("p"): ord("P")}
>>> d
{1088: 1056, 1055: None}
>>> 5.tran51ate(d)
1
<
>
5tr.maketran5(<X>[,
<>[,
<Z>]J)
maketran5 ().
102
/.
Python 3
, :
>>> t = str.maketrans({"a": "", "":
>>> t
{1072: '', 1089: None, 1086: ''}
>>> "cpoa".translate(t)
"",
"":
None})
''
, .
<> ,
, <>. :
>>> t = str .maketrans ( "", "")

>>> t
{1072: 1040, 1073: 1041, 1074: 1042, 1075: 1043, .1076: 1044,
1077: 1045, 1078: 1046, 1079: 1047, 1080: 1048}
>>> "aC>e".translate(t)
''
None. translate ()
. , :
>>> t = str .maketrans ( "123456789", "" * 9, "str")

>>> t
{116: None, 115: None, 114: None, 49: 48, 50: 48, 51: 48,
52: 48, 53: 48, 54: 48, 55: 48, 56: 48, 57: 48}
>>> "strl23456789str".translate(t)
'000000000'
6.11.
isdigit () - rue, ,
False:
> "0123".isdigit(), "123abc".isdigit(), "abcl23".isdigit()

(True, False, False)
isdecimal () -
True, ,
False. ,
ASCII,
. :
>>> "123".isdecimal(),
(True, False)
isnumeric () -
"123cp".isdecimal()
True, ,
False. ,
ASCII,
. :
>>> "\u2155".isnumeric(), "\u2155".isdigit()

(True, False)
>>> print("\u2155") # "1/5"
isalpha () -
103
rue, ,
- False. , False. :
>>> "string".isalpha(), "cpoa".isalpha(), "".isalpha()

(True, True, False)
>>> "123abc".isalpha(), "str str".isalpha(), "st,st".isalpha()

isspace () - rue, ,
- False:
>>> "".isspace(), "\n\r\t".isspace(), "str str".isspace()

(False, True, False)
isalnum () - True, () ,
' - False. , False. :
>>> "0123".isalnum(), "123abc".isalnum(),
"ac123".isalnum()
(True, True, True)
>>>
"cpoa".isalnum()
True
>>> '"' .isalnum(), "123
"
.isalnum(),
",
123.". isalnum()
islower () -
rue, , -
, - False. ,
. :
>>> "srting".islower(),
"cpoa".islower(), '"'.islower()
(True, True, False)
>>> "srtingl".islower(), "str, 123".islower(), "123".islower()
(True, True, False)
>>> "STRING". islower (), "". islower ()
(False, False)
isupper () -
True, ,
, - False. ,
. :
>>> "STRING". isupper (),
"". isupper () , "". isupper ()

(True, True, False)
>>> "STRINGl".isupper(), ", 123".isupper(), "123".isupper()
(True, True, False)
>>> "string". isupper (), "STRing". isupper ()
(False, False)
istitle () -
rue, ,
, - False.
, . :
>>> "Str Str".istitle(), " Cp":istitle()

(True, True)
>>> "Str Str 123".istitle(),

(True, True)
>>> "Str str".istitle(),
(False, False)
"
123".istitle()
" cp".istitle()
104
/.
Python 3
>>> "".istitle(), "123".istitle()

( False, False)
n (.
4.16)
, n, , n ~1
n ( 6.4). . n
.
~'"'"'''""'""''""'''"""''"'''"'''''~--"''""'"""'"''"''''''''''''''"''''"''''''"""''''''''''"'"'"''"''"''"'"''''"'''''''''''"'''''''''''"'''"'''''''''''''''"''''''"'''"'"'''''
l .4._.t.il.t()!;!~~Qn~kJ"1~&
# -*- coding: utf-8 -* 'stop' n ")

sWl1!11a =
while True:
= input: (" : ")
= x.rst:rip("\r")
# 3.2.0 (.
if == "stop":
break #
if == "":
print (" 1 ")
continue
if [] == "-": # n
if not x[l:] .isdigit(): #
rint("
rint("
'")
continue
else: # ,
if not x.isdigit(): #
print (" , !")
continue
;..; = int () #
SW11111a +=
print("Cya :", SW11111a)
input ()
n :
-5
-str
str
10
'
'stop'
'
'
stop
1.7)
, n, n .
....., ..........................
_.
.......
6.12.
105
str
bytes
n , ,
? , ,
. n Uriicode-cpoy. n
Python 3
bytearray, n n
n 255. . n
bytes n, , n bytearray---,-
n
bytes
, n.
bytes
n:
bytes ( [<>,
<>
[,
< >]]
).
, n . n
n
bytes,
n n n.
n n,
TypeError.
>>> bytes ()
''
>>> ts("", ""1251")

>>> bytes ("")
Traceback (rnost recent 11 1ast):
File "<pyshell#>", 1ine 1, in <rnodu1e>
bytes ("")
TypeError: string argurnent without an encoding
n
"strict"
(n
UnicodeEncodeError;aee
),
n)
( ).
no
"ignore"
"replace"
>>> bytes ("string\uFFFD", "1251 "., "strict")

Fi1e "<pyshe11#35>", 1ine 1, in <rnodu1e>
bytes ("string\uFFFD", "1251", "strict")
Fi1e "C:\Python32\1ib\encodings\cp1251.py", 1ine 12, in encode
return codecs.charrnap_encode(input,errors,encoding_tale)
UnicodeEncodeError: 'charrnap' codec can't encode character
'\ufffd' in position 6: character rnaps to <undefined>
>>> bytes("string\uFFFD", "1251", "rep1ace")
' string?'
>>> bytes("string\uFFFD", "1251", "ignore")
b'string'
encode([encoding="utf-8"] [, errors="strict"]).
, n n
UTF-8. n errors "strict" ( no

), "replace", "ignore", "xmlcharrefrep\ace" "backslashreplace". :
>>>
"".nd()
b'\xd1\x81\xd1\x82\xd1\x80\xd0\Xe\xd0\xba\xd0\x0'
>>> "cpoa".encode(encoding="cp1251")
106
>>>
/.
Python 3
"cpoa\uFFFD".encode(encoding="cp1251",
errors="xrn1chairefreplace")
b'\xf1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0�'
>>> "cpoa\uFFFD" .. encode (encoding="cp1251",
errors="backs1ashrep1ace")
b'\xfl\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0\\ufffd'
( ) , ,
. ,
,
ASCI\.
>>> b"string", b'string', b"""string'"'", '' 'string'''

(b'string', b'string', b'string', b'string')
>>> ""
SyntaxError: bytes can on1y contain ASCII 1itera1 cha~acters.
>>> b"\xf1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0"
bytes (<>),
255 bytes.
Va1ueError. :
>>>
>>>
= bytes([225, 226, 224, 174, 170, 160])
'\1\2\0\\\0'
>>> str (,
"866")
''
bytes (<>),
. . :
> bytes (10)

'\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00'
bytes. fromhex
(<>)
>>>
>>>
= bytes.fromhex("
20
")
'\1\2\0\\\0'
>>> str (,
"866")
''
bytes .
255, .
, ,
, , :
>>> = bytes("string",
>>>
b'string'
> []
"1251")
115
> [1:3]
b'tr'
>>> + "123"
b'string123'
> * 3
b'stringstringstring'
>>> 115 in , b"tr" in
(True, True, Fa1se)
107
b"as" in
, ,
. ,
. ,
:
>>> 1ist(bytes("string", "1251"))

[115, 116, 114, 105, 110, 103]
bytes
. ,
, :
>>> = bytes("string", "1251")

> [] = 168
Fi1e "<pyshel1#76>", line 1, in <modu1e>
[] = 168
TypeError: 'bytes' object does not support item assignment

bytes , -
, ,

3.2.0,
str, bytes. encode (),

isidentifier (), isprintale (), isnurneric (), isdecima1 (), forrnat_map () format (),
. ,

bytes, :
>>> = bytes("string", "1251")

>>> b.rep1ace(b"s", b"S")
b'String'
,
bytes
. ,
:
>>> b"string" + "string"

Fi1e "<pyshel1#79>", 1ine 1, in <modu1e>
b"string" + "string"
TypeError: can't concat bytes to str
>>> b"string" + "string".encode("ascii")
b'stringstring'

bytes , .
.
, ,
1en () , :
108
>>>
6
>>>
6
>>>
12
/.
Python 3
ln("")
len(bytes("cpoa",
"1251"))
len(bytes("cpoa",
"utf-8"))
bytes n decode ().
decode ( [encoding="utf-8"] [, errors="strict"])
encoding ( UTF-8) . bytes,

n errors- n n n. errors
"strict" ( ), "replace" "ignore".
>>> = ts("", "cp125l")

>>> b.decode(encoding="cp1251"), b.decode("cp1251")
('',
'')
n n str () :
>>> = bytes ("",

>>> str (, "1251")
"1251")
''
, n n bytes ,
n n, .
Windows-1251 KOI8-R, ( 6.5).
>>> w = ts("", "1251") # windows-1251

>>> k = w.decode("cp1251") .encode("koi8-r")
>>> k, str ( k, "koi8-r")
# KOIB-R
(b'\xf3\xd4\xd2\xcf\xcb\xc1', '')
> w = k.decode ("koi8-r") .encode ("1251")
>>> w, str(w, "1251")
# windows-1251
(b'\xd1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0', '')
6.1 3.
bytearray
n bytearray n bytes n
n. n
bytes, n bytearray n
n , n
n .
bytearray n:
n bytearray ( [<>,
<> [,
< >]]).
n , n . n
n bytearray, n n n.
n, TypeError.
109
> bytearray ()
bytearray(b' ')
>>> bytearray("cpoa", "1251")
bytearray(b'\xf1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0')
>>> bytearray ("")
Fi1e "<pyshe11#2>", 1ine 1," in <modu1e>
bytearray ("")
TypeError: string argument without an encoding
n
"strict" (n
UnicodeEncodeError; no ), "replace" (
n) "ignore" ( ).
>>> bytearray("string\uFFFD", "1251", "strict")

Fi1e "<pyshe11#5>", Hne 1, in <modu1e>
bytearray("string\uFFFD", "1251", "strict")
Fi1e "C:\Python32\lib\encodings\cp121.py", 1ine 12, in encode
return codecs.charmap_encode(input,errors,encoding_tale)
UnicodeEncodeError: 'charmap' codec can't encode character
'\ufffd' in position 6: character maps to <undefined>
>>> bytearray("string\uFFFD", "1251", "rep1ace")
bytearray(b'string?')
>>> bytearray("string\uFFFD", "1251", "ignore")
bytearray(b'string')
bytearray (<>), n n
255 n bytearray. nn
Va1ueError. :

n,
>>> = bytearray([225, 226, 224, 174, 170, 160])

>>>
bytearray(b'\xe1\xe2\xe0\xae\xaa\xa0')
>>> bytearray(b'\xe1\xe2\xe0\xae\xaa\xa0')
>>> str(b, "866")
''
bytearray (<>), n
. :
> bytearray(5)
bytearray(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
bytearray. fromhex
(<>).
>>> = bytearray.fromhex(" 1 20 ")

>>>
110
>>> str (,
/.
Python 3
"866")
''
bytearray
, ( ):
>>>
>>>
bytearray("Python", "ascii")
[]
80
>>> [] = b"J"[O]
>>>
bytearray(b'Jython')
255.
bytes, , (b[OJ
b"J" [OJ ).
, , ,
n, .
append (<>) - .
. :
>>> = bytearray("string", "ascii")

> b.append(b"l"[O]);
bytearray (' stringl')
extend( <>) -
. . :

>>> b.extend(b"l23");
bytearray(b'stringl23')
+ +=:

>>> + b"l23"
#
>>> += "456";
#
bytearray(b'string456')
, :

>>> b[len(b) :] = b"l23"
#
>>>
insert (<>,
n:
<>) - .
. .
1 :

>>> b.insert(O, b"l"[O]);
bytearray(b'lstring')
111
insert () .
, .
:
>>> = bytearray ( "string", "ascii")

>>> [:] = b"l23";
bytearray(b'l23string')
( [<> J ) -
, ,
. , .
:

>>> .()
#
103
>>>
bytearray(b'strin')
> .()
#
115
>>>
bytearray(b'trin')


>>> del [5];
#
bytearray(b'strin')
> del [ :2];
#
bytearray(b'rin')
t remove (<>) -
del:
, .
ValueError.
. :
>>> = bytearray("strstr", "ascii")

>>> b.remove(b"s"[O]);
#
bytearray(b'trstr')
t reverse () -
~ . :

>>> b.reverse();
bytearray(b'gnirts')

bytearray
decode ().
decode( [encoding="utf-8"] [, errors="strict"])
encoding ( UTF-8) bytearray,

errors- . errors
"strict"
( ),
n:
>>> = bytearray("cpoa", "cpl251")

> b.decode(encoding="cpl251"), b.decode("cpl251")
('',
'')
"replace"
"ignore".
112
/.
Python 3
_ str () :
>>> = bytearray("cpoa",
>>> str(b, "1251")
"1251")
''
6.14.
pick1e. ',
:
import pick1e
:
dnps (<>[,
<>][,
fix_imports=True])-
.
(
3).
>>> import pick1e

>>> obj1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
#
>>> obj2 = (6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
#
>>> pick1e.dnps(obj1)
b'\x80\x03]q\x00(K\x01K\x02K\x03K\x04K\x05e.'
>>> pick1e.dnps(obj2)
b'\x80\x03(K\x06K\x07K\x08K\tK\ntq\x00.'
1oads (<
>[,
fix _imports=True] [,
encoding="ASCII"] [,
errors="strict"])- n
. :
>>> pick1e.1oads(b'\x80\x03]q\x00(K\x01K\x02K\x03K\x04K\x05e. ')

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> pick1e.1oads(b'\x80\x03(K\x06K\x07K\x08K\tK\ntq\x00. ')

(6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
6.15.
hashlib. n
, :
import hash1ib
:
md5 (), sha1 (), sha224 (), sha256 (), sha384 ()

sha512 ().
. :
>>> import hash1ib

>>> h = hash1ib.sha1(b"password")
n
:
update ().
113
>>> h = hashlib.shal()
> h.update(b"password")

di gest ()
hexdigest ( ) :
> h = hashlib.shal (b"password")

> h.digest ()
' [\xaaa\xe4\xc9\xb9??\x06\x82%\x0l\xf83\xlb-\xe\x8f\xd8'
>>> h.hexdigest()
'5baa6le4c9b93f3f0682250b6cf833lb7ee68fd8'
mctS (),

MD5.
, . .
.
, (
6.6).
!............ +! ................... . ...................._
................................................................................................................................................................................ .. . . _
........~................. .....................~
r ~.6. n napon
t ~ ~ -
....................~-
................... . ...................................-
........................ . ........................................................................... ~............-
,
...................................................... .............. ,
>>> import hashlib
> h = hashlib.mdS (b"password")

>>> = h.hexdigest()
>>>
# ,
'5f4dcc3b5aa765d6ld8327deb882cf99'
>>> h2 = hashlib.mdS(b"password")
# , n
> i f = h2. hexdigest () : print ( " n")

Python
re.
,
:
import re
7.1.
compile ().
<>= r.mil(<
~>[,
<>])
<.r.1> (

1 ):
+ L LOCALE- . ;
+ r IGNORECASE- . :
>>> import re
>>> = re.compile(r"~[a-]+$", re.I 1 re.U)
>>> print ("" if .srh("") else
"")
>>>
>>>
re.compile(r"[a-]+$",
print("Haeo"
if
re.U)
.srh("")
else
"")
ULTILINE- , ,
+ s
("\n").
OOTALL- "" ,
{\n).
""
. ~ ,
$ - . :
>>>
>>>
re.compile(r"~.$")
print("Haeo"
if p.search("\n") else
"")
7.
115
>>> = re . compile(r".$", re .M)

>>> print ("" if p.se.a rch("\n") else
"")
>>>
>>>
re.S)
if p.search ("\n" ) else
re . compile(r".$",
print("Haeo"
"" )
VEROSE- , n n
. , 1 n
. :
>>>
re.compile(r"""
(0-9)+ ( )
$
#
""", re.X 1 re.S)
> print("Haeo" i f p . search("1234567890") else "" )
>>> print ("" if p.search("abcd123") else
"")
u UNICODE- \w, \W, \, \, \d, \D, \s \S Unid

Python 3 no ;
ASCII- \w,
\w;
\, \, \d, \D, \s \S
, ~etrf , ,
r. , n .
, . n,
= re.compile (r"\w+$ " )
:
= . re.compile ("\\w+$")
~t
.,
,$,*,+,?,
{, [, ), \, 1,
( )
. ,
. n~ ,
. . ,
"" ~ , n
. ~ ,
( 1 . 1). n n
n (
7.1 ).
..
;t~~~~'!I..'""''"~"'~t'"""'''""t.'~t.,'~'"'''"'''''"'"'',.."'''H* , "'''''''''''''''"~'''"~"' " ''"'''''''~"'''"' '''''''''''''''''' ' ''' ' ''' ''''''''"''"'"'''C'"''""""'''-''"'"'"'''''''H'"'''''''''''""''' ' '".'"'''-~- "'1
~ 7.:1. f1& n~t
..
:,...,,._.,,",.,,,,,,,.,,,,\,,.,,,,,.,,.,,......~ .......,,.,.,,.,,,",,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,lo; .. .,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,_,",,,,,,,.,.,,.,.,,,.,",._..........\l'h'ii..oo.,~. ............o...................... o1'; .:.......,.,;.,, ....... t .-....., ......: ....................,.,:,,u,,;,,,,,,,,,.,,,.,;
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import re

"29,12. 2009"
re.compile(r"[0-3)
"\"
[0-9). [01) [0-9). [12) [09) [0-9 ) (0-9)$")
116
if p.search(d):
print ("
else:
")
print("aa
")
~:
'
/.
Python 3
re.compi1e(r"A[0-3] [0-9]\. [01] [0-9]\. [12] [09] [0-9] [0-9]$")

# "\"
if p.search(d):
print (" ")
e1se:
print (" ")
#
"\",
= re.compile(r"A[0-3] [0-9] [.] [01] [0-9] [.] [12] [09] [0-9] [0-9]$")
# ~
if p.search(d):
print (" ")
else:
print (" ")
# :
put ()
+ '(
( ( MULTILINE) S
DOTALL));
$ - ( ( MULTILINE) s
DOTALL));
+
+
\- ( );
\Z- ( ).
<> ( MULILINE),
, ,
.
(\n).
s
7.2).
"'''''''''''''"""~"''"'""'"'""'""'"''''''"''"'''"'""'"'''""'"''""'''".-.''"'""''""'''''"'''"'""""''"'"''""'"''''''"'""'''"''""''<'"""''"''"'"'''""''""'''""''"''"'"'''""'''''"'"'"'''''"'''"''"'"
7.2. .. n:tJJ ~r
'
;, ............................................ ;............. ;.. ;,,,,,,, ........ :...................................................................................................................................................................................................;
>>> = re.compile(r"A.+$")
#
>>> p.finda1l("strl\nstr2\nstr3") #
\n
[]
re.S) # \n
= re.compi1e(r".+$",
>>> p.finda1l("str1\nstr2\nstr3") #
['strl\nstr2\nstr3']
>>> = re.compile(r".+$", re.M) #
>>> p.findal1("str1\nstr2\nstr3") #
[ 'str1', 'str2', 'str3']
>>>
7.
117
n, n
.
n.
, (
7.3).
"'""''""'"'''"'""'''""'"'''''"'''"''"'"''''''"'''"''"''"'''"'""'''"""""''''"'''""'""''"'''''''"'''"""'"''"'''"""'''"'''"'"''"' ~":''.'''':.''.''"'''''''"''''"'''''''~"'".""'''''"':'','"'".''''''.''''"'''"''''''''''"''':
[. r7 .. ~ ~~ ~,Jiori> : f
.................. ............. ::... .............................::......... ,:.......... .....-::: ....:;.... ;.;,;;,;;:.........:;;::.....
;
~;;;;~:
,i
... :.:.:...;,;,,,,;;;.;;'.:;-;;:.~ ........ ; ............ ;: ............ ;,,,,,;;,,;;;,,,,,,,;,
;,,,;,,,;~
......... ......................... ;
~
= re.compile(r"A[0-9]+$", re.S)
if p.searchi"245"):
print: ("")
# :
else:
print: (" " 1
if
p.search("Cpoa245"):
print
else:
print
input ()
("")
("
")
n , ,
, n "" (
7.4).
= re.compile(r"[0-9]+", re.S)
if
print
else:
print
input ()
("")
("
")
, n (
7.5) .
... ................. ,.. ,,,""'''''''"'"''
.,,.",,.,,,,", "
i...................
fl~~~~7.i.I1P~~R
"";,,,,,.,. .,;,,,""',..............
"""'
................................
'

=
if
re.compile(r"[0-9]+$", re.S)
print (" ")

else:
print (" ")
# :
1. .th 3
118
if
re.compile(r"[0-9]+",
re.S)
print.("Ec
else:
print ("
# :
input ()
")
")
[J
. :
+
+
+
+
+
[09] - 9;
[0-9] - 9;
[] - "", "" "";
[-] - "", "", "" "";

[-R] - "" "";
[] - "", "" "";
[-] - "" "";
+
+
[-R-] - ;
[0-9-R--z-Z] - .
!
""
[a-R].
, .
, :
(09] - 9;
+
+
[-9] -
9;
[-R--z-Z] - .
, ,
. , ,
(,
- ).
-,
, .
,
\.
+
+
\d-
. (S) [0-9];
\w- , .
(ASCII) [a-zA-Z0-9 _J;
\ s -
[ \t\n\r\f\v];
\D- . (ASCII) [-9];
(ASCII)
7.
119
\W- , . rip (ASCII)

r~a-zA-Z0-9
J;
\S-
r~ \t\n\r\f\v].
(s)

Pytho
. ,
\d
u (UNICODE).
, Uicode,
, ,
\s
\w
i .
,
.
r!mzurjnu,amopo:
. . "[-9]
{n}- n
{2}$"
{n,}-
n . .
r"A [0-9] {2, }$"
{n,m}-
m . IICJiil
r" ,, [ -9 J 12, 4 J $"
. ,
* -
{0, };
+- .
{1' };
? - . J 11 {0, 1}.
"". 1
, , i1 .
. <>, J\1:
>>> s = "TextlText2Text3"
>>> = re.compile(r".*", re.S)
>>>
p.fidall (s)
['TextlText2Toxt3']
11 . "
", ? (iii
7.6).
[. 7.6. ''"
....; ...............:................. ......;.............. ........................................................... ..................... ..................................................... .
~
>>> s = "TextlText2Text3"
>>> = re.compile(r".*?", re.S)
> p.findall (s)
[ 'Textl </>', '.Text3']
, . ~ riO.'IY'IIII. ~ ,
7.7).
11
7.
121
. .
u
e-mail
?P<name>. n
7.1 0) .
...... ,.......................................; .......... ;;,,,;;;~ ................ ;,,,;,;,,,;;;~ ... ;.;,,,,,;,, .. ,,,,;,,;;.... ; .....;,;,:,,,;,;; ..........................,;;,,;.;................:.,;;.. :..:................................
>>> email = "test@mail.ru"

>>> = re. compile ( r'"'" ( ?P<name> [a-z0-9 . -] +) #
@
#
(?P<host>(?: [a-z0-9-]+\.)+[a-z] {2,6}) #
""", re.I 1 re.VERBOSE)
>>> r = p.search(email)
>>> r.group("name")
#
'test'
>>> r.group("host")
#
'mail.ru'
H@ll
, n
:
(
(?P=name) . . n n n
7.11 ).
~;;-~~;~~ti1~~c;~iii~~a~:~~ii~~g~~~~~;'~~~~~~~:~'kY+~~ili~~~g~~
;,;;,,,; : :.. ;; ..................;;,, ~.:.;~.;,;;,;;;.,,,,.,;.;;;'i ;;.-.::.:~ . ;;;;;-,;,;;:;,:,, '.;.;,;;,;';,,,;.;,,,,,,,;,... ;:.' ;',;;;;;...... ;,;.~;;;;.'.;;;,,;; .. ;; ..=;;;;,.;;,,,;~ .:~;;.'.~;;;:~;,;;;,;; .. ;,;; .. ;,.;,,,.;,,;.. : .
>>> s = "TextlText2Text3"
> = re.compile(r"<(?P<tag>[a-z]+)>(.*?)</(?P=tag)>", re.S
> p.findall (s)
[ ( '' , 'Text 1 ' ) , ( ' I ' , 'Text 3 ' ) ]
............................... .
re.I)
, u:
(?aiLmsux)- n nu . "", "i", "L",
"m", "s", "u"

u
+
+
"" ,
compile ();
(?# . ) -. ;
(?= ...
)-n n n. , n n
n:
>>> s = "textl, text2, text text4"

>>> = re.compile(r"\w+(?=[,])", re.S
> p.findall (s)
[ 'textl', 'text2']
(?! ... ) -
re.I)
u n n. , n
n:
>>> s = "textl, text2, text text4"

> = re.compile(r"[a-z]+[0-9] (?! [,])", re.S
> p.findall (s)
[ 'text', 'text4']
re.I)
(?<= ... ) -n n . , n n
n n:
122
/.
Python 3
>>> 5 = "textl, text2, text text4"

> = re.compile(r"(?<=(,] ( ]) [a-z]+[0-9]", re.S 1 re.I)
> p.findall (s)
( 'text2', 'text']
+ (?<! ... ) -
. . ,
, :
>>> 5 = "textl, text2, te~t text4"

> = re.compile(r"(?<! (,]) ((a-z]+(0-9])", re.S 1 re.I)
> . findall (5)
('text4']
(? ( id
name) l11j!2) -
. ,
l,
2. ,
. , :
>>> s = "textl 'text2' 'text text4, text5"

> = re.compile(r"(')?([a-z]+(0-9]) (?(1) '1,)", re.S 1 re.I)
> p.findall (5)
1
1
[ ("
",
text2 1 ) , ( 1 1 , 1 text4 1 ) J
. , ,
, :
>>> 5 = "-wordl -word2 -word -word4 -word5"

>>> re.findall(r"\5\-((a-z0-9]+)\5", s, re.S 1 re.I)
1
(
word2 1 , 1 word4 1 ]
, .
, . . .
, ( 1\5)
(\51$) .
, ? : :
>>> re.findall(r"(?:l\s)\-((a-z0-9]+){?:\sl$)", s, re.S 1 re.I)

1
(
wordl 1 , 1 word 1 , 1 word5 1 ]
.
"word2"
"word4"
? ' .
, .
, . . , .
, :
"-wordl
<>-wrd2
-word
-word4 -word5"
"-word2" ,
. "word",
:
"-wordl -word2
-word
<>-wrd4
-word5"
"-word4" , .
"word2"
"word4"
"word5",
, . .
naf}a
7.
123
. ,

(?= ... ) :
> re.findall(r"(?:l\s)\-((a-z0-9]+)(?=\si$)", s, re.S

['wordl', 'word2', 'word', 'word4', 'word5']
1 .
(?:\si$)
re.I)
(?=\sl$).
nn .
7.2.
n n :
+ match ()
. :
match(<Cpoa>[,
< >[,
< >]])
Match,
None. :
>>> import re
> = re.compile(r"[0-9]+")
' >>> print("Haeo" if p.match("strl23") else
"")
>>>
print("Haeo"
if p.match("strl23", 3) else
"")
>>>
print.("Haeo"
if p.match("l23str") else
"")
match () match () . :
re.match(<lliao>,
<>[,
<>])
<>
. <> ,

compile (). ,
None. :
Match,
>>>
>>>
= r"[0-9]+"
print("Haeo"
if re.match(p, "strl23") else
"")
print("Haeo"
if re.match(p, "123str") else
"")
= re.compile(r"[0-9]+")
if re.match(p, "123str") else
"")
>>>
>
>>>
print("Haeo"
search () -
. :
search(<Cpoa>[,
<
>[,
< >]])
, atch,

>>>
>>>
None.
if p.search("strl23".) else
print("Haeo"
"")
124
>>> print
(""
if
search ( "123str") else
1.
Python 3
"")
>>>
print("Haeo"
if p.search("l23str", 3) else
"")
search () search (). :
r.srh(<>,
<>[,
<>])
n <>
. <> ,
n
compile (). ,
None. :
Match,
>>>
>>>
= r"[0-9]+"
if re.search(p, "strl23") else
"")
if re.search(p, "strl23") else
"")
print("Haeo"
>
>>>
print("Haeo"
n (.
4.16)
, , , n
(
7.12).
, n .

print (" 'stop' ")
sumna =
= re.compile(r"[-]?[0-9]+$", re.S)
while True:
= inut(" : ")
= x.rstrip("\r")
# 3.2.0 (.
if == "stop":
break
#
if not p.search(x):
print (" , !")
continue #
= int(x)
#
sumna +=
print("Cya :", sumna)
input ()
Match,
()
match ()
1.7)
search (),
r e - n ,
search (). :
n ;
groups-
groupindex-
()
match ()
+
+
+
+
+
7.
string-
125
<> ()
match ()
search ();
pos '--- < n> match () search ();

endpos
- < n>
match ()
lastindex-
lastgroup-
search () ;
None;
None.
>
re.compile(r"(?P<num>[0-9]+) (?P<str>[a-z]+)")
>>> m p.search("123456string 67890text")
>>> m
< sre.SRE Match object at Ox00FC9DEB>
>>> m.re.groups, m.re.groupindex
(2, { 1..11\ : 1, 1 Str 1 : 2})
>>> p.groups, p.groupindex
(2, { 1 num 1 : 1, 1 Str 1 : 2})
>>> m.string
1
123456string 67890text 1
>>> m.lastindex, m.lastgr'oup
(2, Str')
>>> m.pos, m.endpos
(0, 22)
1
group ( [ <id1
name1> [, ... , <idN
nameN> JJ) -
. ,
, . .
, , .
. ,
, .
,
IndexError.
> = re.compile (r" (?P<num> [0-9] +) (?P<str> [a-z] +) ")

>>> m = p.search("123456string 67890text")
>>> m.group(), m.group(O) # 6
1
(
123456strinGJ 1 , 1 123456string 1 )
> m.group(1), m.group(2)
#
1
(
123456 1 , 1 string 1 )
>>> m.group("num"), m.group("str") #
1
(
123456 1 , 1 String 1 )
>>> m.group(1, 2), m.group("num", "str") # n
1
((
123456 1 , 1 String 1 ) , ( 1 123456 1 , 1 String 1 ) )
groupdict ( [<
> J )
. ,

None,
, :
> = re.compile(r"(?P<num>[0-9]+) (?P<str>[a-z])?")

> m = p.search("123456")
>>> m.groupdict()
1
{
num': 1 123456 1 , 1 Str 1 : None}
>>> m.groupdict("")
1
{ um :
123456 1 , 1 Str 1 : " }
1
126
groups ( [< > J ) -
1.
Python 3
. ,
None, , :
>
>>> m
re.compile(r"(?P<num>[0-9]+) (?P<str>[a-z])?")
p.search("123456")
>>> m. groups ()
(' 123456', None)
>>> m.groups("")
('123456',
')
start ( [< >]) -
, ,
- . ,

-1;
end ( [< >]) -
, ,
- . ,

-1;
span ( [< > J) -
. . ,
, - .
, (-1, -:1). :
>>>
re .compile (r" (?P<num> [0-9] +) (?P<str> [a-z] +) ")
>>> s = "str123456str"
>>> m = p.search(s)
>>> m.start(), m.end(), m.span()
(3, 12,
(3, 12))
>>> m.start (1), m.end(1), m.start ("num"), m.end("num")
(3, 9, 3, 9)
>>> m.start(2), m.end(2), m.start("str"), m.end("str")
(9, 12, 9, 12)
>>> m.span(1), m.span("num"), m.span(2), m.span("str")
( (3, 9)' (3, 9)' (9, 12)' (9, 12))
>>> s[m.start(1) :m.end(1)], s[m.start(2) :m.end(2)]
('123456',
'str')
expand 1<>) -
: \, \g<> \g<>.
:
>
re.compi1e(r"<(?P<tag1>[a-z]+)><(?P<tag2>[a-z]+)>")
>>> m = p.search(" <hr>")
>>> m.expand(r"<\2><\1>")
'<hr> '
>>> m.expand(r"<\g<2>><\g<1>>")
\g<>
'<hr> '
>>> m.expand(r"<\g<tag2>><\g<tag1>>") # \g<>
'<hr> '
search 1) ,
, (
7.13).
7.
127
r''"''::"'""""'''.'''""'"''''"''''"''"''''''""'''~''''"''"'''''::::.''".'''"'''''':':~:::"'':""'''.:::.~.''''''"''"''~"':'.''"""'::'"''"''''''':'.'''''''.'''''''''''"''''''''.'''''.''''''~'"~''"''''''''''''''''''"'''''''"''
.......................................................................................:.; ................:;.......:.................::......... ....... :.....................................:...................................;.. , ...... :.... .

;

email = input (" e-mail: "1
email = email.rstrip("\r")
# 3.2.0 (.
= r'([a-z0-9 .-]+)@(([a-z0-9-]+\.)+[a-z]{2,6))$"
= re.compile(pe,
re.I 1 re.S)
m = p.search(email)
if not m:
print ( "E-mail "}
else:
print("E-mail", m.group(O), " ")
prlnt("w:", m.group(l),
":", m.group(2))
1.7)
put(l
n:
e-mail: user@mail.ru
E-rnai1 user@mail.ru
: user : mai1.ru
7.3.
n n n .
f idall ( 1 n . :
finda11(<Cpoa>[,
<
>[,
< >]]}
, n , n
n n. nn,
n , . :
> import re
> = re.compi1e(r"[0-9]+")
>>> p.finda11("2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011"1
['2007', '2008', '2009', '2010',
= re.complle(r"[a-z]+")
>
>
. fida11
'2011']
( "2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011" 1
[]
> t = r"(([0-9]{3})-([0-9]{2}}-([0-9]{2}))"
> = re.compile(t)
> p.findal1("322-77-20, 528-22-98")
[('322-77-20',
('528-22-98',
'322',
'528',
'77',
'22',
'20'),
'98')]
finda11 ( 1 n fidall ( J. :
re. findal1
(<>,
<>
[,
<>]
n <> n
. n <> , n
compi 1 ( 1.
128
/. Python 3
>>> re.finda11(r"[0-9]+", "1 2 3 4 5

['1',
'2',
'3', '4', '5',
>>> = re.copile(r"[0-9]+")
>>> re.finda11 (, "1 2 3 4 5
'2',
['1',
'3', '4', '5',
")
'6']
")
'']
finditer () findall (), , .

Match. :

finditer(<Cpoa>[,
< >[,
< 3>]])
> =
> for
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
re.copile(r"[0-9]+")
in p.finditer("2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011"):

print (.group(O), "start: ", .start (), "end: ", .end())
start: end: 4
start: end: 10
start: 12 end: 1
start: 18 end: 22
start: 24 end: 28
finditer () finditer (). :
re.finditer(<ao>,
<>[,
<>])
<>
. <> ,
i1
().
>>> = re.copi1e(r"(.+?)", re.I

>>> s = "Text1Text2Text3"
>>> for in re.finditer(p, s):
re.S)
print(.group(1))
Text1
Text3
7 .4.
sub () .
, . :
sub (<: >,

[, < >])
< >
\,
\g<>
\g<>, .
:
>>> import re
> = re.copile(r"<(?P<tag1>[a-z]+)><(?P<tag2>[a-z]+)>")
7.
129
>
p.su (r"<\2><\1>", " <hr>")

#
'<hr> '
> . sub (r"<\g<2>><\g<1>>", " <hr>")
#
'<hr> '
> p.su(r"<\g<tag2>><\g<tag1>>", " <hr>") #
'<hr> '
\g<>
\g<>
n Match, . ,
, .
10:

def rep1 (m) :
""" . m = int(m.group(O))
+= 10
return "{O}".format(x}
= re.compi1e(r"[0-9]+")
print(p.su(rep1,
Match """
"2008, 2009, 2010, 2011"))
priht(p.su(rep1,
"2008, 2009, 2010, 2011", 2))
input ()
:
2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

2018, 2019, 2010, 2011
BHHMAHHEI
.
su () . su (). :
r.su(<>,
< >,
< >[,
< >
[, flags=O]])
<>
n . ,
:

def rep1 (m) :
""" . m- Match """
tag1 = m.group("tag1") .upper()
tag2 = m.group ( "tag2"). upper ()
return "<{0}><(1)>".format(tag2, tag1)
5 . 1349
130
/.
Python 3
= r"<(?P<tag1>[a-z]+)><(?P<tag2>[a-z]+)>"
rep1, " <hr>"))
input ()
print(re.su(p,
<HR> 
sun
1)
sub 1),
- .
(
[,
sun <i'r
<
i<>,
<
>
>])
>>> = re.compi1e(r"[0-9]+")
>>> p.subn("O", "2008, 2009, 2010, 2011")
('0,
0', 4)
sun
1)
r.sun(<>,
<
- sun
>
[,
11: :
i<>,
<
>
[, flags=O]])
<>
. :
>>> = r"200[79]"
>>> re. sun (, "2001", "2007, 2008, 2009, 2010")
('2001, 2008,2001, 2010', 2)
7.5.
split 1) .
, .
, ,
. :
s1it(<
>[,
<>])
>>> import re
>>> = re.compi1e(r"[\s, .]+")
>>> p.sp1it("word1, word2\nword3\r\nword4.word5")
['word1', 'word2', 'word3', 'word4', 'word5']
>>> p.sp1it("word1, word2\nword3\r\nword4.word5", 2)
[ 'word1', 'word2', 'word3\r\nword4. word5']
, ,
:
>>> = re.compi1e(r"[0-9]+")
>>> p.sp1it ("word, word\nword")
['word, word\nword']
7.
131
split () split (). :

re.split(<ao>,
< >[,
<>[,
fla9s=O]])
<>
. :
> = re.compile(r"[\s, .]+':)

> re.split(p, "wordl, word2\nword3")
[ 'wordl', 'word2', 'word']
> re.split(r"[\s,.]+", "wordl, word2\nword3")
[ 'wordl', 'word2', 'word']

escape (<>)
, .
. :
> print(re.escape(r"[] () .*"))

\[\]\.\*
:- .
. n n
n n n .
. ,
,
1.
n n n .
n, n , n ,
(n+), n (n*), n (n
in).
n n . , n
, :
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3]

>>> arr[O]
1
>>> arr[O]
50
>>> arr
[50, 2, 3]
#
#
n . , n
, :
>>> t
> t
(1, 2, 3)
[0]
#
#
> t[O] =50

#
File "<pyshe11#7>", line 1, in <module>
~[0] =50
#
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
'
n n.
8.1.
n n.:
list ( [<>]). n n
n . , n n.
133
':
> 1ist ()
[]
>>> 1ist("String")
#
['S', 't', 'r', 'i', 'n', 'g']
> 1ist ( (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
#
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
n :
>>> arr = [1, "str", 3, "4"]

>>> arr
[1, 'str', 3, '4']
+ n n n n append ():
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
[1,
arr = []
arr.append(l)
arr. append ( "st r")
arr
'str']
#
#
#
0)
1)
n (n, ) ,
n n .
Python n n :
> arr = [)
> arr[] = 10
SyntaxError: inva1id syntax
> arr[O] = 10
Traceback (most recent +1 last):
File "<pyshell#20>", 1ine 1, in <modu1e>
arr[OJ = 10
IndexError: list assignment index out of range
n n , .
n nn n. nn n
.n , n . n:
>>>
>>>
=
,
[1, 2]
( [1, 2],
[1, 2])
n n n n
. n nn n :
> y[l] = 100

>>> ,
( [1, 100], [1, 100])
#
#
n, n n
n . , n
, . n , n
n:
134
>>>
>
>>>
[1, 2]'
100
[1]
,
/.
Python 3
[1' 2]
1 [ 1' 2] '
[ 1' 100] )
n n n n
*.
n,
n nn n n
n ~:
> arr = [ [] ] * 2
>>> arr
[ []'
#
#
[]]
>>> arr[O] .appendl5)

>>> arr
[ [5]'
[5]]
n n
append 1)
>>> arr
[]
>>> for i in rangel2): arr.appendl[])
>>> arr
[ []'
[]]
>>> arr[O] .appendl5); arr

[ [5]'
[]]
n :
>>> arr = [ [] for i in rangel2) ]

>>> arr
[ []'
[]]
>>> arr[O] .appendl5); arr

[ [5]'
[]]
, nr , n n is.
n , n is
True:
>>> = = [1, 2]
#
>>> is # m
True
>>> ,
[1, 2], [1, 2] #
>>> is
#
F'alse
1 , n n ,
. , n n? n
n n
, n-
1ist 1) ( 8.1 ).
.....................................................................;..,,;,,,;;. :.......;.;..;;;....;,;,,,,;;. ,, ....

>>> = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #
>>> #
>>>=
listlx)
~;;;,;:,;;,
............,... ,, ..,.... ,,.,,,
= [:]
>>>
8.
[1, 2, 3,
>>>
135
is
4, 5]
False
>>> [1]
100 #
>>> ;.;,
#
( [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]' [1, 100, 3, 4, 5])
, .
is
, .
. ,
Python
>
>
>>>
. :
= [1, [2, 3, 4, 5]] #

= 1ist ()
#
lS
#
False
> [1] [1]
>>>
100
#
#
( [1, [2, 100, 4, 5] J' [1,
! 1 1
[2, 100, 4, 5] J)
,
.
,
is
1ist {)
, ,
. . ,
1ist ()
,
(
deepcopy ()
8.2).
"!'"''""""'"'.''""'''''""'""""""''"'''""'''""''''""''"'''-'"'"'''"''"''''""'""""'""'''''"'
f..P~~~~~--~:~~.?..~~~-~::~~~~-~~:~,1.q~-~-~~~,~~-,:~.,,,,
>>> import
>
[1,
[2,
3,
4,
[1]
>>>
( [1, [2, 3, 4, 5] J'
deepcopy {)
5]]
= copy.deepcopy{x)
[1] = 100
>>>
>
... .
[1,
#
#
#
[2, 100, 4, 5] J)
. , .
, ,
, . :
> import
> = [1, 2]
> = [, ]
>>>
[ [ 1, 2]' [1, 2 J J
>>> z = copy.deepcopy{y) #
> z [0] is , z [1] is

{Fa1se, Fa1se, True)
z [0] is z [1]
136
> z[O] [0] = 300
>>> z.
[ [ 300, 2] , [ 300, 2] ]
>>>
#
#
/.
Python 3
[ 1, 2]
8.2.
,
. .
:
>>> arr = [1, "str", 3.2, "4"]

>>> arr[O], arr[1], arr[2], arr[3)
( 1, 'str', 3. 2, '4')

- . =
, :
>>>
>>>
z
z
[1, 2, 3] #
( 1, 2, 3)
>>> , = [1, 2, 3]
#
Traceback (rnost recent call last):
F'ile "<pyshe11#86>", line 1, in <rnodule>
, = [1, 2, 3]
#
Va1ueError: too n va1ues to unpack (expected 2)
Python 3
= . ,
"" . , :
>>> , , *z
[1, 2, 3]; , , z
(1, 2, [3])
>>> , , *z = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; ,
(1, 2, [3, 4, 5])
>>> , , *z
[1, 2]; , , z
(1, 2, [])
>>> *, , z = [1, 2]; , , z
( [], 1, 2)
>>> , *, z = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; ,
(1, [2, 3, 4], 5)
>>> *z, = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; z
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
,
.
len ():
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> len(arr)
#
5
>>> arr[1en(arr)-1]
137
#
5
, , ,

IndexError:
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> arr[5]
#
Fi1e "<pyshell#99>", 1ine 1, in <modu1e>
arr[5]
#
IndexError: 1ist index out of range
, ,
, :
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> arr[-1], arr[1en(arr)-1]
(5, 5)
,
:
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

> arr [0] = 600
>>> arr
[600, 2, 3, 4, 5]
, ,
. :
[<>:<>:<lli>]
. <> ,
. <> ,
. , , ,
. <> ,
.
. . :
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> m = arr[:]; m #
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> m is arr
Fa1se
is
~,
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> arr[::-1]
#
-1
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
:
> arr[1: J
[2, 3, 4' 5]
1.
138
> arr[:-1]
/.
Python
[1, 2, 3, 4]
:
> arr[0:2]
[1, 2]
:
> arr[-1:]
[5]
, , :
>>> arr[1:4] #
1, 2
[2, 3, 4]
. ,
, , :
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> arr[1:3] = [, 7] #
>>> arr
[1,
7, 4, 5]
>>> arr[1:3]
>>> arr
[]
[1, 4, 5]
+.
:
arr1
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr2
[, 7, 8, 9]
arr3
arr1 + arr2
arr3
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 7, 8, 9]
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
+ +=. ,
:
>>>
>>>
>>>
[1,
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr += [, 7, 8, 9]
arr
2, 3, 4, 5,
7, 8, 9]
,
. *,

>>> [ 1, 2, 3] * 3
#
[1, 2, 3, i, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> 2 l [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #
(True, Fa1se)
in:
8.3.
8.
139
. ,
, , , , . .
, , :
> arr = [ [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

, .
, :
>>> arr = [
[1, 2, 3]'
[ 4' 5, ]'
[7, 8, 9]
, :
> arr[1] [1]

5
.
. ,
. .
:
>>> arr = [ [1,
> arr[O] [1]
["",
""],
3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9] ]
[]
''
>>> arr = [ [1,
> arr[O] [1]

1
[""]
"":
10,
"":
["s", 5] } ] ]
[0]
8.4.
for:
>>> arr
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> for i in arr: print(i, end=" ")

:
1 2 3 4 5
, i ,
(, ),
:
>>> arr
[1, 2, 3, 4]
()
>>> for i in arr: i += 10

>>> arr
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> arr
[ [1' 2]' [3, 4] ] #
>>> for i in arr: i [0] += 10
()
140
>>> arr
[ [11, 2]'
/.
Python 3
[13, 4]]
n n , , n, n
range () . , .
for n .
range () :
range ( [<>, ] <> [,
<>]
n . n <> ,
n . n .
, n .
n <> , n
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for i in range(1en(arr)):
arr[i] *= 2
print (arr)
1.
2:
for
[2, 4,
8]
enumerate (<> [, start=OJ),
. n
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for i, elem in enumerate(arr):
arr[i] *= 2
print (arr)
#
2:
[2, 4,
8]
, n n
while.
while for.
n 2, n. while:
n,
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
i, = , len(arr)
while i < :
arr [i] *= 2
i
+= 1
print (arr)
8.5.
[2, 4,
8]
-
n n :
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for i in range(len(arr)):
arr[i] *= 2
print(arr)
m:
[2, 4,
8]
n n n n.
n n
n n:
for.
8.
141
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
arr = [ i * 2 for i in arr ]
print (arr)
#
m:
for
[2, 4,
8]
: , ,
. ,
. ,
.
, .
. ,

for
()
if
1:
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
arr = [ i * 10 for i in arr if i % 2 == ]
print (arr)
# m: [20, 40]

:
arr = []
for i in [1, 2, 3, 4]:
i f i % 2 == 0:
arr.append(i * 10)
print (arr)
#
#
#

m:
[20, 40]
1:
arr = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]

arr = [ j * 10 for i in arr for j in i if j % 2 ==
print(arr)
# m: [20, 40, 60]

:
arr = []
for i in [ [1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]:
for j in i:
if j % 2 == 0:
#
arr.append(j * 10) #
print (arr)
# m: [20, 40, 60]
, ,
, .
. :
>>> arr = [1, 4, 12, 45, 10]

>>> sum( ( i for i in arr if i % 2
26
8.6.
(),
==
) )
zip(), filter()
reduce()
map ()
. :
m(<>,
<!>[,
... ,
<N>])
142
map ()
Pytln

/.
Python 3
, n , n,
2.
n n Pytl11
3,
1ist ().
<> (
), n n.
.
n
10
: ... : .. '. : .... .,' ...... :: :: .: ......... : .: ... .; :. .. ''': :-: :.": :- .... :-.
[ I, :~., ()
':"
8.3).
~. ~.
def func (e1em) :

"""
return e1em + 10 #
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print( 1ist( map(func, arr) ) )
# : [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
map ()
n n.
n , n n
.
n (
8.4 ).
def func(e1, 2, 3):

"""
return 1 + 2 + 3 #
"""
arr1
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr2
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
arr3
[100, 200, 300, 400, 500]
print( 1ist( map(func, arr1, arr2, arr3) ) )
# m: [111, 222, 333, 444, 555]
n ,
n :
def func(e1, 2, 3):

"""
return 1 + 2 + 3
"""
arr1
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr2
[10, 20]
arr3
[100, 200, 300, 400, 500]
print( 1ist( map(func, arr1, arr2, arr3) ) )
# m: [111, 222]

zip ()
n, n . -
8.
143
, n , n,
n n
Python 3,
Python 2.
n list
1).
zip 1<l> [,
... ,
<N>]
> zip([1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9])

<zip object at Ox00FCAC88>
> list(zip([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]))
[(1, 4, 7),
(2, 5, 8),
(3,
6,
9)]
n , nn
,
> list(zipl[l, 2, 3], [4, 6], [7, 8, 9, 10]))

[(1, 4, 7),
,2,
6, 8;]
n n n (
n n
....................... ............. ,.................... ,..... .

( 8~5. ~.
; ,:, ,.;;,:.:,; .~..... : ... ''. : . i ,;,,; .:. ; ' ............................. ' ... ' ...
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr2
arr3
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

[100, 200, 300, 400, 500]
+ z for
(,
filter
1)
8.5) .
....-.-
.......
.
.
arr1
"~ !l> zip ()
:.. .>......... : .................................................. ",,,,.,,;,;,,;,,,,.;;;,,.
arr = [ +
print (arr)
8.4)
zip 1) map 11 (
z) in zip(arrl, arr2, arr3)]
[111, 222, 333, 444, 555]
n n n n.
:
filtr(<>,
<>)
n n None,
n n True.
False,
. , n , n
Python 2.
> filter (None, [l,
list
None,
n n
1).
Python 3,
[], 2])
<filter object at Ox00FD58BO>

> list (filter (None, [l, , None,
[], 2]))
[ 1' 2]
n n n :
> [ i for i in [l,
None,
[], 2] if i ]
[ l' 2]
n n . n
n n. -
144

True,
filter 1)
Python 3
n -
n (
/.
False.
8.6).
\ 8.6. n -cr1ori3b~.~
:.................~ ......................... ;;..... :... ..........:~ ....:.::........:,,;;; ;;.;. ::~;~ ..~.
def func (e1em) :
return e1em >=
arr = [-1, 2, -3, 4, , -20, 10]

arr = 1ist(fi1ter(func, arr))
print larr)
# n
arr = [-1, 2, -3, 4, , -20, 10]
arr = [ i for i in arr if func(i) ]
printlarr)
reduce 1)
functoo1s
[2, 4,
10]
[2, 4,
10]
n n
n . :
rdui<>,
<>[,
<
>])
n n .
n , -
. n (
..
..
8.7).
..
''~"''"'"'''"'''' "''"" ""'''''~~~~.'.''".'.".~~.'.'.'.'.~.'.'.'.' .'.'''~.''.'.'.~'.'".".'.''.'.~.''"'""'.'""'''~~.'.~~....~~.''"~''''~''"""'''-'''"''.'~~.'.'""''"'"""''''''"'~"''"''"""".''''""''""""''''"'"""""'''"'"""""""""""''''"''"'"'"'''""'''";,',
l:.................................................................
8.7 ~nj"i~~tt"~i"~~~~()
.;:.::.............. ;;..
....,. ....
,,;,,.';;,,,;,;;~
from functoo1s import reduce #
:.;.',;~;;'Ji:.;=; ;);.~;;
::.:;;;;,;~;;;;~;;,;;;;.:;,:.:.~~.:.;;:~... ;::;,; .. ,...... ;,,;,;,;~; .......................... :.......... "'"''""''"''""'';.......... ;
def func (, ) :
printi"I{O}, {1})".formatlx,
-return +
),
end=" ")
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
summa = reducelfunc, arr)
#: (1, 2)
(3, 3) 16, 4) 110, 5)
printlsumma) # : 15
summa = reducelfunc, arr, 10)
# : 110, 1) 111, 2) (13, 3) (16, 4)
printlsumma) # m: 25
summa = reduce 1func, [], 10)
printlsumma) # m: 10
8.7.
(20, 5)
n n :
append 1<>) -
n.
n .
8.
145
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3]

>>> arr.append(4); arr
arr
>>> arr.append((7, 8)); arr
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> arr.append([5,
[1, 2, 3, 4,
[1, 2, 3, 4,
]);
]]
[5,
],
[5,
(7, 8)]
extend (< >) -
. . :
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
[1,
arr = [1, 2, 3]
arr .extend ( [ 4, 5, ])
arr. extend ( (7, 8, 9))
arr. extend ( "")
arr
2, 3, 4' 5, , 7, 8, 9,
#
#
#
'',
'',
'']

+=:
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
>>>
[1,
[1, 2, 3]
arr
arr + [ 4, 5, ]
2, 3, 4' 5, ]
arr += [ 4' 5, ]
arr
2, 3, 4' 5, ]
, :
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3]

>>> arr[1en(arr) :]
>>> arr
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
[4, 5,
insert (<>,
<>) - .
. .
>>>
>>>
[0,
>>>
[0,
>>>
[0,
>>>
[0,
arr = [1, 2, 3]
arr.insert(O, 0); arr
#
1, 2, 3]
arr.insert(-1, 20); arr #
1, 2, 20, 3]
arr.insert(2, 100); arr # 100
1, 100, 2, 20, 3]
arr.insert(10, [ 4' 5]); arr #
1, 100, 2, 20, 3, [4, 5]]
insert () .
, .
:
/.
146
Python 3
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3]

>>> arr[:O]
[-2, -1, 0]
>>> arr
[-2, -1,
1, 2, 3]
( [<>] ) -
erd.
, ,
, .
IndexError. :
>>> arr = [ 1, 2, 3, 4' 5]
>>> arr.pop()
# n n
5
>>> arr
# n
[1' 2, 3, 4]
>>> arr.pop(O)
# n n
1
>>> arr
# n
[2, 3, 4]

>>>
>>>
[1'
>>>
[3,
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4' 5]

de1 arr[4]; arr #
2, 3, 4]
de1 arr[:2]; arr #
4]
remove
de1:
(<>) - , .
va1ueError.
. :
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 1, 1]

>>> arr.remove(1)
#
>>> arr
[2, 3, 1' 1]
>>> arr.remove(5)
#
arr. remove (5)
#
Va1ueError: 1ist.remove(x): not in 1ist
,
, .
, (, ,
).
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]

>>> s = set (arr)
#
>>> s
{ 1, 2, 3}
>>> arr = 1ist(s)

>>> arr
[1, 2, 3]
# n
# n
TypeError. :
8.
8.8.
147
in.
Fa1se.
True,
>>> 2 in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 6 in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #

(True, Fa1se)
,
in
. , ~
index () .
ind(<>[,
index ()
<>[,
<>]])
, .
Va1ueError.
, . :
> arr = [1, 2, l, 2, 1]

>>> arr.index(1), arr.index(2)
(0, 1)
>>> arr.index(1, 1), arr.index(1, 3, 5)

(2,
4)
>>> arr.index(3)
Traceback (rnost recent 11 1ast) :
Fi1e "<pyshell#16>", 1ine 1, in <rnodu1e>
arr.index(3)
Va1ueError: 3 is not in 1ist
count (<>). , . :
> arr = [1, 2, 1, 2, 1]
>>> arr.count(1), arr.count(2)
(3, 2)
> arr. count ( 3)
rnax ()
rnin ()
. :
> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> rnax(arr), rnin(arr)
.(5, 1)
n(<>)
True,
, rue.
Fa1se.
>>> any([O, None]), any([O, None, 1]), any([])

(Fa1se, True, Fa1se)
all
(<>)
True,
True
148
1.
Python 3
> 11 ( [0, None]), all ( [0, None, 1]), all ( []), all ( C'str", 10])
(Fa1se, Fa1se, True, True)
8.9.
reverse ()
t!. :
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> arr.reverse()
>>> arr
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
,
reversed (<>). ,
1ist ()
>>> arr. = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 7, 8, 9, 10]

>>> reversed(arr)
<1ist_reverseiterator object at OxOOFD5150>
>>> 1ist(reversed(arr))
#n 1ist()
[10, 9, 8, 7, , 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
>>> for i in reversed(arr): print(i, end=" ") # n
10 9 8 7 5 4 3 2 1
>>> [i for i in reversed(arr)] #n
[10, 9, 8, 7, , 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
shuff1e (<n> [,
<
1. > J)
random
""
. .
random ().
.,
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
import random
# random
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4' 5, , 7, 8, 9, 10]
random.shuff1e(arr)
# n ~
arr
[2, 7, 10, 4' , 8, 9, 3, 1, 5]
8.1 .
random:
choice (<>) -
(, , ):
>>> import random # random

>>> random.choice(["s", "t", "r"]) #n
s'
8.
149
+ samp1e (<>,
<
>) -
. ,
.
, . :
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

>>> random.sample(arr, 2)
[7' 10]
# n
>>> arr
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
8.11.
sort (). :
sort([key=None] [, reverse=fa1se])
.
. :
>
>
>>>
[1,
arr = [2, 7, 10, 4, 6, 8, 9, 3, 1, 5]

arr. sort ()
arr
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
, reverse
True:
>>> arr = [2, 7, 10, 4, 6, 8, 9, 3, 1, 5]
>>> arr.sort(reverse=True)
>>> arr
[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
, (
8.8).
~<J1r 8.$;.~:~...i~
;.: ................... :....... :.::'.'.: ... :::............ :.. :.:: ....... :.:..;;::... :.:: ... :, .. ::::::::::.:.':.: .. : ... :;:.: ..
arr = [ "1", "",

arr.sort ()
for i in arr:
pr1nt(i, end=" ")
m:
"2"]
1. ,
key (
arr = ["1", "",

arr.sort(key=str.1ower)
fo1 i in arr:
print(i, end=" ")
m:
8.9).
"2"]
lower()
150
/.
Python 3
sort ( J .
,
. sorted ().
:
key=None] [, reverse=False])
srtd(<>[,
, .
sort ().
sorted() 8.10.
>>> arr = [2, 7, 10, 4, , , 9, 3, 1, 5]

>>> sorted(arr)
#
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 7, , 9, 10]
>>> sorted(arr, reverse=True) #
[10, 9, , 7, , 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
>>> arr = ["1", "", "2"]
>>> sorted(arr, key=str.1ower)
['1',
8.12.
'2',
'']
, , range ().
, . ,
list (). range () :
range ( [<>, ] <> [,
<>]
. <> ,
. .
, .
<> ,

1.
10:
>>> list(range(11))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
7,
9, 10]
, 1 15:
>>> list(range(1, 1))

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 7,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
>>> list(range(15, , -1))

[15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9,
7,
5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
(
), sarnple (<>,
>)
>>> import random

>>> arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
random. :
7,
9, 10]
<
8.
151
>>> randorn.samp1e(arr, 3)
[1, 9, 5]
>>> randorn.samp1e(range(300), 5)
[259, 294, 142, 292, 245]
8.1 3.
join ().
. :
<>
= <>.jin(<>)
>>> arr = [ "word1", "word2", "word3"]

>>> " - ".join(arr)
'word1 - word2 - word3'
, ,
TypeError:
>>> arr = ["word1", "word2", "word3", 2]

> " - ". join (arr)
File "<pyshe11#69>", 1ine 1, in <rnodu1e>
"~ ".join(arr)
TypeError: sequence itern 3: expected str instance, int found
-,
str ():
>>> arr =. ["word1", "word2", "word3", 2]

'> "- ".join( ( str(i) for i in arr) )
'word1- word2- word3- 2'
,
str ()
>>> arr = ["word1", "word2", "word3", 2]

> str (arr)
" [ 'word1', 'word2', 'word3', 2]"
8.14.
, , .
, 1-
. , - , " ".
tup1e ( [<>]).
. ,
. :
> tup1e ()
()
152
#
>>> tup1e ( "String")
('S', 't', 'r', 'i', 'n', 'g')
>>> tup1e([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) #
/.
Python 3
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
( ):
()
>>> t1
# n .
>>> t2
(5,)
#
(1, "str", (3, 4)) #
>>> t3
>>> t4
1, "str", (3, 4)
# .
>>> t1, t2, t3, t4
((), (5,), (1, 'str', (3, 4)), (1, 'str', (3, 4)))
.
, . ,
. ,
. :
>>> t = (5); type(t)

<c1ass 'int'>
>>> t = ("str"); type(t)
<c1ass 'str'>
# ,
, . ,
Python
, , .
. ,
( ) , 1. ,
, ,
(+), (*), (
in). :
'
>>> t = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , 7, 8, 9)
# n
>>> t [0]
1
>>> t [: :-1]
# n
(9, 8, 7, , 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
>>> t[2:5]
#
(3, 4, 5)
>>> 8 in t, in t
#
(True, Fa1se)
>>> (1, 2, 3) * 3
#
(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2,, 3)
>>> (1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, ) #
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, )
. , , :
>>> t = (1, 2, 3)
>>> t[OJ
#
#
no
no
>>> t
[]
50
153

t[O] =50
# no !
TypeError: 'tup1e' object does not support item assignment
n
> t = (1, 2, 3)
> 1en(t)
#
#
1en ():
Python 2.6,
n :
t index (<> [,
<>
Va1ueError.
[,
<>]]
)-
n , n n
. :
>>> t = (1, 2, 1, 2, 1)
>>> t.index(1), t.index(2)
(0, 1)
>>> t.index(l, 1), t.index(l, 3, 5)

(2,
4)
> t.index(3)
Va1ueError: tup1e.index(x):
t count (<>) -
not in tup1e
, . :
>>> t = (1, 2, 1, 2, 1)
>>> t.count(l), t.count(2)
(3, 2)
> t.count (3)
. n n ,
, n n
. n n.
8.15.
itertoo1s
itertools
, .n n
n, n .
, n . n
, n n :
import itertoo1s
8.15.1.
n n :
t count ( [start=O] [, step=1])-
. n
start,
- n
step.
154
/.
Python 3
>>> import itertools

>>> for i in itertools.count():
if i > 10: break
print(i, end=" ")
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
>>> list(zip(itertools.count(),
[10,
''),
''),
(1,
(2,
''),
""))
''),
(3,
'')]
(4,
>>> 1ist(zip(ltertools.count(start=2, step=2),

[(2, ''), (4, ''), (6, ''), (8, ''), (10,
cycle (<>) -
""))
'')]
. , n
. . :
>>> n = 1
>>> for i in itertools.cyc1e("a"):
if n > 10: break
print(i, end=" ")
+= 1
> list(zip(itertools.cycle([O, 1]), ""))

[(0, ''), (1, ''), (0, ''), (1, ''), (0, '')]
repeat
(<>
< >])
[,
, :
>>> 1ist(itercools.repeat(1, 10))

[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
>>> list(zip(itertoo1s.repeat(5),
[(5, ''), (5, ''), (5, ''), (5,
8.15.2.
""))
''),
(5,
'')]
n :
cominations
() -
. :
mintins(<>,
< >)
>>> import itertoo1s

>>> list(itertools.cominations('a', 2))
[('',
''),
('',
'')]
('',
''),
>>> ["".join(i) for i in

[ ' ' , ' ' ' ' ' , ' ' '
('',
''),
{'',
''),
('',
itertools.cominations('a',
' '
'
''
''),
2)]
>>>
2))
list(itertools.cominations('a',
[('',
''),
('',
'')]
>>>
155
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
list(itertools.cominations('a',
[('',
'',
''),
('',
'',
'')]
('',
'',
''),
('',
''),
3))
('',
+ cominations_with:_replacernent () -
''),
'',
''),
. :
cominations_with_replacernent(<oceoaeoc>,
<
>)
>>>
list(itertools.cominations_with_replacernent('a',
2))
[('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
'')]
>>> list(itertools.cominations_with_replacernent('a', 2))

[ ('', ''), ('', ''), (!', ''), ('', ''), ('', ''),
('',
''),
('',
perrnutations () -
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
'')]
, .
. ,
. . :
rmuttins(<>[,
< >])
>>>
2))
list(itertools.perrnutations('a',
[('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
'')]
>>> ["".join(i) for i in
itertools.perrnutations('a')]
['',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
.'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'']
product () -
. :
rdut(<l>[,
... ,
<N>]
[,
repeat=l])
:
>>> frorn itertools irnport product

>>> list(product('a', repeat=2))
[ ('', '')' (''' ''), ('', ''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
{'',
'')'
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
''),
('',
'')]
>>> ["".join(i) for i in product ( ' ' ,

[ '', '', '', '']
'',
repeat=l)]
156
>>> ["".join(i) for i
inproduct('a',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
:',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
'',
8.15.3.
''
Python 3
repeat=2)]
'',
['',
''
/.
filterfa1se (, <>)-

( ), ,
, Fa1se. :
>>> irnport itertoo1s

>>> def func(x): return
>>>
[0,
>>>
[ 4'
> 3
1ist(itertoo1s.filterfa1se(func, [4, 5, ,
2, 3]
1ist(filter(func, [4, 5, , , 7, 2, 3]))
5, , 7]
7, 2, 3]))
None,

Fa1se.
True, ,
. :
>>> 1ist(itertoo1s.filterfa1se(None, [0, 5,

[0,
>>> 1ist(fi1ter(None, [0, 5,

[5, , 7' 3]
7,
3]))
dropwhi1e ( ,
7,
3]))
<>)
( ), , ,
,
>>> def func
():
return
Fa1se. :
> 3
>>> 1ist(itertoo1s.dropwhi1e(func, [4, 5,

[0, 7, 2, 3]
>>> 1ist(itertoo1s.dropwhi1e(func, [4, 5,
7, 2, 3]))
7, 8]))
[]
>>> 1ist(itertoo1s.dropwhi1e(func,
[1, 2, 4' 5, , 7, 8]
takewhi1e ( ,
[1, 2, 4' 5,
<>) -
7, 8]))
( ), ,
, , Fa1se. :
>>> def func

>>>
[ 4'
>>>
[ 4'
>>>
[]
()
: return
> 3
1ist(itertoo1s.takewhi1e(func, [4, 5,
5,
7, 2, 3]))
1ist(itertoo1s.takewhi1e(func, [4, 5, , 7, 8]))

5, , 7, 8]
1ist(itertoo1s.takewhi1e(func, [1, 2, 4, 5, , 7, 8]))
157
8.
compress () -
. , (
) . ,
. :
mrss(<
>,
<
>)
>>>
1ist(itertoo1s.compress('ae',
['',
>>>
'',
1isL:(itertoo1s.compress('ae',
['',
8.15.4.
[1,
1, 1]))
'']
[True, Fa1se, True]))
'']
, , itertoo1s
:
starmap(<yl..I.>,
<>)-
. ,
.
. ,
, . :
>>> import itertoo1s .

>>> def fuc1(x, ): return
> 1ist (itertoo1s.starmap(func1, [ (1, 2),

[3, 9, 13]
>>> def func2(x, , z): return ++ z
> 1ist (itertoo1s.starmap(func2,
[6, 15]
zip_1ongest () -
(4, 5),
[ (1, 2, 3),
(6, 7)]))
(4, 5, 6)]))
, .
,
fillva1ue. :
zi_1ngst(<1>[,
... ,
<N>]
[, fi11va1ue=None])
:
> 1ist (itertoo1s. zip_1ongest ( [1, 2, 3],

[(1, 41, (2, 5), (3, 6)]
> list (itertoo1s.zip_1ongest ( [1, 2, 3],
[ (1, 4), (2, None), (3, None)]
> 1ist(itertoo1s,zip_1ongest([1, 2, 3],
[(1, 4),
(2, 0),
(3, 0)]
> 1ist(zip([1, 2, 3],

[ ( 1, 4)]
[4]))
[4, 5, 6]))
[4]))
[4], fillva1ue=0))
158
accumu1ate
(<>)
/. Python 3
. . :
>>> 1ist(itertoo1s.accumu1ate([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]))

[1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21]
>>> # [0+1, 1+2, 3+3, 6+4, 10+5, 15+6]
chain () -
, . . :
hin(<1>[,
... ,
<N>])
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
arr1, arr2, arr3 = [1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [, 7, , 9]

1ist(itertoo1s.chaln(arr1, arr2, arr3))
2, 3, 4, 5, , 7, , 9]
1ist ( itertoo1s. chain ( "", "defg", "hij") )
['',
'',
'',
'd', '', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j']
>>> 1ist ( i tertoo1s. chain ( "", [ "defg", "hij "J ) )
['',
'',
'',
'defg',
chain. from_ i terae
'hij'J
(<>)
chain (),
.
. :
>>>
tee
"defg", "hij"]))
'g', 'h', 'i', 'j']
1ist(itertoo1s.chain.from_iterale(["abc",
['',
'',
'',
'd',
'',
(<>
[,
'f',
<>]
)-
. ,
. :
>>> arr = [1, 2, 3]

>>> itertoo1s.tee(arr)
(<itertoo1s.tee object at Ox00rDB760>,
<itertoo1s.tee object at Ox00rDB73B>)
>>> itertoo1s.tee(arr, 3)
(<itertoo1s.tee object at Ox00rDB710>,
<itertoo1s.tee object at Ox00rDB7DB>,
<itertoo1s.tee obJect at Ox00rDB7B0>)
- , n
no
no
. , n ,
. r n n
f1 . ,
n
n.
n ,
, n n .
, n. n ,
n n, n ,
, n ., n. n,
n . , n
9.1.
no
, .
n:
dict
(). :
dit(<1>=<1>[,
... ,
<N>=<N>])
dit(<>)
dit(<
dit(<
(,
[,
)>)
]>)
n , n . :
>>> d
dict(); d
{}
>>> d = dict(a=1, =2); d

{'': l,
'': 2}
>>> d = dict ( {"": 1, "!': 2}); d
#
{'': 1,
'': 2)
>>> d = dict([("a", 1), ("", 2)]); d #
{'': 1, '': 2)
>>> d = dict ( [ ["", 1], ["", 2]]); d #
{'': 1,
'': 2)
160
/. Python 3
zip ( J:
["", ""]
# n
# n
[1; 2]
>>> list(zip(k, v))
#
[ ('', 1), ( '', 2) J
>>> d = dict(zip(k, v)); d #
>>> k
> v
('':
1,
'':
2}
.
. ,
"/" . :
{ }; d
>>> d
{}
>>> d
{'':
1,
"":
'':
1,
"":
2 }; d
2}
d = {}
d["a"]
1
d["b"]
2
d
{'': 1,
'': 2}
#
#
#
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
"")
"")
dict. fromkeys (<> [, <>] ) .
, .
, None. :
>>> d = dict.fromkeys(["a", "", ""])

>>> d
{ ' ' : None, '' : None, '' : None}
>>> d = dict.fromkeys(["a", "", ""], 0)
>>> d
{'':
>>> d
>>> d
{'':
'':
'':
0}
dict.fromkeys(("a",
'':
'':
# ;
"",
""),
)#
, .
.
, .
:
>>> dl = d2
{ "": 1, "": 2 } #
>>> d2["b"] = 10
>>> dl, d2
#
({'': 1,
'': 10}, {'': 1,
'': 10})
!!
, d2
dl. ,
, . ,
:
9.
>>> d1, d2
> d2["b"]
> d1, d2
1,
({'':
{
=
'':
"":
1,
"":
161
2 }, {
"":
1,
"":
2 }
10
2},
{'':
1,
'':
10})
dict 1) (
. 9:1. .
..
9.1 ).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
l...:_....~-~~~-~~
<:~;~-~-~~ ~i~~~;~;;;;;'~;;~~~ ;;i;J~~ ~Q~~~; ~~~~~~~~~<>
...........................................:,. ............... """;;:................ ;,,,,,,,,,;,,;. ;;,,, ...,;,,;,,,,; .................... :.... ; ............................. ................................................. ...........
,;
;;;,,,
>>> d1 = { "": 1, "": 2 } #

>>> d2 = dict(d1)
#
>>> d1 is d2 # ,
Fa1se
> d2["b"] = 10
>>> d1, d2
# d2
({'': 1,
'': 2},
{'': 1,
'': 10})
, ~ 1)
9.2).
[ 9.2. . ntiQfin t~~osap~t ii() t.
k.. :;, .......;...'................-........ ,.,;;, ..-..............:.:: ...;;.:=~;;,,,;:........ ;,, .. ~.;'l~:];';;[.j~jl~::;;~[~;;;,:.;;,;::;, ....'.=.:;....:.~.:: ..=.;;;~=.:;;;:.:~;;;:;=,;.,; .. :; ..~~; ... :;:.: ..:::~ ..'.';~;.::: ....'. ;:;.~ ;..~.;:.~: :. ;;,, ................. ""''""'"''"'''"''
>>> d1 = ( "": 1, "": 2 } #

>>> d2 = d1.copy()
#
>>> d1 is d2 # ,
Fa1se
> d2["b"] = 10
>>> d1, d2
# d2
({'': 1,
'': 2},
{'': 1,
'': 10})
, deepcopy
(
1)
9.3).
ii'~t;~~~~-:;c~;~~~;~~-~~~:~J~~~-~J-~r;
. . . . . . . .". .". . . . . . . . . . . . .
~
e ................... , ........ , ............................................................
:.. '.:: ..... '' ..... ' .. """." ... "... "....:"." .., ......... ;;,; : ;, ;.~ ;.. "...=;; i. =,;. .. "" .. :;.. ;.. "."""' .. ,;;.~ .. :; :..... "'" ...... ". ;, ;~. .;,.;, ................~ ;,; ;;,.: .,',:: ;;, ;,.,;," "' ......... '.... ;.......... ""' .... ;."........... "' ....... "'"".' ........... ;
d1 = { '"": 1, "": [20, 30, 40] }

#
d2 = dict(d1)
d2 [""] [0] = "test"
d1, d2
# r! ! !
({'': 1, '':
['test', 30, 40]}, {'': 1, '': ['test', 30, 40]})
> 1mport
>>> d3 = copy.deepcopy(d1) #
> d3["b"] [1] = 800
>>> d1, d3
# d3
({'': 1,
'':
['test', 30, 40]}, {'': 1, '': ['test', 800, 40]})
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
9.2.
. , ,
.
1349
162
/.
Python 3
>>>d= { 1: "int", "": "str",

> d[1], d["a"], d[ (1, 2)]
( 'int' , 'str' , 'tup1e' )
(1, 2): "tup1e")
, , ,
KeyError:
>>> d = { "": 1, "":

>>> d["c"]
Traceback (most recent
File "<pyshell#49>",
d [""]
KeyError: ''
2 }
#
11 last) :
line l, in <module>
#
in. ,
True, - Fa.,J..se. :
>>> d = { "": 1,
>>> "" in d
True
>>> "" in d
False
"":
get (<> [, < no >])
. ,
, . ,
None , n. :
>>> d = { "": 1, "": 2 }

>>> d.get("a"), d.get("c"), d.get("c", 800)
(1, None, 800)
, setdefault(<rno>[,
<
>]). , ,
. , , ,
n. ,
None. :
>>> d = { "": 1, "": 2 }
>>> d.setdefault("a"), d.setdefault("c"), d.setdefault("d", 0)
(1, None, 0)
>>> d
{ ' ' : 1, '' : None, '' : 2, 'd' : }
,
. ,
:
>>>d= {"": 1, "": 2}

>>> d["a"]
800
>>> d["c"] = "string~
>>> d
{'': 800,
'': 'string',
#
#
'':
2}
9.
163
>>> d = {
>>> len(d)
2
"":
1,
"":
2 )

>>> d = { "": l,
>>> del d["b"]; d
"":
len i):
del:
2 )
""
{'':
l)
9.3.
for,
. .

keys (), .
.
,
. (
9.4).
'""'"""''(''""".''''"'""''"''''"''"'''""'""""""'""'"""'"''""'""'~'""~'"'""".'""".'.~'""""'"""'""".''"""""."!'<'""('"'~~".'.:'"'''".'('.'!'"".'(~.'!"'"""'"."!"''"''""""'""'''"
.........................~. ......... ,.
.:.~.~~~~~..~.:~.~~.~~~.~;;~~.~~.~.~~?.~.;~,?.~.~~'-- ' .........;. .,......; ...........,.....;......................,.................................................!

{"": 1, ": 2,
"z": 3}
for key in d.keys():
# keys()
print("({O) => {l))".format(key, d[key]), end=" ")
# : ( => 2) ( ~> l) (z => 3)
print ()
#
#
for key in d:
print (" ( {0} => {l})".format(key, d[key]), end=" ")
# : ( => :') ( => l) ( z => 3)
d =
. ,
.
{"":
1,
"":
'2.,
sort ().
"z": 3}
k = list(d.keys() 1
#
k. sort ( )
#
for key in k:
print("({O) => {l})".format(key, d[key]), end=" ")
# : ( => l) ( => 2) (z => 3)

sort ()
sorted ( 1.
d =
{"":
1,
"":
2,
"z": 3}
for key 1n sorted(d.keys()):

print("({O} => {l))".format{key, d[key]), end=" ")
# : { => l) (=> 2) {z => 3)
,
,
keys ():
sorted ( 1
164
d =
{"":
1,
/.
Python 3
2, "z": 3}
"":
for key in sorted(d):

print("({O) => {1))".format(key, d[key]), end=" ")
# : '( => 1) ( => 2) (z => 3)
9.4.
keys () -
dict_keys, .
, . :
>>> d1, d2 = { "": 1, "": 2 }, { "": 3, "": 4, "d": 5 )

>>> d1.keys(), d2.keys() # dict~keys
(dict_keys(['a', '']), dict_keys(['a', '', 'd']))
>>> 1ist(d1.keys()), 1ist(d2.keys()) #
( ['', ''], ['', 'r::', 'd'.J)
>>> for k in d1. keys () : print ( k, end=" ")

>>> d1.keys ()
d2. keys ()
'd'}
> d1.keys() - d2. keys ()
{ ''}
> d2.keys() - d1. keys ()
{'',
'd'}
> d1.keys() & d2. keys ()
{'',
{''
'',
11
> d1. keys ()

{'',
'',
'',
va1ues () -
d2. keys ()
'd' J

dict_va1ues, .
. :
>>>d= {"": 1, "": 2 J

>>> d. va1ues ()
dict_va1ues([1, 2])
>>> 1ist(d.va1ues())
dict va1ues
[1, 2]
>>> [ v for v in d.va1ues() ]

[1, 2]
items ()
dict_items,
. . :
>>> d = { "": 1, "": 2 J

>>> d.items()
#
dict_items([('a', 1), ( '', 2)])
>>> 1ist(d.items())
#
[ ('', 1), ( '', 2)]
<>
dict_items
in <>- l .
True, - Fa1se.
9.
165
>>> d = {
>>>
1,
"":
"":
2 }
""
in d
""
in d
True
>>>
Fa1se
t get (<> [,
< >]) - ,
, . ,

None
, . :
>>>d= {"": 1, "": 2}

>>> d.get("a"), d.get("c"), d.get("c", 800)
(1, None, 800)
t setdefau1 t
(<>
[,
< >]
}-
, . ,
, .
,
None.
>>> d = { "": 1, "": 2 }

>>> d.setdefault("a"),d.setdefau1t("c"),d.setdefau1t("d", 0)
(1, None, 0)
>d
{ '' : 1, '' : None, '' : 2, 'd' : }
(<>
[,
<
>])
. ,
. ,
KeyError.
>>> d = { "": 1, "": 2, "": 3 }

>>> d.pop("a"), d.pop("n", 0)
(1, 0)
>>> d.pop("n") #
Traceback (most recent call 1astJ :
Fi1e "<pyshell#40>", 1ine 1, in <modu1e>
d.pop("n") #
KeyError: 'n'
>>> d
{'':
3,
'':
2}
t popitem()-
>>> d = { "": 1,
>>> d.popitem() #
('',
"":
KeyError.
2 }
1)
>>> d.popitem() #
( '', 2)
>>> d.popitem() # .
Traceback (most recent 11 1ast}:
Fi1e "<pyshell#45>", 1ine 1, in <moduie>
d.popitem() # .
KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'
166
/.
Python 3
c1ear () - .
. :
>>> d = { "": 1,
> d. c1ear ()
>>> d
2 }
"":
#
#
{)
update () -
. :
udt(<1>=<1>[,
... ,
<N>=<N>])
udt(<>)
update(<Cnco >)
update(<Cnco
>)
,
. :
>>> d = { "": 1, "": 2 }

>>> d.update(c=, d=4)
>>> d
{'':
1,
'':
3,
'':
2,
'd': 4}
>>> d.update({"c": 10, "d": 20))

#
>>> d # n
{'': 1,
'': 10,
'': 2,
'd': 20}
>>> d.update([("d", 80), ("", )])
# n
>>> d
{'': 1; '': 10, '': 2,
'': ,
'd': 801
>>> d.update([["a", "str"], ["i", "t"]]) #n
>>> d
{'': 'str',
'': 10, '': 2,
'': , 'd': , 'i': 't'}
() - :
>>> d1 = { "": 1, "": [10, 20] }

>>> d2 = d1.copy() # n n
>>> d1 is d2
#
Fa1se
>>> d2["a"] = 800 #
>>> d1, d2
# d2
({'': 1, '': [10, 20]), {'': 800, '': [10, 20]})
>>> d2 [""] [0] = "new" # n
>>> d1, d2
# d1, d2t!!
({'': 1, '': ['new', 20]}, {'': 800,
'': ['new', 20]})
,
deepcopy ()
9.5.
Python 3
, ! :
9.
167
, ;

for ,
. , , , ,
,- .
>>> keys =
""]
#
[1, 2]
#
> {k: v for {k, v) in zip(keys, values)}
["",
>>> values =
{'':
1,
>>> {k:
{'':
'':
2}
for k in keys}
'': 0}
. ,

for () i f .
, , :
>>> d = { "": 1, "": 2, "": 3, "d": 4

>>> {k: v for (k, v) in d~items() if v% 2 == 0}
{ '': 2, 'd': 4}
9.6.
- ,
, , .
, , , .
set ():
>>> s = set ()
>>> s
set ()
set 1) :
>>> set("string")
#
{ 'g', 'i f, 'n'' 's', 'r', 't 1}
>>> set ( [1; 2, 3, 4, 5])
#
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
>>> set ( (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
#
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> set ( [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]) #
{1, 2, 3}
Python 3 , ..
, ,
. ,
:
>>> {1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3}
{1, 2, 3}
>>>
{), set()
set 1).
168
> type
_#
()
<cla55 'dict'>
> type ()
1.
Python 3
!!!
<cla55 '5et'>
n for:
>>> for i in 5et([1, 2, 3]): print(i, end=" ")
1 2 3
n len ():
> len(5et([1, 2, 3]))

3
n
:
1 union () - :
>>> 5 = {1, 2, 3}
> 5.union(5et([4, 5, 6])), 51 5et([4, 5, 6])
({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6})

, n :
> 5et([1, 2, 3])
1 5et([1, 2, 3])
{1, 2, 3}
1= . update () - :
>>> 5 = {1, 2, 3}
>>> 5.update(5et([4, 5, 6]))
>>> 5
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
>51= 5et([7, 8, 9])
>>> 5
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
+ - difference ()
7, 8, 9}
- :
> 5et([1, 2, 3])- 5et([1, 2, 4])

{3}
>>> {1, 2, 3}.difference(5et([1, 2, 4]))

{3}
-= . difference _ upciate () - ,
, :
>>> 5 = {1, 2, 3}
>>> 5.difference_update(5et([1, 2, 4]))
>>> 5
{3}
>5>>> 5
5et ()
5et([3, 4, 5])
&
9.
intersection () -
169
. ,
> set ( [ 1 , 2 , 3] )
&
set ( [ 1 , 2, 4 ] )
{1' ~}
>>> s = {1, 2, 3}
>>> s.intersection(set([1, 2, 4]))
{1, 2}
&= .
intersection_update ()
- ,
, :
>>> s = {1, 2, 3}
>>> s.intersection_update(set([J, 2, 4]))
>>> s
{1' 2}
>>> s &= {1,
>>> s
7}
{ 1)
symmetric_ difference () -
>
s
>>> s
{1, 2, 3)
set([1, 2, 4]), s.symmetric_difference(set([1, 2, 4]))
( { 3, 4}'
>>> s
(set (),
>>> s
( {1, 2,
{ 3, 4})
set ( [1, 2, 3])' s.symmetric_difference(set([1, 2, 3]))

set ())
set ( [ 4, 5, ])' s .symmetric_difference (set ( [ 4, 5, ]))
3, 4' 5, }' {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, })
a.symmetric_difference_update(b)-
, :
>>> s = {1, 2, 3}
>>> s.symmetric_difference_update(set([1, 2, 4]))
>>> s
{3, 4}
>>> S
>>> s
{ 4' 5,
{3, 5,
n :
in-
>>> s = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> 1 in s, 12 in s, 12 not in s
(True, Fa1se, True)
= = - :
> set ( [1, 2, 3]) == set ( [1, 2, 3])

True
> {1, 2, 3} == {3, 2, 1}
True
170
Python 3
set ( [ 1 , 2 , 3, 4 J )
> set ( [1, 2, 3])

Fa1se
1.
a.issuset ()- ,
<=
>>> s = {1, 2, 3}
>>> s <= set([1, 21), s <= set([1, 2, 3, 4])
(Fa1se, True)
>>> s.issuset(set([1, 2])), s.issuset({1, 2, 3, 4})
(Fa1se, True)
<
- , .
>>> s = {1, 2, 3}
>>> s < set([1, 2, 3]), s < set([1, 2, 3, 4])
(Fa1se, True)
>= . issuperset () -
>>> s = {1, 2, 3}
>>> s >= set([1, 2]), s >= set([1, 2, 3, 4])
(True, Fa1se)
>>> s.issuperset(set([1, 2])), s.issuperset({1, 2, 3, 4})
(True, Fa1se)
> - , .
>>> s = {1, 2, 3}
> s > set([1, 2]), s > set([1, 2, 3])
(True, Fa1se)
isdisjoint () - True,
( , ~ ):
>>> s = {1! 2, 3}
>>> s.isdisjoint(set([4, 5, 6]))
True
>>> s.isdisjoint(set([4, 1, 6]))
False
l>! :
( J -
. ,
, . :
>>> s
>>>
True
s; s is
>>>=
s.copy()
>>>
{1, 2, 3}
{1, 2, 3}
>>> s is
Fa1se
9.
t add (<>) -
171
<> :
>>> s = { 1, 2, 3)
> s.add(4); s
{1, 2, 3, 4)
t remove (<>)
- <> . ,
>>> s = {1, 2, 3)
>>> s.remove(3); s
KeyError:
#
{1, 2)
>>> s.remove(5)
#
Traceback (most recent call 1ast):
s.remove(5)
#
KeyError: 5
disrd(<>)- <> , :
>>>
>>>
{1,
>>>
{1,
s = {1, 2, 3)
s.discard(3); s
2)
s.discard(5); s
2)
() - .
,
KeyError:
>>> s = {1, 2)
>>> s.pop(), s
(1, {2))
>>> s.pop(), s
(2, set())
>>> s.pop() # ,
Fi1e "<pyshell#81>", line 1, in <modu1e>
s.pop() # ,
KeyError: ' from an empty set'
t c1ear ()
- :
>>> s = {1, 2, 3)
>>> s.c1ear(); s
set ()

Python
frozenset. set,
frozenset .
frozenset ():
>>> f = frozenset()
> f
frozenset ()
frozenset ()
172
>>> frozenset("string")
frozenset ( { 1 g 1 ' 1 i 1 ' 1 n 1 ' 1 s 1 '
>>> frozenset ( [1, 2, 3, 4, 4])
frozenset({1, 2, 3, 4})
>>> frozenset( (1, 2, 3, 4, 4))
frozenset((1, 2, 3, 4})
1 '
/.
Python 3
't 1 } 1
frozenset , ,
difference ( 1, isdisjoint (), intersection (), issuset ( 1,
issuperset (), symrnetric_ difference () union ().
: (),
9. 7.
Pyth~n
. ,
, .
f, . :
>>> { for
{1, 2, 3}
in [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3]}
. ,
for () if .
, ,
:
>>>
{2}
for
in [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3] if
%2
==
0}
10
Python
time- ,
;
datetime-
, ,
.;
ca1endar- L-;
timeit-
.
10.1. '

time () -
>>> import time

>>> time.time()
1303520699.093
grntime ( [<

#
#
1 1970
.):
time
>])
(UTC).
time:
struct_time,
, .
, ,
, . :
>>> time.grntime(O)
# n
time.struct time(tm_year=1970, tm_mon=1, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=O,
tm_min=O, tm_sec=O, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=1, tm_isdst=O)
>>> time.grntime()
#
time. struct time (tm_year=2011, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=1,
tm_min=B, tm_sec=9, tm_wday=S, tm_yday=113, tm_isdst=O)
>>> time.grntime(1283307823.0)
# 01-09-2010
time.struct_time(tm_year=2010, tm_mon=9, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=2,
tm_min=23, tm_sec=43, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=244, tm_isdst=O)
174
/.
Python 3
,
:
>>> d = time.gmtime()
>>> d.tm_year, d(O]
(2011, 2011)
>>> tup1e(d)
#
(2011, 4, 23, 1, 10, 24, 5, 113, 0)
1ocaltime ([< >])- struct_time,

. , .
, , - ,
. :
>>> time .11 time ()

# ~
time.struct time(tm year=2011, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=5,
tm_min=12, tm_sec=55, tm_wday=5, tm_yday=113, tm_isdst=1)
>>> time.1oca1time(1283307823.0) # 01-09-2010
time.struct_time(tm_year=2010, tm_mon=9, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=,
tm_min=23, tm_sec=43, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=244, tm_isdst=1)
mktime(<Oe
struct_time>)-
, .
struct_time
. ,
overflowError. :
>>> d = time.1oca1time(130352099.0)
>>> time.mktime(d)
130352099.0
>>> tup1e(time.1oca1time(130352099.0))
(2011, 4, 23, 5, 4, 59, 5, 113, 1)
>>> time.mktime((2011, 4, 23, 5, 4, 59, 5, 113, 1))
.130352099.
>>> time.mktime((1940, , 31, 5, 23, 43, 5, 31, 0))

. .. . ...
Overf1owError: mktime argument out of range
struct_time, gmtime() 1ocaltime(),
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
tm_year -
tm_mon- 1 - ( 1 12);
tm_mday- 2 - ( 1 31);
tm_hour- 3 - ( 23);
tm_min- 4 - ( 59);
tm_sec- 5 - ( 59, 61);
tm_ wday- - ( ( ) ( ));
tm_yday- 7 - , ( 1 3);
tm_isdst- 8 - ( , 1 -1).
,
- (
10.1 ).
1.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import time #

d
"n",
"n",
rn =
"",
"",
"",
time
"",
"",
"',
"",
"~<:"
"",
"",
175
"",
"",
"n~",
"",
"",
"",
"", "~<:" ]
t = time.1oca1time() # ~<:
print ( ": \n%s %s %s %s %02d: %02d: %02d\n%02d. %02d. %02d" %
( d[t[]], t[2], m[t[1]], t[O], t[3], t[4], t[5],
t[2], t[1], t[O] ) )
input ()
:
:
24 2011
24.08.2011
10.2.
1~:07:29
time:
strftime(<Cpo~<:a
>[,
<~<:
struct_time>])-
. ,
.
struct_time
. . :
>>> import time

>>> time.strftime("%d.%m.%Y") #
'24.08.2011'
>>> time.strftime("%H:%M:%S") #
'05:26:51'
> time .strftime ("%d. %m. %", time .1ocaltime (1283307823. 0))
'01.09.2010'
strptime (<~<: > [,
<~<:
>]
)-
, .
,
struct_time.
va1ueError.
, "% % %d %: %: %S %". :
> time.strptime("Sat Apr 23 05:31:50 2011")

time.struct_time(tm_year=2011, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=S,
tm_min=31, tm_sec~50, tm_wday=5, tm_yday=113, tm_isdst=-1)
> time .strptime ( "23 .04. 2011", "%d. %m. %")
time.struct_time(tm_year=2011, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=O,
tm_min=O, tm_sec=O, tm_wday=5, tm_yday=113, tm_isdst=-1)
176
/.
Python 3
>>> tirne.strptirne("23-04-2011", "%d.%rn.%Y")

...
Va1ueError: tirne data '23-04-2011' does not rnatch forrnat '%d.%rn.%Y'
asctirne ( [< struct_ tirne> J ) -
n .
n , n . n

struct_tirne ,
. :
#
>>> tirne.asctirne()
'Wed Aug 24 17:11:37 2011'
>>> time.asctirne(tirne.1oca1tirne(1283307823.0))
'Wed Sep 1 06:23:43 2010'
ctirne ( [ <JU1 >] ) -
asctirne (), n
n struct_tirne, , n n
. :
> tirne. ctime ()

'Wed Aug 24 17:12:30 2011'
>>> tirne.ctirne(1283307823.0)
'Wed Sep 1 06:23:43 2010'
n < > strftirne () strptirne () n

n :
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
%- ( "00" "99");
%- (n, "2011 ");
%rn- n ( "01" "12");

%- (n, "" );
%- (n, "");
%d- n ( "01" "31 ");

%j- ( "001" "366");
%u- ( "00" "53"). .
n ;
%W- ( "00" "53"). n.

n n ;
+
+
%w- (""- , "6"- );
%- (n, ""
n);
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
%- (n, "");
%- 24-~ ( "00" "23");
%I- 12- ( "01" "12");

%- ( "00" "59");
%S- ( "00" "59", "61");

%- ;
%- n ;
+
+
10.
177
%- ;
%- . :
>>> import locale

> loca1e.set1ocale(loca1e.LC_ALL, "Russian Russia.l251")
'Russian Russia.l251'
> print(time.strftime("%x"))
#
24.08.2011
>>> print(time.strftime("%X"))
#
5:46:20
> print (time. strftime ("%"))
#
24.08.2011 5:46:33
%Z- (, " ()");
%%-"%".
strft ime () (
10.2).
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import time

import 1ocale
1oca1e.set1oca1e(loca1e.LC_ALL, "Russian Russia.l251")
s = ":\n% %d % % %H:%M:%S\n%d.%m.%Y"
print(tlme.strftime(s))
input ()
:
:
24 2011 17:15:00
24.08.2011
10.3.
""
s1eep ()
time
. :
s1(<
>)
.
,
time import time:
> import time

>>> time.s1eep(5)
#
#
"m"
time
from time import sleep:
>>> from time import s1eep

> s1eep(2.5)
#
#
time
"m"
178
10.4.
/.
Python 3
datetime.
datetime . ,
, ,
. ,
:
import datetime
:
timedelta- , .
date dat~time. ,
timede1ta;
+
+
+
+
date- ;
time- ;
datetime- ;
tzinfo- , .
datetime.
10.4.1.
timedelta
timedelta datetime n , ,
, , . :
timedelta ( [days] [, seconds] [, microseconds] [, milliseconds] [, minutes]

[, hours] [, weeks])
.
:
+
+
+
days- ( -999999999 <= days <= 999999999);

seconds- ( <= seconds < 3600*24);
microseconds- ( <= microseconds < 1000000).
milliseconds- ( 1000 11):

>>> import datetime
. >>> datetime.timede1ta(mi11iseconds=1)
datetime.timede1ta(O,
1000)
minutes- ( 60 ):
>>> datetime.timede1ta(minutes=1)
datetime.timede1ta(0, 60)
hours- ( 3600 ):
>>> datetime.timede1ta(hours=1)
datetime.timede1ta(O, 3600)
1.
179
weeks- ( 7 ):
>>> datetirne.tirnede1ta(weeks=1)
datetirne.tirnede1ta(7)
. :
>>> datetirne.tirnede1ta(O, , ,
datetirne.tirnede1ta(0, 3600)
>>> datetirne.tirnede1ta(hours=1)
datetirne.tirnede1ta(O, 3600)
1)
+
+
+
days
-;
seconds- ;
rnicroseconds -
> d = datetirne. tirnedelta(hours=1, days=2, rnilliseconds=1)

>>> d
datetirne.tirnede1ta(2, 3600, 1000)
>>> d.days, d.seconds, d.rnicroseconds
(2, 3600, 1000)
>>> repr(d), str(d)
('datetirne.tirnede1ta(2, 3600, 1000) ', '2 days, 1:00:V0.001000')
tota1_seconds () (

Python 3.2):
>>> d = datetirne.tirnede1ta(rninutes=1)
>>> d.tota1_seconds()
60.0
tirnedelta +, -, !,
1/, % *, + -,
abs (). :
'
> d1
datetirne.tirnede1ta(days=2)
>>> d2
datetirne.tirnede1ta(days=7)
>>> d1 + d2, d2 - d1
(datetirne.tirnede1ta(9), datetirne.tirnede1ta(5))
>>> d2 1 d1
3.5
>>> d1 1 2, d2 1 2.5
(datetirne.tirnede1ta(1), datetirne.tirnede1ta(2,
> d2 11 d1
3
>>> d1 // 2, d2 11 2
#
69120))
#
#
(datet1rne.tirnede1ta(1), datetirne.tirnede1ta(3, 43200))
> d2 % d1
#
datetirne.tirnede1ta(1)
>>> d1 * 2, d2 * 2
#
(datetirne.tirnede1ta(4), datetirne.tirnede1ta(14))
180
/.
Python 3j
i
#
>>> 2 * d1, 2 * d2
(datetime.timede1ta(4), datetime.timede1ta(14))
> d = -d1
> d, abs(d3)
(datetime.timede1ta(-2), datetime.timede1ta(2))
, n n
> d1
datetime.timede1ta(days=2)
>>> d2 = datetime.timede1ta(days=7)
>>> d = datetime.timede1ta(weeks=1)
>>> d1 == d2, d2
d
(Fa1se, True)
>>> d1 != d2, d2 != d
(True, Fa1se)
>>> d1 < d2, d2 <= d
(True, True)
>>> d1 > d2, d2 >= d
(Fa1se, True)
10.4.2.
date
'
==, ! =, <, <=, > >=.
date
datetime
n n n .
:
dt(<>,
<>,
<>)
n . n n
:
<> -
MINYEAR
R. :
>>> import datetime

>>> datetime.MINYEAR,
(1, 9999)
<>-
<> -
12
datetime.AXYEAR
n,
>>> datetime.date(2011, 8, 24)

datetime.date(2011, 8, 2~)
>>> datetime.date(2011, 13, 24)
# n
. . . n ...
Va1ueError: month must in 1 .. 12
>>> d = datetime.date(2011, 8, 24)
>>> repr(d), str(d)
('datetime.date(2011, 8, 24)', '2011-08-24')
Va1ueError. :
n n :
today () -
>>> datetime.date.today() #
datetime.date(2011, 8, 24)
1.
181
fromtimestamp(<Koeco >)- ,
, n n:
>>> import datetime, time

>>> datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()) #
>>> datetime.date.fromtimestamp(1233368623.0) # 31-01-2009
fromordina1 (< 1 >) -
, n 1 . n 1
datetime .date.max. toordina1 ().
>>> datetime.date.max.toordina1()
3652059
>>> datetime.date.fromordina1(3652059)
>>> datetime.date.fromordina1(1)
n :
+
+
+
year- ( n MINYEAR R);

month- ( 1 12);
day- ( 1 ).
>>> d = datetime.date.today() #
> d.year, d.month, d.day
(2011, 8, 24)
n
date
(24-08-2011)
n n:
date2 = date1 + timedelta- n n .

timedelta. seconds timede1ta .microseconds ;
date2 = date1 - timedelta- n .

timedelta. seconds timedelta .microseconds ;
timedelta = date1 - date2- (n ). timedelta. seconds timedelta .microseconds ;
n n .
>>> d1 = datetime.date(2011, 1, 19)

>>> d2 = datetime.date(2011, 1, 1)
>>> t = datetime.timede1ta(days=10)
>>> d1 + t, d1 - t
# N 10
(datetime.date(2011, 1, 29), datetime.date(2011, 1, 9))
>>> d1 - d2
#
datetime.timede1ta(18)
>>> d1 < d2, d1 > d2, d1 <= d2, d1 >= d2
(False, True, Fa1se, True)
>>> d1 == d2, d1 != d2
(Fa1se, True)
182 .
n
date
/.
Python 3
n :
replace ( [year] [, month] [, day]) -
n n n n
n. :
>>> d = datetime.date(2011, , 5)
>>> d.replace(2012, 3) #
>>> d.replace(year=2009, month=3, day=l)
>>> d.replace(day=7)
#
datetime.date(2011, , 7)
strftime (< >)
5)
isoformat () - --:
>>> d = datetime.date(2011,
>>> d.isoformat()
'2011-06-05'
strftime () time. :
>>> d.strftime("%d.%m.%Y")
'05.06.2011'
5)
ctime () - n :
>>> d = datetime.date(2011, 6, 5)
> d.ctime ()
'Sun Jun
5 00:00:00 2011'
timetuple ()
struct_time
>>> d = datetime.date(2011, 6, 5)
>>> d.timetuple()
time.struct_time(tm_year=2011, tm_mon=, tm_mday=5, tm_hour=O,
tm_min=O, tm_sec=O, tm_wday=, tm_yday=156, tm_isdst=-1)
+ toordinal () - , n 1 :
>>> d = datetime.date(2011, 6, 5)
>>> d.toordinal()
734293
>>> datetime.date,fromordinal(734293)
weekday () -
n (- n,
):
>>> d.weekday() # -
6
isoweekday()
~ n .
7 - ):
(1-
n,
10.
183
>>> d.isoweekday() # -
t isoca1endar () -
(,
):
>>> d.isoca1endar()
(2011, 22, 7)
10.4.3.
5)
time
time datetime .
time( [hour] [, minute] [, second] [, microsecond] [, tzinfo])

.
.
:
t
t
t
t
t
hour- ( 23);
minute-
59);
second- ( 59);
microsecond- 1 ( 999999);
tzinfo- ( tzinfo None).
Va1ueError.
>>> import datetime

>>> datetime.time(23, 12, 38, 375000)
datetime.time(23, 12, 38, .375000)
>>> t = datetime.time(hour=23, second=38, minute=12)
>>> repr(t), str(t)
('datetime.time(23, 12, 38)', '23:12:38')
>>> datetime.time(25, 12, 38, 375000)
...
...
Va1ueError: hour must
in 0 .. 23
t
t
t
t
t
h- (
23);
minute- ( 59);
second- ( ' 59);
microsecond-
999999);
>>> t = datetime.time(23, 12, 38, 375000)

>>> t.hour, t.minute, t.second, t.microsecond
(23, 12, 38, 375000)
184

/.
Python 3
time .
. :
>>> t1
datetime.time(23, 12, 38, 375000)
>>> t2 = datetime.time(12, 28, 17)
>>> t1 < t2, t1 > t2, t1 <= t2, t1 >='t2
(False, True, False, True)
>>> tl == t2, tl != t2
(False, True)

time
replace ( [hour] [, minute] [, second] [, microsecond] [, tzinfo])
. :
>>> t =datetime.time(23, 12, 38, 375000)
>>> t.replace(10, 52)
11
datetime.time(10, 52, 38, 375000)
>>> t.replace(second=21)
11
datetime.time(23, 12, 21, 375000)
isoformat ()
ISO 8601:
>>> t = datetime.time(23, 12, 38, 375000)

>>> t.isoformat()
'23:12:38.375000'
strftime (< >) - .
strftime ()
time.
>>> t = datetime.time(23, 12, 38, 375000)

>>> t.strftime ("%: %M:%S")
'23:12:38'
time
dst (), utcoffset ()
10.4.4.
tzname ().
tzinfo
datetime.
datetime
datetime datetime
. :
datetime(<o>,
<>,
<>[,
hour] [, minute] [, second]
[, microsecond] [, tzinfo])
.
.
+ <>- MINYEAR (1) R (9999);

+ <>- 1 12 ;
+
+
+
+
+
+
10.
<>-
185
hour- '! ( 23);

minute- ( 59);
second- ( 59);
microsecond- ( 99999);
valueError. :
>>> import date~ime

>>> datetime.datetime(2011, , 5)
datetime.datetime(2011, , 5, , 0)
>>> datetime.datetime(2011, , 5, hour=l2, minute=55)
datetime.datetime(2011, , 5, 12, 55)
>>> datetime.datetime(2011, 32, 20)
. . . n ...
ValueError: month must ~n 1 .. 12
>>> d = datetime.datetime (2011,. , 5, 5, 19, 21)
>>> repr(d), str(d)
( 'datetime.datetime (2011, , 5, 5, 19, 21) ', '2011--05 05: 19:21')
:
today () -
>>> datetime.datetime.today()
datetime.datetime(2011, , 24, 7, 51, 47,
now ( [<>] ) -
. ,
today () .
>>> datetime.datetime.now()
datetime.datetirne(2011, , 24, 7, 52, 14,
75000)
utcnow () - (UTC):
>>> datetime.datetime.utcnow()
datetime.datetime(2011, , 24, 3, 52, 39,
4)
90000)
fromtimestamp (< > [, <>] ) -
, :
>>> import datetime, time

>>> datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())
datetime.datetime(2011, , 24, 7, 53, 14, 734000)
>>> datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(12333B23.0)
datetime.datetime(2009, 1, 31, 5, 23, 43)
utcfromtimestamp(<Koeco >)- ,
, ,
>>> datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(time.time())
datetime.datetime(2011, , 24, 3, 54, 2, 93000)
>>> datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(12333B23.0)
(UTC).
186
frornordina1
(<
/.
Python 3
>) - ,
. . 1
datetirne. datetirne .rnax. toordina1 ().
>>> datetirne.datetirne.rnax.toordina1()
352059
>>> datetirne.datetirne.frornordina1(352059)
datetirne.datetirne(9999, 12, 31, , 0)
>>> datetirne.datet~rne.frornordina1(1)
datetirne.datetirne(1, 1, 1, , 0)
comine ( <ru!
datetirne
date>,
<n
>>> d = datetirne.date(2011, , 5) # n
>>> t = datetirne.tirne(9, 12, 35)
# n
>>> datetirne.datetirne.comine(d, t)
datetirne.datetirne(2011, , 5, 9, 12, 35)
tirne>) -
strptirne (<,
>,
< >)
date
tirne:
date
tirne
, .
,
Va1ueError.
>>> datetirne. datetirne. strptirne ( "05. . 2011", "%d. %rn. %")

datetirne.datetirne(2011, , 5, , 0)
>>> datetirne. datetirne. strptirne ( "05. . 2011", "%d-%rn-%Y")
. . . ...
Va1ueError: tirne data '05.0.2011'
does not rnatch forrnat '%d-%rn-%Y'
:
+
+
+
+
+
+
year- ( MINYEAR R);

rnonth- ( 1 12);
day- ( 1 );
hour- ( 23);
rninute- ( 59);
second- ( 59);
rnicrosecod- (
tzinfo- ( tzifo None).
999999);
>>> d = datetirne.datetirne(2011, , 5, 5, 19, 21)

>>> d.year, d.rnoth, d.day
(2011, , 5)
>>> d.hour, d.rninute, d.second, "d.rnicrosecond
(5, 19, 21, 0)

datetirne :
datetirne2
datetirne1 + tirnede1ta-
datetirne2
datetirne1
tirnede1ta-
+
+
1.
187
timedelta = datetime1 - datetime2-
>>> d1 = datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 20, 23, 48, 23)

>>> d2 = datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 10, 15, 38)
>>> t = datetime.timede1ta(days=10, minutes=10)
>>> d1 + t
# 10 10
>>> d1 - t
# 10 10
>>> d1 .- d2
#
datetime.timede1ta(19, 4875)
>>> d1 < d2, d1 > d2, d1 <= d2, d1 >= d2
(Fa1se, True, Fa1se, True)
>>> d1 == d2, d1 != d2
(Fa1se, True)

date ( J
datetime
>>> d = datetime.datetime(2011,
> <;l.date(J
datetime.date(2011, , 5)
time ( J -
+
+
date:
5, 23, 48, 23)
> d.time()
datetime.time(23, 48, 23)
time:
5, 23, 48, 23)
timetz ( J - time. tzinfo;

rep1ace( [year] [, month] [, day] [, hour] [,
tzinfoJ J -
minute] [,
second] [,
microsecond] [,
. :
> d = datetime.datetime (2011, , 5, 23, 48, 23)

>>> d.rep1ace(2008, 12)
>>> d.rep1ace(hour=12, month=10)
timetup1e () - struct_time :
>>> d = datetime.datetime(2011, , 5, 23, 48, 23)
>>> d.timetup1e()
time.struct_time(tm_year=2011, tm_mon=, tm_mday=S, tm_hour=23,
tm_min=48, tm_sec=23, tm_wday=, tm_yday=15, tm_isdst=-1)
utctimetup1e ( J (UTC):
.
>>> d.utctimetup1e()
struct time
-
5, 23, 48, 23)
188
1.
Python 3

toordina1 () -
1 :
>>> d = datetime.datetime(2011, 6, 5, 23, 48, 23)

>>> d.toordina1()
734293
weekday () -
6-
):

>>> d.weekday() # 5-
5
isoweekday () -
(1-
7 - ):

>>> d.isoweekday() # 6-
6
(,
isoca1endar () -
):
>>> d = datetime ..datetime (2011, 6, 5, 23, 48, 23)

>>> d.isoca1endar()
(2011, 22, 7)
isoformat ( [<>]) - ISO 8601:

>>> d.isoformat()
#
'2011-06-0523:48:23'
>>> d.isoformat(" ")

'2011-06-05 23:48:23'
ctime () - ~:
>>>d.ctime()
'Sun Jun 5 23:48:23 2011'
strftime (< >) - .

,
strftime () tirne. :
> d.strftime("%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S")
'05.06.2011 23:48:23'
datetime astimezone (), dst (),

tzname (). ,
tzinfo datetime.
utcoffset ()
10.
10.5.
calendar
189
calendar.
. ,
:
import calendar
n :
Calendar-
, .
Calendar([<nep
>])
n n n
no
2011
, n
>>> import calendar

>>> = calendar.Calendar(O)
>>> c.monthdayscalendar.(2011, 4) # 4 -
[[0, , , , 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, , 7, 8, 9, 10],
[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17], [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24],
[25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, ]]
Textcalendar-
n n .
TextCalendar([<nep

>>>=
>])
2011
c~1endar.TextCalendar(O)
>>> print(c.formatyear(2011)) #
LocaleTextCa1endar-
2011
n n .
.
:
Loca1eTextCalendar([<nep
>[,
201 1
< >]])
>>> = ca1endar.LocaleTextCalendar(O, "Russian_Russia.1251")

>>> print(c.formatyear(2011))
HTLCalendar
HTMLCalendar([<nep
HTML.
>])
201 1 :
>>> = calendar.HTMLCalendar(O)
>>> print(c.formatyear(2011))
Loca1eHTLCa1endar- n
HTML.
.
:
LocaleHTMLCalendar([<nep
>[,
< >]])
190
2011
/.
Pytho
>>> = ca1endar.Loca1eHTMLCa1endar(O, "Russian_Russia.1251")

> xhtm1 = c.fonnatyearpage(2011, encoding="windows-1251")
>>> print(xhtm1.decode("cp1251"))
n ( n) 6
( ). , .
n
SUNDAY.
MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY

setfirstweekday (<
n n
>). n
(
:~~~~~~
:
2011
. n
10.3).
.:;ii:i. 8~;$;;A~~~~~~ci~~~~~~~p~. :. . . . .: . . . . . . . .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:
.............................. .......,.............................. ...;,.,.,,,;,................................ ;,;,,,,,,,,,,;,.,,;,;;;,,; ...........................;.; .. ...;;,,;,,, ......... ;................................................

;
..
>>> = ca1endar.TextCa1endar()
#
>>> c.setfirstweekday(ca1endar.SUNDAY) #
>>> print(c.fonnatmonth(2011, 1)) # 2011 .
10.5.1.
TextCa1endar
fonnatmonth(<o>,
<>[,
TextCalendar Loca/e TextCalendar
Loca1eTextCa1endar
< >[,
<
> J J) ~ . n
n ,
n .
2011
>>> import ca1endar

>>> = ca1endar.Loca1eTextCa1endar(O, "Russian Russia.1251")
>>> print(c.formatmonth(2011, 4))
2011
4 5 7 8
11 12 13 14 15
18 19 20 21 22
25 2 27 28 29
2 3
9 10
16 17
23 24
30
prmonth (<>, <> [, < > [, <

> J J ) ~ fonnatmonth (),
~!, .

2011
>>> = calendar.Loca1eTextCa1endar(O, "Russian Russia.1251")

>>> c.prmom:h (2011, 4' 4)
2011
11
18
25
5
12
19
2
13
20
27
7
14
21
28
1
8
15
2
9
3
10
17
24
22
29
23
30
10.
formatyear(<o>[,
191
=]
w=2] [, 1=1] [,
[,
m=J)-
. :
w-
1 -
- ( );
m-
2);
1);
( ).
201 1 .
>>> = ca1endar.Loca1eTextCa1endar(O, "Russian_Russia.1251")

>>> print(c.formatyear(2011, m=4, =2))
rr(<>[,
w=2] [, 1=1] [,
=]
[,
m=])-
fonnatyear(),
, .

2011 .
4 , 2 ,
>>> = ca1endar.Loca1eTextCa1endar(0, "Russian_Russia.l251")

>>> c.pryear(2011, 2, 1, 4, 2)
10.5.2. HTMLCalendar LocaleHTMLCa/endar

HTLCa1endar Loca1eHTLCa1endar :
formatmonth (<>,
<>
[,
<True
Fa1se>]) -
L-
True
), .
L-.
, ~ .
cssc1asses,
>>> import ca1endar

>~> =
ca1endar.HTLCa1endar(0)
>>> print(c.cssclasses)
1
[
mon 1 , 1 tue 1 , 1 wed 1 , 1 thu 1 ,

-
>>>
>>>
fri
2011 .
"week-end":
sat 1 ,
sun 1 ]
"workday",
= ca1endar.Loca1eHTMLCa1endar(0, "Russian_Russia.l251")
cssc1asses = [ "workday", "workday", "workday", "workday",
"workday", "week-end", "week-end"]
>>> print(c.formatmonth(2011, 4, Fa1se))
formatyear(<o>[,
< >])- HTML-K<J?leHap
. L
.
:
2011
192
/.
Python 3
>>> = ca1endar.Loca1eHTLCa1endar(O, "Russian_Russia.1251")

> print (. fonatyear.(2011, 4))
fonatyearpage (<>
[,
width] [,
css] [, encoding] ) -
L-
L-.
n:
width- ( 3);
css- ( "calendar. css");
encoding- . n
encoding L-n, <meta>.
n n n n
n. n
2011
>>> = calendar.Loca1eHTLCalendar(O, "Russian_Russia.1251")

>>> xhtm1 = c.fonatyearpage(2011, 4, encoding="windows-1251")
>>> type(xhtm1) # bytes
<c1ass 'bytes'>
>>> print (xhtm1.decode ("1251"))
10.5.3.
calendar n , n
n , n
:
setfirstweekday(<ep
>) - n
. n ( n) (
). n MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY SUNDAY. n
n firstweekday (). n :
>>> import ca1endar

>>> ca1enctar.firstweekday()
>>> ca1endar.setfirstweekday() #
>>> ca1endar.firstweekday()
#
month(<o>,
<>[,
< >[,
<
> J J) - . n
n n , n-
n . n
>>> calendar.setfirstweekday(O)
>>> print(ca1endar.month(2011, 4))
Apri1 2011
Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1
11 12 13 14 15
10
17
2011
2011
10.
193
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 2 27 28 29 30
prmonth (<>,
<> [ ,
<
> [ ,
<
> J J) - month (),

, . n
>>> ca1endar.prmonth(2011, 4) #
monthca1endar (<>, <>) -
2011
20 11
, n .. , n ,
n . n
2011
>>> ca1endar.monthcalendar(2011, 4)
[ [0, , , , 1, 2, 3], ,[4, 5, , 7, 8, 9, 10],
[11, 1_2, 13, 14, 15, 1, 17), [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24],
[25, 2, 27, 28, 29, 30, 0))
monthrange (<>,
<>) -
>>> print(ca1endar.monthrange(2011, 4))

(4, 30)
>>> #
2011
30
ca1endar (<> [, w] [, 1] [, ] [, m] ) -
. n:
w - n (
1 -
- n ( );
m-
2);
n (
1);
3).
n n n n
n. n
2011
n
:
>>> print(ca1endar.ca1endar(2011, m=4,
prca1 (<> [, w] [,
1 J [,
) [,
m) ) -
=2))
ca1endar (),
, . n
2011
, n
n :
>>> ca1endar.prca1(2011, 2, 1, 4, 2)
is1eap (<>) -
True, ,
n -
Fa1se:
>>> ca1endar.is1eap(2011), calendar.is1eap(2012)

(Fa1se, True)
1eapdays (<1>,
<2>) -
<1> <2> ( <2> ):

7 . 1349
194
>>> ca1endar.1eapdays(2010, 2012) # 2012
1.
Python 3
>>> ca1endar.1eapdays(2010, 2013) # 2012-
weekday(<o>,
<>,
<>)- (-
, - ):
>>> ca1endar.weekday(2011,
4)
timegm(<OOe
struct_time>) -
, .
struct_time
gmtime () time. :
>>> import ca1endar, time

>>> d = time.gmtime(130352099.0) # 23-04-2011
>>> d
> tup1e(d)
(2011, 4, 23, 1, 4, 59, 5, 113, 0)
>>> ca1endar.timegm(d)
130352099
>>> ca1endar.timegm((2011, 4, 23, 1, 4, 59, 5, 113, 0))

130352099
ca1endar :
day_name- :
>>> [i for i in ca1endar.day_name]
['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday',
'Saturday', 'Sunday']
day_abbr- :
>>> [i for i in ca1endar.day_abbr]
['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat', 'Sun']
month_ name -
>>> [i for i in ca1endar.month_name]

['', 'January', 'Febr:try', 'March', 'Apri1', '', 'June',
'Ju1y', 'August', 'Septemer', 'October', 'Novemer', 'Decemer']
month_abbr- :
>>> [i for i in ca1endar.month_abbr]
[ ' ' , 'Jan' , 'Feb' , 'Mar' , 'Apr' , : ' , 'Jun' , 'Ju1' , 'Aug' ,
' Sep ' , ' Oct ' , ' Nov' , ' Dec ' ]
>>> import 11 #
>>> 1oca1e.set1oca1e(1oca1e.LC_ALL, "Russian_Russia.1251")
>>> [i for i in ca1endar.day_abbr]
[ ' ' , ' ' , '' , '' , ' ' , '' , '' ]
10.
195
>>> [i for i in calendar.month_name]

'
[' ' ,
'',
',
''
'',
''
'',
'n
',
'',
>>> [i for i in calendar.month_abbr]

[' ', '', '', '', '', '',
' ' , '' , '' )
''
'.'
''
'']
'',
'n',
'',
'',
10.6.
t.imeit
. .
:
from timeit import Timer

imer.
Timer( [stmt='pass'] [, setup='pass'] [, timer=<timer function>])

stmt ( ),
setup ,
stmt. , setup
timeit 1[numer=1000000J).
numer ~ .
, .' " ' .... ' . ' . ' "
r..
" '
. . . . . . . ' " . " ' ' " ' . " . . . . "
. . . " ' .. "
.. ' " ' . , " , "
......... "
.. " , .. "
. . . . . . . ~" . . . " . . . . t ' " .. ' " ' ~ . . . . . , " . : ' . . . ~ ..
! ...: t . . . " ' .. ' .. " " ' .......... ~ ., ' ' : . . . . . . ' .. " " . . . . . . , "
.... "
.. "
.. " " .. " ' " " . ' ' " . " .
.~~~~... ~.~.:~:. .~.~-~.~.~~~.~~. ~.~~~.~. ~.~~~~~.~.~-~~~. :. . . .;. . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*from timeit import Timer

codel = """\
i, j = 1,
while i < 10001:
-t=
+= 1
t1 = Timer(stmt=code1)
print("whi1e:", t1.timeit(numer=10000))
code2
"""\
j
10000 n n n ( 10.4) .
for i in range(l, 10001):

+= i
print("for:", t2.timeit(numer=10000))
code3 = """\
j = sum(range(1, 10001))
196
/.
Python 3
print("sum:", t3.timeit(numer=10000))
input ()
( ):
while: 17.26802443580117
for: 9.602403053818772
sum: 3.067899091205735
,
for whi1e, sum ()
repeat([repeat=3] [,
numer=1000000])
repeat)
timeit()
. numer
t imei t ().
10000.
for append (), - ( 10.5) .
......... ,..... ,... ,, ... ,... ,......... " .... ,, ................. ,, ... ,, ............................. ,._,,.,,.. ,, ... ,,, .. ,, ......... ,t.''''''''''''''''''''''.:"''':,."'''"'''''''''''''
[. 10.5. l1n;~~~ ~t
;, ........................................................... ...... .. .... .....................;.;: ................................................. :.....................................; .... .
;
:.~
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*from timeit import Timer

code1 = '"' "\
arr1 = []
for i in range (1, 10001):
arr1.append(str(i))
print("append:", t1.repeat(repeat=3, numer=2000))
code2 = """\
arr2 = [str(i) for i in range(1, 10001)]
t2.repeat(repeat=3,
input ()
print("eepaop:",
numer=2000))
append:
[9.98154294362325, 9.997541285814483, 10.004275691347512]

[7.879446040575054, 7.924527742041953, 7.844603314867392]
, .
11
- , n. n
n
n, n

Python,
len () n n.
n n .
11.1.
n n
def
< >
["""
def no
( [ <>] ) :
"""]
< >
[return
<>]
, ,
n, n .
n , , n
.
.
n
n. n n, n
. .
. ,
n .
, n n.
, n pass.
n n n n, n
, n n. , :
def func ():

pass

return n . n
n . ,
n n
return
n.
198
/.
Python 3
def func():
print (" return")
return " "
print ("
print(func()) #
m")
return
return
None.
def prlnt_ok():
""" n """
print (" m
def echo (m) :
"""
print(m)
def summa(x, ):
""" "
return
11.1 ).
")
"""
.,
, 1 .
,
, .

:"~".''~" "~
11.1
11.2.
" ''~!' ''~"'''"'' "''' '" "~" . '"'''"'"' '~"'"" ''~" .'.'"' '.'"' '~" """' ~ '.'.''
1.:~-~~.~ci~.:.~~-~-~?;~.ffir~:~~~;;,.;,_:;
print_ok ( 1
echo ("")
= summa(S, 2)
, = 10, 50
= summa(a, )
#
#
#
7
60
,
. , ?
, . .
. , , -
11.
199
wt11 n . n
11. 9.
n +, n sUJ111a
( 1,
n ,
n n. , sUJ111a
(1
n . n n
n:
def
SUJ111a (,
):
return
print ( sUJ111a ( "str", "iQg" 1 1

#
print (sUJ111a( [1, 2], [3, 4])) #
,
string
[1, 2,
Python
3, 4]
, n , n
n . .
def ,
function, , n
def. , n
. .
n (
11.3) .
.................................................................................. "'"""~"'''"'''~~"'""'""'''"''""''''''''''''"''"''""'"""""'"'"' ... ''"'"''''''"''''""''"""'''"'"''"'""""''''''"'"'"""''''''"'"'""'"'''''""~''"'""'>
[ 11.3. cct:.U1k ~:~ i . nf!~~

i
;;, ..................................
............... ..........................
... :..
.. ;,;;,,,,,... :... :: .................:...:....... :.;,.,;,,;,,,,,::....;.;;,;,;;,,:,;;;;,,,:....:...;............. ............ .................................. ;
def SUJ111a (, ) :
return +
,,.;;
f
v
,,;;,,,;,~
#
#
sUJ111a
f(10,
;;;;~;;;;:;,,
20)
..;
n n .
,
11.4).
no
, (
c~~~~~F<~:~::~~. !i~:~:~~~::~~~:~iF~~?.::~~~~~~:.:.:::~:::~:::.:.:.:::.:::.:::.::::::.:.::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::.:::::::::. : :.: :.: : .: : .: .:.: .:.: . .:. :. : . : :. : .,_: : : : :~

def
sUJ111a (,
) :
return
def func(f, ,
"""
):
l.I.
return f
f m
s UJ111a ( 1 " " "
) # SUJ111a ()
(,
func(summa, 10, 20)
11 n .
n . n, _n_
n , 'i
_doc_ -
. . n n

dir ( 1:
200
>>> def summa(x,
/.
Python 3
):
""" ~
return +
"""
>>> dir(summa)
closure
annotations
call
class
code
dict
doc
_eq _
defaults
delattr
_ getattribute
fonnat
ge
_get
globals
kwdefaults
hash
init
le
lt
gt
new
module
name
ne
reduce
setattr
sizeof
str
repr
reduce
suclasshook
']
>>> summa.
name
['
'surnrna'
>>> summa.
( '',
>>> summa.
'
code
varnames
'')
doc
11.2.
'
n n n . ,
n n n, n n
, n . n n
n .
:
def summa(x, ):
return +
v = summa(10, 20) #
n:
v = summa(10, 20)
def summa (, ) :
return +
' 11
n "NameError: name 'summa' 1s

not defined". , n
n n n , .
..
n n
if n n n1.
, n
, (
11.5).
, .. .. .. "000"'''''"00'<""'"''''''''''"'''"'''"'""'''"'""'''"'''"'''"'''''''"''""'''"'""'''"'''"'""'"'''"''''''''""'""'""'"''"'00 .. '000""'''""''''"''''"''''"'''"''"'''"'''"''"''''""""''"' '"''"'0000<000''000,_000""0
l ...............................................................
11.5. n ~tr or
........... ............. .................. ........ ........ ...... .. ..... ...................... ............................. ..................................................................... :
;.,
;;,,;,,
':
~ ;.;
-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
n = 1nut(" 1
n = n.rstrip("\r")
")
3.2.0
(.
1.7)
11.
201
ifn=="l":
def echo():
print (" 1")
e1se:
def echo():
print ( " ")
echo ( ) #
input ()
"
1",
" ".
def
def.
, ,
. :
def echo():
print (" 1")
def echo ():
rint(" ")
echo() #
11.3.
" "

,
, .
def
sumta (,
=2):
return +
= sumta (5)
50)
sumta(10,
11.6).
#
#
60
, , 2.
, n
, .
n n n :
def
sumta (,
return
print(sumta(10,
20))
30
n n n
10, n -
20. Python n n , n
( 11.7). n n n
. n n.
202
def summa(x, ):
return +
print(summa(y=20,
=10))
/.
Python 3
,
. ,
. :
def summa(a=2, =3, =4): #

return + +
print(summa(2, 3, 20))
#
#
print(summa(c=20) 1
, ,
, *.

1 1.8.
!~~~-~~.11:~:,.~~~~~--~~~~~~:~~~-~~~-~;~~;~~-~-~ri~.;~~-
. ......~: ~ ~; ....... ,;.,. ,,;; ........... :... ,;, ;;., ;, :.<....:.... i . :. : ;,;, ,;;,; :~ ;;;:. ,, : ,; :::.: ~ :: :: ;:. :...~ : ...; :;. ::.... ,.; ,:;.......; ;;,; ,; ,,;, .. : .:. : .... : ' ........ ". ....... . .. .. . .. ..
~ ~
def summa(a, , ):
return + +
t1, arr = (1, 2, 3), [1, 2, 3]
print(summa(*t1))
print(summa(*arr))
t2 = (2, 3)
print(summa(1, *t2))
#
#
' . "' ....... ' .. " .... " ...... '.'
, ,
(**) (
1 1.9).
:~;;;~~;11":9;~~~~~ ~~~~4~~~4iii~tJ~~h~~~~~::::_
;,;,;,;;,.;,;,;
. . . . ,. . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !
......... ...,..;, ..................................... ...., ........ ;... :..;/:.,'...:.. ...;,;,.;,,::... :..........:;;... :............. :...... .................. ................ ...................,..............................................................
~
;;.~;.,
def summa(a, , ):
return + +
dl =
{"":
1,
"":
2,
"":
3}
print(summa(**d1))
t' d2 = ( 1' 2) ' { "" : 3}
print(summa(*t, **d2))
. ,
u:
def func(a, ):
, = 20, "str"
,
= ,
func (, s)
print (, s)
''test''
#
#
test
, :
11.
def func
(,
[],
[1, 2, 3]
{"":
func(x,
print (,
[""]
1,
203
"":
"str", 800
#
2}
#
#
#:
'
['str', 2, 3]
!!
{'':
800,
'':
2}
n, , . .
n. ,
(
11.1 0) .
.......... , ................... ,... , .... ,., ...... , ..... ,., .. ", .. " ..... , ........... ,.".,.".,.,"... ,",.,,." ........ " . "., .. ": .. ,",~",,,... ,!''"!''":'<!."'''"
... ~, .... ~~-,:~:;:""':::"''''\~"''''~
::~,::;:~:"''"'''''''
i:.....................................................
1110. ~ o~1"~.ta/$yt{~q\fiO. ..
;.................... :.........~....;;........ ;.... ,..;,;'...........:.. ~;; .... ;.;, .....;;......... ;. ,i.:........~ ........ :.~..=:.~; :. :.:.....:.......................... :. ::............. .. :.... :......:.~: . :....... ,. .: .. ,, 1
def func(a, ):
[:]
~ . ()
[0], [""]
=
[ 1' 2, 3]
~
{"":
func(x,
print(x,
1'
"":
#
#
#
#
#
#
"str", 800
2}
)
)
[ 1' 2, 3]
{'':
1'
'':
2}
func(x[:],
.())
, , ,
. :
def
func(a~[]):
a.append(2)
return
print ( func () )
princ (func ( 1 1
print ( func () )
#
#
#
[2]
[2,
2]
[2,
2, 2]
, .
, , :
def
func(a~None):
#
if
None
[]
a.append(2)
return
print(func())
print (func( [1]))
print ( func 1) )
11.4.
is None:
#
#
#
[2]
[ 1' 2]
[2]
*,
.
204
1.
Python 3
.
(
11.11).
def summa(*t):
res =
#
for i in t:
res += i
return res
#
print(summa(10, 20))
print(summa(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60))
#
:
:
"""
30
210
,
:
def summa(x, y=S, *t): #

res = +
for i in t:
#
res += i
return res
print(summa(10))
# : 15
print(summa(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60))
# : 210
(**),
(
11.12) .
................................................................."''''"'''"'"''''''''"'""'""'"'''"''"'"'''"'''''"''''''""'""'"'""'"'"'''"''''''''"''"'''"'""'"'''"'""''''"''''''''''''"''
I r 11;12. ~ n
...............................................................;,. ~;::.:..~ .....;;;,:. .....~. ;;.~. . ,.,. ;.:::..... :.:............................ :.....::.. :: ................. :.. ::....;.: ....... ;.;,,,,;,,;,,,,,,,,, ............. :...:. ......................................... J
def func(**d):
for i in d:
# ~
print("{O} => {1}".format(i, d[i]),. end=" ")
func(a=1, =2, =3) # : => 1 => 3 => 2
.
, (
11.13) .
... ' ..... " ,.. '."'".'' ... '' ... '." ... " ..... ".""'""."".' .... " ..... "."" ...... ""' .. " ... " ...... "., ......... '" ....... ,.. "" ........ " ... " .... '' .... '.'"' ............... " .... ''"" .... """' ... "' ........ '.' .'' .. " ... "' .. " ... "' .. "' .. " . ' "'.'"' .. "'".''
t 11.1 ~. t<t.4 napaJ\II~rpo~
,!
:.................... ;.............. :.,.::..~~.: ... ;,,;,,;,,.................................................:.....~......'...::;;;,;,...........;; ............ ;;..~............ ;:.~ .......:.. ;:....... ;;:...;.,;: ..:...............................................................:1
~:
def func(*t, **d):

"""
for i in t:
print(i, end=" ")
for i in d:
#
print("{O} => {1}".format(i, d[i]), end=" ")
func(35, 10, =1, =2, =3) # : 35 10 => 1 => 3 => 2
func (10)
# : 10
func(a=1, =2)
# : => 1 => 2
11.
Python 3
205
.
, .
. :
def func(*t, , =10, **d):

print(t, , , d)
func(35, 10, =1, =3) # : (35, 10) 1 10 {'': 3}
func(10, =5)
# : (10,) 5 10 {}
# : () 1 2 { }
func(a=1, =2)
func (1, 2, 3)
# . !
t ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
=.
d .
, ,
.
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
:
def func(x=1, =2, *

'
print(x, , , )
func(35, 10, =1)
func(10, =5)
func(a=1, =2)
func(a=1, =, =7)
func(1, 2, 3)
#
#
#
#
#
=10):
35 10 1 10
10 2 5 10
1 2 1 2
7 1 10
:
:
:
:
,
. ,
. ,
.
, ,
, .
11.5.
Python
-.
lamda :
lamda
[<l>[,
... ,
<N>]]:
<
>
lamda .
<
>
. , - .
.
206
f.
Python 3
- -,
.
- , , ,
. -
11.14.
~~~-~:1.1/14:~~~;~,-~~ri6ri~~~~~~;;;;~~:;~~4;}i
.........................!
i ............... ,,,;;, ......................................................; .. .,,,,.,,,;,;,;,,,,, .. ,; .. ,,,; ........ ; .. ,,;,;;;,,,,,,,, ............................... ; ....... ;;,,;,,,.,,...........................................
1amda:
fl
10 + 20
f2 = 1amda , : +
f3 = 1amda , , z: +
print (fl ())
prim: (f2 (5, 10))
print(f3(5, 10, 30))
#
#
#
#
#
#
+ z
JJ.
JJ.
JJ.
. ............................. .
30
15
45
:
:
, -
.
(
11.15).
!"
11.1s. 38l ri$ -.
... ;, .... " ... " .....................
,;, ......... ...................... ;, .;, ..... ,; :. ... :. ::. ,; ,:,; ,;;:;
.. .......... ...... .. ;., .. ............... :,; .... .. .... ,; . :. ..... """:"" ...... .' .................. " ...
;
'
',;,.'
f = 1amda ,
print (f (5))
prim:(f(5, 6))
~-. ;,
;,
=2:
'
;,
,:, ;
;,
'.
#
#
:
:
7
11
,
. ,

key.
sort ()
- (
11.16) .
.................. .... ............... ......... ........................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... :

~
i:.................................................................
~t 11, 16. ) r:
....:.......... ...............:.......... .........:........ ................................................. .......... ........ ............................................................................. :
,;
arr =
["1",
"",
".
"2"]
s: s.1ower())
for i in arr:
print(i, end=" ")
# m: 1
arr.sort(key=1amda
11.6.
- ,
.
yie1d.
11.17) .
................................................................... ., ............ !''""~~"~'!~"'''"''""'":'"~""''".'":'!''"'"""~""'''"~""''"''"'"""''!"""'''"''"'""''"'"''"""'"'''''"'"'.''""'"'''"'"''"""'''""''''''""'''''''"''"''''
[ 11.17 cnoS1~C)~!flii -
: ................. ........... .. ........... .......... ... ......... ;,,.,:,;,;,;, .. .;,; ... ......... .. ........,;.. ;,;......... ,...... ; .. .......; ....... ;...-:.................. :....-..................... :...........................
~
; ~
;;
def func (, ) :
for i in range(1, x+1r:
yie1d i **
,;
;;
~;
,,,,.,
...... ...................... ..........

;
11.
for n in func(10, 2):

print(n, end=" ")
print ( 1
for n ir. fur.c(10, 3):
prir.t (n, end=" ")
#
#
rn:
207
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000
u-
Stopiteratior..
_next_ ( 1,
( 1 u for .
_ next _ ( 1
u for ( 11.18).
def func(x, Yl:

for i ir. range(1,
yield i **
i = func(3, 3)
print(i. next
print(i. next
prir.t(i. next
print(l. next
next
+1):
#
#
#
#
())
())
())
())
1 (1 ** 3)
8 (2 ** 3)
: 27 (3 ** 3)
Stopiteration
:
rn:
, u 'l ~ '
, u- .
, . .
.
11.7.
u. , '
-
u.
1 1.19) .
..................... ,._ .............................................................................,.......................................................... ............................ ..._,.,... ... .............................................................................. .

_
1. ~-~~~~.... ~ ~ :.~.~.~ ~..~.~~!.~...~~. !~~-~~~~
return f
@deco
def func () :
return "
= 10
func ()
func()")
(O}".format(x)
print (func (10))
. .: :~;, .;, : . . .:. . . . , .:. : :,:. ;.: . : . . . :. . . . :'. .;'.::(.:,.:;. "'................... . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . . .J
def deco(f):
print("Braa
~.,.~,
208
1.
Python 3
func () deco ()

@:
@deco
, deco () func ().
- ,
. - .
:
def deco (f):

rint("
return f
def func () :
return "
{O}".forrnat(x)
func ()
(deco (func) (10))
=
pnt
func()")
deco ()
-.
func ()
decol ()
deco2 ( 1 (
11.20).
l;.................................
11 .20. '~ 11~ ..
;...........
.. ;:,;,,,,,,,,;;,;,,;,,;,,,,.....................................................................,..;,,,,;,,,.,,:,;;,,,...................... :.............................................................!
,,,;,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,;.;~
def decol(f):
print (" decol () ")
return f
def deco2(f):
print (" deco2 () ")
return f
@decol
@deco2
def func () :
return "
{O}".forrnat(x)
print(func(10))
:
deco2 ( )
decol ()
= 10
func = decol(deco2(func))
deco2 (), decol ().
func.

(
passw
input (" : ")
passw = passw.rstrip("\r")
#
3.2.0
11.21 ).
11.
def test_passw(p):
def deco (f) :
if == "10":
retur f
e1se:
retur
1amda:
@test_passw(passw)
def func():
return "
print(func())
"
return deco
209
"
"
n @ , ,
. ,
n (
deco 1) ).
test_passw 1),
n n,
func 1), n n "
", .
11.8.
Peypczm- . n
n , , n n
n. n
(
11.22).
..................... "' .......... , ...
................................... :.........:...................:........ ;...... :............. ;........ ;.... ;.; ......:....
~:;;;,.,,;;
................ ;; ..;.:,,; .....................................................................................................
def factoria1(n):
if n == or == 1: return 1
e1se:
return n * factoria1(- 1)
whi1e True:
= inut("
= x.rstrip("\r")
rint("
factoria1 1)
#
#
#
it(x)
break
e1se:
print ("
{0}
(.
1.7)
!")
{1}". fonnat
2.6,
math. :
>>> import math

>>> math.factoria1(5), math.factoria1(6)
(120, 720)
3.2.0
if x.isdigit():
")
(,
factoria1
()))
'
210
11.9.
/.
Python 3
.~t-
Pytho , (
11.23).
'" "~
f. 11.23. rQ6(1 !J , .. .
:..................................................... .............;:...... :......... ;,.,.:;........... ; ...... ; .. :....:..................................................................................................................................................

;
def func(g1ob2):
rint("
g1ob2
+~
n g1
~",
glo)
10
r1n1::("
g1ob2
~",
g1ob2)
g1ob2 ~ 10, 5
func(77) #
glo,
rint("
g1ob2 -"
g1ob2)
= 10
g1ob2 ~ 87
g1ob2 ~ 5
g1
g1ob2 ,
g1ob2, 1..
ll nepti!JIIIe- ,
. ,
,
.
(
1
11.24).
11;24: nri1 n~~1
;,,,.,,,.,.,,,,.,.,,,.,,,,.;,,,,,,;,.,,,",;,,,,.;,;,';._,,,,,;,,,,,.,;~;,,,v;,,,~;.,,,,.,,~,,;,,;,,.~;,,;,,,,,.;;,,,;,,. .,,.~ ..... .,,.,,,.,.;,.,~ .. ,,.,;,,..,;;,.,,.,,,,,~,,,",..,,,..,,.,,.,,,.,,,,.,;;,..,.,,.,,,.,,,,..,,,.,,,,~,,,,,,,,.,.,,,..,,,.,,,.,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,
def func! 1:
loca11 ~ 77
g1 = 25
#
#
rint("
g1
~ 10
func ()
print (" g1
try:
print ( 111)
except NameError:
rint("
#
#
-"
g1
g1
#
#
111
111
25
10
g1)

g1)
=",
g1
NameError
rn
")
'"""''""""'
211
11.
locall, func (),
. glo
.
UnboundLocalError
),
11.25) .
............... ,......... ,................ ,........ ,.......... ,.,.,., ... ,.............. ..,.,.,. ....................................................,... " ....... ,....,., ... ,.. ," ......... " ........... " ......................,.......... ,..... "., .......... ,, .. ,......... ,..
~- 11.25. n n n ~
'
:..................... :......................................................... :.......... ;.: .....:..... :.. :.......... ;:.:.:.:::.:::::::.;,;,:,,;:-... :.'.'.i.>; .=;,;;.~:: ..... :: ......... ;.: ........... :................... :..................... ;:,.. ..:........ ~
def func ():

#
#
#
#
#
printlglo)
glo
glo
~25
lO
funcl)
#
UnoundLocalError:
ll!!
!1
m:
local
variae
'glo'
referenced before assignment
I J ,

(
:'"'''"'''"""~"'"''''~
......................... .............. .... .......... .......... ................................... ...............................,......... ... ..... ....
~
global.
11.26).
ttr 1.1.26. n~ glI>
~~~.~~
-; '
............ ................................... ................................,

~
,~
: .... " ... ". ''" .. " .... " ........ "' . " ...... ,; ;, ;;, i....:.: ;.: .. :::." .... " ... ' . :.. :.. :.. ;.... ""' ..:; :.. ;~: .. ;." .. ". :."...:.; ',;;.,; .. '. '" .. '". :: ;, '. :.. ;".: ;;:;; ... 1; .. ,,; {il i.; ,.,; ;;,=~; ;, ;,; :~ .... '""" . "" .. '." ... ,, "" ..... "." .... " ... :. ;... "' ..... ;, ....... ~
def funcl):
# glo
global glo
glo ~ 25
#
rit("
glo
glo
lO
rintl"
func 1)
print 1"
#
glo
~",
glo)
~",
#
glo
glo)
~",
glo)
I:
glo
glo
glo
lO
25
25
. , ,
:
1.
( ).
2.
3.
(J , I . .).
i i,
i ,
:
212
= 5
fuc
lamda:
m,
/.
Python 3
11
#
#
prit(fuc())
n, r
n, n
11.27.
;"'"""'""''""'"""'""'"'''""'"'.'''.'"'"'''".'.''.'.<".'""'"'.''""''~'.'"'""'"''""""'".'''""'''"''''''"""'~''"'"!'""'"'""''''"'''""''""''''"''"""'""'"""""""'""'''"'"""'"'""'"""'"'"''"'"'"'"""'''"'"i
[ 17
5
fuc
(lamda
lamda:
) ()
#
#
prit(func())
n. n u
n, u.
n u n n n
. n, .
n , 11
n
~
no
n u (
11.28).
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self
. , :
self ..
. .
:
<
>
= < >
MyClass
( [ <Il>] )
print_x(),
, (
class MyClass:
def
init (self):
self.x = 10
def print_x(self):
print(self.x)
= MyClass ()
c.print_x()
print(c.x)
13.2).
#
#
# self - m
#
#
# print_x ()
# self
#
:
< >. < >
( [ <Il>] )
,
, .
.
:
<
>.<
>
getattr () -
, .

. :
getattr(<Oe>,
<>[,
<
>])
AttributeError.
,
, ;
setattr () -
. .
:
setattr(<Oe>,
<>,
<>)
230
delattr
(<>,
1.
Python 3
<>) - .
hasattr (<>, <>) -
True.
class MyClass:
def
init (self) :
self . = 10
def get x(se1f):
return self.x
= MyC1ass ()
print(getattr(c, ""))
print(getattr(c, "get_x") ())
print (getattr (, "", 0))
setattr (, "", 20)
printlgetattrlc, "", 0))
delattr (, "")
print(getattr(c, "", 0))
print(hasattr(c, ""))
print(hasattr(c, ""))

#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
13.3).
10
10
20
True
False
(pu1ic), . .
Python
. ,
. , .
class MyClass:
pass
MyClass.x = 50
1, 2 = MyClass(), MyC1ass()
1. = 10
2. = 20
print(c1.x, 1.)
prlnt(c2.x, 2.)
13.4).
#
#
#
#
#
#
50 10
50 20
pass.
().
. ().
.
(, ), . ,
,
struct
. , -
13.
231
.
.
~ .
. () ():
class MyClass:
= 10
def
init
self.y
(self):
20
cl
MyClass ()
MyClass ()
#
#
, :
print(cl.x, 2.)
MyClass.x = 88
print(cl.x, 2.)
# 10 10
#
# 88 88
, "
. :
print(cl.y,
cl.y = 88
print(cl.y,
# 20 20
#
# 88 20
2.)
2.)
cl.
,
.
:
MyClass.x
88
cl.x
= 200
,
. , :
print(cl.x, MyClass.x)
13.2.
# 200 88
_init_. () _del_()
_init_ ().
. :
def
init
rself[,
<!>[,
... ,
<N>]]):
<>
_ init _ ()

:
<n >
< >([<l>[,
... ,
<N>]])
232
eoa_init_()
/.
Python 3
13.5.
~ii~~~1:;;5~~91':.:~h~~.<>::::;'~,;,.7;::,:.::;:;:::::::...:..l
:
............................................
;,,,;,,;,,;;
.......... ............. ..................... ............,........ ;;,.;.,........:............ ............ ......................................... ...................................................... ;,, ................................ :
;
;;
class MyClass:
def
init (self, valuel, value2): #
self.x = valuel
self.y = value2
#
= MyClass(lOO, 300)
print(c.x, .)
#
100 300
,
, .
_del_ () (
Python
13.6). ,
, .
, . . , n

ii~r 1:&.
Python
. . LP >
: , ,.,,,,,.,,,,:;, ....... ;,;,;,,,,;;,, ..... < ;,;;;,:,,,.;;;..............~.~.:;;;;,.;;>,:;.::;,,.:,;;,,;~;;,,; ..
class MyClass:
def
init
(self) : #
rint("
def
del
(self):
rint("
cl = MyClass ()
del cl
2 = MyClass ()
= 2
del 2
del
13.3.
#
#
#
#
#
#
init
()")
del
()")
init
del
init
n
.
()
()
()
del
()
, , . ,
(,
Class2),
Classl).
u (
13. 7).
class Classl:
#
def funcl(self):
print (" funcl () Classl")
def func2(self):
print (" func2 () Classl")
class Class2(Classl): # Class2 Classl
def func(self):
print (" func () Class2")
Classl,
13.
= Class2 ()
funcl ()
. func2 1)
#:
#:
. func 1)
233
Class2
Classl
Classl
Class2
funcl()
func2()
func3()
Classl
Class2. , Class2 Classl.
Classl .w ., Class2 u
II. . .
Class2 Classl.
Class2. ,
. .
.
(
13.8).
class Classl:
#
def
init (self):
print (" ")
def funcl (self):
print 1" funcl () Classl")
class Class2(Classl):
# Class2 Classl
def
1n
lself):
print (" n ")
Classl. init (self) #
def funcl(self):
print (" funcl () Class2")
Classl.funcl(self)
#
Class2 ()
funcl 1)
#
#
Class2
funcl ()
funcl()
funcl()
Class2
Classl
!
,
.
super
superi[<acc>,
(). :
<
Classl.
init
super ()
(self)
self>])
234
/.
Python 3
super().
init
()
super(Class2, self).
init
() #
self
super ()
. ,
super ()
, . ~1
.
.
Python 2
n : ""
Pythqn 3
obj ect.
obj ect.
obJect,
n . "" ( n
Python 2)
13.4.
Python 3
n.

. .
(
13.9).
~ 13.9. Q~ n
:.................................. :........................................ :.......................;,,,.,;,,,,,,....... ; ...................... ;, .. ;,,;;,,;...... ,;...............................................................................
class Classl:
# m Class2
def funcl(self):
print (" funcl () Classl")
class Class2(Classl): # Class2
def func2(self):
pri nt (" func2 () Class2")
Classl
class Class(Classl): # Class

def funcl(self):
print("Meo funcl () Class")
def func2 (self):
print("Meo func2 () Class")
def func(self):
print (" func 1) Class")
def func4 (self) :
print (" func4 () Class")
Classl
class Class4(Class2, Class): #

def func4 (self):
print (" func4 () Class4")
Class4 1)
funcl 1)
. func2 1)
. func 1)
c.func41)
#
#
#
#
#
235
13.
funcl 1)
n
:
funcl 1)
func2 1)
func 1)
func4 1)
Class4
Class
Class2
Class
Class4
Classl Class.
funcl 1) Class,
Classl.
func2 1)
Class2
Class.
Class2
, .
Class, .

Class (
Class4
func2 1)
13.1 0).
:'"''~''''""'''"'"'~'""'""'""'''"''~'"'""''~"'""'"'"""'""'"~'"'~'"''"'""''""'""'"''''~"'!~."'"~'."'"'""'.''.'''''''"""'"""'""00"0""''''"''~"'""'''""'''~''"'''<0"00"0""'""'"'"'''"''"'"'""'""'"'''''''~
~.~f..~:~~,..~. ~...:~~.:.~~~.~-~~!..~:~::~.~~.:~.~.~~~~~,~.~.~~.~!f~~:.i. . ,. :.;, .,. . :.: : :. :.:. . . . . . . . . . . . .:.,.............:, . . . ''' . . ..

class Class41Class2, Class3): #
# func2() Class, Class2
func2 = Class3.func2
def f~nc4(self):
print 1" func4 () Class4")
func
.
1) Class,
func4 (), Class, .
,
.
,
_ bases _. .
:
print(Classl.
print(Class2.
print(Class.
print(Class4.
bases
bases
bases
bases
(<class
(<class
(<class
(<class
'object'>,)
' main .Classl'>,)
' main .Classl'>,)
' main .Class2'>, <class '
main
.Class'>)
13.1 1).
~~;~~~._,
....... :............... :.
:: ...;,,;,;,:................. ;;,; .....~ .... ;:...... :.:
.;,-.;,,,',;
class Classl: = 10
class Class2(Classl): pass
class Class3(Class2): pass
... ;, ..;:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .!
........ ;;:. :. :..:; .....
~~;';;; ,,,; ;~',:;; ;;~';. ;:
;.:::;~
.. :; .................. ; .............. ;
236
/.
Python 3

class Class(Class5): pass
class Class7(Class4, Class): pass
= Class7 ()
print(c.x)
:
Class7 -> Class4 ->
Class
- >
Class
-> ClassS -> Class2 -> Classl
_mro_:
mro
print(Class7.
(<class
<class
<class
<class
13.5.
1
1
1
1
main
main
main
main
.Class7 1 >,
.Class3 1 >,
.Class5 1 >,
.Classl 1 >,
<class 1 main .Class4 1 >,

<class 1 main .Class6 1 >,
<class '1 main .Class2 1 >,
<class 1 0bject 1 >)
+ _ call_ ()
call
(self[,
<l>[,
... ,
<N>]])
class MyClass:
def
init (self, m)
self.msg = m
def
call (self) :
print(self.msg)
cl = MyClass ( "l")
2
MyClass ( "2")
cl ()
2 ()
setitem
#
#
#
#
n
:
(self, <>, <>) -
_getitem_(self, <>)-
. for,
, . :
class MyClass:
def
init (self, ) :
self.arr =
def _getitem_(self, index):
return self.arr[index]
13.
237
def
setitem (se1f, index, va1ue):

.se1f.arr[index] = va1ue
= MyC1ass ( [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 J )
# : 1
print ( [0])
#
c[OJ =
# :
print(c[OJ)
# for ffi __getitem__ ()
for i in :
print (i, end=" ")
# ffi: 2 3 4 5
print (1ist ())
# : [0, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print("Ec" if in e1se "") #:
de1item
(se1f,
<n>)--
de1
< > [ <n> J;
__getattr__ (self, <>):._

. :
c1ass MyC1ass:
def . init (se1f) :.
self. i = 20
def __getattr__ (se1f, attr):
rint(" __getattr__ ()")
return
= MyC1ass ()
# i
print(c.i)
# : 20. __getattr__ ()
# s
print(c.s)
#: __getattr__ ()
__getattribute__ (self,
ffi
<>)--
. , (
) .
,
__getattribute__ ()
object.
AttributeError. :
c1ass MyC1ass:
def
init (se1f):
self.i = 20
def __getattribute__ (se1f, attr):
rint(" __getattribute__ ()")
return object. __getattribute__ (se1f, attr) # !!!
= MyC1ass ()
print(c.i)
# ffi: __getattribute__ () 20
__ setattr__ (se1f,
<>,
<>)--
.
,
__setattr__ ()
__dict__,
, . :
c1ass MyC1ass:
def
setattr (se1f, attr, va1ue) :.
print ("
setattr () ")
se1f. dict [attr] = va1ue
!!
238
= MyC1ass ( )
c.i = 10
print(c.i)
#
#
10
setattr
_de1attr_(self, <>)-
de1 < >. <>;
_iter_(self)
Python 3
()
n n
n, . n
n.
_geti tem_ (),
/.
nn _ i ter _
n _next _
(),
().
_iter_ ()
_ i ter _
()
. _next_() "
Stopiteration,
. :
c1ass MyC1ass:
def
init (se1f, ):
se1f.arr =
se1f.i = #
def
iter (se1f):
return se1f
def
next (se1f) :
if self.i >= 1en(se1f.arr):
se1f.i =
# .
raise Stopiteration
#
e1se:
elem = se1f.arr[se1f.i]
self.i += 1
#
return e1em
= MyC1ass ( [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] )
for 1 in :
print(i, end=" ")
# : 1 2 3 4 5
pr1nt(c. next ())
# : 1
pnt (.
# : 2
next ())
for i in :
print(i, end=" ")
# : 3 4 5
_1en_(self)- n n 1en(), n
n _ 1_ ().
n . :
c1ass MyC1ass:
def
1en (se1f) :
return 50
= MyC1ass ()
print (1en ())
+
+
50
_1_ (self) - n 1
int
(self) int ();
();
n n
float
(self) -
float ();
13.
239
+ _ complex_ (self) - n n complex ();

+ _round_ (self, n) - n n round();
+ _index_ (self) - n n n (), hex () oct ();
+ _repr_(self) _str_(self)- n .
_ repr_ ()
print (),
n , n n
repr().
_str_()
n n
n n
_repr_().
str ().
_str_ ()
_repr_()
str
()
. :
class MyClass:
init (self, m) :
def
self.msg = m
repr_(self):
def
return " _repr_() {O}".format(self.msg)
def str (self) :
return " str () {O}".format(self.msg)
= MyClass ("")
print(repr(c)) # m: _repr_()
print (str ()) # m: str (")
print ()
# :
str ()
+ _hash_(self)-
n, n n
n . :
class MyClass:
init (self, ):
def
self.x =
def hash (self):
return hash(self.x)
= MyClass(lO)
d = {}
d[c] = ""
print(d[c]) #:
13.6.
n n n n.
n n, n n
. n n n :
+ + --. add ();

+ + - (n n)- x._radd_(y);
+ += - n- x~_iadd_ ();
+ ---. su ();
+ - -(nn)-._rsu_();
+ -= - n- x._isu_(y);
+ * --._mul_();
240
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Python 3
- ( )- x._nul_ ();
*=
1 --.
- - . _
truediv
imul_ ();
();
1 - ( )-
x._rtruediv_ ();
/=- -._itrudiv_();
11
. _
11 - ( )- . _ rfloordi v _();
1 1=
f loordi v_
- -
% - -.
x._ifloordiv_(y);
();
mod
- -
%=
()
( )
. _ nod_
- -
- ( )-
.""*=
+- + ()-
abs () -
x._rpow_ ();
x._ipow_ ();
x._neg_();
x._pos_ ();
- .
abs
().
13.12.
: .,r 13.12.
class MyClass:
def
init (self, ):
self.x=y
def
add (self, ):
# +
print (" ")
return self.x +
def
radd (self, ) :
# +
print (" ")
return self.x +
def
iadd (self, ):
# +=
print (" ")
self.x +=
return self
= MyClass(50)
print(c + 10)
# : 60
print(20 + )
# : 70
+= 30
# :
print(c.x)
# : 80
:
-- -._ invert _
& --.
and
x._pow_(y);
- -
-- - ()-
()
x._imod_(y);
+
+
/.
();
();
13.
241
& -(nn)-._rnd_();
&=
~ - - .
- (n n)-
- - .
- (n n)-
- n-
+
+
- n (n )- . _
--._ind_();
--.
or
();
- (n n)- . _
1=
- -
ror_
x._ior_ ();
xor
();
- n- . _
lshift
();
x._rxor_ IYI;
ixor _ IYI:
1yl;
- n-
x._rlshift_(yl;
x._ilshift_ ();
x._rshift_(y);
rrshift _ 1yl;
-nn-._irshift_().
n n :
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
==
--._q_();
!=
--._n_();
<
--.
>
y-owe-x._gt_(yl;
<=
-.-._l_();
>=
- -
in
- n - . _
lt
(yJ;
x._ge_(y);
contains_().
n n n
13.13.
class MyClass:
def
init (self):
self . = 50
self .arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
def _eq_(self, ):
#
return self.x ==
def
contains (self, ):
# in
return in self.arr
= MyClass ()
print("Pao" if
50 else " ") # :
print("Pao" if
51 else " ") #:
print ("" if 5 in else "")
# :
242
13.7.
/.
Python 3
,
.
@staticmethod.
:
<
>.<
>(<>)
, :
<
>.<
>(<>)

:'"""""' "'.' '" "" '" "'"~."'" >,.' "'"""'.''~' ~'' "~ ".~' ~~'"~' ""
"N.' ''<,"~'""-'~~~~~'.' '~"~~~.' ~ .. ~~~ ...... "~" ~" "" "" "" ~ 000~ " '~" ""'""' " "' ' ' " "" ._''" ' " ""'""
~ 13;.14, G~~ ~r1

:........... ;...................... :...... ;; .... :;:........... ;.. :.... :;,;~ .. ;.;;,;;;,;;,;,;;,;;;,;:;... ~;.;.. ;.~ ....... :;,;,;,;;,.;;,~--.... ;;;;,;,;;;'.~;;.;;;;;;;,.;;;;,;',,;;;,'.. ;,...... ; .............
class MyClass:
@staticmethod
def funcl(x, ):
return +
def func2(self, , ):
return +
def func(self, , ):
return MyClass.funcl(x,
print(MyClass.funcl(lO, 20))
= MyClass ( 1
print(c.func2(15, 6))
print(c.funcl(SO, 12) 1
print(c.func3123, 5))
13.14.
".
#
#
#
#
#
................. :........ :.......................................................:'
' "" ' "
, self.
,
.
@classmethod.
, .
:
<
>.< >(<>)
, :
<
>.<
>(<>)
13.15 .
~ : " .' ' ' ''.: ~.' '' .'.' ;. : 1' ''' . ' ' . " " '." , , . . . . : .'.'.' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' , '' , . ' . . . . . . . . . . . , ' , ' ' " . . . . . ' ' . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . '.. , ....
.' ' 1 ' ' . . . . . . . . ' ' ' "
!:.~~~~~.~.~. ~.~:.~~~.:. ~~~~~~.~:.~~:~,~~ . .~,. . ..,.:~...::.::....:..:.. :.~...}.:... :.:...:: ...:.:..:.:....:.:,,... ....... .....................................................................!
class MyClass:
@classmethod
def func(cls, ):
print(cls, )
MyClass.func(lO)
~ MyClass ()
c.func(50)
13.8.
243
13.
u. .
- u.
.
(
13.1 6).
' ....................... , , ..... '"'' .................................................. '"' ' ............... ........... ' , ''"". ! s
.; ''" ....... '".' ........ ' ......... " .......... ..' .......... ' .................
. " ......... ' .......
. , ..........................
.
.. ..
.
.
.
...
:
[ .13.16. i
;
..:; .................................................. :~.:.:~ ....................... ~ .............:......... :... ;;,;,,., .. ;:......... ;,; ... ;......................................... ;,...;.\....;.... J
~
-~
'
:.................,.............. .....................................
class Classl:
def func(self,
):
n raise
raise NotimplementedError (" nn
~
def func(self, ):
print(x)
")
pass
~ Class2 ()
c2.func(50)
~ Class ()
try:
c3.func(50)
except NotimplementedError
print (msg)
nn
Python 2.6,
50
# m
# . func() nn
as msg:
# : nn
.
@abstractmethod,
, ,
, .
-, ,
TypeError.
@abstractmethod
13.17).
t.-.. ................. " .. ;............... ,,;,;;; ;,,;;.................. ;.~;.;:;.... .
from import t, abstractmethod

class Classl(metaclass=ACMeta):
@abstractmethod
def func(self, ):
#
pass
class Class2 (Classl) :
def func(self, ):
print(x)
#
#
244
pass
2 = Class2 ()
c2.func(50)
try:
3 = Class3 ()
c3.func(50)
except TypeError as msg:
print(msg)
13.9.
/.
Python 3
50
func()
# Can 1 t instantiate abstract class Class3

# with abstract methods func
Python
, . .
_getattr_(), _getattribute_()
_setattr_(),
. ,
, .
.w. ,
.
, ,
. ,
_privateVar Classl
_Classl_pri vateVar.
.
r (
13 .18).
~~~-~:;:1:~;~~~;~~--~;~~~~~"~-
. . ". . ",.,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
.................. ..................... ............................................................. ................... :.............. ;........................ :...............................................................
: ....................... ; ..........................
c._MyClass_privateVar
print(c.get_var())
50
;;,
class MyClass:
def
init (self, ):
self. _privateVar =
def set _var (self, ):
self. - privateVar =
def get - var (self):
return self._privateVar
= MyClass(lO)
print(c.get var())
c.set_var(20)
print(c.get_var())
try:
print(c._privateVar)
except AttributeError as msg:
print(msg)
#
#
#
#
#
#
10
20
I1
I1 1
# : 1 MyClass 1 obj ect has

# no attribute 1 _privateVar 1
# ~
#
# : 50
13.
245
, .
_slots_.

. ,

:~:''
_slots_,
AttributeError ( 13.19).
: ' '. : . , . ' . '' ::" , ''."!' ': '''''.':.< ~-.. .:.:.
t r 13.19. . $iib.
;, .....................~ ........................... ~:...........,; ...~.:.:.:~;i;t~j;,.;.;,,;~ .. ;,;~'.
class MyClass:
= ["", ""]
slots
def
init (self, , ):
self.x, self.y =,
= MyClass(l, 2)
print(c.x, .)
., . = 10, 20
print(c.x, .)
try:
c.z = 50
except AttributeError as msg:
print(msg)
13.10.
#
#
#
#
#
#
1 2
10 20
slots
# 'MyClass' object has no attribute 'z'
,
, .

<>
rrt(<>[,
[,
<>[,
property ( 1. :
<>
< >]]])
, .
,
. ,
. -
None,
, .
13.20).
class MyClass:
def
init (self, value):
self. var = value
def get_var(self):
#
return self. var
def set_var(self, va1ue): #
self. var = value
def del_var(self):
#
del self. var
v = property(get_var, set_var, del_var,
" ")
246
= MyClass(5)
c.v = 35
print(c.v)
del c.v
#
#
#
Python 2.6
/.
Python 3
set_var()
get _ var ()
del_var()
getter (), setter ()
deleter (),
13.21.
. . . .,. . . . , :, . .,.,. .,., . . ,. . . . , . , . ., . ., . . 1
i~~~~~~,;:2-1~i,i~~t~-(j:;~~~tt'~~~~-t1::::,:,:.,., ~:::;;.:,:,., ,~,,,

:
........................................:..........................;;,,,,,.;,, ..:. ................ ..............;, ............... ,,,;;;.,,,,.,,;,................. ,,.;;.,, ...... ._ .. ,; ........... ..................................
:
class MyClass:
def
init (self, value):
self. var = value
@property
def v(self):
return self. var
@v.setter
def v(self, value):
self. var = value
@v.deleter
def v(self):
del self. var
= MyClass(5)
c.v = 35
print(c.v)
del c.v
13.11.
#
#
#
~..............
....................... ..................
Pytho
, .
, ,
- .

13.22.
:"'"''''''''''"'"~'''<'''''''''""''"''.''.~''"'''""'""".'" ... >"'"'''".'.''""'"0.'_'.'''~''.'.''~''.".!.'"~''"".'~''''".'':'.''''0~.'.':'.~'.'"'"'"'"'"""'.~'"'''"'~~.'~'~''.''''~''''~''~.""'""'""'""''"'''"''''''''"'"'""'''""'''"'"'~'''"'''"'"j
\. .~.~~~-~... ~.~:.~.f:P~.~.?P~~g~~!:.~~-~8~~,;_.:,,::::::::::.::.:::. . . ,. . . .::::.:~:::.:,.:.:.:. ::.::::o:i,..:::::::.:::::.::c::;:.:.... ;;.::........:.......;;.......................:........................... .i

def deco
()
print("Byp ")
return
@deco
class MyClass:
def
init (self, value):
self.v = value
= MyClass(5)
print(c.v)
#
#
#
14
- .
,
.
:
- ,
. ., . . . ,
,
. :
>>> print("He : !)
- ,
. ,
. , . . .
;
- ,
. , .
:
>>> def test(x,
):
return
>>> test (4, 2)

#
2.0
>>> test (4, 0)
#
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1' in <module>
test(4, 0)
#
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1' in test
def test(x, ): return 1
ZeroDivisionError: division zero
, Pytho ,
- . ,
ValueError, :
index ()
248
/.
Python 3
>>> "". index ("")

F'ile "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module>
"". index ("")
ValueError: substring not found
14.1.
try... except... e/se... finally
try. :
try:
<,
[e>:cept [ <1> [ as
<,
>
< >]
]:
>
...
except
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,
14.1.
~~~i.~~~::~~~:1.~::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-:~~:~i.~~::::::::::::.:::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::~::::::::::::::,:::::.::::::::.::::::::. ::::::::::::.::.:::::_:::J
try:
= 1 1
except ZeroDivisionError:
print ("
#
#
#
=
prlnt(x)
")
try , except. ,
,
except. except ,
"" .
, ,
.
, except
. , (
14.2. -rt
14.2).
....................................................,;... :....'..... ;.,,;:,;.:....:.... ; ...... :........ :...... :.................. ;....;:.. :..;;;'.', ................. :., ........... :..... :..................................................................... .
try:
try:
= 1 1
#
#
#
14.
except NameError:
print 1"n
except IndexError:
print 1"!1
printi"Bpaee
249
")
")
")
print 1"
=
printlx)
")
ZeroDi visionError, n
1 "" .
, .
,
(print lx) ). , print 1" n
") .

except
( 14.3).
' 14.3. Q
:
......................................................... .............. ;... :........................................................::................... .......................................................;................. .. ........................................ .

;,;~
try:
= 1 1
except INameError, IndexError, ZeroDivisionError):
#
printlx) #
except
14.4).
i .................................................; .................. ;,, ......................;~; ;.:,.;,, ; ..................~.; ~..........; ............. ~; ........................ ; .................. " ......... ~ .............. ," .................. ~ ........................... ;
try:
#
= 1 1
except INameError, IndexError, ZeroDivisionError) as err:
printlerr. class ____ name
#
printlerr)
#
:
ZeroDivisionError
divlslon zero
~ info 1)

sys,
: ,
traceback
traceback.
14.5.
exc~info
1)
250
/.
Python 3
import sys, traceback

try:
= l 1
, Value, Trace = sys.exc_info()
printi"Type: ", )
print("Value:", Value)
print("Trace:", Trace)
print ("\n", "print_exception() ".center(40, "-"))
traceback.print_exception(Type, Value, Trace, limit=5,
file=sys.stdout)
print("\n", "print_tb()".center(40, "-"))
traceback.print_tb(Trace, limit=l, file=sys.stdout)
print("\n", "format_exception()".center(40, "-"))
print(traceback.format_exception(Type, Value, Trace, limit=5))
print ( "\n", "format _ exception_ only () ". center (40, "-") )
print(traceback.format_exception_only(Type, Value))

14.6.
~~.l~o.II,>~>!"'~'''"''"'"'''"""'''""''"''00"''"'~0>":~.'"~."":'''"''!~'.''":"'"'~'~''000"''""'~''""''.''M0.'!"'!''''~~~='''~~.'!.'""''"'''''""'''''.'!'!'"'~'00"'!'"'"'''"'.".'''""""''"'''"''''''"'"''"'"'''''''''"""''''"''""'.'''''"'"''1,
[1114;ir 14,5: P!tyn~ra t..in<JnJ-I(tJ-IfJ .nr
14(fi . .. . . . .. .
..
:. :~~.;~~:: .-.~~--.....:;,;;,,,;,,;.......... ~;.:.:;, .. ,,,,.;;; ....;; ..~:;;;;,~j;;~:;,,;:,:;;;;~:;;;;~;.,,;.,.,;,;;;;~;~'.;;;;;";,: ....... ;....~; ....;;.. ~ . ~;;;,:;;;;,.,.;,.;,;,,;';;;,;,;=;,;,;.~=..:,.;,; .. ;... ,. ;...... .:: ... :.............................. .- ..:... :........... :...... :................:;
:
<class 'ZeroDivisionError'>
Value: division zero
Trace: <traceback object at 0030>
-----------prlnt_exception()-----------Traceback (most recent call last):

File "C:\book\test.py", line 3, in <module>
=
ZeroDivisionError: division
zero
---------------print tb()--------------File "C:\book\test.py", line 3, in <module>

= l 1
-----------format exceptlon()----------[ 'Traceback (most recent call last) : \n', '
line 3, in <module>\n
= 1 1 0\n',
'ZeroDivisionError: division zero\n']
File
":\ \book\ \
test. ",
--------format_exception_only()--------['ZeroDivisionError: division zero\n']

except ,
.
except, . .
, , .
except
14.7.
14.
251
try:
= l 1
except:
#
#
print(x)
e1se,
n n . n -
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n n
14.8).
try:
= 10 1 2
= 10 1
print (" 0")
e1se:
print 1" e1se")
fina11y:
print (" finally")
#
#
n n :
e1se
finally
n n :
f1nally
, n

except
finally n, . n
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no
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>>> try:
= 10 1
fina11y: print (" fina11y")
finally
= 10 1
252
(.
4.16)
/.
Python 3
u , , .
(
# -*- coding: utf-8 -* 'stop' ")

surnma =
while True:
= input 1" : ")
= x.rstrip("\r")
# 3.2.0
if == "stop":
break
#
try:
= intlx) #
except ValueError:
14.9).
printi"Bee
(.
1.7)
printi"Heoxoo !")
else:
summa +=
print("Cya
input
:",
surnma)
1)
u :
'stop'
10
str
-5
stop
. , .
14.2.
2.6,
with ... as
Python
(, )
, .
wi th ... as. u
with
<~l>[
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<>]]:
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1).
14.
253
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. , ,
n n,
as.
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1):
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exit
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>,
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class 'yClass:
def
enter
(self):
enter
rint("
return self
def
exit (self,
rint("
if
()")
Value, Trace):
exit () ")
is None: #
print 1" ")
else:
#
print("Value =", Value)
return False # False ~
# True ~
rint("
with MyClass():
print ("
n :")
with")
rint("\n
:")
with MyClass() as obj:

print (" with")
raise rrr(" TypeError")
:
enter 1)
with

exit ()

254
/.
Python 3
enter ()
with

exit ()
Value = TypeError
raise TypeError (" TypeError")
TypeError: TypeError

, , .

with
open (),
.
r
with
14.11 .
~" " ' ' " " " " " " ' " ....... ' ' " . " '.' ............. " ......... " ' '' .... ' ....... !~'-'.' ... '' .... " ....... ' " ..... " . " ' ~ ' " ..... ' ........ ' ..... '! .......... ". ... " ' .......... " " ' " ' .............. ' ' . '.
t J11!:r 14.11. 11ii:wi6; ' as

.... .. .'..;;. '.. ..... '"' ...... " .'.. ': ............. .:... ... ;;.... "; ...',; ..'.";;,; :.; .. :;. ;;., .... ,;, . ;. :. ;.... ,;
~.;
-~ ;
;~~;
;;
with open("test.txt",
open ()
:. ::. ; ,,; ;;:.; :.~:. '" ,; ,;:... :;; ;, ............. ' ...... ' ..; ..........:' ... '" . ' .......... " ........... .
.. .............. 1;
encoding="utf-8") as f:
"",
f.write("Cpoa\n")
...
;-~~.;;; ' ';;~';;
' " " ' ' '." '~
test.txt
~ .
wi th.
, , .
14.3.
Pytln .

14.12.
~~"'"'''"'''''"'''"'""'.'""."('.'''("''~'"''"''~~.'"''''''''~".''~'.''.'.'~"~''.'("'""'''"'.'~~-"'""''""''"''"''"''(~''""'"""''""'"""'"'''""'"''''''"''"'"+""''"'"'"'"''"'""'""'"'''''''''''
r 14.12. 101$ ~~~(.
......... ,.,.,,,, ... ., .......... ~,.
i .. ~ .............. : ... ....~.. ;..... ;~;,;, ..........:.:....~;.;;",,,,,.: ....;;,.~;.,,;,,,, ... ;;.~ .... ;;,,;,;;;,.,; ........;.;;...............~.......: . ~; ....... ~: ........... ;;, ................... :................................................ ; .........................; ......... J
BaseException
GeneratorExit
Keyboardinterrupt
SystemExit
Exception
Stopiteration
Warning
BytesWarning, ResourceWarning,
DeprecationWarning, FutureWarning, ImportWarning,
PendingDeprecationWarning, RuntimeWarning, SyntaxWarning,
UnicodeWarning, UserWarning
Ar i trlet icError
FloatingPointError, OverflowError, ZeroDivisionError
AssertionError
AttributeError
BufferError
14.
255
EnvironmentError
IOError
OSError
WindowsError
EOFError
ImportError
LookupError
IndexError, KeyError
MemoryError
NameError
UnboundLocalError
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
NotimplementedError
SyntaxError
IndentationError
TabError
SystemError
TypeError
ValueError
UnicodeError
UnicodeDecodeError, UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
n n
n
-n.
ZeroDivisionError.
n,
ZeroDivisionError.
ArithrneticError,
FloatingPointError, OverflowError
try:
= l 1
except ArithmeticError:
print ("
#
#
")
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
aseException- ;
Exception- , BaseException, n n ' ;

AssertionError- assert;
AttributeError- nn i< ~;
EOFError- input () n ;
IOError- n ;
ImportError- n n;
IndentationError- n n n ;
IndexError- n;
KeyError- ;
256
+
+
+
+
+
+
/. Python 3
Keyboardlnterrupt- <Ctri>+<C>;
NameError- ;
Stoprteration- _ next _ () ;
SyntaxError- ;
TypeError -
UnoundLocalError- ;
+
+
+
+
UnicodeDecodeError- ;
UnicodeEncodeError- ;
Valt,1eError-
ZeroDivisionError-
14.4.
+
+
raise;
assert.
raise
raise
raise
raise
raise . :
<n >
< >
<n >
from
< >
raise
. .

except.
ValueError:
>>> raise ValueError("Ocae ")

File "<pyshell/10>", line 1, in <module>
raise ValueError("Ocae ")
ValueError:
:
try:
raise ValueError("Oncae ")
except ValueError as msg:
print(msg) #:
:
class MyError(Exception):
def
init (self, value) :
self.msg = value
def str (self):
return self.msg
14.
257
#
try:
raise rrr(" ")
except MyError as err:
print (err)
#
str ()
print(err.msg)
#
#
raise MyError (" ")
:


Fi1e "C:\book\test.py", 1ine 14, in <modu1e>
raise :r (" ")
MyError:
Exception .
- ,
Exception:
c1ass MyError(Exception): pass
try:
raise MyError (" ")
print (err)
# :

raise ,
. :
try:
raise Va1ueError # : raise Va1ueError()
except Va1ueError:
print (" III")

raise
, .
_cause_.

, . :
try:
=1 1
except Exception as err:

raise Va1ueError() from err
:

Fi1e "<stdin>", line 2, in <modu1e>
The above exception was the direct cause of the
fo11owing exception:
9 . 1349
258
1.
Python 3

File "<stdin>", line 4, in <module>
ValueError
,
ValueError,
zeroDivisionError. ,
from . from

_, :

During handling of the above exception, another
exception occurred:
ValueError

raise .
class MyError(Exception): pass

try:
raise MyError ( ", !1")
print(err)
#
raise

raise MyError (" !1")
MyError:
assert AssertionError,
False. :
assert
<
~>[,
<>]
assert :
i f _debug_
if not < ~>:

raise AssertionError(<ae>)
-,
.

assert:
try:
=
-3
assert >= , " "

except AssertionError as err:
print(err) # m: !1
_debug_
assert -.
15
- . n:
. n n n
.. , ( ) n
.
15.1.
, n
open (). :
>[, mode='r'] [, buffering=-1] [, encoding=None] [,
errors=None] [, new1ine=None] [, c1osefd=True])
n(<
n n .
. Widows ,
.
. :
>>> "C:\\temp\\new\\fi1e.txt"
'C:\\temp\\new\\fi1e.txt'
>>> r"C:\temp\new\fi1e.txt"
'C:\\temp\\new\\fi1e.txt'
> "C:\temp\new\fi1e.txt"
'C:\temp\new\x0ci1e.txt'
!!
.
:
\t, \n \f. n
:
:<>m< >w< >i1.tt
open (),
>>> open ("C:\temp\new\fi1e. txt")

Fi1e "<pyshell#>", 1ine 1, in <modu1e>
open (": \temp\new\f'i1e. txt")
IOError: [Errno 22] Inva1id aigument: 'C:\temp\new\x0ci1e.txt'
IOError:
260
1.
Python 3
.
.

os. path.
abspath ()
,
. :
>>> import os.path #

>>> # (C:\book\)
>>> os.path.abspath(r"file.txt")
'C:\\book\\file.txt'
,
. :
>>> # m C:\book\folderl\
>>> os.path.abspath(r"folderl/file.txt")
'C:\\book\\folderl\\file.txt'
>>> # m C:\book\folderl\folder2\
>>> os.path.abspath(r"folderl/folder2/file.txt")
'C:\\book\\folderl\\folder2\\file.txt'
(" .. /").
>>> # :\
>>> os.path.abspath(r" .. /file.txt")
'C:\\file.txt'
, .
. :
>>> # C:\book\folderl\
> os.path.abspath(r"/book/folderl/file.txt")
>>> # m C:\book\folderl\folder2\
> os.path.abspath(r"/book/folderl/folder2/file.txt")
'C:\\book\\folderl\\folder2\\file.txt'
, .

sep
os .path. .
Windows:
>>> os.path.sep
'\\'
> os.path.abspath(r"C:/book/folderl/file.txt")

, . . ,
.
, . ,
, .
.
C:\book
15.
261
C:\book\
test.py
folderl\
init .
modulel.py

C:\book\test.py
15.1.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import os, sys

print("%-2Ss%s" ~, (":", os.path.abspath(
file )))
os.getcwd()))
print("%-2Ss%s"% (" r! :", sys.path[O]))
print("%-2Ss%s"% (" :", os.path.abspath("file.txt")))
print ("-" * 40)
import folderl.modulel as m
m. get_cwd 1)
print("%-25s's"%
("
C:\book\folder 1\
:",
n. , n
init_.py
n .

C:\book\folder 1\module l.py
15.2 .
................ ......................................................................;,;.. ... .... .................................... .... ....... :;;,, .. ;;,,-..:,; ....; ...... ::......... ...:.... . ...
~
;;;
; ;;
,;,;;,;,,,
.............................,........................................ ;

def get_cwd():
print("%-2Ss%s" % (":", os.path.abspath( file )) )
print("%-25s%s" % (" :", os.getcwd() ))
print1"t-2Ss%s" % (" r1 :", sys.path[O]))
print("%-2Ss%s"% (" :", os.path.abspath("file.txt") ))
n , n
C:\book
test.py:
C:\>cd C:\book
C:\book>test.py
:
r! :
r!
C:\book\test.py
C:\book
C:\book
C:\book\file.txt
C:\book\folderl\modulel.py
C:\book
: \book
C:\book\file.txt
test.py.
dule l.py.
open 1) n,
C:\book,
C:\book\folderl.
262
n n : n n
/.
Python 3
test.py:
\book>cd :\
C:\>C:\book\test.py
:
C:\book\test.py
:\
C:\book
: \file. txt
C:\book\folderl\modulel.py
:
:
:\
C:\book
C:\file.txt
n , n
test.py.
test.py
modulel.py
open ()
n, n n :,
.
n n n ,
n
test.py
chdir ()
os.
15.3).

#
os.chdir(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath( file ) ) )
print("%-25s%s"% (":",
file ))
print("%-25s%s"% (" :", os.getcwd()))
print("%-25s%s"% (" :", sys.path[O]))
print("%-25s%s"% (" :", os.path.abspath("file.txt")))
. n
n .
_file_ n n
_file_
n n . n, n
C:\book>C:\Python32\python test.py
n. n n
n , n
abspath () os .path.
dirname () n
n ( ) n
chdir (). n open () n,
n n . n
:
C:\>C:\book\test.py
:
C:\book\test.py
C:\book
C:\book
C:\book\file.txt
test.py
15.
263
, n , n
. n, ,
n , , n n .
, n n n n .
n
mode open () n :
r - ( ).
. ,
IOError;
r + - n.
. ,
IOError;
w - n. , . ,
nn. ;
w+- n. , .
, nn.
- n. , . n
. ;
+- n. , . n ~
. .
, n :
- . n
n
bytes;
t - (
n n
Windows).
str. Windows
\r , n n, , . n
file.txt
n :
>>> f = open(r"file.txt", "w"} #

>>> f. write ( "Stringl \nString2") #
15
>>> f .close ()
#
w, , ,
:, nn. n
:
>>> # ( \r )
>>> with open(r"file.txt", "rb") as f:
for line in f:
print(repr(line))
b'Stringl\r\n'
b'String2'
>>> # ~ ( \r )
>>> with open(r"file.txt", "r") as f:
for line in f:
print(repr(line))
264
/.
Python 3
'Stringl\n'
'String2'
.
.rt .
buffering . ,
( ).
1 (
), ,
( ) ,
.
( )

Unicode,
. , ;' .
encoding.
UTF-8:
>>> f = open(r"file.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8")

>>>
f.write("Cpoa")
>>> f.close()
>>> with open(r"file.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
for line in f:
print(line)
UTF-8, UTF-16
UTF-32
Mark,
).
UTF-8
(Byte Order
, n.
UTF-8
encoding utf-8-sig.
>>> f = open(r"file.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8-sig")

>>>
f.write("Cpoa")
#n
> f. close ()
n encoding:
>>> with open(r"file.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
for line in f:
print(repr(line))
'\ufeffCpoa'
>>> with open(r"file.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8-sig") as f:
for line in f:
print(repr(line))
''
15.
265
utf-8, n n
utf-8-sig,
n .
utf-8-sig n
UTF-8.
UTF-16
utf-16 utf-32 n encoding .
UTF-32
n , n
nn . n , n :
'
>>> with open(r"file.txt", "w", encoding="utf-16")
as f:
f. wri te ("")
>>> with open(r"fi1e.txt", "r", encoding="utf-16") as f:

for 1ine in f:
print(repr(line))
''
utf-16-1e, utf-16-be, utf-32-1e
utf-32-be
, n .
n
"strict"
errors
( ;
no
),
"rep\ace" (
"ignore" (
\ufffd),
),
n &#;)
15.2.
"xmlcharrefreplace" (
"backslashreplace" ( n
\uxxxx).
open () ,
.
. \ :
c1ose () - . ,
, .
n
. ,
Python 3.2
n :

2.6,
n n
"ResourceWarning: unclosed fi1e".
Python
n , n
. :
with open(r"fi1e.txt", "w", encoding="cp1251") as f:

f.write("Cpoa") #
#
write (<>) -
n , .
n n .
266
/.
Python 3
,
.
. :
>>>
>>>
>>>
15
>
>>>
>>>
>>>
15
>>>
#
f = open(r"fi1e.txt", "w", encoding="cp1251")
f.write("Cpoa1\nCpoa2") #
#
f .c1ose ()
#
f = open(r"fi1e.txt", "wb")
f .write (bytes ("1 \r2", "1251"))
f .write (bytearray("\nCpoa",
"1251"))
> f.c1ose()
writelines (<>) - .
,
. ,
. :
>>>
>>>
>>>
>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>
#
f = open(r"fi1e.txt", "w", encoding="cp1251")
f.write1ines(["Cp~a1\n",
"2"])
f.c1ose()
#
arr = [bytes ( "1 \n", "1251"), bytes ( "2",
f.write1ines(arr)
f.c1ose()
"1251")]
read( [<>])- .
, ,
,
:
>>> #
>>> with open(r"fi1e.txt", "r", encoding="cp1251") as f:
f .read ()
'1\n2'
>>> #
>>> with open(r"fi1e.txt", "rb") as f:
f. read ()
b'\xd1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe01\n\xd1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe02'
,
. ,
. :
>>> #
>>> f = open(r"fi1e.txt", "r", encoding="cp1251")
15.
> f.read(B)
267
'l\n'
> f.read(B)
'2'
>>> f .read(B)
>>> f .close ()
+ readline ( [<> J) -
, , -
. .
. ,
.
. :
>>> #
>>> f = open(r"file.txt", "r", encoding="cp1251")
>>> f.readline(), f.readline()
('l\n',
'2~)
>>> f.readline()
> f. close ()
>>> #
>>> f = open(r"file.txt", "rb")
>>> f.readline(), f.readline()
(b'\xdl\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe01\n', b'\xdl\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe02')
> f . readline ( )
#
''
>>> f.close()
,
,
(\n),
. ,
, ,
. ,
. :
>>> f = open(r"file.txt", "r", encoding="cpl251")

>>> f.readline(2), f.readline(2)
( '', '')
>>> f.readline(l00) # ,
100
'al\n'
>>> f. close ()
readlines () -
, .
. ,
. ,
, - -
bytes. :
>>> #
>>> with open(r"file.txt", "r", encoding="cp1251") as f:
f. readlihes ()
268 '
[ 1 l\n 1 ,
/.
Python 3
>>> ~
>>> with open(r"file.txt", "rb") as f:
f. readl ines ()
[b 1 \xdl\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe01\n 1 , b 1 \xd1\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe02 1 ]
+ _ next _
() -
, ,

Stopiteration.
>>> #
>>> f. next (), f. next ()
1
1
(
! \n 1 ,
2 1 ) .
>>> f. next () #
f. next () #
Stopiteration
> f .close ()

_next_()
for. for _ next_ ().

>>> for line in f: print(line.rstrip("\n"), end=" ")
! 2
> f. close ()
flush () - ;
fileno () - .
2, . . stdin, 1 -
stdout, 2 -
stderr. :


> f. fileno ()
#
3
> f.close()
+ truncate ( [<>]) -
. . :
>>> f = open(r"file.txt", "r+", encoding="cpl251")

> f . read ( )
1
l\n2
>>> f.truncate(5)
5
15.
269
>>> f.close()
>>> with open(r"file.txt", "r", encoding="cp1251") as f:
f .read ()
''
tell () -
. ,
Windows
tell () \r
, .
:
>>> with open(r"file.txt", "w", encoding="cp1251") as f:

f. write ( "String1 \nString2")
15
>>> f = open(r"file.txt", "r", encoding="cp1251")
>>> f.tell()
#
>>> f.readline()
'String1\n'
> f.tell()
9 (8 + '\r'),
8 !!!
>>> f. close ()
, ,
:

>>> f.readline() #
b'Stringl\r\n'
> f. tell ()
#
9
>>> f.close()
seek (<> [, <>]) - ,

<> <>. <~>
io :
io.SEEK_SET - ( );
io. SEEK_ cuR
1 -
io. SEEK_ END
2-
>>> import io
>>> io.SEEK_SET, io.SEEK_CUR, io.SEEK END
(0, 1, 2)

seek ():
>>> import io
>>> f.seek(9, io.SEEK_CUR) # 9
9
270
1.
Python 3
>>> f.tell()
9
>>> f.seek(O,
io.SEEK_~ET)
>>> f. tell ()
>>> f .seek(-9, io.SEEK_END)
-9
>>> f.tell()
7
>>> f .close ()
:
+
+
+
narne- ;
mode- , ;
closed- True, , False . :
>>> f = open(r"file.txt", "r+b")
>>> f.name, f.mode, f.closed
('file.txt', 'rb+', False)

>>> f.close()
>>> f.closed
True
encoding- ,
. ,
, . . .
. :
>>> f = open(r"file.txt",
>>> f.encoding
"",
encoding="cpl251")
'cpl251'
>>> f.close()

stdout . encoding
,
. ,
Python She\1
encoding "866",
IDLE- "1251". :
>>> import sys

>>> sys.stdout.encoding
'1251'
buffer- .
.
. :
>>> f = open(r"file.txt", "w", encoding="cp1251")

>>> f.buffer.write(bytes("Cpoa", "1251"))
6
>>> f.close()
15.
271
15.3. os
os
.
.
Windows
> import os
>>> os.name
'nt'
Windows
n(<
>,
<>[,
mode=Oo777])-
name.
"nt":
os:
, .
Windows
OSError. <>
1 ):
os. _ROONLY -
os .O_WRONLY- n;
os. _RDWR-
os. _APPEND- ;
os. _CREAT- , ;
os. _TRUNC-
os .O_BINARY- ;
os. _- . Windows -
. , . , :
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
import os
#
mode = os.O_WRONLY 1 os.O_CREAT 1 os.O_TRUNC
f = os.open(r"file.txt", mode)
os.write(f, b"Stringl\n") # n
>>> os.close(f)
>>> mode = os.O_WRONLY 1 os.O_CREAT 1 os.O_APPEND

>>> f = os.open(r"file.txt", mode)
>>> os.write(f, b"String2\n") #
> os.close(f)
>>> f = os.open(r"file.txt", os.O_ROONLY)

>>> os.read(f, 50)
# 50
b'Stringl\nString2\n'
> os.close (f)
# ~
272
/.
Python 3
>>> f = os.open(r"file.txt", os.O_RDONLY 1 os.O_BINARY)

# 50
>>> os.read(f, 50)
b'Stringl\r\nString2\r\n'
#
> os.close(f)
rd.(<>,
<
>)-
. . :
>>> f = os.open(r"file.txt", os.O_RDONLY)

>>> os.read(f, 5), os.read(f, 5), os.read(f, 5), os.read(f, 5)
(b'Strin', b'gl\nS', b'tring', b'2\n')
>>> os.read(f, 5)
#
''
> os.close(f)
write (<>,
<
>) -
. ;
+
+
close (<>) - ;
lseek (<>,
<>,
<>)
<> <>.
. <>
:
os. SEEK_ SET - ;
os.SEEK_CUR
os. SEEK_ END 2 -
1 -
>>> f = os.open(r"file.txt", os.O RDONLY 1 os.O_BINARY)

>>> os.lseek(f, , os.SEEK_END) #
18
>>> os.lseek(f, , os.SEEK_SET) #
>>> os.lseek(f, 9, os.SEEK_CUR) #
>>> os.lseek(f,
os.SEEK_CUR) #
>>> os.close(f)
+
+
du(<>)- ;
fdopen
(<>
[,
<>
[,
< >]
]) -
. <> < > ,
open ( ) . :
>>> fd
> fd
os.open(r"file.txt", os.O_RDONLY)
>>> f = os.fdopen(fd, "r")

>>> f.fileno() #
3
15.
273
> f.read()
'Stringl\nString2\n'
>>> f.close()
15.4.
String/0
Bytes/0
StringiO io n .
n n n n.
:
newline=None])
StringiO([<Haaoe >][,
ri n , n .
n "". ,
, :
close () - "". , "" , n

closed. True, "" , False n ;
getvalue () - "" :
>>> import io
#
> f = io.StringiO("Stringl \n")
>>> f .getvalue ()
#
'Stringl\n'
>>> f.close()
#
+ tell () - n "";
+ . seek (<> [, <> J ) - n,
<> n <>. n <>

:
- "" (
2 - "".
no );
- n ;
seek ()
tell ():
>>> f = io.StringiO("Stringl\n")
>>> f.tell()
#
>>> f.seek(O, 2)
>>> f. tell ()
8
>>> f.seek(O)
>>> f. tell ()
>>> f.close()
write (<>) -n "":

>>> f = io.StringiO("Stri~gl\n")
>>> f.seek(O, 2)
#
8
>>> f.write("String2\n") #
/.
Python 3
nI
> f.getvalue()
'Stringl\nString2\n 1
> f.close()
writelines (<>) - "":

>>> f = io.StringiO()
>>> f.writelines(["Stringl\n", "String2\n"])
>>> f.getvalue()
#
1
Stringl\nString2\n 1
#
> f.close()
read ( [< > J) - "". n

, "" n "
". n ,
. "",
n . :
>>> f = io.StringiO("Stringl\nString2\n")
> f.read()
'Stringl\nString2\n'
>>> f.seek(O) #
>>> f.read(S), f.read(S), f.read(S), f.read(S), f.read(S)

1
(
Strin' , 1 gl \nSt 1 , 1 ring2' , '\n' , 1 ' )
>>> f.close() #
readline ( [< >]) -
"" ,t< n
. n .
n . n , n
. "" n
. :
>>> f = io.StringiO("Stringl\nString2")
>>> f.readline(), f.readline(), f.readline()
( 'Stringl \n' , 'String2' , ' 1 )
>>> f.close() #
n , n
nop,
(\n),
""
"" n . ,
n, ,
. ,
. :
>>> f = io.StringiO("Stringl\nString2\nString3\n")
>>> f.readline(S), f.readline(S)
( 'Strin' , 'gl \n' )
>>> f.readline(l00) # , 100
'String2\n'
>>> f.close()
#
15.
275
readlines ( [ < > J) -
""
. ,
. .
, . :
> f
= io. StringiO ( "Stringl \nString2\nString3")

>>> f.readlines()
[ 'Stringl \n', 'String2\n', 'String']
>>> f.close() # m
, .
\n.
. :
> f
= io. StringiO ( "Stringl \nString2\nString3")

>>> f.readlines(l4)
[ 'Stringl \n', 'String2\n']
>>> f.seek(O) #
>>> f.readlines(17)
[ 'Stringl \n', 'String2\n', 'St.ring']
>>> f.close() # m
_next_ () - . "
Stoprteration. :
"
>>> f
io.StringiO("Stringl\nString2")
next (), f. next ()
('Stringl\n', 'String2')
>>> f. next ()
. . . ...
Stopiteration
>>> f.close() # m
=
> f.
_next_()
for. for
next
().
>>> f = io. StringiO ( "Stringl \nString2")

>>> for line in f: print(line.rstrip())
Stringl
String2
>>> f.close() #
+
+
flush () - "";
truncate ( [< > J ) -
"" -
. :
> f = io.StringiO("Stringl \nString2\nString3")

>>> f.truncate(15)
15
>>> f. getvalue ()
'Stringl\nString2'
> f.close()
276
/.
Python 3
, "" :
> f = io. StringiO ( "String1 \nString2\nString3")

>>> f.seek(15)
#
15
>>> f. truncate ()
#
15
>>> f .getva1ue ()
#
'String1\nString2'
> f.c1ose()
#
StringiO ' .
,
Bytesro io.
tsi([< >])
Bytesro
stringiO,
" , .
:
>>> import io
#
> f = io.BytesiO(b"String1\n")
>>> f.seek(O, 2)
#
>>> f.write(b"String2\n") #
>>> f .getva1ue ()
b'String1\nString2\n'
> f.seek(O)
> f. read ( )
b'String1\nString2\n'
>>> f.c1ose()

3.2, Bytesrq getbuffer (),

meinoryview.
, (
to1ist ()) ( tobytes () ). :

>>> f = io.BytesiO(b"Python")
>>> buf = f.getbuffer()
>>> buf[O]
#
''
>>> buf[O] = b"J"

#
> f .getva1ue ()
#
b'Jython'
> buf.to1ist()
# n
[74, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110]
>>> buf.tobytes()
# n bytes
b'Jython'
>>> f.c1ose()
#
15.
277
15.5. .

UN1X
( )
- , -
: :
t
r - , ;
w- , ,
. ;
- , ,
.
-rw-r--r-
(rw-)
, , .
( ).
--
(r--)-
(r--)
( ).
:
drwxr-xr-x

(r-x).
(d) , .
(rwx), -
,.
().
, .
-rw-r--r--
644.
, (.
,
7.
. ,
rw-r--r--
15.1 ).
110 100 100,
4 4. , ,
1,
- .
15.1.
000
---
100
r--
001
--
101
r-x
010
-w-
11
rw-
011
-wx
111
rwx
278
/.
n n n
Python 3
access ()
os. :
ss(<>,
<>)
True,
n n,
False
<> , n
:
os.F_o- :
>>> import os
>>> os.access(r"file.txt", os. F_)
True
>>> os. access ( r"C: \book", os.F_OK)
True
>>> os.access(r"C:\book2", os.F_OK)
False
os
#
#
os. R_ - n ;
os. w_- n ;
os. _- n, ' .
n,
chmod () os. :
hmd(<>,
< >)
n ,
( ):
>>> os.chmod(r"file.txt",
777)
stat.
15.6.
shutil:
copyfile (< >, < >) -
. (n, n) n.
, n. n,

>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
IOError. :
import shutil
#
shutil.copyfile(r"file.txt", r"file2.txt")
# :
shutil. copyfile (r"file. txt", r"C: \book2\file2. txt")
...
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory:
'C:\\book2\\file2.txt'
15.
(<Konpyeiir >,
279
< >)
n n . n
n n. , nn.
n,
>>> shutil.copy(r"file.txt",
+ 2 (<n
>,
IOError.
r"file.txt~)
< >)
n n
. , nn.
n,
IOError.
>>> shutil.copy2(r"file.txt", r"file4.txt")
move (< >, < n>) -
n ,
. , nn.
n,
IOError. ,
WindowsError. n
Windows
C:\book\test:
file4.txt
>>> shutil.move(r"file4.txt", r"C:\book\test")

n n
rename (< >,
<
>)
n .
, n

os:
Windows
WindowsError. n
import os #
try:
os.rename(r"file.txt", "file4.txt")
except OSError: # WindowsError OSError
print (" n")
else:
print (" n n")
remove (< >) unlink(<y >)- n .

, n
WindowsError.
Windows
>>> os.remove(r"file2.txt")
>>> os.unlink(r"file4.txt")
os .path n , n n
, n . :
exists (<>) - n n . 'l

True, n , False n :
>>> import os.path

>>> os.path.exists(r"file.txt"), os.path.exists(r"file2.txt")
(True, False)
>>> os.path.exists(r"C:\book"), os.path.exists(r"C:\book2")
(True, False)
getsize (< >) -
. ,
Windows WindowsError:
280
>>> os.path.getsize(r"file.txt") #
18
>>> os.path.getsize(r"file2.txt") #
...
WindowsError: [Error 2]
getatime
(<
>)
/.
Python 3
'file2.txt'
. ,
WindowsError.
Windows
>>> import time

# time
>>> t = os.path.getatime(r"file.txt")
>>> t
1304111982.96875
>>> time.strftime("%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(t))
'30.04.2011 01:19:42'
getctime (< >)- .

, .
Windows
WindowsError. :
> t = os.path.getctime(r"file.txt")
>>> t
1304028509.015625
>>> time.strftime("%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(t))
'29.04.2011 02:08:29'
getmtime (< .>)- .

, .
Windows
WindowsError. :
> t = os.path.getmtime(r"file.txt")
>>> t
1304044731.265625
>>> time.strftime("%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S", time.1ocaltime(t))
'29.04.2011 06:38:51'
, ,

stat () os.
stat_result, : st_mode, st_ino, st_dev,
st_nlink, st_uid, st_gid, st_size, st_atime, st mtime st ctime.
stat 1) 15.4.

rri'~~~~~1s~4~r;-p~~;~:~~ri.d.ri~~~~~~-~~-;;~~~~ _~;_;t:(';~~-~~~
.................... ;,;,,,;;;,,,,,,;.. ,;,,,,,;,, . :.................'.; ...'.;;;,,;,,.,,;,;;,,;,,,,,;,,,,;;,;,;;,,,;,,,,,,;,,,, .........=::.;:-:;......... : :::: ..........;......... .........................
>>> import os, time

>>> s = os.stat(r"file.txt")
>>> s
nt.stat resu1t(st_mode=33060, st ino=2251799813878096, st_dev=O,
st_n1ink=1, st_uid=O, st_gid=O, st_size=18, st_atime=1304111982,
st_mtime=1304044731, st_ctime=l304028509)
>>> s.st size
#
18
15.
281
>>> t = s.st_atime #
> time.strftime("~d.%m.'iiY %:%:'S", time.1oca1time(t))
'30.04.2011 01:19:42'
>>> t = s.st_ctime #
> tlme. strftime ( "'Cd. 'm. ~. ' : %: 'tS", time .1ocalt ime (t) )
'29.04.2011 02:08:29'
>>> t = s.st_mtime #
> time.strftime("%d.%m.c,y 'isH:%M:%S", time.1oca1time(t))
'29.04.2011 06:38:51'
u
utime
1)
os. u :
utime(<y
>,
utimei<y
>,
None)
(< >,
<
>))
None,
. u utime 1)
, . . ,
Windows WindowsError. u
utime()
15.5.
~~~~~; 15:5~ ~~~ ~~ri~~~;~~~~~ v~~~~~-~t;;;,;
... ................................................................................:..............
: ,;
;.,,;
............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
.. ,...........................: .......................:................................................................................
>>> import os, time

>>> os.stat(r"fi1e.txt")
#
nt.stat_resu1t(st_mode=33060, st_ino=2251799813878096, st_dev=O,
st_mtime=1304044731, st_ctime=1304028509)
>>> t = time.time() - 600
> os.utime(r"fi1e.txt", (t, t)) # 600
nt.stat resu1t(st_mode=33060, st ino=2251799813878096, st_dev=O,
st_mtime=1304112906, st_ctime=1304028509)
>>> os.utime(r"fi1e.txt", None)
#
nt.stat_resu1t(st_mode=33060, st ino=2251799813878096, st_dev=O,
st_mtime=1304113557, st_ctime=1304028509)
15.7.
os .path:
abspath (< >) -
. :
>>> import os.path

>>> os.path.abspath(r"fi1e.txt")
'C:\\book\\fi1e.txt'
282
/.
Python 3
> os.path.abspath(r"folderl/file.txt")
'C:\\ook\\folderl\\file.txt'
>>> os.path.abspath(r" .. /file.txt")

'C:\\file.txt'
, .

sep os. path.
Windows:
>>> os.path.sep
'\\'

Windows
.
. :
> "C:\\temp\\new\\file.txt"
'C:\\temp\\new\\file.txt'
> r"C:\temp\new\file.txt"
'C:\\temp\\new\\file.txt'
>>> "C:\temp\new\file.txt"
'C:\temp\new\xOcile.txt'
!!
, ,
>>> r"C: \temp\new\"

# !!!
>>> r"C:\temp\new\\"
'C:\\temp\\new\\\\'
,
. , .
. . ,
. :
>>> "C:\\temp\\new\\"
'C:\\temp\\new\\'
> r"C:\temp\new\\"[:-1]
'C:\\temp\\new\\'
isabs (<>) - True, , False

:
>>> os.path.isabs("file.txt")
False
>>> os.path.isabs(r"C:\book\file.txt")
True
basename (<>) - :
>>> os.path.basename(r"C:\book\folderl\file.txt")
'file.txt'
>>> os.path.basenarne(r"C:\book\folder")
'folder'
> os.path.basename("C:\\book\\folder\\")
15.
t dirname (<>) -
283
> os.path.dirname(r"C:\book\folder\file.txt")
'C:\\book\\folder'
>>> os.path.dirname(r"C:\book\folder")
'C:\\book'
> os .path.dirname (":\ \book\ \folder\ \")
'C:\\book\\folder'
split (<>) -
: ~
>>> os.path.split(r"C:\book\folder\file.t~t")
('C:\\book\\folder', 'file.txt')
>>> os.path.split(r"C:\book\folder")
(':\ \book', 'folder')
>>> os.path.split("C:\\book\\folder\\")
('C:\\book\\folder', '')
splitdrive (<>) - .
:
>>> os.path.splitdrive(r"C:\book\folder\file.txt")
(':', '\\book\\folder\\file.txt')
split.ext (<>) - : ,
, ( ):
>>> os.path.splitext(r"C:\book\folder\file.tar.gz")
('C:\\book\\folder\\file.tar', '.gz')
j oin (<l> [, ... , <N> J ) - :

>>> os.path.join("C:\\", "book\\folder", "file.txt")
'C:\\book\\folder\\file.txt'
>>> os.path.join(r"C:\\", "book/folder/", "file.txt")
'C:\\\\book/folder/file.txt'
.
. ,
nonnpath () :
>>> = os.path.join(r"C:\\", "book/folder/", "file.txt")

>>> os.path.normpath(p)
'C:\\book\\folder\\file.txt'
15.8.
, ,
fileno (),
stdin, 1 -
2,
. .
stdout,
2-
std~rr.
. ,
stdout stderr wri te (),

stdin readline (),
. ,
284
/.
Python 3
, .
(
j1'~;;:~~~1:5i':h~p~~~ri~~~~~~;~6~ti~';~
15.6).
. . . . . . . . .:. . .,. . . ::.............................
. ..................................... ;.
: ,;,,,,, < ; : .......... ~ :: :.;,.,;.:_.;;;,,:;,; ;.;,... ;;,..,,,;:. ;:.: ..:;;;;..... ::,.. ::: . ::;. . .-;;,;,,, . :.-~ .............. :.. :.;.. :: ... : ...... ;.......................................................... .
>>> import sys

>>> tmp_out = sys.stdout
>>> sys.stdout = f
"")
>>>
")
rint("
>>> sys.stdout = tmp_out

>>> print ("

#
#
#
#
sys
sys.stdout
")
>>> f. close ()
tmp_ out.
print ()
file,
, :
>>> rint("
"")
",
file=f)
>>> f.close()

stdin
. u
input 1)
. u

EOfError.
15.7).
rii'~~;~;1!;:-;1;:~p~~ri~~~~~
;::.:. ;~;:.=......... :.:~ ...... ::.... :..~;,,;;; ..~ .. ~-~~- .. ~~::.~~::.~;;,;,-;. ~~.: ..~.;;:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import sys

tmp_in = sys.stdin
f = open(r"file.txt", "r")
sys.stdin = f
while True:
try:
line = input ()
print(line)
except EOfError:
break
sys.stdin
tmp_in
f .close ()
input ()
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
sys.stdin
, ,

,
false
isatty ().
True,
15.
285
>>> tmp_in
~ sys.stdln
open(r"file.txt", "r")
>>> sys.stdin ~ f
> sys.stdin.isatty()
Falsc:
>>> sys.stdin ~ tmp_in
>>> sys.stdin.isatty(l
True
> f.close()
>>> f
#
#
sys.stdin
#
#
n / n .
tests.py
C:\book
, n
15.8.
: 15.8. n tests.py
i ...............,, .. , ...................................................; .................................; ... : .... ;;,,,,,, ............ : ............. , .. ; .................. ;:~ ................;,,,,,,;,,,, .......................................... ;... . ..................... "'
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*while True:

try:
line ~ input ()
print ( line 1
except EOFError:
break
n n n n, n
: \book. n
file.txt,
cd
n :
C:\Python32\python.exe tests.py < file.txt

n .
< >.
tests.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*print ("String")
n nn
file.txt,
n :
C:\Python32\python.exe tests.py > file.txt

file.txt
nn.
, n
n :
C:\Python32\python.exe tests.py >> file.txt

n
stdout
n n
. , n, n

Windows
\r
(n )
, n n
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nn .
n n (
15.9).
286
/.
Python 3
!;~;~-~/"15:::::~~~~~;~~ ~~;~6~;~~~~-~'~~;;:::::J
~.;~
.. :.;......
;,,,;;
.............. ...... ,,,,;,,,;;:...... :.........

~
;,;;,;;;,,;,,,,,,,~
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import sys, time

for i in range 15, 101, 5):
sys.stdout.writel"\r
sys.stdout.f1ushl)
time.s1eepll)
..:...;:_.,,,;,,.....................................................................
%s%%" % i) #
#
#
........................................................... ............................................:
sys.stdout.writel"\rpoecc \n")
input 1)
.
.
flush 1).
15.9.

pickle shelve. pickle :
dump 1<>,
<> [,
<>] [,
fix _ imports=True] ) -
. <>
, .
:
>>>
>>>
>
>>>
>>>
import pickle
f = openlr"file.txt", "wb")
obj = ["", 12, 3)]
pickle.dumplobj, f)
f. close 1)
load 1) - . <>
. . :
load 1<> [, fix _ imports=True] [, encoding="ASCII"]

[, errors="strict"])
:
>>> f = openlr"file.txt", "rb")

>>> obj = pickle.loadlf)
> obj
[ ' ' , 12, 3) ]
>>> f.closel)
,
dump 1).
15.1 .
[{ij~~i.!~~j~:i~;-~~~~~~:~~]~~~~~~~~3:?~~~~~~:.::.:::::: . : : : .: :. .: :. :: : : : : :. : :.: : .:.:. ::. :.: . .:.:.-:..: :.: : :.: . : :. : : . .::. :. . :. . ::.:'i
>>> objl = ["", 12, 3)]
>>> obj2 = 11, 2)
>>> f = openlr"file.txt", "wb")
15.
287
#
#
>>> pick1e.dump(objl, f)
>>> plck1e.dump(obj2, f)
> f. c1ose ()
1oad ()
15.11).
;: ..
:.t:t!':"''''''''''''."'''''':~:.:::;.::::.::::,
..:.:~:.:::.::.:~.-.::~::::: ..... ,.................................... ~
~ -r 15.11 ::i!
< . . . ' ' '
~........................................ ;.... ' .. :.". :. ;:::;' ;; :;. :: ... :..'~=.... ,;;; .. .::' ;; ,:,,; . : .... :' :: ....'. ;, ...... ;;; ~................ ; ~ :~.; ...:.;~:; ;; ,',, .:.': :.:; :........ ; ..,:, .... '... ...
>>> f = open(r"fi1e.txt", "rb")

>>> obJ1 = pick1e.1oad(f)
>>> obj2 = pick1e.1oadlfl
> obj1, obj2
( [ ' ' , ( 2, 3) ] , (1, 2) )
> f .c1ose ()
#
#
''' .............. ' ..... :
dum(<>)
Pick1er.
:
ik1r(<>[,
<>][,
fix~imports=True])
>>>
>
>>>
>>>
>
obj =["", (2, 3)]
pk1 = pick1e.Pick1er(f)
pk1.dump(obj)
f .c1ose ()
1oad () Unpick1er.
fix imports=True] [, encoding="ASCII"]

[, errors="strict"])
Unpick1er(<a>[,
>>> f = open(r"fi1e.txt", "rb")

>>> obj = pick1e.Unpick1er(f) .1oad()
> obj
[ ' ' , (2, 3) ]
> f. c1ose ()
pick1e
. :
dumps (<> [, <>] [, fix~imports=True]) -
.
(
3).
>>> obj1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

#
>>> obj2 = (6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
#
>>> pick1e.dumps(obj1)
b'\x80\x03]q\x00(K\x01K\x02K\x03K\x04K\x05e.'
>>> pick1e.dumps(obj2)
b'\x80\x03(K\x06K\x07K\x08K\tK\ntq\x00.'
288
/.
Python 3
encoding="ASCII"] [,
1ds(<
>[,
fix_imports=True] [,
errors="strict"J)-
. :
>>> pickle.1oads(b'\x80\x03]q\x00(K\x01K\x02K\x03K\x04K\x05e.')
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> pick1e.loads(b'\x80\x03(K\x06K\x07K\x08K\tK\ntq\x00.')
(6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
she1ve (
) , .

pick1e,
, dL
no
she1 ve
open ().
open (<
>
[, flag="c"] [, protoco1=None] [, writeback=Fa1se])
+
+
+
r -
flag :
w- -;
- ( ). , ~
;
n-
. , . ,
open ()
. :
c1ose () -
t.
>>> import she1ve

>>> d = she1ve.open("d1")
>>> d["obj1"] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
> d["obj2"]. = (6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
>>> d["obj1"], d["obj2"]
([1; 2, 3, 4, 5], (6, 7, 8, 9, 10))
>>> d.c1ose()
+
+
+
#
#
#
#
#
#
keys () - ;
va1ues () - to ;
items () -
, .
, . :
>>> d = she1ve.open("d1")
>>> d.keys(), d.values()
(KeysView(<she1ve.DbfilenameShe1f object at Ox00FE81B0>),
ValuesView(<she1ve.Dbfi1enameShelf object at Ox00FE81B0>))
>>> 1ist(d.keys()), 1ist(d.va1ues())
(['obj1', 'obj2'], [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], (6, 7, 8, 9, 10)])
15.
. 289
> d.items()
ItemsView(<shelve.DbfilenameShelf object at OxOOFEBlBO>)
>>> list(d.items())
[ ( ' obj 1' , [ 1 , 2, 3, 4 , 5] ) , ( ' obj 2 ' , ( , 7, 8 , 9, 1 ) ) ]
> d.close()
get
(<>
< >]
[,
)-
, . ,
None
, n;
setdefaul t (<> [, < >] ) ---: n,

, . ,
, ,
. n ,
.+
(<>
[,
<
>]
None;
)-
. , >
n. , n ,
KeyError;
popitem()-
n,
+
+
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clear () - . ;
update () -
. , n
n-. :
udt(<1>=<l>[,
... ,
<N>=<N>])
udt(<>)
udt(< >)
udt(< n >)
del
len ()
n , n
in
n . :
>>>
>>>
shelve.open("dl")
len(d)
>>> "objl" in d
True
> del d [ "obj 1"]
>>> "objl" in d
False
>>> d.close()
15.10.
getcwd () -
os:'
. ,
, n n . ,
10 . 1349
290
/.
Python 3
, ,
, .
>>> import os
> os. getcwd ()
1
C:\\book 1
chdir (<
>) - :
> os.chdir("C:\\book\\folderl\\")
>>> os.getcwd()
'#
1
C:\\book\\folderl 1
mkdir (<
>
[,
< n>])
, . ,
( 777).
~ i :
>>> os .mkdir ( "newfolder")
rmdir (< >) -
, Windows WindowsError.

newfolder:
>>> os.rmdir("newfolder") #
listdir (<>) - :
> os .listdir (":\ \book\ \folder1 \\")
1
[
file1. txt 1 , 1 file2. txt 1 , 1 file. txt 1 ,
folder1 1 ,
folder2 1 ]
walk () - . :
wlk(<
>[,
topdown=True] [, onerror=None]
[, followlinks=False])

walk () .
: ,
. ,
.
topdown .
True ( ), -
> for
(,
d, f) in os.walk("C:\\book\\folder1\\"): print(p)
C:\book\folderl\
C:\book\folderl\folderl_1
C:\book\folder1\folder1_1\folder1_1_1
C:\book\folder1\folder1- 1\folder1-1-2
C:\book\folder1\folder1_2

:
>>> for
topdown False,
(, d, f) in os.walk("C:\\book\\fo1der1\\", Fa1se):
print(p)
15.
291
C:\book\fo1der1\folder1- 1\folder1-1-1
c:\book\fo1der1\folderl 1\folder1 1 2
C:\book\fo1der1\folder1~1
C:\book\folder1\folder1_2
C:\book\folder1\
n
. n , . .
rmdir ()
n . :
import os
for (, d, f) in os.walk("C:\\book\\folder1\\", False):
for file_name in f: #
os.remove(os.path.join(p, file_name))
for dir_name in d: #
os.rmdir(os.path.join(p, dir_name))
!
.
walk ()
, .
rmtree ()
shutil.
:
rmtree(<ny>[,
< >[,
< >]])
n < >
False
no
True,
), n
-. n
.
:
import shutil
shutil. rmtree (":\ \book\ \folder1 \\")
,
listdir ()
n .
, n n, n
5. path:
isdir (<>) -
True,
, False n
>>> import os.path

>>> os .path. isdir (r"C: \book\file. txt")
False
>>> os.path.isdir("C:\\book\\")
True
isfile (<> J
True,
>>> 05 .path. i5file (r"C: \book\file. txt")

True
>>> 05.path.i5file("C:\\book\\")
False
Fal5e
292
islink(<Oe>) ~
False
Python 3
, fl
n . n,
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/.
false.
listdir ()
n .
n n , n
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n n n
+
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n n .
n n , n
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glob ()
15.12.
: 15, 12. 11Q.t!!'4113.~l

........ . .. ; .. : .........................................................: ;,,,;;, ;,,,,;,;,;,,;;; ~ =.;,,,:;;,:,,,,,,,,;;,,,,,,.~ ; ................................................................. .
>>> import os, glob

>>> os.listdir("C:\\book\\folderl\\")
['file.txt', 'filel.txt', 'file2.txt', 'folderll', 'folderl 2',
'index.html']
>>> glob.glob("C:\\book\\folderl\\*.txt")
[':\ \book\ \folderl \ \file. txt', ':\ \book\ \folderl \ \filel. txt',
'C:\\book\\folderl\\file2.txt']
> glob.glob("C:\\book\\folderl\\*.html") #
['C:\\book\\folderl\\index.html']
>>> glob.glob("folderl/*.html")
#
['folderl\\index.html']
> glob.glob("C:\\book\\folderl\\*[0-9] .txt")
['C:\\book\\folderl\\filel.txt', 'C:\\book\\folderl\\file2.txt']
> glob.glob("C:\\book\\folderl\\*\\*.html")
['C:\\book\\folderl\\folderl_l\\index.html',
'C:\\book\\folderl\\folderl_2\\test.html']
n n. n
, n. n n
n , .
16
SQLite
n
n
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testdb.db
testd.d
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SQLite version 3.7.6

Enter ".he1p" for instructions
Enter SQL statements teiminated with
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sq1ite> SELECT sq1ite_version();

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3.7.6
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/*
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3.7.6
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sqlite> SELECT sqlite_version();

3.7.6
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/* n SQL-I
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16.2.
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TEPORARY]
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);
CREATE TEMPORARY,
. :
sqlite> CREATE L trnpl (polel);

sqlite> CREATE TEPORARY L trnp2 (polel);
sqlite> . taes
trnpl trnp2
. n
. taes
. sqlite.exe
SQL-apoca:
sqlite>
... >
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trnpl
trnp2
SELECT n FRO sqlite_rnaster

WHERE type IN ('tale', 'view') AND n NOT
UNION ALL
SELECT n FROM sqlite_ternp_rnaster
WHERE type IN ('tale', 'view')
ORDER 1;
LIE
'sqlite_%'
IF NOT Exrss ,
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IF NOT Exrss , . :
sqlite> CREATE L trnpl (pole3);
Error: t trnpl already exists
sqlite> CREATE L IF NOT EXISTS trnpl
sqlite> PRAGA tae_info(trnpl);
1polell 1 11
(l);
SQL- PRAGA t _ info (<
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trnpl
296
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sqlite> CREATE L tale (polel);

Error: near "t": syntax error
, :
sqlite> CREATE
sqlite> .taes
t
tmpl
tmp2
"tale"
(polel);
, :
sqlite> DROP L "tale";

sqlite> CREATE L [tale] (polel);
sqlite> .taes
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tmpl
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sqlite> CREATE L tmp (pl INTEGER, 2 INTEGER,

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sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp VALUES "(10, "00547", 5. 45, "", NULL);
sqlite> SELECT * FROM tmp;
10154715.451l
sqlite> SELECT typeof(p1), typeof(p2), typeof(p3), typeof(p4),

... > typeof(p5) FRO tmp;
integerlintegerlrealltextlnull
sq1ite> DROP L tmp;

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typeof () .Li.
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NULL- NULL;
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sqlite> CREATE L tmp (1 INTEGER PRIARY );

sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp VALUE (10);
sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (5.78); --

Error: datatype mismatch
sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp VALUES ("");'--
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sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (NULL);
sqlite> SELECT * FRO tmp;
10
11
sqlite> DROP
L tmp;
NUERIC INTEGER.
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298
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sqlite> CREATE
tmp3
(1 );
sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp3 VALUES ("00012.86");

sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp3 VALUES ("52.0");
FRO
sqlite> SELECT pl, typeof(p1)
tmp3;
00012.861text
52.01text
sqlite> SELECT CAST
(1
AS INTEGER)
FRO
tmp3;
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AS
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tmp3;
12
52
sqlite> SELECT CAST
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52
sqlite> DROP
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sq1ite> CREATE
sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp3
tmp3
(1)
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INTEGER DEFAULT 0);
VALUES (800);
sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp3 VALUES (5, 1204);

sq1ite> SELECT *
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tmp3;
80010
511204
sqlite> DROP
L tmp;
n <> lt:
CURRENT_TIE-
CURRENT_DATE- UTC --;
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DEFAULT CURRENT_TIME,
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DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE,
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sq1ite> INSERT INTO tmp3 (id) VALUES (1);
sqlite> SELECT *
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tmp3;
1101:30:1912011-04-3012011-04-30 01:30:19
sqlite> /*
sqlite> DROP
2011-04-30 05:30:19 */
tmp3;
COLLATE <>- .
INARY ( n. ), NOCASE ( ) RTRIM.
1.
299
SQLite
sqlite> CREATE
sqlite> INSERT INTO
sqlite> SELECT 1
(1, 2 COLLATE NOCASE);

VALUES ("abcd", "abcd");
L tmp
tmp
"D"
FRO tmp;
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FRO tmp;
sqlite> SELECT
--
sqlite> DROP
L tmp;
t UNIQUE
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10
20:
sqlite> CREATE L tmp3 (

... > 1 INTEGER CHECK(pl IN (10, 20)));
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sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (30); --

Error: constraint failed
sqlite> DROP L tmp;
PRIARY
[ASC
1 DESC]
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>]
[AUTOINCREENT]- ,
NULL.
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. :
sqlite>
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sqlite>
sqlite>
CREATE L tmp (id INTEGER PRIARY

INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (NULL, "1");
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SELECT * FROM tmp;
);
111
212
sq1ite> DELETE FRO tmp WHERE id=2;

sqlite> INSERT INTO tinp VALUES (NULL,
sqlite> SELECT * FROM tmp;
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111
213
sqlite> DROP
L tmp;
NULL,
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sqlite> CREATE L tmp (

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300
/.
Python 3
sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (NULL, "l");

sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (NULL, "2");
liCpoal
212
sqlite> DELETE FRO tmp WHERE id=2;

sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (NULL,
"");
liCpoal
sqlite> DROP
tmp3;
n n. ,
2, n n. , n
.
n n , n n
n n n: ROWID, _ROWID_. :
sqlite>
sqli te>
sqlite>
sqlite>
CREATE L tmp (t );
INSERT INTO tmp VALUES ( "l") ;
INSERT INTO tmp VALUES ( "2");
SELECT ROWID, OID, _ROWID_, t FRO tmp3;
llllliCpoal
2121212
sqlite> DELETE FROM tmp WHERE OID=2;

sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp VALUES ( "");
sqlite> SELECT ROWID, OID, _ROWID_, t FRO tmp;
llllliCpoal
2121213
sqlite> DROP
tmp3;
n <~ >
:
PRIARY
(<
>)
[< ll>]
n n ;
UNIQUE (< >). [< ll>]- , t n ;
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ON CONFLICT
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101s2
sqlite>
16.3.
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UNIQUE:
CREATE L tmp (
id UNIQUE ON CONFLICT REPLACE, t );
INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (10, "sl");
INSERT INTO tmp VALUES (10, "s2");
SELECT * ~ tmp;
DROP
L tmp;
INSERT [OR
[ (<l>,
INTO [< >.]< ~>

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<>]
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n n
CREATE
L.
user ( ), rur ( ) site (
):
sqlite>
... >
... >
... >
sqlite>
... >
. . .>
sqlite>
... >
... >
... >
CREATE L user (
id user INTEGER PRIARY
email ,
passw );
CREATE L rur (
id rur INTEGER PRIARY
name_rur ); .
CREATE L site (
id site INTEGER PRIARY
id user INTEGER,
id rur INTEGER,
AUTOINCREENT,
AUTOINCREENT,
AUTOINCREMENT,
302
/.
Python 3
... > url ,

... > title ,
... > msg );

,
, .
site
,
, .
,
. .
SQLite.,
sqlite> INSERT INTO user (email, passw)

... > VALUES ('unicross@mail.ru', 'password1');
sqlite> INSERT INTO rur VALUES (NULL, '');
sqlite> SELECT * FROM user;
11unicross@mail.rulpassword1
sqlite> SELECT * FRO rur;
11
sq1ite> INSERT INTO site (id_user, ld rubr, url, tlt1e, msg)

... > VALUES (1, 1, 'http://wwwadmin.ru', '', '');

email
passw.
user
id_user ,
id_user
. ,
NULL. .
site. id_user id_rur
11 user rur. .
user rur. ,
. , Y'IWe .
(, )
SQL-.
, - .
r .
, .
:
sqlite> INSERT INTO rur VALUES (NULL,

Error: near "": syntax error
'
' N'
');
,
:

11
21
' N'
'
N'
"
' N'");
'
'' N''
');
1.
303
SQLite
( UNIQUE ), SQL . ,
REPLACE
OR. 2:
sqlite> INSERT OR REPLACE INTO'rur

... > VALUES (2, '');
11
21
I
' N'
REPLACE REPLACE INTO.
REPLACE INTO
[(<l>,
[< >.]<
<2>,
... )] VALUES
(<l>,
sqlite> REPLACE INTO rur VALUES (3,

>
<2>,
... );
3:
'');
11
21
!
16.4.
UPDATE. :
UPDATE [OR <>] [< " >.]<

SET <l>='<>', <2>='<32>',
[WHERE <>];
>
OR <> (ROLLBAC,
FAIL, IGNORE REPLACE).
. SET
R,
. ,
WHERE. , <>,
. <>,
.
sqlite> UPDATE rur SET name_rur='o' WHERE

sqlite> SELECT * FROM rur;
3:
id_rur=;
11
21
I
DELETE
[WHERE
FRO
DELETE. :
[< >.]< >
<>];
304
/.
Python 3
, .
, .

3:
sqlite> DELETE FRO rur WHERE id

rur=;
11
21
.
, SQL- VACUU.
, SQL-
(ROWID, OID _ROWID_).
16.5.
ALTER L. SQLite ALTER L
. ,
. ~:
ALTER L [< >.]< >

<>;
<> :
RENAE < >- .
user
sqlite>
users:
.taes
rur
sqlite_sequence tmpl
site
t
tmp2
sqlite> ALTER L user RENAE users;
sqlite> .taes
rur
sqlite_sequence tmpl
site
t
tmp2
user
users
ADD [COLUMN] < n> [<n >] [<n>] -
. ,
,
NULL , . .
. , PRIARY
UNIQUE.
iq
site:
sqlite> ALTER L site ADD COLUN iq INTEGER DEFAULT 0;

sqlite> PRAGA tae_info(site);
Olid_siteiiNTEGERIOI 11
llid_useriiNTEGERIOI 10
21id_ruriiNTEGERIOI 10
3 1ur 11 1 1 1
41tit~eiTEXTIOI 10
5 1msg 1 1 1 1
liqiiNTEGERIOIOIO
sqlite> SELECT *
FRO
site;
llllllhttp://wwwadmin.ruiHaaeiOncaeiO
16. SQLite
305
SQLite
3.1.3
VACUU.
16.6.
SELECT.
SELECT [ALL
[<
DISTINCT]
D.]<>[,
SQL-
>
[AS
... ]
... ] ]
WHERE <>.]
[ GROUP < > ] [ AVING <> ]
ORDER < > [COLLATE BINARY 1 NOCASE] [ASC 1 DESC] [, ... ] ]
LIMIT <> ]
FRO <
<>][,
SELECT ,
WHERE: WHERE ,
. rur:
sq1ite> SELECT
id_rur,
n rur
FRO rur;
11
21
sq1ite> SELECT
id_rur, n rur FRO rur
1:
WHERE id
rur=1;
11
*.
. rur:
sq1ite> SELECT *
FRO rur;
11
21
SQL- SELECT .
, :
sq1ite> SELECT 10 + 5;
15
,
,
sq1ite> SELECT (10 + 5) AS expr1,

151140
AS:
(70 * 2) AS expr2;
. site
rur:
sq1ite> SELECT s.ur1, r.nae_rur FRO site AS s,

... > WHERE s.id_rur = r.id_rur;
http://wwwadmin.ruipopapoae
rur
AS r
/.
Python 3
n n . n n n n n n n ,
n . n n 1
.
DISTINCT,
no
SELECT
ALL
DISTINCT.
ALL
, n.
nn .
GROUP n nn n.
n n n . n
:
sq1ite>
sq1ite>
... >
sq1ite>
... >
INSERT
INSERT
VALUES
INSERT
VALUES
INTO rur VALUES (3, ' n');

INTO site (id_user, id_rur, ur1, tit1e, msg, iq)
(1, 1, 'http://python.org', 'Python', '', 1000);
INTO site (id_user, id_rur, ur1, tit1e, msg, iq)
(1, 3, 'http://goog1e.ru', '', ", 3000);
n :
sq1ite> SELECT id_rur, COUNT(id_rur) FROM site

... > GROUP id rur;
112
311
nn n, n
AVING. n , WHERE,
nn . n ,
sq1ite> SELECT id_rur FROM site

... > 'GROUP id rur AVING COUNT(id_rur)>1;
1
n 1 n couN
(),
n. , ~:~n1 :
COUNT (<>
*) -
1 n.
sqlite> SELECT COUNT(*)
FRO
site;
MIN
(<>) - n.
sqlite> SELECT MIN(iq) FROM site;
(<>)
h.
sq1ite> SELECT
3000
AVG (<>)
AX(iq)
FRO
site;
- n.
1.
307
SQLite
sqlite> SELECT AVG(iq) FROM site;

1333.33333333333
su (<>)
sqlite> SELECT
4000
SU(iq)
FRO
site;
ORDER
ASC). DESC,
COLLATE
(INARY NOCASE). :
sqlite> SELECT *
FRO rur
ORDER
name
rur;
ORDER
name
rur
21
I
11
sqlite> SELECT *
FRO rur
DESC;
11
31
21
, , ,

LIMIT. , site
, ,
, ,
LIMIT
LIMIT
LIMIT
10 . :
<
<
>
>,
<
>
< >
OFFSET
<
>
. ,
.
. :
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
CREATE
INSERT
INSERT
INSERT
INSERT
INSERT
SELECT
tmp3 (id INTEGER);

INTO tmp3 VALUES(l);
INTO tmp3 VALUES(2);
INTO tmp3 VALUES (5);
* FRO tmp3 LIMIT 3; -- LIMIT
2
3
sqlite> SELECT * FRO tmp3 LIMIT 2, 3;
3
4
5
sqlite> SELECT * FROM tmp3 LIMIT 3 OFFSET 2;
3
4
5
sqlite> DROP
tmp3;
16.7.
/.
Python 3
SQL-
SELECT
FRO:
[AS <>]
[OUTER 1 INNER 1 CROSS] JOIN
< Q> [AS <>]
[ON <>] [USING ( <> ) ]
FRO <
, 1 [NATURAL]
l>
[LEF]
FROM,
WHERE , .
(
), .
Slte, e-mail,
:
sqlite> SELECT site.url, rur.name_rur, users.email

... > FRO rur, users, site
... > WHERE site.id rur=rur.id rur AND
... > site.id_user=users.id_user;
http://wwwadmin.ruipopapoaelunicross@mail.ru
http://python.orgipopapoaelunicross@mail.ru
http://google.ruiocoe opalunicross@mail.ru
. ;
, :
sqlite> SELECT url, name_rur, email

, .. > FRO rur AS r, users AS u, site AS s
... > WHERE s.id rur=r.id rur AND
... > s.id_user=u.id_user;

JOIN
INNER JOIN.
JOIN, : CROSS
JOIN:

... > FRO rur JOIN users JOIN site
... > WHERE site.id rur=rur.id rur AND
... > site.id- user=users.id- user;
WHERE ON, WHERE
. ,
sqlite>
... >
... >
... >
... >
1:
SELECT url, name_rur, email

FRO rur JOIN users JOIN site
ON site.id rur=rur.id rur AND
site.id user=users.id user
WHERE site.id_rur=l;
ON
USING:

... > FRO rur JOIN site USING (id_rubr) JOIN users USING (id_user);
1. SQLite
JOIN
309
, .
, ,
sq1ite> SELECT name_rur, COUNT(id site)

... > FRO rur JOIN site USING (id_rur)
... > GROUP rubr.id_rur;
12
11
"", . .
. ,
. :
<61>
ON
LEF
[OUTER] JOIN
<2>
<61>.<1>=<2>.<2>
1 USING
(<>)
, ,
<1>, <2> (
<62>
NULL). -
sqlite> SELECT name_rur, COUNT(id_site)

... > FRO rur LEF JOIN site USING (id_rubr)
... > GROUP rubr.id rur
... > ORDER rubr.name_rur;
i
11
12
16.8.
WHERE
WHERE AVING. ,
.
:
= == -
. :
sqlite> SELECT *
FRO rur
WHERE
id_rur=1;
11
sqlite> SELECT 10 = 10, 5 = 10, 10 == 10, 5

1101110
10;
,
AVING,
SELECT.
WHERE
-;
1 - ;
NULL.
COLLATE <>.
310
<>
( )
sq1ite> CREATE
sq1ite> INSERT INTO
sq1ite> SELECT 1
/.
Python 3
BINARY ( ), NOCASE
RTRIM. :
(1, 2 COLlATE NOCASE);
VALUES ("abcd", ."abcd");
L tmp
tmp
"D"
FRO tmp;
sq1ite> SELECT 2
"D"
1
sq1ite> DROP L tmp3;
FRO tmp;
sq1ite> SELECT 's' = 'S', 's' = 'S' COLlATE NOCASE;

011
NOCASE .
. :
sq1ite> SELECT
010
!=
<>-
''
'',
''
''
COLlATE NOCASE;
sq1ite> SELECT 10 != 10, 5 != 10, 10 <> 10, 5 <> 10;

0111011
+
+
+
+
<-;
IS NOT NULL, NOT NULL
+
+
rs NULL ISNULL-
>-;
<=- ;
>=- ;
BETWEEN
<>
AND
sq1ite> SELECT 100
NONULL- ;
;
<>- . :
BEWEEN
1 AND 100;
sq1ite> SELECT 101 BETWEEN 1 AND 100;
IN (< >) -
. :
sq1ite> SELECT
1
sq1ite> SELECT
''
IN
('',
'',
'');
''
IN
('',
'',
'');
LIE <>
[ESCAPE <>] -
%- ;
- .
" . ,
,
% :
16.
311
SQLite
sq1ite> SELECT 'test word test'
LIE
'%word%';
1
, :

1
sqlite> SELECT 'test word test'
LIE
'test%';
LIE
'word%';
, :
sqlite> SELECT 'test word test'
LIE
'%es %wo d%';
LIE
'%wor%d%';

1
. ,
% ,
.
, %
_?
. ,

sq1ite> SELECT '10$'

1
sqlite> SELECT '10$'
ESCAPE
<>:
LIE
'10%';
LIE
'10\%' ESCAPE 1\1;
LIE
'10\%' ESCAPE 1\1;
sq1ite> SELECT '10%'

1
,
. ,
true ( 1, yes, on) case_sensitive_like SQL- PRAGA. :

sq1ite> PRAGA case_sensitive_1ike
sq1ite> SELECT 's' LIE 'S';
true;
sq1ite> PRAGA case sensitive 1ike

sq1ite> SELECT 's' LIE 'S';
fa1se;
1
, :
sq1ite> SELECT
''
LIE
'',
''
LIE
'';
111
, .
, . :
sq1ite> SELECT
''
LIE
'',
''
LIE
'';
111
, "" "", "" "".
, , .
312
1.
Python 3
Widows-1251.
866, :
C:\book>chcp 866
:
866
C:\book>sq1ite3.exe testd.d
SQLite version 3.7.6
Enter ".he1p" for instructions
Enter SQL statements terminated with ";"
sq1ite> SELECT '' LIE '', '' LIKE '';
010
sq1ite> SELECT '' LIE '', '' LIE '';
011
. ,
.
PRAGA
encoding =
SQLite
UTF-8.
<> .
UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-16\e
UTF-16be.
866 Widows-1251,
.
UTF-8
. , ,
.
UTF-8.
. n

sq1ite> SELECT 's' = 'S', NOT ( 's' = 'S');

011
sq1ite> SELECT NOT '' IN ('', '',
NOT.
:');
, ,
:
+
+
AND- ;
OR-
16.9.
.
, . "n
().
. , ,
. ,
,
.
, :
SELECT
< >
FROM
<>
WHERE
<>=<>;
16.
SQLite
+
+
+
313
SQLite
n ;
;
.
n .
CREATE
L n
PRIARY
n n n n n n.
n n n .
, n n n
, n SQL-
EXPLAIN [QUERY PLAN]

EXPLAIN. SQL-:
<SQL-anpoc>
QUERY PLAN
, n n n
. , n
. n nn n n n
site.
n n n n, n ,
- n:
sq1ite> EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN SELECT * FROM site WHERE id_site=1;

OIOIOISEARCH L site USING INTEGER PRIARY (rowid=?) (-1 rows)
sq1ite> EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN SELECT * FROM site WHERE id_rur=1;
OIOIOISCAN L site (-100000 rows)
n
"USING INTEGER PRIMARY
" , n n
n n , n.
n .
n . n
CREATE INDEX.
SQL-
CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX [IF NOT EXISTS]

[< >.]< >
ON
<
>
(< n>
[ COLLATE
< >]
CREATE
INDEX
[ ASC
DESC] [, ... ])
UNIQUE,
. n n.
UNIQUE
, .
n . , n
, n ,
WHERE n
n :
WHERE
id_rur=<Hoep >
,
n n n SQL-
EXPLAIN, :
sq1ite> EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN SELECT * FRO site WHERE id rur=1;

OIOIOISCAN L site (-100000 rows)
sq1ite> CREATE INDEX index_rur ON site (id_rur);
sq1ite> EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN SELECT * FROM site WHERE id_rur=1;
OIOIOISEARCH L site USING INDEX index rur (id_rur=?) (-10 rows)
314
/.
Python 3
"USING INDEX
index_rubr". , ,
. ,
SQLite
, SQL-apoc :
sq1ite> SELECT *
FRO
site WHERE
id_rur=l;
1111llhttp://wwwadmin.ru1Haael0ncael0
2111llhttp://python.org1Pythonl 11000
REINDEX.
REINDEX
SQL-
[<
>.]< >
, .
.
SQL-
DROP INDEX.
DROP INDEX [IF EXISTS]
[<
>.]< >
, SQL- VACUU.

sqlite_statl.
.
, SQL-
ANALYZE ..
ANALYZE [ [<
>.
SQL-
] <
>]
ANALYZE sqlite_statl:
sqlite> SELECT * FRO sq1ite statl; --.

Error: no such tale: sq1ite_statl
sqlite> ANALYZE;
sqlite> SELECT * FRO sq1ite_stat1;
sitelindex_ruri 2
rurii
users 111
16.1 .
SELECT ,
.
:
CREATE
1 TEMPORARY]
[IF NOT EXISTS]

> AS < SELECT>;
[< >.]<
rur :
sq1ite> CREATE L tmp rur AS SELECT * FROM rubr;

sq1ite> SELECT * FRO tmp_rur;
1.
SQLite
315
11
21
I n
SELECT,
INSERT.
INSERT [OR
[ (<l>,
INTO [<
... ) ] <n SELECT>;
<>]
<2>,
~>.]< ~
tmp_rur,
:
sqlite> DELETE FROM tmp_rur;

sqlite> INSERT INTO tmp_rur SELECT * FROM rubr WHERE id
sqlite> SELECT * FRO tmp_rur;
rur<;
11
21
, <>,
. ROLLACK, R,
FAIL, IGNORE
REPLACE
, .

REPLACE-
IGNORE
IN.
WHERE.
"r":
sqlite> SELECT * FROM site WHERE id rur IN (

... > SE~ECT id_rur FRO rur
... > WHERE nm_rur='');
llllllhttp://wwwadmin.ruiHaaeiOncaeiO
21llllhttp://python.org1Pythonl 11000
16.11.
. ,

. ,
, .
, .
.
, n,
i.
SQLite
, ,
, .
.
BEGIN [DEFERRED 1
BEGIN.
IEDIATE
1 EXCLUSIVE] [TRANSACTION];
316
/. Python 3
n r
END.
. -
[TRANSACTION];
END [TRANSACTION];
, n , n
ROLLBAC. :
ROLLBACK [TRANSACTION]
[SAVEPOINT]
< >);
n n ; n, n
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
INSERT INTO rur VALUES (NULL, '');
INSERT INTO rur VALUES (NULL, '');
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION; --
SELECT * FRO rur;
li
21
I n
, n .
n ,
n.
, n
, ON CONFLICT <> n

OR <> n n.
n R. n
, n ,
. , n ,
. n nn n. n
, :
sqlite> BEGIN TRANSACTION;

sqlite> INSERT INTO rur VALUES (NULL, '');
sqlite> INSERT INTO rur VALUES (3, ''); --
Error: PRIARY must unique
sqlite> I TRANSACTION;
li
21
I n
41
n, n n n .
, n ROLLBAC.
n
n, n n .
n:
sqlite> BEGIN TRANSACTION;

sqlite> INSERT OR ROLLBACK INTO rubr VALUES (NULL,
'');
1.
317
SQLite
sqlite> INSERT OR ROLLACK INTO rubr VALUES (3, '');

Error: PRIARY must unique
sqlite> I TRANSACTION; -- !
Error: cannot commit - no transaction is active
11
21
I
41

SAVEPOINT
<
BEGIN
SAVEPOINT. :
>;
RELEASE.
RELEASE [SAVEPOINT]
< >;
, , ROLLAC.
, ,
:
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
sqlite>
SAVEPOINT metkal;
INSERT INTO rur VALUES (NULL,
INSERT INTO rur VALUES (NULL,
ROLLBACK SAVEPOINT metkal;
SELECT * FROM rur;
'');
'');
11
21
I
41
16.12. _

DROP L. ,
. , , .
:
DROP
[IF EXISTS]
SQLite
[< ~>.]< v;
. , .
- SQLite.
,
SQLite.
17
SQLite
Python
SQLite
Python.
sqlite3,
SQLite. sqlite3
2.5,
Python,
Python
Python,
DB-API (DataBase Application Program lnterface).
, ,
2.0
249,
DB-API
http://www.python.org/
dev /peps/pep-0249.
sqlite3
DB-API 2.0,
. , ,
DB-API 2.0
. ,
,
>>> import sqlite3

>>> sqlite3.apilevel
'2.0'
#
#
apilevel:
sqlite3
sqlite_version sqlite_version_info. sqlite_version
, sqlite_version_info . :
>>> sqlite3.sqlite_version
'3.7.4'
>>> sqlite3.sqlite_version_info
(3, 7' 4)

DB-API 2.0
1.
connect ().
,
.
2.
-.
3.
17.
SQLite
Pytho
319
n SQL-anpoc . n n
n. n (INSERT, REPIACE, UPDATE DELETE),

n .
4.
5.
6.
-.
.
17.1.
connect ().
connect(database[, timeout] [, lsolatlon_level] [, detect types]

[, factory] [, check_same_thread] [, cached_statements])
n
database n .
, .
, n .
n
:memory:,
n n. .
n n
n
n.
timeout .
n timeout n . n
n.
connect () , n
. ,
. ,
. n
close ()
testdb.db,
>>> import
>>> con
>>>
sqlite
= sqlite
..connect
("testd.d")
>>> con. close ()
17 .2.
#
#
#
#
sqlite
rn ~
~
rn ~
DB-API 2.0
-. n n .
- n n cursor (). n
n n -:
+
+
close ()
- -;
executescript (<SQL-anpoc >)- n SQLanpoco . n n n ,
. n :
320
/.
Python 3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import sqlite

con
sqlite.connect ("catalog.d")
cur = con. cursor ()
# -
sql = """\
CREATE L user (
id user INTEGER PRIARY AUOINCREENT,
email ,
passw
);
CREATE L rur
id .rur INTEGER
name rur
PRIARY AUTOINCREENT,
);
CREATE L site
id site INTEGER PRIARY
id_user INTEGER,
id_rur INTEGER,
url ,
title ,
msg ,
iq INTEGER
AUTOINCREENT,
) ;
try:
#
cur.executescript(sql) #n SQL-anpoc
except sqlite.DatabaseError as err:
print (":", err)
else:
print (" ")
cur, close ()
# -
con. close ( )
#
input ()
,
. , UTF-8.
SQLite;
+ .execute ( <SQL-apoc> [,
<> J)
SQL-apoc.
, .
n
user:

con
sqlite.connect("catalog.d")
cur = con. cursor ( )
# -
sql = """\
INSERT INTO user (email, passw)
VALUES ('unicross@mail.ru', 'passwordl')
17.
SQLite
321
Python
try:
cur.execute(sql)
# n
print (":", err)
else:
print (" m")
con . ni t ( )
#
cur. close ( )
#
con. close ()
#
input ()
SQL-apoc
ni t
()
. ni t
()
, .
,
.
, t, ,
(INSER'I', REPLACE, UPDAE DELETE), conit ().
SQL-apoc J:!,
. SQL-apoc,
, ,
. ,
execute (). SQL-
apoce :
- ;
: <> -

con = sqlite.connect("catalog.d")
cur = con.cursor()
#
tl
("",)
t2 = (2, "")
d
{"id": 3,
"n":
"""'"
""''}
sql_tl
"INSERT INTO rur (n_rur) VALUES (?) ..
sql_t2
"INSERT INTO rur VALUES (?, ?) "
sql_d
"INSERT INTO rur VALUES ( :id, :n)"
try:
cur.execute(sql _tl, tl)
# 1-
cur.execute(sql_t2, t2)
# 2-
cur.execute(sql_d, d)
#
print (":", err)
else:
print("apoc n")
con. ni t ()
cur.closej)
con. close ( )
input ()
11
1349
#
#
#
322
/.
Python 3
t1.
. , 1
. , .
. ,
.
narne d
. ,
, .
!
SQL-apoc , .
.
execute ( )
executernany () .
executernany(<SQL-apoc>,
<>)- SQL-apoc
, .
(
"?")
( ":<>").
- -.
, ; site
executemany ( ) :
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import sqlite3

con
sqli te3. connect ( "catalog. d")
cur
con. cursor ( )
# -
arr
(1, 1, "http://wwwadmin.ru", "", "", 100),
(1, 1, "http://python.org", "Python", '"', 1000),
(1, 3, "http://google.ru", "", "", 3000)
sql = """\
INSERT INTO site (id_user,
VALUES (?, ? , ? , ? , ? , ? )
id_rur,
url, title, msg, iq)
try:
cur.executernany(sql, arr)
except sqlite3.DatabaseError as err:
print (":", err)
else:
print (" m")
con. commi t ()
#
cur. close ( )
#
con. close ( )
#
input ()
sqli te3 execute (), executernany () executescript ()

, -.

3 {
DB-API 2.0.
17.1 ).
17.
SQLite
323
Pytho
# -*- codlng: utf-8 -*import sqlite3

try:
con.execute("""UPDATE rubr SET n rur=' '
WHERE id_rur=""")
print ("!1: ", err)
else:
con. commi t ()
#
print! " m")
con. close 1)
#
input ()
- n :
lastrowid- n n INSER
execute (). , None.
n :
# -*- coding: \ltf-8 -*import sqlite3

con
sqlite.connect("catalog.d")
cur = con. cursor ()
# -
try:
cur.execute("""INSERT INTO rur (name_rur)
VALUES ('.')""")
print ( "011: ", err)
else:
con.commit ()
#
print (" m")
rint(":", cur.lastrowid)
cur. close ()
# -
con. close ( 1
# i,J
input ( 1
rowcount-
n. n
. -1;
description- n
SELECT.

n,
None.
SELECT * F'ROM rubr,
n, n SQL-anpoc
(('id_rubr', None, None, None, None, None, None),

('name rur', None, None, None, None, None, None))
324
17.3.
/.
Python 3
n -:
n n n
fetchone () -
, n. n ,
None. n user:
import sqlite
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("SELECT * FRO user")
<sqlite.Cursor object at 0150>
>>> cur.fetchone()
(1, 'unicross@mail.ru', 'password1')
>>> print(cur.fetchone())
None
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
_next_()- n n n
, n n. ,
Stoprteration. user
n
next () :
>>> cur. execute ( "SELECT * FRO user")

>>> cur. next ()
(1, 'unicross@mail.ru', 'passwordl')
>>> cur. next
()
Stoplteration
for
next _ () .
n n - n .
n rur:
>>> cur.execute("SELECT * FRO rur")

<sqlite.Cursor object at Ox0150E2FO>
>>> for id_rur, n in cur: print ("{0) 1 {1}" .format
(id_rur,
n))
11
21
3 1
41
.,r
fetchmany ( [size=cursor .arraysize]) -
n n n
, n.
n . , ,
n n arraysize -.
n n
n, n
n. n , n n. :
>>> cur. execute ( "SELECT *

<sqlite.Cursor object at
FRO rur")
0150>
17.
SQLite
325
Python
>>> cur.arraysize
1
>>> cur.fetchmany()
[ (1, '')]
>>> cur.fetchmany(2)
[ ( 2, '' ) , ( 3, '
>>> cur.fetchmany(3)
[ ( 4 , ' ' ) ]
>>> cur.fetchmany()
'
)]
[]
fetchall 11 -
( )
. . .
. :
>>> cur.execute("SELECT * FROM rur")

<sqlite3.Cursor object at 01503>
>>> cur.fetchall()
[(1, ''), (2, ''),
( 4 , ' ' ) ]
>>> cur.fetchall()
(3,
'
'),
[]
>>> con. close ()

.
, ~. ,
row_ factory
, :
def
< >(<->,
<>):
#
return < >

user
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import sql i te3

def my_factory(c, r):
d
{}
for i, n in enumerate(c.description):
d[name[O]] ~ r[i] #
d[i] ~ r[i]
#
return d
con ~ sqlite3.conect("catalog.d")
con.row_factory ~ my_factory
cur ~ . cursor ()
#
cur. execute ( "SELECT * FROM user" 1
arr ~ cur.fetchall()
17.2).
326
/.
Python 3
print (arr)
# :
"""[{0: 1, 1: 'unicross@mail.ru', 2: 'passwordl', 'id user': 1,
'passw' : 'passwordl', 'email' : 'unicross@mail. ru' } ] """
print (arr[O] [1])
#
print (arr[O] ["email"])
#
cur. close ()
# -
con. close ()
#
input ()
u
my_factory () . ,
row_factory
u u
. , u .
row_factory
Row
keys (),
.. :.....................................
: .:
... ' .
; ,.. : .... ,,,, ...
Row
u,
sqlite.
Row
17.3).
i ....,........... :, ::: ...,
;~;;;,,,,,,,.,;
.............. ;.

con.row_factory = sqlite.Row
cur = con.cursor()
cur. execute ( "SELECT * FROM user")
arr = cur.fetchall()
print(type(arr[O]))
# <class 'sqlite.Row'>
print(len(arr[O]))
# 3
print (arr[O] [1])
#
print (arr [0] [ "email"])
#
print(arr[O] ["EAIL"])
#
for elem in arr[O]:
print(elem)
print(arr[O] .keys())
# ['id_user', 'email', 'passw']
cur. close ()
# -
con. close ()
#
input ()
, ,
. 1
Windows-1251.
SQLite ,
testdb.db
u :
>>> con = sqlite.connect ("testd.d")

>>> cur = con.cursor()
>>> cur. execute ( "SELECT * FROM rur")
...
sqlite.OperationalError: Could not decode to UTF-8 column
>>> con. close ()
'n
rubr'
17.
UTF-8.
SQLite
Pytho
327

11
text _ factory
OperationalError.
,
. , ,

bytes 1)
17 .4) .
..... ,......... " ..... ' ......... " ............. " ... ,............................. ,.......... , .............. : ...,.. ., ...... :,., ..... ,.,,.., .... ,.. ,. .............. ,.,........ ...................................... ,............ ,........ ,.. : ................. ,.......
"'"~
~ 17.4. ~t. i:tqxy
~............................. ;."''"'""'''"'"'''""'''"'";;,;;:. ~;.;::-;::,.;,,,:,; .........'...... .- ; ........... ;,;. ;~;.~.;-:i.;; : .............. ;........=;,; ........... ;;,,,,;;,;.. ;,,,;;,,;.:.=,;-.....=.: .........;.............;................. ;, ...................... : ;
>
>
>>>
>
con = sqlite.connect l"testd.d")

con.text factory = bytes # !
cur = con.cursorl)
cur. execute 1"SELECT * FROM rur")
<sqlite.Cursor object at Ox014FE380>
>>> cur.fetchonel)
11, b'\xcf\xf0\xee\xe3\xf0\xe0\xec\xec\xe8\xf0\xee\xe2\xe0\xed\xe8\xe5')
str 1) .
.
(
17.5).
!''J1~~~~~1r:s~y~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~f~~~~~~~y~;4~~:ri~~~;~~J~~~
. . . . . . ,. .,.c..,.,".,,", .."" . . . .-........... .
::.. ;.. '' ... '.... ': .. '...... '' ... '...... '...... '.. '.. '.. '.. ;, ': ... ; .-:'' ''" .. '.' ';;: ..... ;;........ ';' ;; ....;:.. >..... '' ... '.. :.'i "'" : :. ;... :" ... ; ;;, ...: i;. ;, ;... ',; . ';. ~ ... ;;.... ' ....... ;...... ;.
>>> con.text factory = lamda s: strls,

>>> cur. execute 1"SELECT * FROM rur")
<sqlite.Cursor object at Ox014FE380>
>>> cur.fetchonel)
11, '')
>>> con. c1ose 1)
17.4.
...................:.!
1 ...... ' '
"1251")
.
,
counit
1)
(INSERT, REPIACE, UPDATE
DELETE),
, .

CREATE
L,
VACUUM
. .
rollback 1)
. ,
(
17.6) .
......~ ........ ; ...................................................................... ~ .....~.; ............. y...............................................i ..............y ;y ........ ;;,.... y...........; ... ,; ... y............. ; ............... ~; ............................ y.,;, .. , :
>>> con = sqllte.connectl"catalog.d")

>>> cur = con.cursorl)
>>> cur. execute 1"INSERT INTO user VALUES INULL, 'user@mail. ru',
' ' ) ")
328
>>> con.rollback()
>>> cur. execute ( "SELECT * fROM user")
>>> cur.fetchall(f
[ ( 1, 'unicross@mail. ru', 'passwordl') ]
>>> con. close ()
/.
Python 3
n n
isolation_level connect (),

isolation_level . n :
"DEFERRED", "IEDIATE", "EXCLUSIVE", n None. n
BEGIN. None, n
. commit ().
n
. n n
n
isolation_level, n, n
n (
17.7).
>>> con = sqlite.connect("catalog.d", isolation_level=None)

>>> cur. execute ( "INSERT INTO user VALUES (NULL, 'user@mall. ru', ' ' ) ")
>>> con.close()
>>> con = sqlite.connect("catalog.d")
>>> con.isolation level
None #
>>> cur.execute("SELECT * fROM user")
<sqlite.Cursor obJect at 01508530>
>>> cur.fetchall()
[(1, 'unicross@mail.ru', 'passwordl'), (2, 'user@mail.ru', ")]
>>> con.close()
17.5.
ORDER
n, "!", "2" "",

n n ("2", "" "\").
sqlite n n
SQL-anpoce.
ORDER
COLLATE.
SQL-anpoce n n n

create_collation () . :
create_collation(<Haae
<
SQL-apoce
>)
>,
17.
SQLite
Python
329
+
+
+
1 - n ;
- 1 - ;
- .
,
. .
, ,

( 17 .8).
# -- coding: utf-8 -*import sq1ite3

def myfunc (s1, s2): #
s1 = s1.1ower()
s2 = s2 .1ower ()
if s1 == s2:
return
elif s1 > s2:
return 1
else:
return -1
'
con = sqlite.connect(":memory:", isolation_level=None)

# "myfunc" myfunc()
con.create collatlon("myfunc", myfunc)
cur = con.cursor()
cur. ~xecute ( "CREATE L words (word ) ")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO words VLUS('l')")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO words VLUS('')")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO words VLUS('2')")
#
cur.execute("SELECT * FROM words ORDER word")
for line in cur:
print(line[O], end=" ") # : 2 l
print ()
#
cur.exocute("""SELECT * FROM words
ORDER word COLLATE myfunc""")
for llne in cur:
print(line[O], end=" ") # : l 2
cur. close ()
con. close ()
input ()
330
17.6.
1.
Python 3
LIKE
cur.execute("SELECT ''
print (cur. fetchone () [ 0] )
cur.execute("SELECT ''
print(cur.fetchone() [0])
''")
#
LIE
( )
( )
''")
#:

.
.
SQLite UPPER ()
sq1ite3
LOWER ()
SQL-apoce. ,
,
SQL-apoce.
SQL-apoce

create
create_function ()
functlon(<Haae
. :
<
SQL-apoce
>,
<m
>,
>)
. ,
, .
. ,
str.
. 11
(
~n~~~~~~,~:;-;;~:'~~~-~~-~~~~-:~~Ji~:~'~$;;~~,
17.9).
. . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,_. . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:
.................................................... ............... .............................. .... ........ ........................................................................................................................................................ .................. :
# -*import sq1ite3
coding: utf-8 -*-
#
def myfunc(s):
return s .1ower ()
con = sq1ite3.connect ("cata1og.d")

# "my1ower" myfunc()
con.create_function("my1ower", 1, myfunc)
cur = con.cursor()
string = "%'~"
#
#
sq1 = """SELECT * FROM rubr
WHERE my1ower(name rur) LIKE ?"""
cur.execute (sq1, (string.1ower (),))
pr int (cur. fetchone () [ 1] )
#
cur. c1ose ()
con. c1ose ()
input ()
17.
SQLite
331
Python
, string .
, execute ()
. SQL-apoce,
.
create_function () u
. u. ,
SQLite
. , ,
, , .
u
(
17.1 0).
''''"''''':'"''''''"''''"'''0'0~'11''''1''''''"100\'lt''<111.''"'"'"'''1'''!0'"1'''".1''"'''''''':.'.''~1"'"''~''.10J:.'.'!.'''tnMt>.<<l0'"10'.''0<_."11''.''':"''":ooo:".'''"
[.. 11.10. ():).,~t!~liJ~~"'
:. "' :. '., :. 1" ,, ; '" 1"'' 1.: ' .. ' 11." ..... '. i;.; .=..: ....... ;, .;'1'. ,,;:;: .:
'i: .. '.. ;; 1; :.:: :.;; ,; . ;.. ".....:;,,; ;;, ;;~.';!';
: .
,; ...... ;;.,,,;.'": ,; 1:. ;;i; i.' ,:.;' ;; '; ' .. ;;.. '
~:
.:'.'''''?::::'''')'.''''""'!'''''":''~''''
'''''""''"':
'
i .'.,; ;, . ; :. : ;, : ' :: ;,, .. 1" ........ ' ... "
.......... :
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
1mport sqlite3
import tlme
def myfunc (d) :
return time.strftime("%d.%m.%Y", time.1ocaltime(d))
con = sq1ite3.connect(":memory:")
# "mytime" myfunc()
con.create_function ("mytime", 1, myfunc)
cur = . cursor ()
cur. execute ( "SELECT mytime ( 1303520699) ")
print \ cur. fetchone () [] ) # : 23.04. 2011
cur. c1ose ()
con. c1ose ()
put()
17.7.
SQLite
().
(), AVG () su
u COUNT (), MIN (),

u ,
. u
apoce
SQL-
create_aggregate ()
. :
create_aggregate(<Haae
<
SQL-anpoce
>,
<m
>,
>)
u .
( ).
:
step () fina1ize (). step ()
create_aggregate (). fina1ize () .

(
17.11).
332
"''~":"''''~::."".
/.
Python 3
.... ~.'"~,~~,,:::"~:~.:~:"'':'.''"''::"''""'""'~'".'":0".'''"""''''"'"''"''''''"''''"""'"""'"'''"'""'''"''''''""''''''''"''''''':"'''"''''0000 .. 000 .. 000 .. 00
j 1711; arperaro l-1
..
i ......." ................................. " ... ,",,,,";,:,;....~....", ...,. ........~ ... ;,;;;;,,.,,;;:"; ...;,;;.. ;, .. ~; ...... ~ . ~; .............: ......c.-.; .. ,. ... ,..........~ .... ,.... ,"........................... "......................................................................... ""''''''i

class MyClass:
def
init (self) :
self. result = []
def step(self, value):
self.result.append(value)
def finalize(self):
self.result.sort()
return " - ".join(self.result)
con = sqlite.connect ("catalog.d")
# "myfunc" MyClass
con.create_aggregate("r_nyfunc", 1, MyClass)
cur = con.cursor()
cur. execute ( "SELECT myfunc (n rubr) FROM rubr")
# : - ~ - cur. close ()
con. close ()
input ()
17 .8.
SQLite
+
+
+
+
NULL-
INTEGERREAL-
NULL.
sqli t
None
Python;
float;
- .
UTF-8.
int;
SQLite
Python:
str. ,
text _ factory;
BLOB- . bytes.
, ,
SQLite,
register _ adapter ()
SQL-apoc.
:
register_adapter(<T ~ >,
<m
>)
.
, .
, , -
17.
SQLite
Pytho
333
SQLite.
17 .12).
~'".'"'""''"''"'"""'''"'"''"~"''""''"'''~"'"''""""''''"''''""''"'"''''''"''"""''"''''~''"~'-'''"""""''"''"""''"'"'""''""""''"''"'~.'''""'""'"""""""''""'"'"'"'""''"''""'"'"'"'"'"""''"''''"''''""'""'""''"'''"":
! 1112. ~ atpffl)a
..,ac~a
1.;."'.:: .;. ,,;;,,; .'.. ;,'
~ .. ;;; .. " " ' ,, ' ' " " ' ; 1 :. ' ' ;, ' ; ; . ,; . : 1" ;;, ; ,.; ; ; .... " . : ',;:. 1'.;.
. ..... ..
1 ;., ; 1 ;; . . . . . . , ; , '; 1 1 . . . ' ' , ; , ; , ; ' ; ; , , ;, .... ' ........ : ;, .. : :. , ; , ; : : .
:. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . ;, ; ; 1 '1
i' ... 1 ' ~
class Car:
def
init (self, model, color):
self.model, self.color = model, color
def my_adapter(car):
return "(0} 1 (l}".format(car.model, car.color)
#
my_adapter)
# Car
car
r("-2109", "")
cur = con.cursor()
try:
cur.execute("CREATE L carsl (model
cur.execute ("INSERT INTO carsl VALUES
prijlt ( ": ", err)
else:
print (" m")
con. couni t ( )
cur. close ()
con. close ()
input ()
sqlite.regis~er_adapter(Car,
)")
(?) ",
(car,))
_ conform_ () .
conform
(self,
<>)
<>
PrepareProtocol.
246. ,
, SQLite. cars2
, _conform_ () ( 17.13).

class Car:
def
334
def
/.
Python 3
conform (self, protocol):

if protocol is sqlite.PrepareProtocol:
return "{0) 1 {l}".format(car.model, car.color)
# Car
car
r("-412", "")
con = sql i t. connect ( "catalog. d")
cur = con.cursor()
try:
cur.execute("CREATE L cars2 (model mycar)")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO cars2 VALUES (?)", (car,))
rint(":", err)
else:
print ("n n m")
con.commit ()
cur. close ( 1
con. close ()
input ()
, n n
SQLite
Python
register_converter().
:
register_converter(<Tn ~>,
<m
>)
n n n n .
n , n n
n . n n n
.
n n, n
n ,
detect _types
connect ( 1.
n n
CREATE TABLE.
'"".'"'~~""'"''"'
....
~~t."~: ~
model:
no
, n
mycar
.._.~: ... ~""''~"."'""~'"""~ ~....'~":'""""'"". '"!
carsl
~:: "!"~:~ ~"':"'":'"!'""""''''~"~""'':!!-'~"'"
~;;,,;,,
sqlite,
model:
17.14) .
... ""''!!'"'" .......................... " .... "' ...................... '" ":
(r 17.~~()~~~~~~~t._~$
:......................... ;,,,,.,,,.,, ;... ;;;,,:,,,,:;;,,,,,;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,.;,, .......................
............. ,,,,,;.. ;,.....................................:..... ;............... ..........................
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import
cars2 (model mycar)

."-'""
mycar
n
L
[mycar]" F'ROM carsl
sqli t. PARSE_DECLTYPESCREATE
n SQL-anpoce n n
. n
"
1):
sqli t. PARSE _ COLNAESSELECT model as
n (
sys
class Car:
def
........... ,...........
17.
def __repr __ (self):

s =": {0),
return s
SQLite
Pytho
335
{l)".forrnat(self.model, self.color)
def my_converter(value):
va1ue = str (val\.Je, "utf-8")
model, color = va1ue.sp1it("l")
return Car(model, co1or)

sq1i t. register_ converter ( "mycar",

con = sq1i t. connect ( "cata1og .d",
_converter)
detect_types=sqlite.PARSE_COLNAES)
cur = con. cursor ( )

cur. execute ( '""'SELECT model as
print (cur. fetchone () [] )
# : : -2109,
con. c1ose ()
input ()
"
[mycar]" FROM cars1""")
cars2
17.15).
-*- coding: utf-8 -*import sq1ite3, sys

c1ass Car:
def
init (se1f, model, color):
se1f.mode1, se1f.color = model, color
def
repr __ (se1f):
s =": {0), : {l)".forrnat(self.model, self.color)
return s
def my_converter(value):
value = str (value, "utf-8")
model, color = value.sp1it("l")
return Car(mode1, color)
# n n
sq1ite3. register_converter ( "mycar", my_converter)
con = sqlite.connect("catalog.d",
detect_types=sqlite.PARSE_DECLTYPES)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("SELECT model FROM cars2")
# : : -412, :
con. close r)
input ()
336
17.9.
1.
Python 3
SQLite
( .
) . n
. n , ,
(
17.16).
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import sq1ite3, datetime, time

#
def my_adapter(t):
return time.mktime(t.timetup1e())
#
def my_converter(t):
return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(f1oat(t))
#
sq1ite3.register_adapter(datetime.datetime, my_adapter)
sq1ite3. register_converter ( "mytime", my_converter)
#
dt = datetime.datetime.today()
con
sq1ite3.connect(":memory:", iso1ation_1eve1=None,
detect_types=sq1ite3.PARSE_COLNAES)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("CREATE L times (time)")
cur.execute("INSERT INTO times VALUES (?)", (dt,))
cur.execute("""SELECT time as "t [mytime]" FROM times""")
print(cur.fetchone()[O]) # 2011-05-0114:38:14
con.c1ose()
input ()
sq1ite3
datetime .datetime-
datetime datetime
datetime .date date,
timestamp. , n
date
. n
17.17.
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import sq1ite3, datetime

#
d = datetime.date.today()
dt = datetime.datetime.today()
17. i SQLite Pytho
337
con = sq1ite3.connect(":memory:", iso1ation_1eve1=None,

detect_types=sq1ite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("CREATE L times (d date, dt timestamp) ")
cur .execute ("INSERT INTO times VALUES (?, ?) ", (d, dt))
cur.execute("SELECT d, dt FRO times")
res = cur.fetchone()
print(res[O]) # 2011-05-01
print(res[1]) # 2011-05-01 14:40:28.562000
con. close ( )
input ()
17.10.
sqlite :
Exception
Warning
Error
InterfaceError
DatabaseError
DataError
OperationalError
IntegrityError
InternalError
ProgrammingError
NotSupportedError

Exception. -
sqlite.
except
sqlite.
+
+
+
(,
DatabaseError). :
warning- ;
Error- ,
. except, :
InterfaceError- , ,
;
+
+
+
DatabaseError- , ;
DataError- , ;
OperationalError- ,
, , SQL-apoce,

INSERT, . .
SQL-apoca;
+
+
Integri tyError- ;
InternalError- ;
338
Progra=ingError-
/.
Python 3
r. ,
execute (),
SQL-apoce;
NotSupportedError-
, .
r,
SQL- ( 17.18).
''""""'"'""'""""""'""'""''''"""'""'""""""''"'"'"''"'''"''"''"'''"'""'""""'""'"'""'"''"' ,.. ,"
........."'""'"'"""'"'""''"''"''"""'"""'"'"''" '" ... ,., ,.. ", .... ,........
1. ~-~~-~-~:.~.!:~~::,.~-~~~,~-~~-~~~~~9.~~:~~~.:~,~~~~-~~~.~~. ~.~~~:~~'~'''"";,;. , ,; , ,; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:. . . . .
i :. ;;
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import sqlite3, sys, re

def
d_connect(d_name):
try:
d = sqlite3.connect(d_name, isolation level=None)
except (sqlite3.Error, sqlite3.Warning) as err:
print (" . ")
input ()
sys.exit(O)
return d
rint("
d_name
:",
end=" ")
= input()
= d_name.rstrip("\r")
# 3.2.0 (. . 1.7)
con
d_connect(d_name)
#
cur = con.cursor()
sql = ""
print (" m n, <Q>+<Enter>")
while True:
tmp = input ( )
tmp = tmp.rstrip("\r")
# 3.2.0 (. . 1.7}
if tmp in ["q", "Q"]:
break
if tmp.strip() == "":
continue
sql = "(0} (l}".format(sql, tmp)
if sqlite3.complete_statement(sql):
try:
sql = sql.strip()
cur.execute(sql)
if re.match("SELECT " sql, re.I):
print(cur.fetchall())
except (sqlite3.Error, sqlite3.Warning) as err:
rint(":", err)
else:
print (" n m")
sql
cur. close ()
con. close ()
d_name
SQL-apoc ,

complete_statement (<SQL-anpoc>).
17.
True,
SQLite
339
Python
n n SQL-anpoco.
n n. n n
SQL-
anpoca n. n :
>>> sql = "SELECT 10 > 5;"

>>> sqlite3.complete statementlsql)
True
>>> sql = "SELECT 10 > 5"
>>> sqlite3.complete statementlsql)
False
>>> sql = "SELECT 10 > 5; SELECT 20 +
>>> sqllte3.complete statementlsql)
True

2.6,
Python
n n .
n n , n
.
n.
with
sqlite3
n ,
commit 1). n n
rollback 1). n rubr. n
n , n n, n
17.19).
r:~:~~i~~?::~r.:.i:~~~~~~~~:~~8;::~::~~~;:~::::~::::::::;::~:~:::~fi~1'o1i:;:;;;;:~r:;~;:::i::::::::;:::,::::;:::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::.::::::::!:::~:::::!:::::::::::;:::::
con = sqlite3.connectlr"C:\book\catalog.d")
try:
with con:
#
con. execute ( """ INSERT INTO rur VALUES (NULL, '' ) """)
printi"Ol!a:", err)
else:
print 1" m")
try:
with con:
#
con. execute 1"" "INSERT INTO rur VALUES INULL, '' ) """)
# 1 !
con.executei"""INSERT INTO rur VALUES 11, '')""")
printi"Ol!a:", err)
else:
print 1" m")
con. close 1)
input 1)
, n n "" n
.
IntegrityError.
"n", "" , . .
n
ro1lback 1).
18
. W
, , . ,
, . .
Python
.
: URL-apeca ,
, L-, ,

18.1.
http. client
urllib. request.
URL-apeca
urllib.parse URL-apeco. ,
URL-apec,
. URL-apec r :
<>://<>:<>/<>;<>?<n>#<>
URL-apeca
FTP
-:
<>://<>:<>@<>
URL-apec urlparse ( 1:
urlparse(<URL-apec>[,
<>[,
<
>]])
ParseResult URL-apeca.
.
:
(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragmentl.
URL-apeca:
<scheme>://<netloc>/<path>;<params>?<query>#<fragment>.
, . .
.
URL-apeca
18.1.
~~~~;1-a:i"~~~~p tiRL~;;;t~~;;~~~~;~;~~;i;;;;<i'
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .!
. : :,,,,,,,;,;:::: : : : . :.:.: : ......... , ;:.=i ; ;.;,,,, ,,,,;,, ................... ; ............................................................................
>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse

>>> 11rl = urlparse ( "http: 1 /wwwadmin. ru: 80/test .php; st ?var=S#metka" 1
>>> url
18.
341
ParseResult(scheme= 1http 1, netloc= 1wwwadminoru:80 1, path= 1/testophp 1,

params= 1st 1, query= 1var=5 1, fragment= 1metka 1)
>>> tuple(url) #
( 1http 1, 1wwwadmin.ru:80 1, 1/testophp 1, 1St 1, 1Var=5 1, 1metka 1)

urlparse () ,
, URL-apeca.
. :
> urlparse ( "1 /wwwadmin. ru/test php")

ParseResult(scheme= 11, netloc= 1wwwadminoru 1, path= 1/test.php 1,
params= 11, query= 1 1, fragment= 1 1)
> t,~rlparse ("1 /wwwadmin ru/test php", "http")
ParseResult(scheme= 1http 1, netloc= 1wwwadminorU 1, path= 1/testophp 1,
params= 1 1, query= 1 1, fragment= 11)
ParseResul t, urlparse (), :
scheme -
. .
. :.
>>> url. scheme, .url [0]

( 1http'1, 1http 1)
netloc
1.
. :
>>> urlonetloc, url[l]

( 1wwwadminoru:80 1, 1wwwadminoru:80 1)
+
+
hostname -
. :
None;
port- . : None. :
>>> urlohostname, urloport
( 1wwwadmin.ru 1, 80)
path- . 2. .
:
>>> urlopath, url[2]

( 1/test.php 1, 1/testophp 1)
params- . 3.
. :
>>> urloparams,
(1st 1' 1st 1)
url[]
query- . 4.
. :
>>> urloquery, url[4]

( 1Var=5 1, 1Var=5 1)
fragment- . 5. .
:
>>> urlofragment, url[5]

( 1ffietka 1, 1metka 1)
342
n u
ur1parse 1)
True.
fragment.
fa1se,
/.
Python 3
>>> u = ur1parse("http://site.ru/add.php?v=S#metka")
>>> u.query, u.fragment
1' v=S ' , 'met ka ' )
>>> u = ur1parsel"http://site.ru/add.php?v=S#metka","",fa1se)
>>> u.query, u.fragment
1'v=S#metka', '')
+
+
username-
n. :
password-
n. :
None.
None;
>>> ftp = ur1parse("ftp://user:123456@mysite.ru")

>>> ftp.scheme, ftp.hostname, ftp.username, ftp.password
('ftp', 'mysite.ru', 'user', '123456')
getur1 1)
- URL-apec. :
> ur1. getur1 ()

'http://wwwadmin.ru:BO/test.php;st?var=S#metka'
n nu ( URL-apec ) n
u
ur1unparse 1<>) ( 18.2).
~~~~;~:2~-iri~~~~~4:~~~~it~4:;;;;;.~~~:,;-:::~-:;::--------;------
~ ~ ~
;;..... ............ :.; ... ... ....... ...... ::.........
>>> from ur11ib.parse import ur1unparse

>>> t = l'http', 'wwwadmin.ru:BO', '/test.php',
>>> ur1unparselt)
'http://wwwadmin.ru:BO/test.php?var=S#metka'
>>> 1 = ['http', 'wwwadmin.ru:BO', '/test.php',
>>> ur1unparse(1)
'http://wwwadmin.ru:BO/test.php?var=S#metka'
[,
<>[,
. . . . . . . . .!
:.~.............~...~.;.;, .. ;.~ . ::.. ,..:;;,.. ;;..~~; .,.,.. ,;.:.;........ ;...:....;;,,,;................. ;..~;.,,;;,;;~;,~.;;", ;,; ....... ;,;;;:.............; .............................. :....................................... ~
ur1parse ()
< >]
J).
'var=S',
'metka')
'var=S',
'metka']
ur1sp1i t 1<URL-apec>
Sp1itResult
URL-apeca. n :
lscheme, net1oc, path, query, fragment).
. n u
ur1sp1it () n
18.3.
'" .... ,.............................,....................... ,...................................................-........................................ ..,,.",, .. ,, .. ,.., .. ,,,."" ......

[ llr 1s:. URL-~j)eca ~ n~}() urlspiit ()
;
;;
........ ,,,.,.,,.,,,, .. ,, ... ,......... , ........ ,,,,,.,, ,., .......... ,, .. ,,., .. ,.
. . .
.
.....-........... ................................... ...................... ... :......................
................ ... .............. ...... :..................... ~ ..... ........ ;~;..............; .....,;,,,;,,.,,;, .... ,;.;,, ... ........... ............. ..,;:;
;
,.,,.,~,
;;
:;
>>> from ur11ib.parse import ur1sp1it

> ur1 = ur1sp1itl"http://wwwadmin.ru:80/test.php;st?var=S#metka")
>>> url
Sp1itResu1t(scheme='http', net1oc='wwwadmin.ru:80',
path='/test.php;st', query='var=S', fragment='metka')
>>> ur1(0], ur1(1], ur1(2], ur1(3], ur1(4]
l'http', 'wwwadmin.ru:BO', '/test.php;st', 'var=S', 'metka')
~ :
"'''"'''';;;
18.
343
>>> url.scheme, url.netloc, url.hostname, url.port

l'http', 'wwwadmin.ru:80', 'wwwadmin.ru', 80)
>>> url.path, url.query, url.fragment
1'/test.php;st', 'var=S', 'metka')
> ftp = urlsplitl"ftp://user:l23456@mysite.ru")
>>> ftp.scheme, ftp.hostname, ftp.username, ftp.password
l'ftp', 'mysite.ru', 'user', '123456' \
n ( URL-apec )
urlunspli t 1<>) (
~-:,~;;~~~;1:~~~~~~~~~~~~;~-~~~~--~1~;ii~<:
18.4 ).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;
;.............................................. ;............................. ;.... ., .......... ~ ........~ ............................; ........~ .....=.;;;.,.;; .;.............. ;...~..... : ...... ;.......................... < : .............................................................,j
>>> from urllib.parse import urlunsplit

>>> t = l'http', 'wwwadmin.ru:80', '/test.php;st',
>>> urlunsplit (t)
'http://wwwadmin.ru:80/test.php;st?var=S#metka'
18.2.
'var=S',
'metka')

URL-apec .
, <n> .
n , n=. n

%nn. n, n str, "" Windows-
]251,
n :
str=~Dl~F2tFO~EE~EA~EO
n n=,
&. n
v 10:
str=%Dl%F2%FO~EE%EA%EO&v=l0
n n ,
.
n,
n n
:
str=%Dl%F2%F0%EE%EA~EO&v=l0&v=20
n n
urllib.parse:
parse ~qs 1) - n ,
n, n . :
parse~qs(<Cpoa
keep~ank~values=False] [,
[, encoding='utf-8'] [, errors='replace'])
n>[,
strict~parsing=False]
keep ~ank ~values
True,
n,
n, .
n n . n strict~parsing
344
/.
Python 3
True, ValueError.
. encoding .
errors- . :
>>> from urllib.parse import parse_qs

>>> s ~ "str~%D1%F2%F0%EE%EA"&E0&v~10&v~20&t~"
>>> parse qs(s, encoding~"cp1251")
{'str': [''], 'v': ['10', '20']}
>>> parse_qs(s, keep_ank_va1ues~True, encoding~"cp1251")
{'t': ["], 'str': [''], 'v': ['10', '20'])
parse qsl 11 - parse_ qs 11, ,

. ,
.
, . :
parse_qsl(<Cpoa
>[,
strict_parsing~False]
[,
keep_ank_values~Fa1se]
encoding~'utf-8']
[,
[,
errors~'rep1ace'
Jl
>>> from llrl1ib.parse import parse_qs1

>>> s ~ "str~~D1'kF2%FO'oEE%EA%EO&v~10&v~20&t~"
>>> parse qsl(s, encoding~"cpl251")
[('str', ''), ('v', '10'), ('v', '20')]
>>> parse qs1(s, keep_ank_values~rue, encoding~"cp1251"1
[('str', ''), ('v', '10'), ('v', '20'), ('t', ")]
.

urlencode ( 1 url1ib.parse. :
urlencode(<Oe>[,
doseq~False]
[,
safe~'
'] [,
encoding~None]
[, errors=None] 1
,
.
, .
quote plus () urllib. parse.
', ,
18.5.
!. .~.~~~~.. ~.~~.~. . ~~~...~~~. ~:~~.<.>.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

>>> from ur1lib.parse import urlencode
>>> params ~ {"str": " 2", "var": 20}
#
>>> urlencode(params, encoding="cpl251")
'var=20&str~'l %F2;FO%EE%EA%E0+2'
>>> params ~ [ ("str", " 2"), ("var", 20) ] #
>>> urlencode(params, encodig~"cp1251")
'str~%D1%F2%FO%EE%EA%E0+2&var=20'
doseq ur1encode 1) True.

.
18.
345
doseq ~ False.
18.6.
18.6).
~~~~
............................... ; ................................... ..
> params = [ l"var", [10, 20]) ]

> urlencodelparams, doseq=False, encoding="cpl251")
'var=%5B10~2C+20~5D'
> urlencodelparams, doseq=True, encoding="cp1251")

'var=10&var=20'
:
>>> params = { "var": [ 10, 20] )

>>> urlencodelparams, doseq=True, encoding="cp1251")
'var=10&var=20'

u
113
urllib.parse:
quote 1) ~ u nn. ,

(_j,
(.)
(-) .
%20. u:
quotei<Cpoa>[,
safe='/'] [, encoding=None] [, errors=None])
safe , .
1. encoding
, errors ~ . :

>>> from url1ib.parse import quote

> quotei"Cpoa", encoding="cp1251")
'' F2% FO'bEE'i>EA,EO'
>>> quotei"Cpoa", encoding="utf-8")
Windows-1251
UTF-8
'%DO%Al%DH;82?;01%80%DO%BE'O'iiBMDO%BO'
>>> quotel"/-nik/"), quotel"/-nik/", safe='"')

1' /');7Enik/', '%2F%7Enik%2F')
>>> quotel"/-nik/", safe="/-")
'/-nik/'
quote_p1us 1) ~ u quote 1), +,

%20. , 1
:;2r. u:
quote _1 us 1<> [, safe=' ' ] [, encoding=None] [,
:
>>> from urllib.parse import quote, quote_plus

>>> quotei"Cpoa 2", encoding="cp1251")
'%01 ~.F2%F%''%202'
>>> quote_plusi"Cpoa 2", encoding="cp1251")
'%D1%F2%F0%EE%EA~E0+2'
> quote_plusl"/-nik/")
rrors=None
l)
346
1.
Python 3
'%2F%7Enik%2F'
>>> quote_plus("/-nik/", safe="/-")
'/-nik/'
quote_ from_ bytes () -
quote (),
, . :
qut_frm_ts(<
>[,
safe='/'J)
>>> from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes

>>> quote_from_bytes(bytes("Cpoa 2", encoding="cpl251"))
'%Dl%F2%FO%EE%EA%E0%202'
unquote () - %nn . +
. :
unquote (<> [, encoding=' utf-8' ] [, errors=' replace' ] ).

:
>>> from urllib.parse import unquote

>>> unquote("%Dl%F2%FO%EE%EA%EO", encoding="cpl251")
''
> s = "%DO%Al%Dl%82%Dl%80%DO%BE%D0%A%DO%B0"
>>> unquote(s, encoding="utf-8")
''
>>> unquote('%Dl%F2%FO%EE%EA%E0+2', encoding="cpl251")

'+2'
unquote_plus () _:_ unquote (), +

. :
unquote_plus(<Cpoa>[,
encoding='utf-8'] [, errors='replace'])
>>> from urllib.parse import unquote_plus

>>> unquote_plus("%Dl%F2%FO%EE%EA%E0+2", encoding="cpliSl")
' 2'
> unquote_plus("%Dl%F2%FO%EE%EA%E0%202", encoding="cpl251")
' 2'
unquote_ to_ bytes () -
unquote (),
I(!
. :
unquote_to_bytes(<Cpoa n
>)
>>> from urllib.parse import unquote_to_bytes

> unquote_to_bytes("%Dl%F2%FO%EE%EA%E0%202")
b'\xdl\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0 2'
> unquote_to_bytes(b"%Dl%F2%FO%EE%EA%E0%202")
b'\xdl\xf2\xf0\xee\xea\xe0 2'
> unquote_to_bytes("%DO%Al%Dl%82%Dl%80%DO%BE%DO%BA%DO%BO")
b'\xd0\xal\xdl\x82\xdl\x80\xd0\xe\xd0\xba\xd0\xb0'
>>> str ( , "utf-8")

''
18.
347
18.3.

L- , .
URL-apece
, , n
href
<base>.
URL-apec n urljo 1J
urllib.parse.
urlJoini<ao
[,
URL-apec>,
<
<
URL-apec>
>])
n n (
t 8.7).
[' 18.7. n
f,.,;,,,,,,,..,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,.,,.,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,.,,.,,,,.,;,.,;,,.,,..,,,,,,,:,,,;,),.,:,.,,,,,,,,.,,.,;,;;,:;,;,:,.,,,,,:,,;,,,,,,,,,.,,,,;,.,,.;,,.,,,.,,,,.,,,,.,.,,,;,,,,,,,,,"'';,;,;;,.,,,,,,,;,;,,,,,,,,,.,,.,,,,,.,,,,,,,.,,,,,_,,,,.,,,,,,,;;,,,,,,,,.,,,,,.J
>>> from urllib.parse import urljoin

> urlJoin 1'http: 1 /wwwaclmin. ru/fl/f2/test. html',
'http://wwwadmin.ru/fl/f2/file.html'
> urlj oin 1'http: 1 /wwwadmin. ru/fl/ f2/test. html',
'http://wwwadmin.ru/fl/f2/f3/file.html'
> urlJoin 1'http: 1 /wwwadmin. ru/fl 1 f2/test. html',
'http://wwwadmin.ru/file.html'
> urlj oin 1'http: 1 /wwwadmin. ru/fl/ f2/test. html',
'http://wwwadmin.ru/fl/f2/file.html'
> urlj oin 1'http: 1 /wwwadmin. ru/fl/f2/test. html',
'http://wwwadmin.ru/fl/file.html'
> urljoin 1'http: 1 /wwwadmin. ru/fl/f2/test. html',
'http://wwwadmin.ru/file.html'
> urlJoin ( 'http: 1 /wwwadmin. ru/fl/f2/test. html',
'http://wwwadmin.ru/ .. /file.html'
'file. html' 1
'f/file.
html')
'1 file. html' 1
' . /file. html')

' .. 1 file. html' )
' .. 1 .. /file. html')
' .. 1 .. 1 .. /file. html')
n n , .
, .
18.4.
L-
L- n. n, ""
(<) ""
. n n
(> ),
L-. n, "" n & 1 t;,

""
>. n
xml. sax. saxutils:
si<>[,
L-
<>])- <,> & L
. n <> n n
L-
. :
>>> from xml.sax.saxutils import escape

>>> s = ''''''&<>''
111111
348
>>> escape(s)
'&<>" '
>>> escape (s, {
""
11
11
"
"&nsp;"
/.
Python 3
} )
'&<>"&nsp;'
quoteattr (<> [,
<>]) - escape (), n
n.
, n.
, n, L-,
. n ,
. :
>>> from xml.sax.saxutils import quoteattr

>>> print (quoteattr("""&<>" """))
'&<>" '
>>> print(quoteattr("""&<>"'"""))
"&<>" '"
""" ) ) )
>>> print (quoteattr ("""&<>" """, {
"& < > " "
unescape (<> [,
<>]) -
L- &, &1 t;
>
. n <> n
n L-
. :
>>> from xml.sax.saxutils import unescape

>>> s = '&<>"&nsp;'
>>> unescape(s)
'&<>"&nsp;'
""":
>>> unescape(s,
'&<>"
": " " } )
<, >
& L- n
escape (<> [, <> J ) cgi. n
rue,
"&nsp;
Python 3.2
escape
L- (
18.8).
n . n
(<>
[, quote=True])
html.
>>> import cgi, html

>>> cgi.escape(''''''&<>''' ''''''), html.escape(''''''&<>''' '''''', False)
('&<>"\' ', '&<>"\' ')

>>> cgi.escape("""&<>''' """, True), html.escape{"""&<>"' """, True)
("& < >"' ", '& < > " ')
18.5.
http. client n n
HTTPS.
no
n n GET, :s HEAD.
, n n , n
HTTPConnecoon.
18.
349
:
HTTPConnectio (<>
[,
[, strict [, timeout [, source address]]]])
<>
n n. n
n. n , n n
80.
n . :
>>> from http.client import HTTPConnection

>>> con = HTTPConnection("test1.ru")
> con2
HTTPConnection("test1.ru", 80)
>>> con3 = KTTPConnection("test1.ru:80")

n n n n
request ( 1
request(<Meo>,
<>[,
body=None] [,
hdrs=<>])
n n
(GET, POST HEAD). n

GET, n
n . n
n . n .
, n
POST. n
. n -, n
. .
n n
( ) n
.
read ( 1
getresponse (). ~
read ( [< >]). n
, n -
n . ,
. n n, n n
. read ( 1 n , .
n
close ( 1.
n n n
GET
18.9).
: ... " ' ...... ' .. " . ' . ' ' " ................. .. ' ' .. ' .... ' . !: ...... '.' .' '.. . . : . . . . . . ........ .................... ' .................... ' . ' ' ' .........
~
~ ~
~ 18.9. GET
t:......... ,............ ............ :.......... ,; ........ :............. " ~ ..:;. :....~ ............ ;i,.;,;;,,;,,!... :.... ;,;,, ~:..... ;;,, .. ................................. .
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
from http.client import HTTPConnection

from urllib.parse import urlencode
data = urlencode ( { "color": "", "var": 15}, encoding="cpl251")
headers = { "User-Agent": "MySpider/1.0",
"Accept": "text/html, text/plain, application/xml",
"Accept- Language": "ru, ru-RU",
"Accept-Charset": "windows-1251",
"Referer": "/index.php" }
con = HTTPConnection ( "testl. ru")
con.request("GET", "/testrobots.php?%s"% data, headers=headers)
result = con.getresponse() #
print(result.read() .decode("cp1251")) #
>>> con. close ()
n n
"POST",
POST.
n n
request ()
n n. -
350
npoca
POST n
/.
Python 3
Content-Length. n
\8.1 .
.. ..
.
... :.:..:::'~~-,:~-"~,~::,~~:::~:~.:.~~.'.':~::"-~ .. ~:-~ .. ..:"~ ............ ~ .......... >
[(ttr 18.1. n1:.1i:t:QS1'
. . ... . . .. .
~-~=.:\ ... ~;,,:,.,,,,;:...... :.: .. ;;;,:: ...=.=::.~.. :.;:.;;,.: ~:.:.;~.;: ..... :;::.: ::~-;(:.~~;;: . :~: :.-:;:~;,;~ :;,;;, .. :=:.:.~ ...... :::.: . ::.'...... ::: ...... :: .....
~~.:~:-~::.:~~::~~7'.'~~..~:~:~~,~~-~:~~ ~:.::,~~-~~,:.~:~.~:-~-:::.~:~.::~-:~~-~;,::::;.-~:~::~ .:,~:::~;:-::
=. . . . . . . . . . . . : ....: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...............
~ ...................... :
, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: ;

>>> from urllib.parse import urlencode
>>> data = urlencode ( { "color": "", "var": 15), encoding="cpl251")
>>> headers = { "User-Agent": "MySpider/1. ",
"Accept": "text/html, text/plain, application/xm1",
"Accept-Language": "ru, ru-RU",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Referer": "/index.php" )
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
con = HTTPConnection("test1.ru")
con.request("POST", "/testrobots.php", data, headers=headers)
resu1t = con.getresponse() #
print (result.read() .decode("cp1251"))
>>> con. close ()

Content-Type.
application/x-www-fon-urlencoded, , n .
n. n, n n 1
$_s.
, $ _ros n
.
n :
getheader (<> [, < >]) -
. ,
None
n. :
>>> resu1t .gethead~r ( "Content-Type")

'text/p1ain; charset=windows-1251'
>>> print (result.getheader("Content-Types"))
None
>>> result.getheader("Content-Types", 10)
10
getheaders () -
n .
(<>,
<>). n
>>> result.getheaders()
[('Date', 'Mon, 02 2011 11:09:37 G'), ('Server', 'Apache/2.2.4
(Win32) mod_ssl/2.2.4 OpenSSL/0.9.8d /5.2.4'), ( 'X-Powered-By',
'/5.2.4'),
('Content-Length', '422'), ('Content-Type',
'text/plain; charset=windows-1251')]
18.
351
dict () :
>>> dict(resu1t.getheaders())
{'Date': 'Mon, 02 2011 11:09:37 G', 'Content-Length': '422',
'X-Powered-By': '/5.2.4', 'Content-Type': 'text/p1ain;
charset=windows-1251', 'Server': 'Apache/2.2.4 (Win32)
mod_ss1/2.2.4 OpenSSL/0.9.8d /5.2.4')
status- . 200 299
304,
, .
301 302 . 401

403- , 404- ,
500
. :
>>> resu1t.status
200
reason- . :
>>> resu1t.reason
200
302
''
>>> resu1t.reason
'Moved Temporari1y'
version- . 1 /1.0 11
/1.1. :
>>> resu1t.version
11
/1.1
msg- http.client .TPMessage. f

. print (),
:
>>> print(resu1t.msg)
Date: Mon, 02 2011 11:09:37 G
Server: Apache/2.2.4 (Win32) mod ss1/2.2.4 OpenSSL/0.9.Bd
X-Powered-By: /5.2.4
Content-Length: 422
Content-Type: text/p1ain; charset=windows-1251

as_string ( [unixfrom=Fa1se] [,
/5.2.4
http.client.HTTPMessage:
maxheader1en=O]) -
. :
>>> resu1t.msg.as_string()
'Date: Mon, 02 2011 11:09:37 G\nServer: Apache/2.2.4 (Win32)
mod_ss1/2.2.4 OpenSSL/0.9.Bd PHP/5.2.4\nX-Powered-By:
PHP/5.2.4\nContent-Length: 422\nContent-Type: text/p1ain;
charset=windows-1251\n\n'
items () -
. :
>>> resu1t.msg.items()
[('Date', 'Mon, 02 2011 11:09:37 G'), ('Server', 'Apache/2.2.4
(Win32) mod_ss1/2.2.4 OpenSSL/0.9.Bd /5.2.4'), ('X-Powered-By',
352
1
1
2. 4 1 ) , ( 1 Content-Length 1 , 1 422 1 ) ,
text/p1ain; charset=windows-1251 1 ) ]
/5.
keys ()
va1ues ()
Python 3
Content-Type 1 ,
Content-Length 1 ,
Content-Type 1 ]
- . :
>>> resu1t.msg.va1ues()
1
[
Mon, 02 2011 01:09:37
OpenSSL/0.9.8d /5.2.4 ,
charset=windows-1251 1 ]
1
- . :
>>> resu1t.msg.keys()
1
[
Date 1 , 1 Server 1 , 1 X-Powered-By 1 ,
/.
G
1
Apache/2.2.4 (Win32) mod_ss1/2.2.4

1
, 1 422 1 ,
text/p1ain;
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. , None
.. :
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1
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>>> print (result .msg .get ( "X-Powered-By2"))

None
>>> resu1t.msg.get("X-Powered-By2", fai1obj=10)
10
get all (<:>[, failobj=None])-
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/5. 2. 4
[
get _ content _ type () -
I-
Content-Type:
>>> resu1t.msg.get_content_type()
1
text/p1ain 1
get_content_maintype ()
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1
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HEAD
18.11 ).
18.
353
> headers = { "User-Agent": "MySpider 11. ",

"Accept": "text/html, text/plain, application/xml",
>>> con = HTTPConnection("test1.ru")
> con.request("HEAD", "/testrobots.php", headers=headers)
>>> result = con.getresponse() #
>>> prlnt(result.msg)
Date: Mon, 02 2011 12:33:46 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.4 (Win32) mod_ssl/2.2.4 OpenSSL/0.9.8d /5.2.4
X-Powered-By: /5.2.4
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1251
> resul t. read () #
''
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Python-urlli/3.2\n']
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> info.items ()
[I'Date', 'Mon, 02 201112:01:44 G'), ('Server', 'Apache/2.2.4
(Win32) mod_ssl/2.2.4 OpenSSL/0.9.8d /5.2.4'), ( 'X-Powered-By',
'/5.2.4'),
('Content-Length', '288'), ('Connection', 'close'),
( 'Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset~indows-1251') ]
>>> info.get ("Content-Type")
'text/p1ain; charset~windows-1251'
>>> info.get_content_type(), info.get content_charset()
( 'text/plain', 'windows-1251')
>>> info.get content_maintype(), info.get_content sutype()
( 'text', 'p1ain')
+
+
code- ;
msg- . :
>>> res.code, res.msg
(200, '')
n n n GET s (
>>> from url1ib.request import urlopen

>>> from ur11ib.parse import ur1encode
>>> data ~ ur1encode ( {"co1or": "", "var": 15},
18.12).
encoding~"cp1251")
356
>>>
>>>
>>>
>
Python 3
# ~ GET
ur1 = "http://test1.ru/testrobots.php?" + data
res = ur1ope(ur1)
print ( res. read ( 34) . decode ( "1251") )
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>>>
>>>
>>>
>
>
/.
res. c1ose ()
# ~ POST
ur1 = " http://test1.ru/testrobots.php"
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print 1res. read () .decode ( "1251"))
>>> res.c1ose()
"Python-urlli<Bepc
Python>".
, Request ur1open ()
URL-apeca. Request :
Request(<URL 7 apec>[,
[,
data=None] [, headers={}] [, origin_req_host=None]

unverifiae=Fa1se])
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,
POST
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app1ication/x-www-form-ur1encoded.
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.

GET s ( 18.1 3).
i .r 18;13. n
>>> from ur11ib.request import ur1open, Request
>>> from ur11ib.parse import ur1encode
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"Accept": "text/htm1, text/p1ain, app1ication/xm1",
>>> data = ur1encode 1{ "co1or": "", "var": 15}, encoding="cp1251")
>>> # ~ GET
>>> ur1 = "http://test1.ru/testrobots.php?" t data
>>> request = Request(ur1, headers=headers)
>>> res = ur1open(request)
>>> printlres.read(29) .decode("cp1251"))
: MySpider/1.0
>>> res. c1ose ()
>>> # ~ POST
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>>> request = Request(ur1, data.encode("cp1251"), headers=headers)
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>
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<meta>,
content
HEAD:
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content="text/html; charset=windows-1251">
,
<meta>, .
chardet.
http://chardet.feedparser.org/download/
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, ,
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'2. .1'

detect (< >).

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{ 'confidence': 0.99, 'encoding': 'windows-1251'}
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{ 'confidence': 0.99, 'encoding': 'KOI8-R'}
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{'confidence': 0.99, 'encoding': 'utf-8'}
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui, uic

import sys
window = uic .loadUi ( "MyFonn. ui")
QtCore.QObject.connect(window.btnQuit, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
QtGui.qApp.quit)
window. show ()
sys.exit(app.exec_()}
,

self ( 19.6).
def
QtGul.QWldget. init (self, parent)
uic.loadUi ( "MyFonn. ui", self)
self .connect (self .btnQuit, QtCore. SIGNAL ( "clicked () "),
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19. PyQt
375
self.ui = Form()
self.ui.setupUi(self)
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n
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init lself, parent=None):
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self.connectlself.btnQuit, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
QtGui.qApp.quit}
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ui- -
ui-
ui- -
pyuic4.bat,
Python.
C:\Python32\Lib\site-packages\PyQt4\i.
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n
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init (self, parent~None):
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<PyQt4.QtCore.QStringLi5t object at Ox00FD8618>
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[PyQt4.QtCore.QString('51'), PyQt4.QtCore.QString('52')]
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['51', '52']
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PyQt4 .QtCore.QByteArray (' 5.tr')
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b'5tr'
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<PyQt4.QtCore.QVariant object at Ox00FDBD50>
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10
19. PyQt
379
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<PyQt4.QtCore.QVariant object at Ox00FD8420>
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# -~- coding: utf-8 -~from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui

import sys, time
def on clicked():
time.sleep(10) #
"m"
10
button = QtGui.QPushButton("ayc ")
button.resize(200, 40)
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on clicked)
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button.setDisaed(True)
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QtGul.qApp.processEvents()
19.
381
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time.sleep(l)
print("step -", i)
button.setDisaed(False)
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QtCore.QThread. init
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self.s1eep(3)
(se1f, parent)
"m"
self.emit(QtCore.SIGNAL("mysigna1(QStrg)"),
c1ass MyWindow(QtGui.QWidget):
def
init
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QtGui.QWidget. init
(se1f, parent)
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i)
19.
383
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self.label = QtGui.QLabel("Hae . ")

self.button = QtGui.QPushButton("ayc ")
self.vbox = QtGui.QVBoxLayout()
self.vbox.addWidget(self.button)
self.mythread = Myhread()
#
self.connect(self.button, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
self.on_clicked)
self.connect(self.mythread, QtCore.SIGNAL("started()"),
self.on_started)
self.connect(self.mythread, QtCore.SIGNAL("finished()"),
self.on_finished)
self.connect(self.mythread, QtCore.SIGNAL("mysignal(QString)"),
self.on_change, QtCore.Qt.QueuedConnection)
def on_clicked(self):
self.button.setDisaed(True)
#
self .mythread. start ()
#
def on_started(self):
#
self.label.setText("Ba on_started()")
def on_finished(self):
#
self.label.setText("Ba on_finished()")
self.button.setDisaed(False)
def on_change(self, s):

self.lael.setText(s)
if
n
main "
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window.setWindowitle("cooae Qhread")
window.resize(OO, 70)
window. show ()
, Myhread,
QThread,
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class Myhread(QtCore.QThread):
def
init
(self, parent=None) :
QtCore.QThread. init (self, parent)
19.
385
PyQt
self.running
False
#
self.count =
def run(self):
self.running
True
while self.running:
#
self.count += l
self .emit (QtCore .SIGNAL ("mysignal (QString) "),
"count
%s" % self.count)
self.sleep(l)
#
def
QtGui.QWidget."_init (self, parent)
self.label = QtGui.QLabel("Hae n ")
self.btnStart = QtGui.QPushButton("ayc ")
self.btnStop = QtGui.QPushButton("Ocao ")
self. vbox = QtGui ..QVBoxLayout ()
self.vbox.addWidget(self.btnStart)
self.vbox.addWidget(seif.btnStop)
self.mythread = Myhread()
self.connect(self.btnStart, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
self.on_start)
self.connect(self.btnStop, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
self .on_stop)
self .connect (self .mythread, QtCore.SIGNAL ("mysignal (QString) "),
def on_start(self):
if not self.mythread.isRunning():
self .mythread. start ()
#
def on_stop(self):
self.mythread.running = False #
def on_change(self, s):
self.label.setText(s)
def closeEvent(self, event):
#
self. hide ()
#
self.mythread.running = False #
self.mythread.wait(5000)
# ,
event. accept ()
#
if
name
main "
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window.setWindowitle("ayc
window.resize(OO,
100)
windo-:. show ()
13
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386
11.
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class Threadl(QtCore.Qhread):
def
QtCore.Qhread.
init (self, parent)
self.count =
def run (self) :
self ._ ()
#
def on_start(self):
self.count += 1
self.emit(QtCore.SIGNAL("sl(int)"), self.count)
class Thread2(QtCore.Qhread):
def
init (self, parent=None) :
QtCore.Qhread.
init (self, parent)
def run(self):
self ._ ()
#
def on_change(self, i):
i += 10
self.emit(QtCore.SIGNAL("s2(const QString&)"), "%d"% i)
def
self .label = QtGui.QLael (" n")
self. button = QtGui. QPushButton ("
self.vbox = QtGui.QVoxLayout()
self.vbox.addWidget(self.button)
self.threadl = Threadl()
self.thread2 = Thread2()
self.threadl.start()
")
self.th~ead2.start()
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QtCore.SIG~AL("clicked()"),
self.threadl.on~start)
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self.thread2.on_change)
self .connect (self. thread2, QtCore.SIGNAL ("s2 (const QString&) "),
self.label, QtCore.Sim("setText(const QString&)"))
if
n
main "
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. setWindowi tle ("
window. show ()
n")
388
11.
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run ()
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Queue _____: ( , ). :
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Queue([maxsize=O])
>>> import queue

>>> q = queue.Queue()
>>> q.put_nowait ("eleml")
>>> q.put_nowait ("elem2")
>>> q.get_nowait()
1
eleml 1
>>> q.get_nowait()
1
elem2 1
LifoQueue- ( , ). :
<>=
LifoQueue([maxsize=O])
19.
PyQt
389
>>> q = queue.LifoQueue()
>>> q.put_nowait("elem1")
>>> q.put_nowait ("elem2")
>>> q.get_nowait()
'elem2'
>>> q.get_nowait()
'eleml'
PriorityQueue- n. n
n:r ( n n ).
, n
, n, - . :
<>=
PriorityQueue([maxsize=O])
>>> q = queue.PriorityQueue()
> q.put_nowait( (10, "eleml"))
>>> q.put_nowait ( (3, "elem2"))
>>> q.put_nowait ( (12, "elem3"))
>>> q.get_nowait()
(3, 'e1em2'1
>>> q.get_nowait()
(10, 'elem1')
>>> q.get_nowait()
(12, 'elem3')
maxsize ,
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n :
put (<> [,
ock=True J
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queue. Full;
. ,
put _ nowait (<>) - . :

ut(<>,
False)
get ( [lock=True] [, timeout=None])- .

n k rue, n n
. n timeout .
. n, queue.Empty;
+
+
get _ nowait () - get ( False);

join ( 1 -
n, n .
n n . task _ done ().

, n ;
task _ done ( 1 - n. n ;
390
qsize () n
/1.
n .
n,
+
+
empty ()
full () -
True,
n,
True,
False-
n ;
False-
n (
19.17).

import queue
class MyThread(QtCore.QThread):
def
init (self, id, queue, parent=None):
QtCore.Qhread.
init (self, parent)
self. id = id
self.queue = queue
def run (self) :
while True:
task = self.queue.get()
#
self. sleep (5)
#
self.emit(QtCore.SIGNAL("taskDone(int, int)"),
task, self.id)
#
self.queue.task_done()
class MyWindow(QtGui.QPushButton):
def
init (self):
QtGui.QPushButton. init (self)
self .setText (" ")
self.queue = queue.Queue()
#
self.threads = []
#
thread = Myhread(i, self.queue)
self.threads.append(thread)
self.connect(thread, QtCore.SIGNAL("taskDone(int, int)"),
self.on_ta~k_done, QtCore.Qt.QueuedConnection)
thread. start ()
self. connect (self, QtCore. SIGNAL ("clicked () "),
self.on_add_task)
def on_add_task(self):
for i in range(O, 11):
self.queue.put(i)
#
def on_task_done(self, data, id):
print (data, "- id =", id)
#
if
19.
PyQt
391
"
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. setWindovi'Ti tle ("
window. show ()
queue")
Myhread (id)
(queue), .
run()
get (). , , ~:<

. ( ),
taskDone (int,
int). task_ done () ,

.
MyWindow. ,

QPushButton ( ), QWidget.
QWidget, ,
, . ,

QPushButton.
MyWindow setext ()
. Queue queue.
,
. (
) .

taskDone ( int,
int) start ().
.
on_add_task(),
.
taskDone (int,
int)
task_done (), .
on_ task_ done (),
. J! GUI-,
, , .
. ,
,
pyw.
. , .
19.9.4.
QMutex
QMutexLocker
,
. .

.
.
392
11.
PyQt n QMutex
QtCore. QMutex :
<>=
QMutexLocker
QMutex([mode=QtCore.QMuLex.NonRecursive])
mode n NonRecursive (n
n ; n n
; )
Recursive (n n ~
unlock ( 1
; n ,
). , n
:
lock ( 1 - . n,
n n ;
tryLock ( [< >]) - .

n , True.
n, False
.
n. n ,
tryLock ()
lock ();
unlock () - .
QMutex (
19.18).

class MyThread(QtCore.QThread):
= 10
#
mutex = QtCore. QMutex ()
# r
i
def
lnit (self, id, parent=None):
QtCore.QThread. init (self, parent)
self.id = id
def run (self) :
self. change _ ()
def change_x(self):
Myhread.mutex.lock()
,, #
print("x =", Myhread.x, "id -" self. id)
Myhread.x += 5
self. sleep ( 2)
print("x =", Myhread.x, "id -" self. id)
Myhread.x += 34
print ( " =", Myhread.x, "id -" self. id)
Myhread.mutex.unlock()
#
def
liL
(self):
QtGui.QPushButton. init (selfl
slf.stt!"")
19.
393
PyQt
self.threadl = MyThread(1)
self.thread2 = MyThread(2)
self.connect(self, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"), self.on_start)
def on_start(self):
if not self.thread1.isRunning(): self.thread1.start()
if not self.thread2.isRurining(): self.thread2.start()
if
main
"
irnport sys
window = MyWindow()
window.setWindowitle("cnooae
window.resize(OO,
Qutex")
30)
window. show ()
Myhread ,
.
. ,
. ,
, Myhread Qutex
mutex. ,
, . ,
, .

change_ (), ,
lock () unlock (). ,
change_x ()
MyWindow
Myhread . n
_
start (),
, , ' .
:
=
=
=
=
=
=
10
15
49
49
54
88
id = 1
id = 1
id
1
id
2
id
2
id
2
1, 2. ,
:
= 10 id
- 15 id
=2
= 20 id = 1
= 54 id = 1
394
54 id
= 88 id
2
2
11.
n 2 JI
n change _ () n 1.
change_x()
, . . n n unlock (). ,
unlock ()
no
, n .
n n QMutexLocker. n
.
, .
, n
QMutexLocker , n
Myhread n QMutexLocker (
change_ ()
19.1 9).
def change_x(self):
ml = QtCore.QutexLocker(Myhread.mutex)
print("x =", Myhread.x, "id =", self.id)
Myhread.x
+= 5
self. sleep ( 2)
print ( " =", Myhread.x, "id -"
Myhread.x
self. id)
+= 34
print("x =",
Myhread.x,
"id -"
self.id)
n QMutexLocker n
++
Python.
++ .
, n , .
, n n, n,
if, n n :
if
()
int
{
10;
//
11 ...
}
1/
Python
. n
n, n :
if
= 10
# ...
, . QMutexLocker
PyQt
Python
n n
, n
wi th ... as. n , n
19. PyQt
395
wi th ... as. change _ ()

with ... as ( 19.20).
Myhread

''~"!'.'.,...'.'''''"
''" '''""" ''''""' <""",,.,., '''"''"" ' " .. "'''"'~" ''"'' "''''''' ,>> ~ ..,, ~ ... ,"''''"'."'''''''""~-~''~'~ ... , "'''~""~~~ ..... ~'"" >>><~ ''' '' '" ''" '+-"' '''' '" "''" ~'" "
' '''' ; '''
">
:I,ictttr.19.2Q: n.f.,~t ttpy~..Jt wl1;h,> :~

......... ....................................... ................ .............. ........... ...................................................................... ............................................................................................. :
~
def change_x(self):
with QtCore.QMutexLocker(Myhread.rnutex):
print("x =", Myhread.x, "id =", self.id)
MyThread.x += 5
self.sleep(2)
print("x =", Myhread.x, "id -" self.id)
MyThread.x += 34
print("x =", Myhread.x, "id -"
- ' self. id)
#
, ,
. n ,
n. n
n n n. n
, n, n .
n GUJ-nooa.
GUJ-noo, n n .
n , n n. n
,;. n n, , n
n , n, , n n
, n .
n n
n .
QSernaphore
QWai tcondi t ion.
PyQt, , C:\Pytho32\Lib\site
packages\PyQt4\examples\threads. ,
Pytho rnultiprocessing threading,
. PyQt n
QThread, . . .
19.10.
n n
. n -, n
. -
n. -

QtGui.
PyQt
QSplashScreen
<>
QSplashScreen((<opaee>]
<>
QSplashScreen(<Poe>[,
[,
flags=<Tn
<>][,
>])
flags=<Tn
>])
<> n n. n
<> (n
QPixrnap),
396
.
.
WindowstaysOnTopHint.
+
+
QPixmap
n n
n n , n,
QSplashScreen
show 1) finish
flags
11.
(<
>)
n;
showMessage (<> [,
<>
[,
<>]
]) -
n n n . n
.
n
1: AlignTop (no ), AlignCenter (no

AlignBottom (no ), AlignHCenter (no ),
AlignVCenter (no ), AlignLeft (no ), AlignRight (no n
),
). n .

n
QColor
QtCore.Qt
(n,
(n, k
(no ), white . .)
QColor("red"), QColor("#ffOOOO"), QColor(255, ,
0) .);
+
+
clearMessage 1)
- n;
stim(<>)- n . n
n
pixmap 1)
QPixmap;
- n
QPixmap.
19.21.
~..... .:...~....~:,..~~;:~9:~1:fi~;~a;t~~i~~,,:
,,;,,,,;,.;;,,,;:;,;:.:.;;,...;;i ...;,,,..:,,,,.,"''" . ;.:....... ":;....~.= :~=~;;_,,,;:;,,,, :.....,;:;;;:;;
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*from PyQt4 import QtGui

from PyQt4.QtCore import Qt, SIGNAL
import time
def
init (self):
QtGui.QPushButton. init (self)
self. setText (" ")
self.connect(self, SIGNAL("clicked()"), QtGui.qApp.quit)
def load_data(self, sp):
for i in range(l, ll):
#
time.sleep(2)
# -
sp. showMessage (" . . . {)%". format ( i * 10) ,
Qt.AlignHCenter 1 Qt.AlignBottom, Qt.lack)
QtGui.qApp.processEvents() #
if
main
"
import sys
splash
QtGui.QAppli~ation(sys.argv)
=
QtGui.QSplashScreen(QtGui.QPixmap("img.png"))
19.
PyQt
397
splash. showMessage (" ... 0%",

Qt.AlignHCenter 1 Qt.AlignBottom, Qt.ack)
splash.show()
#
QtGui.qApp.processEvents()
#
window = MyWindow()
window.setWindowitle("cooae QSplashScreen")
window.load_data(splash)
#
window. show ()
splash.finish(window)
#
19.11.
PyQt
600 .
PyQt 600 .
, , , .
PyQt,
, .
, . ,
.
www.riverbankcomputing.eo.uk/.
HTML
http://
C:\Python32\Lib\site-packages\PyQt4\doc\html. ,
index.html. classes.html,
- modules.html.
.
PyQt4\examples.
C:\Python32\Lib\site-packages\
20
QWidget. QWidget
- QObject QPaintDevice. QWidget
, , ,
. QWidget
. , ,
, , .
,
, , ~1 ,
.
QWidget
, QWidget, QFrame (
) QDialog ( ). QDialog
( )
QMainWindow, ,
. QDialog QMainWindow ,
.
20.1.
20.1 .
... ,.... ,. ................................................... """'""''"'''"'''"''""''"'''"'''"'''"'''"'''"'''"'''"'""'''"'""'''"'''"'''"'''"'''"'''"'''"'''"'''"'""'''"''" .._,, ............................ ,, .. ,., ............. ,............. ..

[ ~tlt 2;1; li~t~&
.....
. .
;,,,,,,,,,,,,~,,;,~,,:,,;, ..~ .....,.;,:,:;,:;,.,,,,,;,,;,,,~ ....~~:~.~'.. ;,;,.,,,,;,,,~ ;.~,.,;,,,,,,.,;;.,;;,,;,,;,;;,,.,;,~;.,;;~,;-,;,;~,,;;~).. ,;,;,;,;,:;;;,;~;,',;;;~ .. ,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,.,,,,,,

import sys
.= QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
window.setWindowitle("aooo ")
window. show ()
sys.exit(app.exec ())
20.
399
QWidget :
<>= QWidget([parent=<Poe>]
[,
flags=<Tn >])
.n parent n. n
None, n .
n flags n , n, ,
, n . , ,
, . , .

flags,
setParent ( ) . :
strnt(<>[,
<n >])
parentWidget ().
None.
setWindowitle ().
:
setWindowitle(<Tec,
>)
show (),
. hide ().
setVisie (<>).
True, ,
False, . :
window.setVisile(True)
, , isVisie ().
rue, , False- . ,

isHidden (). True,
False-
20.2.
QWidget ,
: , , .

setWindowFlags () flags
QWidget. , setWindowFlags ()
. :
setWindowFlags(<Tn
>)
<n > QtCore.Qt:
+
+
Widget- QWidget;
Window- , , ,
. ,
, .
;
400
11.
Dialog- . ~,
n . .
:
window.setWindowFlags(QtCore.Qt.Dialog)
+
+
+
Sheet;
Drawer;
Popup- , .
. , .
;
l- , .
( , ),
. ;
ToolTip- , .
. ;
SplashScreen- , .
. .

QSplashScreen;
Desktop- , .
;
SuWindow- , , ,
. ( ,
) . .
windowype ().

QtCore .Qt 1 ( ;
):
MSWindowsFixedSizeDialogHint- .
. .ri
;
FramelessWindowHint- .
;
CustomizeWindowHint- ,
. ;
Windowitleint- .
, :
window.setWindowFlags(QtCore.Qt.Window 1
QtCore.Qt.FramelessWindowHint
9tCore.Qt.WindowitleHint)
+
+
WindowSystemenuint- ;
WindowinimizeButtonHint- ,
- ;
WindowaximizeButtonHint
~ ,
20.
+ WinctowMinaxButtonsHint -
401
WindowCloseButtonHint- n ;
WindowContextHelpButtonHint- n . n
;
WindowStaysOnTopHint- , n
;
Windowstaysonottomint- , n
n .
n n windowFlags ().
20.3.
n :
resize (<>,
<>) -
n ) , , n
n , n , n .
, .
n n, n n
n n . n
QSize. :
window.resize(QtCore.QSize(100, 70))
setGeometry(<X>,
<>,
<>,
<>)-
n . n
( n), n
- . n n
QRect. :
window.setGeometry(100, 100, 100, 70)
window.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(lOO, 100, 100, 70))
setFixedSize (<>, <>) - .

n . n
. n n QSize. :
window.setFixedSize(100, 70)
window.setFixedSize(QtCore.QSize(100, 70))
setFixedWidth (<>) - no .
n ;
setFixedHeight (<>) - no .
n ;
setMinimumSize (<>,
<>) - . n
QSize. :
window.setMinimumSize(100, 70)
window.setMinimumSize(QtCore.QSize(100, 70))
402
setMinil!lumWidth (<>)
11.
setMinimumeight (<>)
setMaximumSize (<>, <>) - .

QSize. :
window.setMaximumSize(100, 70)
window.setMaximumSize(QtCore.QSize(100, 70))
setMaximumWidth (<>)
setMaximumeight (<>)
setBaseSize(<pa>,
<>)- .
QSize.
window.setBaseSize(500, 500)
window,setBaseSize(QtCore.QSize(500, 500))
adjustsize () - .
, sizeHint ().
width ()
height ()
- :
print(window.width(), window.height())
size ()
QSize,
# 50 70
:
print(window.size() .width(), window.size() .height()) #50 70
minimumSize () - QSize, 11 ;
minimumWidth () minimumeight () -
maximumSize () -
QSize,
maximumWidth ()
maximumeight
()
baseSize () - QSize, ;
sizeHint ()- QSize,

. , ,
;
minimumSizeint
() -
QSize,
.
, , ;
rect () -
QRect,
, . :
window.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(100, 100, 100, 70))

rect = window.rect()
print(rect.left(), rect.top())
#
print(rect.width(), rect.height()) # 100 70
20.
+ geometry () -
403
QRect,
n. :

rect = window.geometry()
print(rect.1eft(), rect.top())
# 100 100
print(rect.width(), rect.height()) # 100 70
n , :
+ ;
+ n .
n,
n .
;
+ n n ,
n n. n, n n
n n .
n , ,
n frameSize (). n QSize.

, n n n .
n
. n n :
# ...
window. show ()
print(window.width(), window.height())
print(window.frameSize() .width(),
window.frameSize() .height())
#
# 200 70
# 208 104
n ,
frameGeometry (). , n
QRect.
n f . n
:

# ...
window. show ()
print(rect.width(), rect.height())
rect = window.frameGeometry()
20.4.
# 100 100
# 200 70
# 96 70
# 208 104
n n :
t move ( <>,
<>)
n n .
. n
n
QPoint.
404 .
/1.
:
window.mo~e(O, 0)
window.move(QtCore.QPoint(O, 0))
setGeometry ( <>,
<>,
<>,
<>)
( ),
- . ,
.
(0, 0),
. t

QRect.


.
n,
() () -
. .
:
window.move(10, 10)
print(window.x(), window.y())
pos () -
# 10 10
QPoint,
. - .
:
window.move(10, 10)
print(window.pos() .(), window.pos()
geometry ()
.())
# 10 10
QRect,
. , ~
. :
window.move(10, 10)
frameGeometry () -
# 14 40
# 300 100
QRect,
. ,
. :
window.move(10, 10)
rect = window.frameGeometry()
# 10 10
# 308 134
20.
405
u u
.
QApplication .desktop ( 1, .
widtt1 ( 1 - :
height 11
- :
desktop = QtGui.QApplication.desktop(l
printldesktop.widthl), desktop.height()) # 1280 1024
screenGeometry 1)
QRect,
desktop = QtGui.QApp1ication.desktopl)
rect = desktop.screenGeometryl)
printlrect.left(), rect.top())
avallaeGeometry
() -
#
# 1280 1024
QRect,
( ):
desktop = QtGui.QApplication.desktop()
rect = desktop.availaleGeometry()
print(rect.left(), rect.top())
#
# 1280 994
u
... ........ ........ ........... ........ ... ..... ... .............. ...........................,... ' '' . .............. ,........ . ., ... ' .. . ............. ''''. ''
'.' ..
....... ' ......... . ..... ' ., .. .... ,.. ..... ' ..............
~
~.
'
20.2 .
... ' ..... ' ... '' ... ' .... ' .... '..
.... ;
t...~~~~~~-~--~-~~-~--~-~~-~-~..~~.r.~~~~~-~-~!n.~~?. ~2.,~!~~~!.::~~~!~~-:: . ". . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

import sys
window.setWlndowitle("Bo
")
100)
= (desktop.width(l - window.width() 1 // 2
= (desktop.height() - window.height()) // 2
window.move(x, )
window. show ()
window.resize(OO,
width ( 1 height ( 1,
u. .
frameSize ( 1.
. u
show 11, ,
u, . ,
406
,
11.
20.3).
~~~~;2~:;;;;;;~-6~~!~~~~~:~~~;;~~~~.::: .--": .. 1
~ .......... ",,,,.,,,;,,,.,;,, .. ,,,,,,_,,,,,,.,,,,.,\,.,,,. .. ", .. .,,.,,.,,;,.,;;',;,,;;... ,,;,.,,, .... , .... ;.,.,,, .. ,~ .. ,,"''"''"''''';''",.""'""'"'""""""'"''''''"""'''''''"''"''"''"'"'"""""'""''"';,;.,,.,,.,.;,.,.,.,, ..,.,,,.,,,.,,,.",,,,,,,;.,,.,.,,.,,

lmport sys
~
window
QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
= QtGui.QWidget()
window.setWindowTitle("Bo
")
100)
window.move(window.width() * -2, 0)
window. show ()
= (desktop.width() - window.frameSize() .width()) // 2
= (desktop.height() - window.frameSize() .height()) // 2
window.move(x, )
window.resize(OO,
i .
, I ,
, i , i :
= desktop.width() - window.frameSize() .width()
window.move(x, 0)
i , . . .
Windows
. I
availaE:Geometry
().
i ,
, , , :
taskBarHeight = (desktop.screenGeometry() .height() desktop.availaeGeometry() .height())
, i i
i . , i
. i .

20.5.
QDesktopWidget.
i i / J
i I ,
QSize-
QPoint, QSize QRect. QPoint

QRect- I
I,
I . I .
20.
407
QPoint, QSize
QRect
n .
QPointF, QSizeF
QRectF .
20.5.1.
QPoint
QPoint.
QtCore
n . n
n :
= QPoint ()
QPoint(<X>, <>)
<>= QPoint(<QPoint>)
<>
<>
n :

>>> = QtCore.QPoint()
> .(), .()
(0, 0)
n :
>>> = QtCore.QPoint(10, 88)

> .(), .()
(10, 88)
n n:
>>> = QtCore.QPoint(QtCore.QPoint(lO, 88))

> .(), .()
(10, 88)
n n :
+
+
+
()
() -
setx (<>)
isNull () -
setY (<>)
- ;
True,
False-
>>> = QtCore.QPoint()
> . isNull ()
True
>>> p.setX(10); p.setY(88)
> .(), .()
(10, 88)
manhattanLength ()
- :
>>> QtCore.QPoint(10, 88) .manhattanLength()

98
n
QPoint
n n
+,
+=,-(),-=,=
!=.
. n n -. ,
n
*, *=, 1 /=).
QPoint
(n
408
11.
>>> 1 = QtCore.QPoint(10, 20); 2 = QtCore.QPoint(5, 9)

>>> 1 + 2, 1 - 2
(PyQt4.QtCore.QPoint(15, 29), PyQt4.QtCore.QPoint(5, 11))
>>> 1 * 2.5, 1 1 2.0
>>> -1, 1 == 2, 1 != 2
(PyQt4:QtCore.QPoint(-10, -20), Fa1se, True)
20.5.2.
QSize
QSize.
QtCore
:
<~>
QSize()
<~>
QSiz(<>,
<~>
'Qsize (<QSize>)
<>)
.
. :

>>> s1=QtCore.QSize(); s2=QtCore.QSize(10, 55); s3=QtCore.QSize(s2)
>>> s1
PyQt4.QtCore.QSize(-1, -1)
>>> s2, s
(PyQt4.QtCore.QSize(10, 55), PyQt4.QtCore.QSize(10, 55))
:
+
+
width ()
height () -
setWidtl)(<pa>)
setHeight (<>)- :
>>> s = QtCore.QSize()
>>> s.setWidth(10); s.setHeight(55)
>>> s.width(), s.height()
(10, 55)
isNull () - True, , Fa1se-

;
+
+
isValid () True, ,
Fa1se - ;
isEmpty () ,
sca1e () -
Fa1se-
True, ( )
<n n>. .
:
sca1e(<QSize>,
s1(<>,
<n n>)
<>,
<n n>)
20.
409
< >
QtCore.Qt:
IgnoreAspectRatio- - ,
;
KeepAspectRatio- 1 - n
n;
KeepAspectRatio~yExpanding-
2-
.
,
, <
>.
KeepAspectRatioByExpanding,
KeepAspectRatio
qimage-scalig.pg,
C:\Pytho32\Lib\site-packages\PyQt4\doc\html\images.
>>> s = QtCore.QSize(50, 20)

>>> s.scale(70, 60, QtCore.Qt.IgnoreAspectRatio); s
PyQt4.QtCore.QSize(70, 60)
>>> ~ = QtCore.QSize(50, 20)
>>> s.scale(70, 60, QtCore.Qt.KeepAspectRatio); s
>>> s.scale(70, 60, QtCore.Qt.KeepAspectRatioByExpanding); s
PyQt4.QtCore.QSize(l50, 60)
boundedo ( <QSize>)

QSize,

>>> s.boundedTo(QtCore.QSize(400, 5))
PyQt4 .QtCote.QSize (50, 5)
>>> s.boundedTo(QtCore.QSize(40, 50))
t expandedTo(<QSize>)
QSize,

>>> s.expandedTo(QtCore.QSize(400, 5))
>>> s.expandedTo(QtCore.QSize(40, 50))
t transpose () .
410
11.

>>> s.transpose(); s
n
, n
(n*,*=,
QSize n n +, +=, - (), -=, == !=.

QSize
/=). :
>>> s1 = QtCore.QSize(50, 20); s2 = QtCore.QSize(10, 5)

>>> s1 + s2, s1 - s2
>>> s1 * 2.5, s1 1 2
>>> s1 == s2, s1 != s2
(Fa1se, True)
20.5.3.
QRect.
QRect
QtCore
n .
n :
<>
QRect()
QRect(<1eft>, <top>,
<>
QRt(<
<>
QRt(< >,
<>=
QRect(<QRect>)
<>
<>,
<
<>)
>,
<>)
>)
n .
.
n
QPoint,
- n
QSize.
n n .
QPoint.
n n. :

>>> r = QtCore.QRect()
>>> r.1eft(), r.top(), r.right(), r.bottom(), r.width(), r.height()
(0,
-1, -1,
0)
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(10, 15, 400, 300)

>>> r.1eft(), r.top(), r.right(), r.bottom(), r.width(), r.height()
(10, 15, 409, 314, 400, 300)
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(QtCore.QPoint(10, 15), QtCore.QSize(400, 300))
>>> r.left(), r.top(), r.right(), r.bottom(), r.width(), r.height()
(10," 15, 409, 314, 400, 300)
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(QtCore.QPoint(10, 15), QtCore.QPoint(409, 314))
>>> r.left(), r.top(), r.right(), r.bottom(), r.width(), r.helght()
(10, 15, 409, 314, 400, 300)
20.
411
>>> QtCore.QRect(r)
PyQt4.QtCore.QRect(10, 15, 400, 300)
:
t setLeft (<1>), setX (<1>), setTop (<1>)
setY (<1>) -
. :
>>> r.setLeft(10); r.setTop(55); r
PyQt4.QtCore.QRect(10, 55, -10, -55)
>>> r.setX(12); r.setY(81); r
PyQt4.QtCore.QRec~(12, 81, -12, -81)
t setRight (<2>)
setBottom(<Y2>)
. :
>>> r.setRight(12); r.setBottom(81); r
PyQt4.QtCore.QRect(O, , 13, 82)
setTopLeft ( <QPoint>) - ;
t setTopRight (<QPoint>)
+
+
setBottoLeft
- ;
( <QPoint>) - ;
setBottomRight (<QPoint>) - :
>>> r.setTopLeft(QtCore.QPoint(10, 5))
>>> r.setBottomRight(QtCore.QPoint(39, 19)); r
>>> r.setTopRight(QtCore.QPoint(39, 5))
>>> r.setBottomLeft(QtCore.QPoint(10, 19)); r
setWidth(<Illpa>), setHeight(<Bcoa>) 1-1
setSize(<QSize>)
setRect
(<1>,
<1>,
<>,
<>) -
setCoords (<1>, <1>, <2>, <2>)-

. :
>>> r.setRect(10, 10, 100, 500); r
>>> r.setCoords(10, 10, 109, 509); r
:
moveTo (<1>,
<1>),
moveTo (<QPoint>), moveLeft
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(10, 15, 400, 300)

>>> r.moveTo(O, 0); r
(<1>)
moveTop (<1>) -
412
11.
>>> r.moveTo(QtCore.QPoint(10, 10)); r

>>> r.moveLeft(5); r.moveTop(O); r.
PyQt4.QtCore.QRect(5, , 400, 300)
+
+
+
+
+
moveRight
(<2>) moveottom(<Y2>)
moveTopLeft (<QPoint>) -
moveTopRight (<QPoint>) -
moveBottomLeft (<QPoint>)~oveBottomRight
. :
(<QPoint>) -
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(10, 15, 400, 300)

>>> r.moveTopLeft(QtCore.QPoint(O, 0)); r
>>> r.moveBottomRight(QtCore.QPoint(599, 499)); r
+
+
movecenter (<QPoint>) -
tr'ans1ate(<C >,
< >)
trans1ate(<QPoint>)-
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(O, , 400, 300)

>>> r.trans1ate(20, 15); r
>>> r.trans1ate(QtCore.QPoint(10, 5)); r
trans1ated (< >, < >) trans1ated ( <QPoint>) trans1ate (), QRect,
adjust (<1>,
<1>,
<2>,
<2>)
:.
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(O, , 400, 300)

>>> r.adjust(10, 5, 10, 5); r
adjusted ( <1>,
<1>,
<2>,
<2>)
QRect,
adj ust (),
+
+
+
1eft () () top () () -
;
;
right () bottom () -
;
+
+
width ()
height () -
size () - QSize. :
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(10, 15, 400, 300)
>>> r.1eft(), r.top(), r.x(), r.y(), r.right(), r.bottom()

(10, 15, 10, 15, 409, 314)
20.
413
>>> r.width(), r.height(), r.size()

(400, 300, PyQt4 .QtCore.QSize (400, 300))
+ topLeft () - ;
+ topRight () - ;
+ bottomLeft () - ;
+ bottomRight () - . :
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(10, 15, 400, 300)
>>> r.topLeft(), r.topRight()
>>> r.bottomLeft(), r.bottornRight()
+ center () -
. ,
desktop
QtGui.QApp1ication.desktop()
window.move(desktop.avai1aeGeometry(_)
.center() -
window.rect() .center())
getRect () ;
getCoords ()
. :
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(10, 15, 400, 300)

>>> r.getRect(), r.getCoords()
( (10, 15, 400, 300)' (10, 15, 409, 314))
:
isNull ()
- rue, ,
Fa1se-
isVa1id () -
True,
1eft ()
< right ()
< bottom (),
Fa1se-
top () > bottom (),
Fa1se-
top ()
isErnpty () -
True,
1eft () > right ()
norma1ized () ,
bottom (),
>>> r
QRect.
1eft ()
> right ()
top ()
>
QtCore.QRect(QtCore.QPoint(409, 314),
QtCore.QPoint(10, 15))
>>> r
PyQt4.QtCore.QRect(409, 314, -398, -298)
>>> r.norma1ized()
contains (<QPoint> [,
<>]
contains (<>,
<>
[,
<>]
)-
True.
Fa1se-
True,
-.
, .
-
Fa1se.
414
11.
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(O, , 400, 300)

>>> r.contains(O, 10), r.contains(O, 10, True)
(True, False)
contains (<QRect> [, <> J ) -
True,
False- .
rue,
, . .
False. :
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(O, , 400, 300)
>>> r.contains(QtCore.QRect(O, , 20, 5))
True
>>> r.contains(QtCore.QRect(O, , 20, 5), True)
False
intersects (<QRect>) - True,

False ..:....__ ;
intersect (<QRect>)
intersected ( <QRect>) -
. :
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(O, , 20, 20)

>>> r.intersects(QtCore.QRect(10, 10, 20, 20))
True
>>> r.intersect(QtCore.QRect(10, 10, 20, 20))
>>> r.intersected(QtCore.QRect(10, 10, 20, 20))
unite(<QRect>)
united(<QRect>)
- ,
.:
>>> r = QtCore.QRect(O, , 20, 20)

>>> r.unite(QtCore.QRect(301 30, 20, 20))
PyQt4.QtCore.QRect(0, , 50, 50)
>>> r.united(QtCore.QRect(30, 30, 20, 20))
QRect & &= (), 1
(), in ( <;>), == !=. :
>>> r1, r2 = QtCore.QRect(O, , 20, 20), QtCore.QRect(10, 10, 20, 20)

>>> r1 & r2, r1
r2
(PyQt4.QtCore.QRect(10, 10, 10, 10), PyQt4.QtCore.QRect(O, , 30, 30))
>>> r1 in r2, r1 in QtCore.QRect(O, , 30, 30)
(False, True)
>>> r1 == r2, r1 != r2
(False, True)
1
20.
20.6.
415
. .
QWidget:
showinimized () -
showMaximized () -
showFullScreen () -
showNormal () - , ;
(. . ).
activateWindow () -
Windows,
.
;
setWindowState (<>)
QtCore. Qt :
;
WindowNoState-
WindowMinimized-
Windowaximized- ;
WindowFullScreen- ;
WindowActive- , . . .
n, :
window.setWindowState((window.windowState() &
-(QtCore.Qt.Windowinimized 1 QtCore.Qt.WindowMaximized))
1 QtCore.Qt.WindowFullScreen)
:
isMinimi zed () - True, , False- ;
isMaximi zed () True, ,

False- ;
True, , False-
isFullScreen () -
isActi vewindow () -
rue, , False-
windowstate () -
, .
if window.windowState() & QtCore.Qt.WindowFullScreen:

print ( " ")

20.4.
416
:'"""''''''' ~
................
~. ~
11.
.. ....,.......
~ ~
t...~.~~~~.r. ~~:~~~-~
def
init (se1f, parent=None):
QtGui.QWidget. init (se1f, parent)
se1f.btnin = QtGui.QPushButton("Cepy")
se1f.btnax = QtGui.QPushButton("Paepy")
se1f .btnFu11 = QtGui .QPushButton (" ")
se1f. btnNorma1 = QtGui .QPushButton (" ")
vbox = QtGui.QVBoxLayout()
vbox.addWidget(se1f.btnin)
vbox.addWidget(se1f.btnax)
def
def
def
def
if
vbox.addWidget(se1f.btnFu11)
vbox.addWidget(se1f.btnNorma1)
se1f.setLayout(vbox)
se1f.connect(se1f.btnin, QtCore.SIGNAL("c1icked()"),
se1f.on min)
se1f.connect(se1f.btnax, QtCore.SIGNAL("c1icked()"),
se1f.on_max)
self .connect (se1f .btnFull, QtCore .SIGNAL ("c1icked () "),
self .on_full)
se1f. connect (se1f .btnNorma1, QtCore .SIGNAL ( "c1icked () ;, ) ,
se1f. on_ norma1)
on_min(se1f):
se1f.showMinimized()
on_max(se1f):
se1f.showMaximized()
on_fu11(se1f):
se1f.showFu11Screen()
on norma1(se1f):
se1f.showNorma1()
n
main
import sys
= QtGui.QApp1ication(sys.argv)
window = MyWindow()
window.setWindowit1e("Paopaae
window.resize(OO,
")
100)
windovJ. show ()
20.7.
setWindowOpacity ()
:
setWindowOpacity(<Beeceoe
0.0
1.0>)
QWidget.
20.
417
1.0. .
, 1. - .

windowOpacity (),
. 1. . . 5
(
20.5).
[~:~~i.~.~:~.i.~::~~::~~~:i.~~i.~~~~~~::~~~~::::::::,::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,~:::,:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::J
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*from PyQt4 1mport QtGui
import sys
~
window
~ QtGui.QWidget()
window.setWindowTitle("oypopaoe ")
Wlndow.setWindowOpacityl0.5)
window. show 1)
printlwdow.windowOpacity())
sys.exitlapp.exec
20.8.
#:
0.4980392156862745
1))
,
. ,
. ,
Microsoft Word
, ,
. ,
n.
. ,
setWindowModa1i ty (<>)
QWidget.
QtCore.Qt:
+
+
+
Nonodal- - ;
WindowModal- 1 - ;
Applicationodal-
2 - .
, , . ,
setWindowModality () .
windowodality
,
,
Fa1se-
isModal ().
1). ,
rue,
. ,
. ,
.
(
14.1349
20.6).
418
11.

import sys
def show modal_window():

global modalWindow
modalWindow = QtGui.QWidget(windowl, QtCore.Qt.Window)
modalWindow.setWindowTitle("Moaoe
")
moda1Window.resize(200, 50)
modalWindow.setWindowModality(QtCore.Qt.WindowModal)
modalWindow.setAttribute(QtCore.Qt.WA_DeleteOnClose, True)
modalWindow.move(windowl.geometry() .center() modalWindow.rect() .center() - QtCore.QPoint(4, 30))
modalWindow.show()
windowl = QtGui.QWidget()
windowl. setWindowi tle (" ")
windowl.resize(OO, 100)
button = QtGui. QPushButton ( "r ")
QtCore.QObject.connect(button, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
show_modal_window)
vbox = QtGui.QVoxLayout()
vbox.addWidget(button)
windowl.setLayout(vbox)
windowl. show ()
window2
QtGui.QWidget()
window2.setWindowitle("o
WindowModal")
window2.resize(500, 100)
window2. show ()
n n n , ,
( n
i t
). n
n i , .
WdowModal Applicationodal, I.
, t n i n

Window.
i , ,
, . , t n
modalWindow , n n i
. I
n i ,
n
WA_DeleteOnClose setAttribute () i
True.
i i. I i

PyQt
QDialog,
i i
20.
419
. ,
n , ,
QDialog
20.9.
setWindowicon () QWidget.
Qicon (. . 25.3.4).
, .
,
n.
.
supportedimageFonnats ()
QimageReader.
QByteArray. :
from PyQt4 import QtGui

for i in QtGul.QimageReader.supportedimageFormats():
print (str(l, "ascil") .upper(), end=" ")
:
GIF ICO JPEG JPG MNG
PGM PNG
SVG SVGZ TIF TIFF
, ,

setWindowicon ()
Qicon.
QApplication.
.
:
ico = window.style() .standardicon(QtGui.QStyle.SP_MessageBoxCritical)

window.setWindowicon(ico)
QStyle
( :/Python3 2/Li/s ite-packages/PyQt4/doc/htm 11 qsty le.htm 1#Standad Pixmap-enum ).

--r:
PNG
16
16
, n
20.7).
l:~:~~i~:~~:i?:?.~:~i.~~:~~~:~~:~~-~~~~~~:~~::~~~~::::::.:::.:~:.:::.::
. :. : .: : .: : :. : :. : .: : : : : : .: : : : : : : .: .:.: .: : : : . : : . : .
# -'- coding: utf-8 -*from PyQt4 import QtGui

import sys
window.setWindowitle("Cea
100)
window.setWindowicon(QtGui.Qicon("icon.png"))
app.setWindowicon(QtGui.Qicon("icon.png") ).
window. show ()
")
window.resize(OO,
#
#
:::.::::::::1
420
20.1 .
11.
( ),

Window ( ackground).
+
+
+
QPalette:
Active Nonnal ~~ ( );
Disaed ~
~ ;
Inactive ~ 2 ~ ( ).
palette ().
- , setColor ()
QPalette. :
stlr([<>,
]<>,
<>)
<> . ,
Window ( Background) . Windowext ( Foreground) ~ .

QPalette.
<> .

QtCore.Qt (, k, white . .) QColor (,
QColor("red"), QColor("#ffOOOO"), QColor(255,
0)
.).
setPalette ()
. , -
. ,
True setAutoFillBackground ().
SS- background-color.
setStyleSheet ().
( ),
( setStyleSheet () QApplication)
( setStyleSheet () QWidget). ,
, ;
. W-,
HTML CSS.
CSS
, ,
. ,
~ . .
. ~ SS- background-color
(
20.8).
20.8. .
import sys
window.setWindowitle("eee
")
20.
421
100)
pal = window.palette()
pal.setColor(QtGui.QPalette.Normal, QtGui.QPalette.Window,
QtGui.QColor("#OOBBOO"))
pal.setColor(QtGui.QPalette.Inactive, QtGui.QPalette.Window,
QtGui .QColor ("#ffOOOO"))
window.setPalette(pal)
label = QtGui. QLabel (" ")
label.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignCenter)
label. setStyleSheet ( "background-color: #ffffff; ")
label.setAutoFillBackground(True)
vbox.addWidget(label)
window.resize(OO,
window.se~Layout(vbox)
window. show ()
'
20.11.

( ) .
setrush
setBrush([<Cocoe>,
()
]<>,
QPalette.
palette (),
<QBrush>)
setColor (),
.

<>
QBrush.
QBrush(<C
>)
<>= QBrush(<e>[,
<>
<>
<>
<
c>=SolidPattern])
<QPixmap>)
QBrush(<QPixmap>)
= QBrush(<Qimage>)
QBrush(<e>,
<
> QtCore. Qt,

NoBrush, SolidPattern, DenselPattern, Dense2Pattern, DensePattern,
Dense4Pattern, Dense5Pattern, DensePattern, Dense7Pattern, CrossPattern .
{SolidPattern)
(, CrossPattern ).
,
<> .
QtCore.Qt (, k, white . .) QColor (,
QColor("red"), QColot("#ffOOOO"), QColor(255, , 0) .). ,
pal.setBrush(QtGui.QPalette.Normal, QtGui.QPalette.Window,
QtGui.QBrush(QtGui.QColor("#008800"), QtCore.Qt.SolidPattern))
422
<QPixmap>
<Qimage>
11.
n n .
n n , ,
.
setPalette 1)
n. n, -n
no
nr n . n,
n
True
setAutofillBackground 1) .
, , n SS
background background-image. SS- background-repeat
n n . n
repeat, repeat-x (n no ), repeat-y (n no

no-repeat ( n).
n. ( n
n),
background-image)
SS-
20.9).

import sys
= QtGui.QApplicationlsys.argv)
window = QtGui.QWidgetl)
window.setWindowitlei"opaee
")
100)
QtGui. QBrush (QtGui. QP ixmap ( "imgl. png") ) )
window.setPalettelpal)
label = QtGui. QLabel (" ")
label.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignCenter)
label.setAutoFillBackground(True)
vbox.addWidgetllabel)
window.setLayoutlvbox)
window. show 1)
sys.exitlapp.exec_l))
window.resizeiOO,
20.12.
, n :
\.
nr , n,

2.
PNG.
QPixmap, n
r n .
3.
n n.
20.
423
4.
5.
setask
()
mask ()
QPixrnap.
. , , u :
QtCore.Qt.Window
QtCore.Qt.framelessWindowHint
QPixrnap
QLabel,
setPixrnap (),
setMask ().
,
. u (
f h:t.20.:t' .. ~11'J. ~ n~~~ ~l
..................,..... ...........;................... ...........................;,;,................. ;.................;;,;.................. .....

~
~:
;.,,;,~;;,
...;;;...
,;~.;
20.1 0).
....;.......:

import sys
window.setWindowflags(QtCore.Qt.Window 1 QtCore.Qt.framelessWindowHint)
window.setWindowTitle (" ")
pixrnap = QtGui. QPixrnap ( "fon. png")
QtGul.QBrush(pixrnap))
pal.setBrush(QtGui.QPalette.Inactive, QtGui.QPalette.Window,
QtGui.QBrush(pixmap))
window.setMask(pixmap.mask())
button = QtGui.QPushButton("ap ", window)
button.setfixedSize(lSO, 30)
button.move(75, 135)
QtGui. qApp, QtCore. SLOT ( "qui t () ") )
window. show ()
20.1 3.

. ,
. ,
.
.
.
PyQt
. u .
424
11.
QWidget:
setToolTip(<Tec>l-

HTML.
, ;
+
+
tool Tip ( 1 -
setWhatsThis (<> 1 -
, .
,
<Shift>+<FI>.
n.
.
, .
HTML.
~1 , t ;
whatsThis ( 1 -
..
20.11 ).
[ 2D.'fi; 13J1is ni(t,
: :.:.: ::.=:; ::=.: .= : ....;,;;;,;;,,,;,,,;,,,:;;.;,=,;;;, ...... :.:.: : .. ;,,;,;,,;,;,=,;,,;;,;:;~ i:.:::::::. :: ... ;,;;,,;;........ ;;;,,,,,;... :.......
=. ,

import sys
= QtGui.QApplication(sys.argvl
window = QtGui.QWidget(flags=QtCore.Qt.Dialogl
window.setWindowitle("Bcae ")
button = QtGui. QPushButton ( "r ", window)
button.setFixedSize(l50, 30)
button.move(75, 20)
button.setToolTip (" ")
window.setToolTip("o
button.setWhatsThis("o
window.setWhatsThis("o
")
")
")
QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"l,
QtGui. qApp, QtCore. SLOT ( "quit () ") )
QtCore.QObject.conect(button,
show ()
widow.
20.14.
1 quit ( 1
exit ( [returCode=O] 1 .
, .
.
True,
close ( 1 QWidget.
False- .
closeAllWidows ( 1 QAppllcatlo.
20.
WA_DeleteOnClose
425

QtCore.Qt
. .
, .

setAttribute ():
window.setAttribute(QtCore.Qt.WA_DeleteOnClose, True)

close ()
QEvent .Close.
closeEvent (), .
QCloseEvent, accept () (
) ignore () ( ). ;

import sys
window = QtGui.QWidget(flags=QtCore.Qt.Dialog)
w1ndow. setWindowi tle (" ")
button = QtGui.QPushButton("ap ", window)
button.setFixedSize(l50, 30)
button.move(75, 20)
window, QtCore.SLOT("close()"))
window. show ()
20.12).
21
.
. -
, -
.
, , ,
, .
, .
21.1.
- ,
, .

nnt(<>,
connect ()
<>,
QObject.
<ConnectionType>])
<ConnectionType>])
<>[, <ConnectionType>])
<>[,
nnt(<l>,
~>,
<2>,
<>[,
nnt(<l>,
<>,
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, ( )
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connect ():
<ConnectionType>])
l <>,
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True.
. <>
.
QtCore.SIGNAL("<Haae
SIGNAL ().
>( [n
:
n])
")
, ,

clicked (bool=O).
, . ,
. ~ :
QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked() ")
.
:
QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked(bool) ")
427
21.
(False),
. .
clicked ().
<> :
+ ;
+ ;
+ .
call
().
21.1.
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.. 21.1. FJ~i ~~ ~911;.9J:~~J"'~~9<>9~()
.:. . ...... .. :...... ......... .... "; .. ............ :..:.'.. ............ ...........::. :............. . ..:: ..:. :.. .....:......:.
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~.'"
~:'.:
'
'." .~
:~.
"'
,:,, ,;, ,,,, ,;~
;;, ~.: ~;

import sys
def on_clicked():
print ("
on_clicked () ")
class MyClass():
def
init (self, =):
self.x =
def
call (self) :
rint("
MyClass.
call
()")
MyClass.on_clicked()")
print("x =", self.x)

def on_clicked(self):
rint("
obj = MyClass ()
button = QtGui.QPushButton("Ha ")
#
QtCore.QObject.connect(button, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"), on clicked)
#
obj.on_clicked)
#
QtCore .QObject. connect (button, QtCore. SIGNAL ( "clicked () "), MyClass (10))
QtCore.QObject. connect (button, QtCore. SIGNAL ( "clicked () "), MyClass (5))
button. show ()
:
on_clicked()
MyClass.on_clicked()
MyClass. call ()
MyClass.
= 10
=5
call
()
'
';'
'.'
"
428
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Qt.
21.2).
n n n n11
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import sys
,,
button = QtGui .QPushButton (" ")
QtCore.QObject.connect(button, QtCore.SIGNAL("clickedl)"),
,
QtCore. SLOT 1"quit 1) "))
button. show 1)
sys.exit(app.exec_l))
113
n , n
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:
........................... :.;;... ;.:::... :.... :.... ;.. :.....:;.: ...=
......... ;;,; . :~.. ,;;,=~.; ..;;,; .............~;;........ ;......... ;,;;,,,,-;;i,:::... : ....... ;.:; ....... : ........;;; ................. :.= ......................................................................:............. J
,.
def
self.buttonl = QtGui.QPushButton("oa l.
self .button2 = QtGui .QPushButton (" 2")
vbox.addWidget(self.buttonl)
")
vbox.addWidget(self.butto2)
self.setLayout(vbox)
self.resize(OO, 100)
# l 2
self.connect(self.buttonl, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
self.button2, QtCore.SIGNAL('clicked() '))
# n l 14 )
self.connect(self.button2, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
self, QtCore.SLOT("on_clicked_button2()"))
21.
429
# 2 (3 )
QtCore.SLOT("on_clicked_button2()"))
@QtCore.pyqtSlot()
def on_clicked_button2(self):
print (" 2")
if
n
main
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. show ()
_init_()
MyWindow,
QWidget.
addWidget ().
setLayout ()
. .
,
connect () .
QObject,
connect () . on_ clicked_
button2 (), @QtCore .pyqtSlot () .
, Qt-
~,
. ,

connect (),
self.button2, QtCore.SIGNAL('clicked() '))
.
connect ( ) :
self, QtCore.SLOT("on_clicked_button2()"))
connect ():
self .connect (self .button2, QtCore. SIGNAL ( "clicked () "),


<ConnectionType>
.
, . . GUI- .

AutoConnection-
- .
QtCore.Qt:
DirectConnection,
QueuedConnection;
DirectConnection- 1 - .
;
430
11.
QueuedConnection- 2 - .
;
BlockingQueuedConnection- 4 - 'I QueuedConnection,
, . ,
;
UniqueConnection- - AutoConnection,
. ,

button2
, :
st
self.connect (self.button2, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked() "),

self, QtCore.SLOT("on_clicked_button2()"),
QtCore.Qt.UniqueConnection)
print(st)
st = self .connect (self .button2, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked() "),
self, QtCore.SLOT("on_clicked_button2()"),
QtCore.Qt.UniqueConnection)
print(st)
=
True
False
Autocornpatconnection- 3 - Qt 3.
21.2.
QObject:
ockSignals (<>) - ,
rue, , False.
;
signalsBlocked () - True, ,
False- ;
disconnect () - .
. :
disconnect(<Oe>,
disconnect(<Oel>,
<>,
<>,
<>)
<2>,
<>)
disconnect () <> 11.

<> .
, .
, disconnect () True. , 11
. disconnect (), , ~1
. , :
self. connect (self .buttonl, QtCore. SIGNAL ( "clicked () "),

self, QtCore. SLOT ( "on_clicked_buttonl () "))
21.
431
self. connect (self. buttonl, QtCore. SIGNAL ( "clicked () ") ,

QtCore.SLOT("on_clicked_buttonl()"))
:
self.disconnect(self.buttonl, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
selC QtCore. SLOT ( "on_clicked_buttonl () "))
n . n n

connect
(). n n
n.
QObject.
disconnect ()
n n
n n .
, n n
n.
n (
21.4).
n 1
clicked (). n,
. n ,
,. n
.
~~~~~;21:4~ ~~~~~;~ ~ ;~~~~~~~~~;~~~~::

;;, ,,, . . ,, " . " .. ' " " .;. . . 1" ;. ;,..;;, . . " . " . . .
. . . . . . . . .
~: ;;;:~.; . . ~.';. . . .;. . ::. . . . .: ; ; , " ;,; ~ ;;; ; ;~;:,, : . . : : . :. " ~; .. ,; . . ; :~;, ,',, . . . ;;, i~.~.;; ~--...:,, ...... ". ,,... ,............................ ;................. "'" ........ 1 . . . . . . . . ' 1 " \ ... ' . . . " ' . ' . . . . . . . . . . "

def
self .setWindowTitle (" ")
self.buttonl
QtGui. QPushButton ( " ")
se lf. but ton2
QtGui .QPushButton ("")
self.button3
QtGui.QPushButton("Paopoa")
self. button4
QtGui. QPushButton (" ")
self.button.setEnaed(False)
vbox.addWidget(self.button2)
vbox.addWidget(self.button)
QtCore.SLOT("on_clicked_buttonl()"))
......... ' ......... '.";
432
11.
@QtCore.pyqtSlot()
def on_clicked_buttonl(self):
print (" buttonl")
@QtCore.py~Slot()
self.buttonl.ockSignals(True)
self.button2.setEnaed(False)
self.button.setEnaed(True)
@QtCore.pyqtSlot()
def on_clicked_button(self):
self.buttonl.ockSignals(False)
self.button2.setEnaed(True)
@QtCore.pyqtSlot()
self.disconnect(self.buttonl,
QtCore. SIGNAL ( "clicked () "), self,
QtCore.SLOT("on_clicked_buttonl() "))
self.button2.setEnaled(False)
if
"
ma:i,n
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. show ()
,
"
buttonl ".
.
. n ~1.
.
, ,
.
,

QWidget:
stnd(<>)-
False,
. ,
True;
setDisaed (<>)
True,
. ,
False.
, , isEnaed
True,
False-
().
21.
21.3.
433
n. n11, n n11
n
<Enter>
n . n n
n
emit ()
<>.mit(<>[,
<
QObject.
>])
n <> n
SIGNAL ().
QtCore. S IGNAL ("<
>
( [
) ")
n n n
n. , n .
n n (

21.5). n
clicked () ( n).
n n .
, , n n.
.
1i~~~~~; :z1:i~~~~-~;'~~;~~'~:i ~;~~i~J;.;,

~
. . . ,. . ,. . .". . ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. ,. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:
.......................................... :..........~ ......~ ....; :........ ~ ~.... ~.;: ;........ : ; : ;.;,,; ....... ; .;.:.....~.= ..... :......~ ;:.:::.::~ ;;.~ ...:;:;,,;~:;.:~;.;,:.:;,;;,.~.:.; :;,,;,,;,,:. ;:-...........~ ..........................................:

def
init
se1f. setWindoWi t1e (" ")
se1f.resize(300, 100)
self.button1 = QtGui.QPushButton("Ha ")
self.button2 = QtGui.QPushButton("oa 2")
vbox.addWidget(se1f.button1)
self. connect ( se1f. button1, QtCore. SIGNAL ( "c1icked () ") ,
se1f.on_c1icked_button1)
self. connect ( se1f .button2, QtCore. SIGNAL ( "c1icked () ") ,
se1f.connect(se1f.button2, QtCore.SIGNAL("mysigna1"),
se1f.on_mysigna1)
def on_c1icked_button1(se1f):
print (" buttonl")
#
self.button2.emit(QtCore.SIGNAL("c1icked(boo1)"), Fa1se)
se1f.button2.emit(QtCore.SIGNAL("mysigna1"), 10, 20)
print (" button2")
434
def on_mysignal(self,
):
rint("
print("x =",
if
11.
"=",
mysignal()")
n
==." main "
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. show ()
buttonl
button2
= 10
mysignal()
= 20
, '
. ,
.

. :
self .button2 .emit (QtCore.SIGNAL("mysignal"), 10, 20)

.
:
self.connect(self.button2, QtCore.SIGNAL("mysignal(int, int)"),

self.on_mysignal)
:
self .button2 .emit (QtCore. SIGNAL ( "mysignal (int, int) "), 10, . 20)

PyQt_PyObject.
. ..,
:
self. connect (self .button2, QtCore. SIGNAL ( "mysignal (PyQt_PyObject) "),

self.on_mysignal)
:
self .button2 .emit (QtCore.SIGNAL("mysignal (PyQt_PyObject) "), 20)

self .button2 .emit (QtCore. SIGNAL ( "mysignal (PyQt_PyObject) "), [1, "2"])

emit ().
, . ,
click ().
, :
self.button2.emit(QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked(bool)"), False)
:
self.button2.click()
21.
435
n n n
.
21.4.
PyQt
n ,
. ,. n
connect ():
<n>.<>.nn~t(<>[,
type=<ConnectionType>])
<n>.<>[<>].nnt(<>[,
type=<ConnectionType>])
n <> n,
<>. .
n n,
n .. n <> n
, n
. n
type
type
n n
AutoConnection.
self.buttonl.clicked.conne~t(self.on_clicked_buttonl)
self.button2.clicked["bool"] .connect(selfoon_clicked_button2)
n
disconnect ():
<n>.<>disnnt([<>])
<n>.<>[<>] .disnnt([<>])
n <> , , ,
n . :
selfobuttonl.clickedodisconnect()
selfobutton2.clicked["bool"] odisconnect(selfoon_clicked_button2)
n
emi t ():
<n>.<>mit([<>])
<n> <> [<>]
; emi t ( [<>] )
self.button2oclickedoemit(False)
self.button2oclicked["bool"] oemit(False)
n n
pyqtSignal ()
QtCore. :
< >=
int,
pyqtSignal(*types[,
n])
types n n Python, n bool
n :
mysignal = QtCoreopyqtSignal(int, name="mysignal")

n ++ :
mysignal = QtCore pyqtSigna1 ( "QString", name="mysignal")
436
n n, n

n .
11.
types
. , n n
mysignal = QtCore.pyqtSignal ( [int], [str],
int 11 str:
nae="mysignal")
n n n .
n . n n ,
n . .
n n n.
21.6).
n (
n n n.
..... ............................. ....................... ,..........,..,......................... ...,.......................,......... ...................................................... ...................................................................................

: r 21.6. 4i . ..t
~
,~
;. ;'. ~ ' : ; : :.. '; :=.; :} ,,; :. :. i.; .... :; ... ;.............. :......,:, :;; ... ;:. ::......:... :... ,;; ........ ;... :........... ;,.., ... ............ ....... '.. .. ................... . ................ ' .... ' ' ....... .. i

mysignal = QtCore .pyqtSignal ( [int], [str],
def
self.setWindowitle("Opaoa
self.resize(OO,
nae="mysignal")
")
100)
self.buttonl
QtGui.QPushButton("Ha ")
self.button2 = QtGui.QPushButton("oa 2")
self.button = QtGui.QPushButton("Ya ")
vbox.addWidget(self.button)
#
self.buttonl.clicked.connect(self.on_clicked buttonl)
self.button2.clicked["bool"] .connect(self.on_clicked_button2)
self.button3.clicked.connect(self.on_clicked_button3)
self.mysignal[int] .connect(self.on_mysignal)
self.mysignal[str] .connect(self.on_mysignal)
def on_clicked_buttonl(self, status):
print("Haaa n buttonl", status)
#
self. button2. clicked [ "bool"] . emi t ( E'alse)
self.mysignal[int] .emit(lO)
self.mysi~nal[str] .emit("cpoa")
def on_clicked_button2(self, status):

print("Haaa n button2", status)
def on_clicked_button(self):
print (" n button")
#
self.buttonl.clicked.disconnect()
21.
437
self.button2.clicked["bool"] .disconnect(
self.on clicked_button2)
self.mysignal[int] .disconnect()
self.mysignal[str] .disconnect()
self.button.setEnaled(False)
def on_mysignal(self, n):

rint("
if
\n
n -"
n)
main
name
import sys
= QtGul.QApplicacion(sys.argv)
window = MyWindow()
wlndow. show 1)
sys.exitlapp.exec_l))
n, , n

@pyqtSlot 1).
, ,
QObJect.
QObject
@QtCore.pyqtSlot(*types, name=None, result=None)

n types 1n 1n tl, n bool
int, n . n ++
. n n, n
types
. n n n .
n . n
name ,
. n result n
n , . n ,
. n ,
n n . n
@pyqtSlot 1) n 21.7.
~.~~~.~.~ ~~.::..~ ~.:.~~~~~~.~~.~~.~~.~~~:~~~.~~ ~.~~.~:~5. ~.>........................................................................................................................,
1...
..
..
..

import sys
class MyClass(QtCore.QObject):
def
init lself):
QtCore.QObject. init
@QtCore.pyqtSlot()
def on_clickedlself):
(self)
print("ona . on_clicked()")
@QtCore.pyqtSlot(bool, name="myslot")
def on_clicked21self, status):
rint(" . myslot(bool)", status)
obj
MyClass ()
438
11.
button = QtGui .QPushButton ( " ")

QtCore .QObject. connect (button, QtCore .SIGNAL ( "clicked () "),
obj, QtCore.SLOT_("on_clicked() "))
QtCore.QObject.connect(button, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked(bool)"),
obj, QtCore. SLOT ( "myslot (bool) ") )
button. show ()
sys. exit (. _ () )
21.5.
connect () .
- ,
,
. :
lmd-, .

10:
QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
: self.on_clicked_button1(10))
self.connect(s~lf.button1,
lamda
,
lmd-,
lmd- , . :
=
10
self .connect (self .button1, QtCore.SIGNAL ( "clicked () "),

lamda =: self.on_clicked_button1(x))
call
().
. :
class MyClass():
def __init __ (self, =):
self.x =
def
call (self) :
print("x =", self.x)
:
MyC1ass (10))
partial ()
functools.
from functools import partial

partial(func[, *args] [, **keywords])
:
self.connect(self,button1, QtCore.SIGNAL("clicked()"),
partial(self.on_clicked_button1, 10))
,
clicked(bool)
439
21.
self. connect (sel f .but tonl, QtCore. SIGNAL ( "clicked (bool) ") ,
partial(self.on_clicked_buttonl, 10))
:
def on_clicked_button1(self, , status):

print("Haaa n button1", , status)
:
button1 10 False
21.6.
11

<Id> =
QObject.
tirnerEvent
().
startTirner ()
<>.strtimr(<>)
startTirner () ,
. <> , l.:
tirnerEvent (). tlrnerEvent ():
tirnerEvent(self,
<
QTirnerEvent>)
tirnerEvent ()
tirnerid () QTirnerEvent. :
<Id>
=<
QTirnerEvent>.tirnerid()
. <
> ,
.
,
QObject.
~t
killTlrner () 11
<Oe>.killTirner(<Id>)
11,
startTirner ().
,
,
21.8).
21.8.
Q .~:.10 .
...............................................................................::......... :.............:... ; ................................................. :.::....:................:.;...................
# -*- coding: ucf-8 -*frorn PyQt4 irnport QtCore, QtGui

irnport tirne
def
self.setWindowTit1e("ac
self.resize(200, 100)
")
440
11.
self.timer id =
self.label = QtGui.QLabel("")
self.buttonl = QtGui.QPushButton("anyc")
self.button2 = QtGui.QPushButton("Ocao")
vbox.addWidget(self.label)
self.on_clicked_buttonl)
self.on_clicked_button2)
def on_clicked_buttonl(self):
self.timer_id = self.startTimer(lOOO) # 1
self .buttonl. set.Enaed ( False)
self.button2.setEnaed(True)
if self.timer id:
self.killTimer(self.timer_id)
self.timer id =
self.buttonl.setEnaed(True)
self.button2.setEnaled(False)
def timerEvent(self, event):

self.label.setText(time.strftime("%H:%M:%S"))
if
n
main
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. show ()
startTimer () killTimer ()
Qtcore. :
QTimer
<>= Qimer({parent=None])
setinterval
(<>) - ,
timeout ().
. <> ,
;
start ( [<> J ) -
. ,
,
stop ()
interval () ;
- ~;
21.
441
setSing1eShot (<>) - True, , - ;
+
+
+
interva1 ()
- ;
timerid () - -1;
isSing1eShot () True,
Fa1se- ;
isActive () -
True,
Fa1se-
1 QTimer scartTimer ()
killTimer()
(21.9) .
............,.........................................,....,.......................,., ..........................................................................................................................
! 21.9. nn11 n~ Qri/1\e;r:

;.; ... : "
' ' ' ' ' , , . . . . ' ' . ' "
"
1 ' ' " . ' . ' ' : . ' : ' 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . : , ; ' " ; . . . . . . : : . . . . : .....
. . . .
~-. '
" : : . ;: 1 "
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ' , ; ' 1

import time
def
se1f. setWindowi t1e ("n QTimer")
se1f.1abe1 = QtGui.QLabe1("")
se1f.1abe1.setA1ignment(QtCore.Qt.A1ignCenter)
self .button1 = QtGui .QPushButton ("n")
self .button2 = QtGui .QPushButton ("")
se1f.button2.setEnaled(False)
vbox.addWidget(se1f.1abe1)
se1f.connect(se1f.button1, QtCore.SIGNAL("c1icked()"),
se1f.connect(se1f.button2, QtCore.SIGNAL("c1icked()"),
se1f.timer = QtCore.QTimer()
se1f.connect(se1f.timer, QtCore.SIGNAL("timeout()"),
se1f.on_timeout);
se1f.timer.start(1000) # 1
se1f.button1.setEnaled(Fa1se)
se1f.button2.setEnaled(True)
se1f.timer.stop()
se1f.buttonl.setEnaled(True)
se1f.button2.setEnaled(Fa1se)
442
11.
def on_timeout(self):
self .label. setText (t ime. strftime ("%; %: %S") )
if
rnain "
name
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. show ()
QTimer
singleShot ( 1,
,
. . :
QtCore.QTimer.singleShot(<epa>,
<>)
QtCore.QTimer.singleShot(<epa>,
<>,
<>)
singleShot ( 1:
QtCore.QTimer.singleShot(lOOO, self.on_timeout)
QtCore.QTimer.singleShot(lOOO, QtGui.qApp, QtCore.SLO("quit()"))
21.7.
. ,
, . ,
, ,
,
keyPressEvent ( 1.
, ,
.
QEvent
accept ( 1 -
, ,
closeEvent ( 1 accept ( 1
, .
;
+
+
ignore ( 1 - , , closeEvent ( 1
ignore ( 1 , ;
setAccepted (<> 1 -
rue,
+
+
isAccepted ( 1 -
accept ( 1), False- (
ignore ( 1);
registerEventType ( [<> J 1 -
. .

QEvent. user (1000) QEvent .axuser
( 65535). ;
spontaneous ( 1 -
True, , False,
21.
443
type () - . (
QEvent):
- ;
1 - Timer- ;
2 - MouseButtonPress-
3 - MouseButtonRe1ease-
4 - MouseButtonDC1ick- ;
5 - Mouseove-
7 - KeyRe1ease-
8 - Focusin- ;
9 - FocusOut- ;
KeyPress -
;
;
Enter- ;
10 -
11- Leave- ;
12- Paint-
13- Move-
14- Resize-
17 -
18- Hide-
19- C1ose-
24- WindowActi vate-
25- WindowDeacti vate-
26- ShowoParent- ;
27 -
31- Whee1-
40- C1ipboard- ;
;
;
Show- ;
;
;
HideToParent
- ;
60- DragEnter-
;
61 -
DragMove-
62 -
DragLeave- -
63 -
Drop-
68- ChildAdded- ;
69- Chi1dPo1ished- ;
71- Chi1dRemoved- ;
74- Po1ishRequest-
75- Po1ish- ;
444
11.
ContextMenu- ;
82 -
99- ActivationChange-
103- WindowB1ocked- ;
104- WindowUnlocked- n 1 ~
105- WindowStateChange-
121- App1icationActivate-
122- App1icationDeactivate-
1000- user- n ;
65535- axuser- n .
;
n n n;
n n;
n nn
event (self,
<event>). n <event> n n11
. n iI, n,
MouseButtonPress n
QMouseEvent,
11
KeyPress- n QKeyEvent. ,
.
event () True, n, Fa1se-
n . True, n n
. n n ,
event
r) n . :
return QtGui.QWidget.event(se1f,
QWidget n
event (). 1;1 1 , ,
. n, n QLabe1 :
return QtGui.QLabe1.event(se1f,
n , 11I
21.10.

def
init
QtGui.QWidget.
init
(self, parent)
def event(se1f,
):
if e.type() == QtCore.QEvent.KeyPress:
print
("
")
e.key(), ",:", e.text())

elif e.type() == QtCore.QEvent.Close:
print (" ")
print("Ko:",
445
21.
elif e.type() == QtCore.QEvent.MouseButtonPress:

r1nt(" !l.
'JJr:",
re<.ur QtGu1.QW1dget.evet(self,
if
)#
.(),
.())
m1
import sys
widow
= MyWindow()
window. show ()
21.8.
13
n , n n ,
, , nn closeEvent ().
nn ,
.
21.8.1.
(, ,
) n :
changeEvent (self,
<event>) - n , n
n. , n
,
n,
, , . (n n ).
WindowStateChange
<event>
QWindowStateChangeEvent. oldState (),

n n ;
<event>
<event>) - n n. n
showEvent (self,
n n
<event>)- n n. n
hideEvent (self,
<event>
QShowEvent;
n n
QHideEvent.
n ,
, (
:""'''"'<'"' ''>~"' "'" " < "'<">"'~""
21.11 ).
"" "' '."" " ..... """'" "., " " "'"!.'~" >~""'" " """" """"
i:...........
21.1.1. k
::............ :....... ::; .. .... :.......:...... ..... :.:: ........ :..... :................. ::::............. ......:"'": ........
,
:~.:

def
in1t
QtGui.QWidget.
self.resize(OO,
init
100)
(self, parent)
:~..........
"" " "''" <<"''" " ""'" "' '.'
.,
.................................................................
446
11.
def changeEvent(self, ):
if e.type() == .QtCore.QEvent.WindowStateChange:
if self.isMinimized():
print (" ")
elif self.isMaximized():
print (" ")
elif self.is~ullScreen():
print ( " ")
elif self.isActiveWindow():
print (" ")
QtGui.QWidget.changeEvent(self, ) #
def showEvent(self, ):
print (" ")
#
QtGui.QWidget.showEvent(self, )
def hideEvent(self, ):
print (" ")
QtGui.QWidget.hideEvent(self, )
#
if
main
"
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. show ()
21.8.2.
moveEvent (self, <event>)- .

<event> QMoveEvent.
QMoveEvent:
pos 1)
oldPos 1)
QPoint
fl;
QPoint
reslZeEvent (self, <event>)- .

<event> QResizeEvent.
QResizeEvent:

size 1)
oldSize 1)
QSize
- n
QSize
n J.
. [ r 2112. .t.t l'l'
....................... ............................ ... .
i ............... ; ................ ;; ..................: ....................... ;;,.,;........................................................; ............................ ; ................................................................ .

def
21.12 .
...............
447
21.
QtGui.QWidget.
self.resize(OO,
init (self, parent)

100)
def moveEvent(self, ):
print("x = {0}; = {l}".format(e.pos().x(), e.pos().y()))
QtGui.QWidget.moveEvent(self, )
#
def resizeEvent(self, ):
print("w = {0}; h = (l}".format(e.size() .width(),
e.size() .height()))
QtGui.QWidget.resizeEvent(self, ) #
if
n
main
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. show ()
21.8.3.
( ) ,
paintEvent (self,
<event>). <event>
QPaintEvent, :
rect () -
QRect
, ;
region () - QRegion , .
, , ,
.
,
. , ,
.

, , -
repaint () -
QWidget:
paintEvent ()
, ,
setUpdatesEnaed
().
repaint ()
repaint(<X>,
<>,
<>,
<>)
repaint(<QRect>)
repaint(<QRegion>)
update () -
, ..
.
, .
448
repaint ().
update ()
update(<X>, <>,
update(<QRect>)
update(<QRegion>)
21.8.4.
update ()
/1.
<>,
<>)
closeEvent (self, <event>).

QCloseEvent.
, -
<event>
close ()
ignore ()
accept ().
Yes,
No
21.13).
, .
:''''''."'''''~
.. ~:~:.::.:.:.:.::~:~..::::..t::!".''''~''''.'.''::.<.::"'''''''~:.::::::":"'''''"'''': ................... , ................................. ..
[.:.~:~~~-~-~--~~.:~.~.: . 9:~.~~~~~. ~~-~f.~~-~~~~. ;. . ,;. ;,";:. . . ,.:, . ,.:.:. :. :;. . ;.l..: ............................................................................................................!
def
lnit (self, parent=None):
def closeEvent(self, ):
result = QtGui.QMessageBox.question(self,
"
"
QtGui.QMessageBox.Yes
QtGui.QMessageBox.No)
if result == QtGui.QMessageBox.Yes:
e.accept ()
QtGui.QWidget.closeEvent(self, )
else:
. ignore ()
if
n
main
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. show ()
",
?",
QtGui.QMessageBox.No,
21.
449
21.9.
. ,

<Enter>
<FI>
. .
21.9.1.
( )
. 'I QWidget:
setFocus ( [<> J )
, -
. <> .

+
+
+
QtCore .Qt:
MouseFocusReason- - ;
TabFocusReason- 1-:- <>;
BacktabFocusReason- 2 - <Shift>+<Tab>;
ActiveWindowFocus.Reason- 3 ~ ;
PopupFocusReason- 4
ShortcutFocusReason- 5 - ;
MenuBarFocusReason- - - ;
OtherFocusReason- 7 -
- ;
clearFocus () - ;
hasFocus () - True, ,
False- ;
focusWidget ()
setFocus (). .
, . , ;
setFocusProxy(<QWidget>)- ,
;
focusProxy () -
. , None;
focusNextChild () -
. <>. rue,
, False- ;
fc:cusPr.eviousChild () -
, .

<Shift>+<Tab>.
True, , False- ;
focusNextPrevChild(<a>)- True,

focusNextChild (). False,

focusPreviousChild (). rue,
, False- ;
15
1349
450
11.
setTabOrder (<1>, <2>) - n

n <>. .
<2> ,
<1>. n , .

widget1 -> widget2 -> widget -> widget4:
QtGui.QWidget.setTabOrder(widget1, widget2)
QtGui.QWidget.setTaOrder(widget2, widget3)
QtGui.QWidget.setTabOrder(widget, widget4)
setFocusPolicy(<Cno~o>)- n.
n
QtCore. Qt:
NoFocus- - n ;
TabFocus- 1 - <>;
C1ickFocus- 2 - n 1 ;
StrongFocus- 11- <> ;
Whee1Focus- 15- n <>,

;
+
+
focusPo1icy () - ;
grabKeyboard () -
. n -
re1easeKeyboard ();
re1easeKeyboard () - .
, ,
focusWidget () QApp1ication. n ,

None.
QWidget.
n :
+
+
focusinEvent (self, <event>)- n ;

focus0u1;Event (self, <event>) - .
<event> n QFocusEvent,
:
gotFocus () -
True, QEvent. Focusrn, Fa1se-
1ostFocus () -
True, QEvent. Focusout, 11 Fa1se-
reason () -
. -
<>
setFocus ().
21.14).
n , n
n. ,
<>.
21.
451
[~.~:'"~.~~ ?.~ :~~.: ::~~.~~~~~.~~.~~.~ . ~~.~.~~---- . . . . . . . . . . . . ;. . . . . . . . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . . ,. .......................... .
. ...... i
# -*- coding: utf-B -*from PyQt4 import QtGui

class MyLineEditiQtGui.QLineEdit):
def
init lself, id, parent=None):
QtGui.QLineEdit. init lself, parent)
self. id = id
def focusinEventlself, ):
print 1" n", self. id)
QtGui.QLineEdit.focusinEventlself, )
def focusOutEventlself, ):
printi"oep n", self.id)
QtGui.QLineEdit.focusOutEventlself, )
class MyWindowiQtGui.QWidget):
def
init lself, parent=None):
QtGui.QWidget. init lself, parent)
self.resizeiOO, 100)
self.button = QtGui.QPushButtoni"Ycao
self.linel = MyLineEditll)
self.line2 = MyLineEditl2)
self.vbox = QtGui.QVBoxLayoutl)
self.vbox.addWidgetlself.button)
self.vbox.addWidgetlself.linel)
self.vbox.addWidgetlself.line2)
self.setLayoutlself.vbox)
2")
self.button.clicked.connectlself.on~clicked)
# n n <>
QtGui.QWidget.setTabOrderlself.linel, self.line2)
QtGui.QWidget.setTab0rderlself.line2, self.button)
def
on~clicked(self):
self.line2.setFocus()
if
n
main
import sys
window = MyWindow()
window. show 1)
sys.exlt(app.exec~() 1
21.9.2.
( "" )
(. <Ait> 11
<Ctl>) - .
( ). .
452
11.
, &
. , &, ,
.
<Ait>
. ,
, .
,
setBuddy ( <~>) QLabel.

QWidget:
i,
grabShortcut (<> [,
<>]) -
~, .
<11111> QKeySequence.

<Ait>+<E>
, , :
QtGui.QKeySequence.mnemonic("&e")
QtGui .QKeySequence ( "Alt+e")
QtGui.QKeySequence(QtCore.Qt.ALT + QtCore.Qt.Key_E)
<> WidgetShortcut, WidgetWithChildren-
Shortcut, WindowShortcut (
QtCore.Qt;
+
+
no
) ApplicationShortcut
releaseShortcut (<ID>) - <ID>;

setShortcutEnaed
( <ID> [,
<> J)
<>
True ( ),
<ID> . False .
QEvent. Shortcut,

+
+
event (self, <event>). <event>

QShortcutEvent, :
shortcutld () - ' ;
isAmiguous
() -
+ key ()
1 rue,
False-
QKeySequence.
, (
21.1 5).
(<Ait>+<E>)-
(<Ait>+<Y>)
(<Ait>+)
grabShortcut ().

class MyLineEdit(QtGui.QLineEdit):
def
QtGui.QLineEdit. init (self, parent)
self. id = None
def event(self, ):
if e.type() == QtCore.QEvent.Shortcut:
21.
453
if se1f.id == e.shortcutid():
se1f.setFocus(QtCore.Qt.ShortcutFocusReason)
return True
return QtGui.QLineEdit.event(se1f, )
def
se1f .11 = QtGui. QLabe1 ( "& 1")
se1f.1ineEdit1 = QtGui.QLineEdit()
se1f .11. setBuddy (self .1ineEdi t1)
se1f.1ineEdit2 = MyLineEdit()
se1f.1ineEdit2.id = se1f.1ineEdit2.grabShortcut(
QtGui.QKeySequence.memonic("&e"))
se1f.button = QtGui.QPushButton("&Ypa
se1f.vbox = QtGui.QVBoxLayout()
se1f.vbox.addWidget(se1f.label)
se1f.vbox.addWidget(se1f.1ineEdit1)
se1f.vbox.addWidget(se1f.1ineEdit2)
se1f.vbox.addWidget(se1f.button)
se1f.setLayout(se1f.vbox)
se1f.button.c1icked.connect(self.on_c1icked)
def on_c1icked(self):
se1f.1ineEdit1.c1earFocus()
if
1")
n
main
import sys
= QtGui.QApp1ication(sys.argv)
window = MyWindow()
window. show ()
QShortcut. 1
self.shc = QtGui.QShortcut(QtGui.QKeySequence.memonic("&e"), self)
se1f.shc.setContext(QtCore.Qt.WindowShortcut)
self.shc.activated.connect(self.lineEdit2.setFocus)
QAction.
:.
se1f.act = QtGui.QAction(se1f)
self.act.setShortcut(QtGui.QKeySequence.memonic("&e"))
se1f.act.triggered.connect(se1f.1ineEdit2.setFocus)
se1f.addAction(se1f.act)
454
21.9.3.
11.
n :
keyPressEvent (self, <event->) - n .

, n, n
n;
keyReleaseEvent (self, <event>) - n n .
<event> n n QKeyEvent, n n
QKeyEvent
n .
(n ; n n
no
QKeyEvent):
key () - . n :
if e.key()
==
QtCore.Qt.Key_B:
print("Haaa
text () -
<>")
Unicode.
n, n ;
modifiers () -
<Ait>
n n, -
(<SI1ift>, <Ctrl>,
.) .
QtCore .Qt ( ):
NoModifier- ;
ShiftModifier-
ControlModifier-
AltModifier-
MetaModifier-
Keypadodifier- n ;
GroupSwitchodifier-
<Shift>;
<Ctrl>;
<Ait>;
<Meta>;
<Mode_switch>
( 11 ).
<SI1ift>:
if e.modifiers() & QtCore.Qt.ShiftModifier:

print (" <Shift>")
isAutoRepeat () -
rue, n
False- n ;
matches ( <QKeySequence. StandardKey>) -
True, n
, , False- n
. QKeySequence,
n, QKeySequence.Copy 11
<Ctri>+<C>
(n).
QKeySequence. :
if e.matches(QtGui.QKeySequence.Copy):
print (" <Ctrl>+<C>")
, :
n n . n
n
no
, n n.
21.
455
, setFocusPolicy (<>),
.
21.9.1;
grabKeyboard (), - releaseKeyboard ();
<Shift.>+<Tab>.
<>
event (self, <event>);
, accept () .
,

21.10.
accept ()
ignore ( J.
, .
,
I, .
, ,
.
, .
21.1 0.1.
mousePressEvent (self, <event>) - ;
mouseReleaseEvent (self, <event>) -

;
mouseDoueClickEvent
(self,
<event>)-
. ,
. :
~
~
MouseButtonPress
MouseButtonRelease
MouseButtonDClick
MouseButtonPress
MouseButtonRelease
: setDoueClickinterval ()
QApplication.
douleClickinterval().
<event> QMouseEvent,
. QMouseEvent t~.
:
()
() -
pos () - QPoint
11 ;
11. 1
456
posF () -
QPointF
globalX () global () -
;
+
+
globalPos () - QPoint ;
button () -
, .
QtCore.Qt:
NoButton- - . button ()
LeftButton- 1 -
RightButton- 2 -
MidButton
XButtonl-
XButton2- 16;
buttons () -
MiddleButton- 4 -
, .
LeftButton, RightButton MidButton.

:
if e.buttons() & QtCore.Qt.LeftButton:

print (" I")
modifiers () -
<Ait>
, -
(<SI1ift>, <Ctrl>,
.) .
2 1.9.3.
~, accept () .
, accept ()

ignore ().
WA_NoMousePropagation QtCore.Qt
, .

setAttribute ():
self.setAttribute(QtCore.Qt.WA_NoMousePropagation, True)
,
. ,

21.1 0.2.
grabMouse ().
re1easeMouse ().
mouseMoveEvent (self, <event>). <event>

QMouseEvent, .
. ,
button () QtCore .Qt .NoButton.
mouseoveEvent () ,
- n . ,
21.
457
.
,
setMouseTracking () QWidget 1 True.
grabMouse ().
pos ()
.
,
QWidget:
mapToGlobal (<QPoint>) -
. QPoint;
mapF'romGlobal (<QPoint>)-
. QPoint;
mapToParent (<QPoint>)-
.
,
mapToGlobal ().
QPoint;
mapF'romParent ( <QPoint>) -
.
, 1

mapFromGlobal ().
QPoint;
<QPoint>)-
<QWidget>.
QPoint;
mapTo(<QWidget>,
mapF'rom ( <QWidget>, <QPoint>) - l<

<QWidget> .
QPoint.
21.1 0.3.

:
enterEvent (self,
<event>) -
leaveEvent (self,
<event>) -
<event> QEvent.
. ,
.
21.10.4.
wheelEvent (self,
<event>). <event>
QWheelEvent, .
458
11.
QWheelEvent :
.
delta () -
orientation ()
QtCore. Qt:
Horizontal- 1 -
Vertical- 2 -
()
() -
pos () - QPoint
;
globalx () global () -
globalPos () - QPoint
;
buttons () .
'l
LeftButton, RightButton
MidButton. :
if e.buttons() & QtCore.Qt.LeftButton:
print (" I")
modifiers () -
<Ait>
, -
~ .
(<SI1ift>, <Ctrl>,
.) .
21.9.3.
accept () .
, accept ()

21.1 0.5.
ignore () .
QWidget:
setCursor(<ypcop>)- .
QCursor
QtCore. Qt: ArrowCursor ( ), UpArrowCursor (,
),
CrossCursor ( ), WaitCursor ( ),
IBeamCursor (1- ), SizeVerCursor (,.
), SizeHorCursor (, ), SizeBDiagCursor (,
), SizeFDiagCursor (,
), SizeAllCursor (,
,
,
),
BlankCursor ( ),
SplitVCursor ( ), SplitHCursor (
), PointingHandCursor ( ), ForiddenCursor ( ),
OpenHandCursor ( ), ClosedHandCursor ( ), WhatsThisCursor
( ) BusyCursor ( ).
21.
459
self.setCursor(QtCore.Qt.WaitCursor)
+ unsetcursor ()
- .
+ cursor () - QCursor .

1
setOverrideCursor (<>) -
QApplication:
QCursor
QtCore. Qt.
restoreOverrideCursor();
restoreOverrideCursor () -
. :
QtGui.QApplication.setOverrideCursor(QtCore.Qt.WaitCursor)
# m n
QtGui.QApplication.restoreOverrideCursor()
changeOverrideCursor(<ypcop>)-
.
setOverrideCursor (),
QCursor QtCore.Qt;
+ overrideCursor ()
- QCursor -
None.

, - ,
.
, (
Wai tCursor ).
setOverrideCursor () .
.
restoreOverrideCursor ()
, .
setOverrideCursor ()
restoreOverrideCursor ()
QCursor .
, QPixmap.
, QCursor

QPixmap, - ""
. :
self. setCursor (QtGui .QCursor (QtGui .QPixmap ( "cursor .png"),
0))
QCursor :
pos () -
QPoint
. :
print(QtGui.QCursor.pos()
.(),
QtGui.QCursor.pos()
.())
setPos () . :
setPos ( <>, <>) set Pos ( <QPoint>).
460
21.11.
drag & drop
11.
drag & drop
r>
: , ,
.
Windows.
, ,
, . ' , ,.
, ,
<Ctrl>.
21.11.1.
. . ,
.
., .
:
\.
mousePressEvent ()
2.
mouseoveEvent
()
. ,
.
QApplication:
startDragDistance () -
setStartDragDistance (<>)
startDragTime () -
- ;
3.
setStartDragTime (<>)
- .
QDrag
_ (),
, (,
).
. QDrag :
<>
QtGui.QDrag(<Ccma
>)
QDrag :
() -
. :
_([<>=vtin])
_(<>,
<
>)
<> ,
< >- , ,.
.
QtCore.Qt: CopyAction (1; ), MoveAction (2; ), LinkAction
( 4; ). IgnoreAction (; ), TargetMoveAc~:ion ( 32770 ).
21.
461
act = drag.exec_(QtCore.Qt.MoveAction 1 QtCore.Qt.CopyAction,

QtCore.Qt.MoveAction)
start ( [ <>=tin] ) , n
no
n ;
n. n -
setMimeData (<QMimeData>) -n n .
n QMimeData. n :
data = QtCore.QMimeData()
dt.stt(" ")
drag = QtGui.QDrag(self)
drag.setMimeData (data)
+
+
mimeData () - n QMimeData n ;
setPixmap ( <QPixmap>) - , n
QPixmap. :
. n n
drag .setPixmap (QtGui .QPixmap ("pixmap.png"))
pixmap () - n QPixmap , n
;
setHotSpot (<QPoint>) - "" n

QPoint. :
. napal\.1epa n
drag.setHotSpot(QtCore.QPoint(20, 20))
hotSpot () -
QPoint
""
n ;
setDragcursor (<QPixmap>, <>) - n

, n. n n
n QPixmap, n- CopyAction, oveAction
LinkAction. n n n QPixmap,
n .
n:
drag.setDragCursor(QtGui.QPixmap("cursor.png"),
QtCore.Qt.MoveAction)
+
+
source ()
- n-;
target () -
n-n
None,
n-
n.
+
+
QDrag
n :
actionChanged (Qt:: DropAction)

targetChanged (QWidget
- n ;
*) - n n n.
self.connect(drag, QtCore.SIGNAL("actionChanged(Qt::DropAction)"),
self.on_action_changed)
self.connect(drag, QtCore.SIGNAL("targetChanged(QWidget *)"),
self.on_target_changed)
462
21.11.2.
11.
QMimeData
I-
QimeData.
setMimeData ()
QDrag. QMimeData :
data
QtCore.QMimeData()
QMimeData ( ; -,
QMimeData):
setext (<>) - (I-
text/plain).
dt.stt(" ")
+
+
text () - (I- text/plain);

hasext () -
True, ~
1
!
(I- text/plain), False- ;
setHtml (<L->) -
text/html). :
HTML (I-
dt.sttml("<> L-</>")
+
+
html () -
hasHtml 1)
HTML
(I- text/html);
HTML (I-
True,
text/html), False- ;
setUrls (<n URI-apeco>) URI-apeco (I-

text/uri-list). QUrl.
I- . ~1
:
data. setUrls ( [QtCore.QUrl ( "http: //google. ru/")])
urls 1) -
URI-apeco (I- text/uri-list).
~ URI-apeca:
uri
e.mimeData() .urls() [0] .toString()
hasUrls 1) -
True, URI-apeco
(I- text/uri-list), False- ;
setimageData (<
>)
(I-
application/x-qt-image). ,- ,
Qimage QPixmap. :
data. setimageData (QtGui .Qimage ( "pixmap.png"))
data. set ImageData (QtGui. QPixmap ( "pixmap. png") )
imageData () -
, setimageData () );
+
+
hasimage 1) - True, (I-

application/x-qt-image), False- ;
setData (<I->,
<>) -
I-. I- , -
21.
463
QByteArray .
I-. :
data. setData ( "text/plain",

QtCore.QByteArray(bytes
("",
"utf-8")))
data(<MIME-n>)-
QByteArray ,
I-;
hasFormat (<I-n>) I-,
True,
False- ;
+.
forinats () - I-;
removeFormat ( <I->) - , 1 -;
clear()- I-.
- ,
QMimeData retrieveData () formats ().

.
21.11.3.
,
, .

setAcceptDrops ()
QWidget
True:
self.setAcceptDrops(True)
:
1.
dragEnterEvent () I-
, .t1
acceptProposedAction ( J
setDropAction ( J
acceptProposedAction ().
. ,
,
2.
accept
(),
dragMoveEvent ().
t.

accept (),
QRect
. ,
dragMoveEvent () .
3.
dropEvent () .
, 11 ,
:
dragEnterEvent ( self,
dragLeaveEvent (self, <event>) -,
<event>
QDragLeaveEvent;
<event>) -
. <~vent> QDragEnterEvent;
dragMoveEvent (self,
<event>)-
<event> QDragMoveEvent;
464
/1.
dropEvent (self, <event>) - . <event> QDropEvent.
QDragLeaveEvent QEvent
. , .
:
(QEvent, QMirneSource) - QDropEvent - QDragMoveEvent - QDragEnterEvent
QMirneSource
. QMirneSource
QMirneData. QDragEnterEvent ,
QDropEvent QDragMoveEvent.
QDropEvent :

rnirneData () -
QMirneData
I-;
+
+
pos () - QPoint ;
possieActions () -
11.
if
& QtCore.Qt.MoveAction:
e.possieActions()
print ( "MoveAction")
if
+
+
& QtCore.Qt.CopyAction:
print ("CopyAction") .
e.possileActions()
proposedAction () - ;
acceptProposedAction ()
proposedAction ().
acceptProposedAction () ( accept ())
dragEnterEvent (), dropEvent () ;
setDropAction(<ece>)- .

dropAction () -
accept (), acceptProposedAction ();
, .
. ,
proposedAction (), setDropAction ();
keyboardodifiers () -
<Ctrl>, <Ait>
+
+
, -
(<Shift>,
.) .
21.9.3;
rnouseButtons () - , ;
source () -
, None.

QDragMoveEvent:
accept ( [ <QRect> J) - ,
.
QRect ,
;
ignore ( [ <QRect> J ) - ,
. QRect
, ;
465
21.
+ answerRect ()
QRect -
, , .
PyQt
n,
drag &
d,
, "", ,
n .
21.12.
drag & drop
. n , n
(w ) . t!
clipboard () QApplication:
clipboard
QtGui .QApplication.clipboard ()
QClipboard ( ;
n QClipboard):
setText (<> [, <>]) -
+ text ( [<>] ) - ;
+ text (<> [, <>]) - .
, - . <>
"plai" ( ), "html" ( HTML)

;
setMimeData ( <QMimeData> [, <>]) -
. QMimeData.
+
+
drag & drop
(. .
21. 11.2);
mlmeData ([<>])- n QMimeData;

clear ( [<>] ) - .
<> Clipboard (
no
), Selection FindBuffer QClipboard.
dataChanged ().
self.connect (QtGui.qApp.clipboard(), QtCore.SIGNAL("dataChanged() "),

self.on_change_clipboard)
21.1 3.
, .
, QObject,
eventFilter (self,
<>,
<event>). <>
, <event>- .
MouseButtoPress QMouseEvent, KeyPress
QKeyEvet.
eventFilter ()
466
/1.
True, , False- .
, <>:
class MyFilter(QtCore.QObject):
def
QtCore.QObject. init (self, parent)
def eventFilter(self, obj, ):
if e.type() == QtCore.QEvent.KeyPress:
if e.key() == QtCore.Qt.Key_B:
print (" <>
return True
return QtCore.QObject.eventFilter(self, obj, )
")
~ , ,
installEventFilter (), !
. :
self.label.installEventFilter(MyFilter(self.label))
installEventFilter () ,
. (> , n
. , .
, , n

eventFilter ().
removeEventFilter (<>).
, .
21.14.
QCoreApplication:
sendEven:
(<QObject>,
<QEvent>) -
postEvent (<QObject>, <QEvent>) - .

, , n
<QObject> , ,
<QEvent>- . n
(, QMouseEvent), n n
, QEvent. n
QEvent .MouseButtonPress label:
= QtGui.QouseEvent(QtCore.QEvent.MouseButtonPress,
QtCore.QPoint(S, 5), QtCore.Qt.LeftButton,

QtCore.Qt.LeftButton, QtCore.Qt.NoModifier)
QtCore.QCoreApplication.sendEvent(self.label, )
" ,
QEvent.
registerEventType () I
.
21.
467
class MyEvent(QtCore.QEvent):
idType = QtCore.QEvent.registerEventType()
def
init (self, data):
QtCore.QEvent. init (self, MyEvent.idType)
self.data = data
def ge~_data(self):
return self.data

MyEvent label:
Qtcore.QCoreApplication. sendEvent (self .label, MyEvent ( "512"))

customEvent (self, <event>).
event (self, <event>)
def customEvent(self, ):
if e.type() == MyEvent.idType:
self. setext (" : {0}". fonat
.get_data ()))
22
tt 3llt
, . ,
, tt 111111 , '!HaIIT,
t, 11 tt
.
PyQt
-, t
. . - , 11
, ii lt.
22.1.
-,
. .
,
10, 0).
11
!, , otii
11
tII. ii 11,
.
tt .
,
move (),
11
, ,
resize 1).
setGeometry 1).
, pmr).
t ,
II
20.3
20.-1.
t , 11 <J
11
,
(
22.1 ).
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from PyQt4 import QtGui

1mport sys
22.
469
= QtGui.QApp1lcation(sys.argv)
window. setWindowit1e (" ")
11 = QtGui. QLabe1 (" ", window)
button = QtGui.QPushButton("Tec ", window)
1abe1.setGeometry(10, 10, 280, 60)
button.move(10, 80)
window. show ()
n :
n n
n ;
n n n n
. , n n
, .
n , n n n n
, .

n. , n n
. ., n n.
22.2.
n- ( J/. , :.\t
) n.
n n,
. n , n
n n .
n n :
QHBoxLayout- n (
n). :
<>= QLut([<>])
QVBoxLayout- n (
). :
<>= QVLut([<>])
QHBoxLayout
QVBoxLayout
(QObject, QLayoutitem) - QLayout - QBoxLayout - QHBoxLayout

(QObject, QLayoutitem) - QLayout - QBoxLayout - QVBoxLayout
, QWidget,
, n .
470
11.
QVBoxLayout.
QHBoxLayout
setLayout ()
. , , :
.
QHBoxLayout :
button1 = QtGui.QPushButton("1")
button2 = QtGui.QPushButton("2")
h = QtGui.QHBoxLayout()
hox.addWidget(button1)
#
#
window.setLayout(hox)
addWidget ()
- . :
addWidget(<Konoe>[,
stretch=O] [, alignment=O])
stretch , alignment-
.
:
hox.addWidget(button1,
hox.addWidget(button2,
hox.addWidget(button,
insertWidget () -
10, QtCore.Qt.AlignRight)
stretch=10)
a1ignment=QtCore.Qt.AlignRight)
insertWidget(<ec>,
<>[,
stretch=O] [, alignment=O])
, u
. ,
. .

addWidget ().
hbox.insertWidget(-1, button2) #
hox.i'nsertWidget (0, button)
#
+
+
removeWidget
addLayout () -
(<>) - ;
J< .
. :
addLayout(<Koeep>[,
insertLayout () -
stretch=O])
. ,
. :
insertLayout(<ec>,
<>[,
stretch=O])
22.
addSpacing (<>) -
471
n n
. :
hox.addSpacing(100)
insertSpacing [<>,
<>) -
n n
n n. n n
, n ;
n n
addStretch ( [stretch=OJ) -
stretch . n
n, n, n
stretch
n;
insertStretch[<ec>[,
stretch=OJ) - addStretch[),
n n. n n
, n .
a1ignment addWidget [) insertWidget () ~1 n
. n
QtCore.Qt:
AlignLeft- 1 - no ;
A1ignRight- 2 ~ no n ;
AlignHCenter- 4 - no ;
AlignJustify- 8 - n n;
AlignTop- 32- no ;
AlignBottorn- 64- no ;
AlignVCenter- 128- no ;
AlignCenter- AlignVCenter
no
AlignHCenter-
AlignAsolute- 16- setLayoutDirection ()
QWidget
QtCore .Qt. RightToLeft, AlignLeft
no n
no . AlignLeft
, AlignAsolute
, AlignRight-
A1ignLeft. nn AlignRight.
. n

. n, AlignLeft
AlignTop no
. n n .
, n (n
; n n ):
setDirection (<n>) -
n n. n
QBoxLayout:
LeftToRight- - n ( no
);
RightToLeft -
1-
n ;
472
11.
ttm- 2 - (
);
+
+
BottomToTop- 3 -
setMargin (<n>)
- ;
setSpacing (<>)
22.3.
- .
J"!O
QGridLayout.
(QObject, QLayoutitem) - QLayout - QGridLayout

QGridLayout
r-1:
<>= QGridLayout([<Poe>])
.
,
button1
QtGui.QPushButton("1")
button2
QtGui.QPushButton("2")
button
setLayout ()
QGridLayout
#
#
QtGui.QPushButton("")
button4
QtGui .QPushButton ( "4")
grid = QtGui.QGridLayout()
grid.addWidget(button1, , 0)
grid.addWidget(button2, , 1)
grid.addWidget(button, 1, 0)
grid.addWidget(button4, 1, 1)
window.setLayout(grid)
addWidget () -
:
addWidget(<Konoe>,
<>,
<>[,
addWidget(<Konoe>,
<>,
<>,
< >[,
alignment=O])
< >,
alignment=O])
,
,
. < >
, < >- . alignment

. ,
, . :
grid = QtGui.QGridLayout()
grid.addWidget(button1, ,
grid.addWidge~(button2,
grid.addWidget(button,
, alignment=QtCore.Qt.AlignLeft)
1, QtCore.Qt.AlignRight)
1, , 1, 2)
,
22.
473
addLayout () - .
:
addLayout(<Koeep>,
<>,
<>[,
addLayout(<Koeep>,
<>,
<>,
< >[,
alignrnent=O])
<
>,
alignrnent=O])
n n . n
n
addWidget ().
QGridLayout (n ;
n n ):
setRowMinimneight (<>,
<>) -
<>;
setColumninimumWidth(<ec>,
<>)-
<>;
+ setRowStretch (<>,
< >) -
<>;
setColumnStretch (<>,. < >) -
<>;
+
+
setMargin (<>) - n n;
setSpacing(<aee>)- n
;
setHorizontalSpacing(<aee>)- n
;
+
+
+
setVerticalSpacing (<>) - n ;
rowCount () - ;
columnCount () - .
22.4.
QFormLayout n .
. n n,
- , n, n. n
n, n n, &
n n. n
( <lt>+) n, n n n
. :
(QObject, QLayoutitem) - QLayout - QFormLayout

n QFormLayout :
<>= QFormLayout([<Poe>])
n n. n
, setLayout ()
n.
474

QFormLayout
11.
window = QtGui .QWidget ()

lineEdit ; QtGui .QLineUjit()
textEdit ~ QtGui . QextEdit()
buttonl = QtGui.QPushButton("O&pa")
button2 = QtGui.QPushButton ( "O&c " )
h = QtGui.QHBoxLayout( )
hox.addWidget(buttonl)
form = QtGui.QFormLayout()
form.addRow ( "&Haae:", lineEdit)
form . addRow ( "& : ", textEdi t)
form.addRow(hox)
window.setLayout (form)
.
22.1.
22.1.
QE'ormLayout
QFormLayout ( ;
):
addRow () - . :
addRow(<Tec >,
<n> )
addRow(<Tec n> ,
<> )
addRow(<Konoel> ,
addRow(<Konoe> ,
<n2>)
<>)
addRow(<Konoe>)
ddRw(<> )
< > , r -
&. 11 ,
. 11 1 (
<it>+)

QLabel,
n .
, n n
setBuddy () .
11 L. 11
, n ( ) ;
insertRow () -
n t il .
, otei1ttepa.
22.
475
insertRow(<ec>,
< >,
<>)
insertRow(<ec>,
< >,
<>)
insertRow(<ec>,
<!>,
insertRow(<ec>,
<>,
insertRow(<ec>,
<>)
insertRow(<ec>,
<>)
<2>)
<>)
setformAligrunent (<>) - .
.
22.2.
form.setFormAligrunet(
QtCore.Qt.AlignRight 1
QtCore.Qt.AligBottom)
setLabelAligrunent (<>) - .
.
22.2.
form.setLabelAligrunent(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight)
setRowWrapPolicy (<>) -
QFormLayout:
DotWrapRows- - ;
wrapLongRows- 1 -
- ;
WrapAllRows- 2 -
setfieldGrowthPolicy(<Pe>)- .
QF"ormLayout:
F"ieldsStayAtSizeHint- -
( sizeHint () );
ExpandingFieldsGrow- 1 - ,
QSizePolicy.Expanding QSizePolicy.MinimumExpanding,
.
;
AllNonfixedfieldsGrow- 2 - ( )
;
+
+
setMargin(<Ocy>)- ;
setSpacing (<>) -
setHorizontalSpacing(<aee>)-
;
setVerticalSpacing (<>) - .
22.5.
QStackedLayout QStackedWidget
QStackedLayout .
. :
(QObject, QLayoutltem) - QLayout - QStackedLayout
476
/1.
QStackedLayout :
<>= QStackedLayout([<Poe>])

. ,
setLayout ()
+
+
QStackedLayout :
setStackingMode (<>) - .
QStackedLayout:
stackOne- - ( );
StackAll- 1 -
stackingMode () -
addWidget (<>) -
insertWidget (<>,
<>)
. ;
+
+
+
+
+
+
removeWidget (<>) - ;
count () -
currentindex () - ;
currentWidget () - ;
widget (<>) - ,
, None;
setCurrentindex (int) -
. ;
setCurrentWidget (QWidget
*) - ,
. .
QStackedLayout :
currentChanged ( int)
widgetRemoved(int)
QStackedWidget , ,
. :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrame- QStackedWidget

QStackedWidget :
<>= QStackedWidget([<Poe>])
QStackedWidget addWidget (), insertWidget (), removeWidget (),

count (), currentindex (), currentWidget (), widget (), setCurrent Index () setCurrentWidget (),
QStackedLayout. , QStackedWidget
:
22.
indexOf (<r>) -
477
_len _
r) -
len (), .
currentChanged ( int)
22.6.
widgetRemoved ( int).
QSizePolicy
, ,
,
sizeHint ().
QSizePolicy.
setSizePolicy ( <QSizePolicy>) QWidget,
sizePolicy () .
QSizePolicy :
<>= QSizePolicy([<pao >,

<
>[,
< >]])
, ,

sizeHint ().
QSizePolicy:
Fixed- ,
sizeHint ();
Minimum- , sizeHint (),

. ;
Maximum- , sizeHint (),

. ;
Preferred- , sizeHint (), ,

, ;
Expanding--;-- , sizeHint (), ,

. ,
k ;
MinimumExpanding- , sizeHint (),

. ,
;
Ignored- , sizeHint (), . , .
QSizePolicy
setHor i zontal flol icy (<

.
>)
setVert ica 1 Poli (<
>)
setVerticalStretch(<aop
setHorizontalStretch(<aop
>)
>)
478
11.
, ,
.
.
, .
rue

setHeightForWidth (<>). ,
heightForWidth (<>) .
22.7.
, .
. ,
. QGroupox.
:
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QGroupBox

QGroupBox :
<>
QGru([<>])
<>
QGroupBox(<Tec>[,
<>])
<> . .
<> , .
&, ,
. , &, ,
.
<Ait>
QGroupBox :r -
setLayout (). 1
window
mainox
radiol =
radio2 =
=
h
QGroupBox
QtGui.QWidget()
= QtGui.QVBoxLayout()
QtGui.QRadioButton("&a")
QtGui.QRadioButton("&He")
QtGui.QGroupBox("&B
= QtGui.QHBoxLayout()
hox.addWidget(radiol)
Python?") #
hox.addWidget(radio2)
box.setLayout(hox)
# m
mainox.addWidget(box)
window.setLayout(mainox)
radiol.setChecked(True)
#
#
22.2.
QGroupBox ( ;
):
+
+
22.
setTitle ( <>)
479
- n;
setAl ignmet (<>) -
11 11 n
1. n
113 QtCore . Qt : AlignLeft .
AlignHCenter AlignRight. :
box.setAlignment(QtCore . Qt . Al ignRi ght i
setCheckae (<>) - n <~
Ecm1
True, n
, n ,
, n nn 11.
;
"'
:J QGrotrp8ox

isCheckale () -
ralse -
+
+
rue, n,
n ;
setChecked (<>) - rue, .

n n , . f alse ;
isChecked () -
1t rue, ,
, , ~~
22.2. QGroupBox
set r lat (<>> -
ra l se -
ralse-
True,
i sflat <) - 11 rue, pa

KII , 11 false- ~ .
QGroupox :
t clicked < l= > -
n ,
n~. setChecked <>,

. n n 1
True,
. ra l s e - :
t toggl ed (bool) -
np~1 1111 ,
n. 111 n rue.
. false- .
22.8.
Qfr ame QWidget 11 t
1 . n,
n . t .
:
(QObject , QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrame
480

<~>
QFrame
parent
[,
flags=<T >])
QFrame([parent=<Poe>]
11.
None,
, . , ,
flags
, . , ,
, , .
flags,
20.2.
( ;
QFrame
):
set FrameShape (<>) QFrame:
NoFrame-
Panel- 2 -
WinPanel- 3 -
- ;
1 -
, ;
,
Windows.
2 .
HLine- 4 -
VLine- 5 -
Sty1edPane1- 6 -
. ;
, .
setFrameShadow (<>)
QFrame:
- .
P1ain- 16- ;
Raised- 32-
Sunken- 48-
setFrameSty1e (<>)
- .
frame.setFrameStyle(QtGui.QFrame.Panel
+
+
setLineWidth (<>)
QFrame
1. :
QtGui.QFrame.Raised)
- ;
setMidLineWidth (<>) -
22.9.
HLine
VLine.
QTabWidget.
.
.
22.
481
QabWidget :
(QObject , QPaintDevice) - QWidget -
QaWi~get
QaWidget :
<>= QWidgt([<>))
< > n.
, n . n n
QabWidget :
window : QtGu i .QWidget()

tab = QtGui . QaWidget{)
tab . addTab (QtGui . QLael ("
tab .addTaQtGui . QLae l ( "

tab .addTaQtGui . QLabel ("
tab .setCurrentindex{O)
v = QtGui .QVBoxLayout{)
1" ) ,
2" ),
3"),
" ..n
"
"
&1")
&2")
&3")
vbox . addWidget{ta
window.set Layout {vbox )

window . show {)
n .
22.3.
22.3. n QabWidget
QTaWidget (n ;
n n ):
addTab {) -
. -
. :
dd < n>,
< >)
dd{<n> ,
<Qicon> ,
< >)
n <n> n,
. n n
. < > ,
. &, n ,
n. , n
&, n, n n.
<Ait>
. <Qicon> n (n Qicon),
n .
16 3ak. 1349
482
11.
sty1e = window.sty1e()
icon = sty1e.standardicon(QtGui.QSty1e.SP_DriveNeticon)
tab.addTab(QtGui.QLabe1("Coepoe 1"), icon,
" &1")
:
icon = QtGui.Qicon("icon.png")
tab.addTab(QtGui.QLabe1("Coepoe
insertTab () -
1"), icon,
&1")
"
. :
insertTab(<ec>,
<n>,
< >)
insertTab(<ec>,
<n>,
<Qicon>,
t removeTab (<>) -
< >)
, ,
, ;
c1ear () -
, ,
, ;
setTabText
(<>,
< >)
t setE1ideMode (<>)
- ,
. .
QtCore.Qt:
+
+
ElideLeft -
ElideRight -
ElideMidd1e -
ElideNone -
tabText
- ;
;
1-
t ;
2-
3-
(<>)
stn(<>,
<Qicon>)-
. ~
Qicon;
setTabPosition(<o>) - .

North-
South- 1 -
West -
2 -;
East -
3 -.
QTabWidget:
-;
;
:
tab.setTabPosition(QtGui.QabWidget.South)
setTabShape (<>) - .
QTabWidget:
22.
483
Rounded- - ( );
Triangular- 1 - ;
setTabsClosae (<>) -
True,
.
taCloseRequested
setMovae (<>) -
( int);
True,
setDocumentModc (<>) - True,

;
setUsesScrollButtons (<>) -
True,
. , ,
,
. False ;
setTabTool Tip (<>,
<>)
setTabWhatsThis (<>, <>) -

;
setTabEnaed (<>,
<>) -
False,
~ .
True
isnd(<>)- rue,
,
count () -
False-
len ():
print(tab.count(), len(tab))
+
+
current1ndex () - 11...:;
currer\tWidget () -
widget (<>) -
None;
indexOf (<>) - ,
<>. ,
-1;
setCurrentindex ( int) ;
setCurrentWidget (QWidget *) - ,
. .
QTabWidget :
currentChanged ( int) -
. .
taCloseRequested
( int) -
484
11.
22.1 . ""
QToolBox n n .
, n .
, .
:
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrame
QToolBox :
<>= Ql([rnt=<>]
parent
flags
[,
flags=<Tn >])
n. n
QoolBox
None, n .
n . n Ql:
toolBox = QtGui.QoolBox()
toolBox.additem (QtGui .QLabel (" 1"), " &1")
toolBox.additem(QtGui.QLabel("Coepoe 2"), " &2")
toolBox.additem(QtGui.QLabel("Coepoe 3"), " &3")
toolBox.setCurrentindex(O)
vbox.addWidget(toolBox)
window. show ()
QToolBox (n ; n
n ):
additem () -
. :
dditm(<>,
< >)
additem(<Konoe>,
<Qicon>,
<
>)
n <> n,
. n
. < > ,
. &, n ,
n. , n
&, n, n n.
<Ait>
<Qicon>
n
n (n
Qicon),
n ;
insertitem() -
n.
. ':
insertitem(<ec>,
<>,
<
insertitem(<ec>,
<>,
<Qicon>,
>)
< >)
removeitem(<ec>)- , n n,
, ;
22.
485
setitemText (<>, < >) -

;
i temext (<>) - ;
setitemicon(<ec>,

<Qicon>)-
.
Qicon;
setitemToolTip (<>, <>) -

;
set ItemEnaed (<>, <>) -
False,
:> .
True ;
isitemEnaed (<>) - True,

,
count () -
False-
len ():
print(toolBox.count(), len(toolBox))
currentindex () - ;
currentWidget () -
widget (<>) - ,
,
None;
indexOf (<>) - ,
<>. , -1;
setCurrentindex (int) -
setCurrentWidget (QWidget *) - ,
. .
currentChanged ( int).
.
22.11.
QSplitter ,
. :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrame - QSplitter

QSplitter :
<>
QSplitter([parent=<Poe>])
<>
QSplitter(<Opea>[,
rnt=<>])
parent .
None, .
<> .
486
11.
Horizonta1 ( ) vertica1 ( ) QtCore .Qt.
, .

QSpli tter:
sp1itter = QtGui.QSp1itter(QtCore.Qt.Vertica1)
1abell = QtGui. QLabe1 (" n 1")
112 = QtGui .QLabe1 (" n'j' 2")
1abe11.setFrameSty1e(QtGui.QFrame.Box
QtGui.QFrame.P1ain)
1abe12.setFrameSty1e(QtGui.QFrame.Box 1 QtGui.QFrame.P1ain)
sp1itter.addWidget(1ae11)
sp1itter.addWidget(1abe12)
vbox = QtGui.QVoxLayout()
vbox.addWidget(sp1itter)
window. show ()
QSp1itter i ( ;
):
+
+
addWidget (<n>) - ;
insertWidget (<>,
<n>) -
1i .
, n;
setOrientation (<>) -
n.
Moryr
~I Horizonta1 ( ) vertica1 ( )
QtCore. Qt;
setHand1eWidth (<>) - n-,

;
savestate () -
QByteArray .
(n, ), n
restoreState(<QByteArray>);
setChildrenCollapsie (<>) - Fa1se, n

.
, n;
setCollapsie (<>,
<>) -
Fa1se n <> n
n ;
setOpaqueResize (<>) - Fa1se,

n n n
n . n n
n ;
setStretchFactor (<>,
<>) -
setSizes (<>) -
n n,
- n n;
sizes () - ( ). :
print(sp1itter.sizes())
#:
[308, 15]
22.
count () -
487
len ():
print (splitter. count () , len ( splitter) )
widget (<>) -
indexof (<n>) -
None;
<n>. , -1.
splitteroved(int,int).
:r : , -
.
22.12.
QScrollArea .
, .
. :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrame QAstractScrollArea
- QScrollArea
QScrollArea :
<>= QScrollArea([<Poe>])
QScrollArea ( ;
):
setWidget ( <>1 - ;
setWidgetResizae (<>)- True,

.
False
setAlignrnent (<>) -
. :
scrollArea.setAlignrnent(QtCore.Qt.AlignCenter)
ensureVisie (<>,

<> [, xargin=SO] [, yMargin=50]) -
(<>,
<>) xargin
ensureWidgetVisie (<> [,
yMargin;
xargin=50] [,
yMargin=50]) -
, <> ;
widget () - , ,
None;
takeWidget () -
. -
QScrollArea QAstractScrollArea (
; ):
horizontalScrollBar ()
QScrollBar);
488
11.
verticalScrollBar () - n (n
QScrollBar);
cornerWidget () -
+
+
viewport () -
None;
setHorizontalScrollBarPolicy(<Pe>)-
n;
setVerticalScrollBarPolicy (<~) -
. <>

QtCore.Qt:
ScrollBarAsNeeded- - ,
;
ScrollBarAlwaysOff- 1 - ;
scrollBarAlwaysOn- 2 - ;
setViewportMargins (<>, <>, <n>, <>) -
i . ~.
23
QWidget.
QObject
, t ,
, . ,
, ., .
,
. .
,
.
23.1.
,
,
, . ,
HTML,
QLabel.
PyQt
CSS,
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrame - QLabel

QLabel :
<>= QLabel([parent=<Poe>]
<>= QLabel(<Tec>[,
parent
[,
flags=<Tn >])
rnt=<>]
[,
flags=<Tn >])
None,
flags.
<>
, . :
label =
QtGui.QLabel("Tec n",
label.resize(OO,
flags=QtCore.Qt.Window)
50)
label. show ()
QLabel
( ;
):
setext (<>) - , .
,
css.
HTML,
490
11.
:
label.setText("Tec <>:</>")
r n
HTML
\n,
n . :
label. setText ( "\n
")
&, n ,
n. , n &, n
, n n.
<Ait>
n,
setBuddy (), .
&, .
n n, & .
:
label = QtGui. QLabel ( "&JJ")

lineEdit = QtGui.QLineEdit()
label.setBuddy(lineEdit)

setText (const QString&);
setNum(<co>)- n 9
n.
setWordwrap (<>) -
setNum (int) setNum (doule);
True, n
. n ;
setextFormat (<>) - .

QtCore.Qt:
PlainText- - n ;
RichText- 1 - ;
AutoText
2-
n ( ).
Richext,
PlainText;
+
+
text () - n;
setAlignment (<>) - n. n
.
22.2.
label.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight
QtCore.Qt.AlignBottom)
setOpenExternalLinks (<>) - n 1 True,

n n , n
, . :
label. setText ('< href="http: 1 /google. ru/">

label.setOpenExternalLinks(True)
setBuddy ( <ti>) -
rr</>')
n n n.
n n, & n
.
n, n n;
setPixmap(<QPixmap>)- n n. n
n QPixmap.
setPixmap(const QPixmap&).
23.
491
:
11.
setpixmap (QtGui .QPixmap ("foto. jpg"))
+ setPicture (<QPicture>) -

QPicture. setPicture (const
QPicture&) ;
+ setovie (<QMovie>)

- .
QMovie. setMovie (QMovie *) ;
+ setSca1edContents (<>) -
True,
.
;
+ setMargin (<>) - ~
+ setindent (<>) -
. ,
, , . .;
+
+
c1ear () - . ;
setextinteractioFlags (<>) -
. (
1)
QtCore.Qt:
NoTextinteraction-
extSe1ectaeByouse- 1 - ;
TextSelectaeByKeyboard-
2-
. ;
LinksAccessieByouse-
4-
LinksAccessieByKeyoard-
8-
<>,
TextEdi t- 16-
TextEditorinteraction-
TextSe1e~taeByMouse
1 TextSe1ectaleByKeyboard
1 TextEditae;
TextBrowserlnteraction-
TextSe1ectaeByMouse
<Enter>;
LinksAccessileByouse
setSe1ection (<>, <>) -
LiksAccessieByKeyboard;
<>,
<>;
se1ectionStart () ,--
-1, ;
+
+
se1ectedText () - ;
hasSe1ectedText () True,
, Fa1se- .
492
+
+
11.
QLabel :
linkActivated(const QString&)- n n n.
n n URL-apec;
linkHovered (const QString&) - n
. n n URL-apec
.
23.2.
n n.
n n - ~. n

QPusl')Button. :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget

<>
QAstractButton
- QPushButton
QPushButton :
QPushButton([parent=<Poe>])
<>
QPushButton(<Tec>[,
<>
QPushButton(<Qicon>,
rnt=<>])
<>[,
rnt=<>])
parent n. n
None, n .
<> n , ,
<Qicon> .
QPushButton QAstractButton (
; ):
setText (<>) -
, n.
&, ,
n. , &, n,
n.
<Ait>
n . &,
;
+
+
text () -
, ;
setShortcut (<QKeySequence>) - .
:
button. setShortcut ( "Alt+B")

button.setShortcut(QtGui.QKeySequence.mnemonic("&B"))
button. setShortcut (QtGui . QKeySequence ( "Al t +") )
button.setShortcut(
QtGui.QKeySequence(QtCore.Qt.ALT + QtCore.Qt.Key_E))
+
+
seticon (<Qicon>) - ;
seticonSize (<QSize>) - .
QSize. seticonSize (const QSize&);
setAutoRepeat (<>) - n True,

clicked () , n
. n, n:
23.
493
animateClick ( [<> J) -
. .
,
100 .
click () - . ;
toggle () -
. ;
setCheckae (<>) -
True,
, -
;
setChecked (<>) -
True,
setChecked (bool);
isChecked () .,...- True,

False- ;
setAutoExalusive (<>)- rue,

- ;
setDown (<>) -
rue,
isDown () False -
True, ,
False setEnaed () QWidget.

isEnaed
True,
().
False- .
QAstractButton :
+
+
+
pressed () released () -
;
;
clicked(bool=O)- ,
. ;
toggled (l;_ol) -
. -
QPushButton (
; ):
setFlai: (<>)- True,

;
setAutoDefault (<>) - True,

<Enter>,
. <>.

True,
False;
setDefault (<>) - .
l .
<Enter>,
, ;
494
11.
setMenu(<Qenu>)- ,
. QMenu;
+
+
menu () - None;
showenu () - . .
23.3.
( )
n.
n. n
, n . n
n ri n QGroupBox,
. 22. 7, QButtonGroup.
QRadioButton. :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) -
QWidget -
QAstractButton
QRadioButton
QRadioButton :
<>= QRadioButton([parent=<Poe>])
<>= QRadioButton(<Tec>[,
rnt=<>])
QRadioButton QAstractButton (. .
23.2).
setChecked (),
isChecked (), ,
toggled (bool). n
.
23.4.
n - n n
n : ,
. QCheckBo~ :
QWidget -
QAstractButton
QCheckBox
QCheckBox :
<>
= QCheckBox (
[rnt=<> ]")
<>= QCheckBox(<Tec>[,
rnt=<>])
QCheckBox QAstractButton (. .
23.2),
setCheckState (<>) -
. .
QtCore. Qt:
+
+
unchecked- - ;
PartiallyChecked- 1 - ;
Checked- 2 -
checkState () -
;
;
setTristate ( [ <>=ru]) - rue (

), n .
;
23.
+ isTristate ()
True, n ,
- n .
False
495
<1
stateChaged ( it). n n .
n , n ,
n setChecked (), n n
isChecked (), n
toggled(bool). n n
23.5.
n n
r . n
(n, n) (n,
n). n
drag & drop,
n, .
n n QLineEdit. :
(QObject,
QPaitDevice)
- QWidget - QLineEdit
QLieEdit :
<>~ QLineEdit([paret=<Poe>])
<>= QLineEdit(<Tec>[,
rt=<>])
n paret n. n
None, n .
<> n ,
n.
23.5.1.
1
QLineEdit ( ;
):
setEchoMode (<>) -
QLineEdi t:
Nonnal- - ;
NoEcho- 1 -
Password- 2 -
*;
PasswordEchoOnEdit- 3 - ,

*;
,
setCompleter ( <QCompleter>) -
. 1
QCompleter. :
lieEdit
arr =
= QtGui.QLineEdit()
[''",
'''',
''",
""]
496
11.
completer = QtGui.QCompleter(arr, window)

lineEdit.setCompleter(completer)
setReadOnly (<>) - rue,

;
+
+
+
+
isReadOnly () True,
False- ;
setAlignment
(<>) - ;
setaxLength (<>) - ;
setFrame (<r>) - False,

;
setDragEnaed (<>)
True,
.
;
setPlaceholderText (<>) -
, ;
setText (<>) - . :r
(const QString&);
setext
insert (<>) - .
, ;
+
+
text () -
, ;
displayext
() -
, .
setEchoMode (), ,
Password *;
+
+
+
selectedText () - ;
clear () - . ;
backspace () - . ,
, ;
del_ () - . ,
, ;
setSelection(<ec>,
<II>)- <>,
<>. ;
+
+
selectAll () - . ;
~electionStart ()
+
+
+
+
+
-1,
hasSelectedText () - True, , False ;

deselect ()
- ;
setCursorPosi tion (<>) - ;

cursorPosition () - ;
cursorForward (<> [,
steps=l J ) -
rue, ;
23.
cursorackward (<>
[,
497
steps=l] ) -
True, :r;
cursorWordForward (<>) -
rue, ;
cursorWordBackward (<>) -
True, ;
+
+
home (<>) - .
True, ;
nd(<>)- .
True, ;
cut () -
, ,
, Normal.
;
() -
, ,
Normal. ;
paste () - ,
, . ;
'
undo () - , ,
. ;
redo () -
. ;
isUndoAvailae () ,
True,
False -
isRedoAvailae
() -
True,
False- ;
createS1;:andardContextMenu () -
. ,
, QLineEdit,
contextMenuEvent (self, <event>).
.
QLineEdit :
cursorPositionChanged (int, int) - .

,
- ;
edi tingFinished () -
<Enter>
+
+
+
returnPressed () -
<Enter>;
selectionChanged () - ;
textChanged (const QString&) -
.
;
498
11.
textEdited (const QString&) -

. setext ().
.
23.5.2.
setinputMask (<>)
. ,
:
"<
>[;<->]"
+ 9- 9;
+ - , 9;
+ D - 1 9;
+ d - , 1 9;
+ - 1;
+ -, 1;
+ - (0-9, A-F, a-f);
+ h - , (0-9, A-F, a-f);
+ #-, ;
+ - ;
+ - , ;
+ N --'- 9;
+ n- , 9;
+ - ;
+ - , ;
+ > - ;
+ < - ;
+ ! - ;
+ \ - .
<
> , ,
. , . :
lineEdit.setinputMask("aa:
1ineEdit.setinputMask("aa:
1ineEdit.setinputMask("aa:
99.89.9999; ") #
99.89.9999;#") #
99.89.9999 .") #
_ _ __
##.##.####
hasAcceptaeinput ().
, rue,
-
Fa1se.
23.
23.5.3.
499
setva1idator (<QVa1idator>).
QVa1idator.
, :
+ QintVa1idator- .
. :
QintVa1idator([parent=None])
QintVa1idator(<Haaoe
>,
< >,
<>)
100:
1ineEdit.setVa1idator(QtGui.QintVa1idator(O, 100, window))
+ QDou1eVa1idator-
. :
QDou1eVa1idator([parent=None])
QDou1eVa1idator(<Haaoe
<
>,

<
>,
>,
<>)
, .
100. .
1ineEdit.setVa1idator(
QtGui.QDouleVa1idator(O.O,
100.0, 2, window))
ScientificNotation setNotation ().

StandardNotation, . :
Vd1idator =
QtGui.QDou1eVa1idator(O.O,
100.0, 2, window)
va1idatQr.setNotation(QtGui.QDou1eVa1idator.StandardNotation)
1ineEdit.setVa1idator(va1idator)
QRegExpVa1idator-
. ":
QRegExpVa1idator([parent=None])
QRegExpVa1idator(<QRegExp>, <>)

9:
va1idator = QtGui.QRegExpVa1idator(
QtCore.QRegExp("[0-9]+"), window)
1ineEdit.setValidator(va1idator)
, ,
$ .
hasAcceptaelnput
().
i , True,
-
Fa1se.
500
23.6.
11.
~
, HT~L.
& drop,
drag
. ~
QTextEdit.
QTextEdit
<>
QTextEdit([parent=<Poe>])
<>
QTextEdit(<Tec>[,
parent
- QTextEdit
rnt=<>])
None,
<> HT~L,
.
QTextEdi t
HTML.
QPlainTextEdit,
23.6.1.
HTML
i I i .
QTextEdit ( ' ;
):
setext (<>) - .
HT~L. ~ sete;xt
+
+
(const QString&);
setPlainText (<>) -
setPlainText(const QString&);
. ~
setHtml (<>) -
setHtml (const QString&);
HT~L. ~
insertPlainText (<>) -
. , . ~

insertPlainText (const QString&);
insert]itml (<>) - HT~L

. , . ~
insertHtml (const QString&);
append (<>)
- HT~L -
+
+
+
setDocumentT i tle (<>)

documentTitle ()
toPlainText ()
- (
- (
<ti tle> );
<title>);
- , ;
23.
501
+ toHtml () - HTML;
+ clear () - . ;
+ selectAll () - . ;
+ zoomin ( [range=l)) - . ;
+ zoomOut ( [range=l]) - . ;
+ cut () - ,
, . ;
() -
, ,
. ;
paste () -
, . ;
canPaste () -
True, , False-
setAcceptRichText (<>) - True,

HTML
. False ;
acceptRic?Text () -
HTML,
True,
False- ;
undo () - , ,
. ;
redo () -
. ;
setUndoRedoEnaed (<>) - True,

,
isUndoRedoEnaed
'
() -
False- ;
True,
False- ;
createStandardContextMenu ( [ <QPoint> J ) -
.
, , QTextEdit,
ensureCursorVisie
() -
find (<> [, <> J) -
) . ,
rue, -
False.
<> (

QTextDocument:
Findackward- 1 - , ;
FindCaseSensi ti vely- 2 -
FindWholeWords- 4 - , ;
1)
502
print _ (<QPrinter>) -
11.
J:I .
QPrinter.
PDF:
printer = QtGui.QPrinter()
printer.setOutputFormat(QtGui.QPrinter.PdfFormat)
printer. setOutputFileNarne ( "mypdf .pdf")
textEd~t.print (printer)
QTextEdit :
QTextCharFormat&)-
currentCharFormatChanged(const
. ;
+
+
+
+
cursorPositionChanged () - ;
selectionChanged () - ;
textChanged () -
copyAvailae (bool) -
. rue,
,
undoAvailae
False-
(bool) -
. rue,
,
redoAvailae
(bool) -
False-
. rue,
,
23.6.2.
False-
QTextEdit (
; ):
setTextinteractionFlags (<>) -
. (J1
1)
QtCore.Qt:
NoTextinteraction- - ;
extSelectaeByMouse- 1 - / ;
extSelectableByKeyboard-
2 -
. ;
LinksAccessileByMouse-
4-
LinksAccessileByKeyboard-
8-
. i
<>, i
extEditae-
16-
TextEditorinteraction-
TextSelectaeByMouse
<Enter>;
TextSelectaeByKeyboard
TextEditae;
23.
503
TextBrowserinteraction-
TextSelectaleByMouse 1 LinksAccessieByMouse 1
setReadUnly (<>) -
LinksAccessieByKeyboard;
rue,
isReadOnly () True, ,
F'alse -- ;
+ setLineWrapMode (<>) -
NoWrap-
WidgetWidth- 1 -
QTextEdit:
- ;
;
F'ixedPixelWidth- 2 -
() ;
, setLineWrapColnnOrWidth
F'ixedColnnWidth- 3 -
, setLineWrapColnnOrWidth ();
+
+
setneWrapColnnOrWidth (<>) - ;
setWordWrapMode (<>)- .
QTextOption:
NoWrap-
Wordwrap- 1 -
ManualWrap- 2 -
wrapAnywhere- 3 - ;
WrapAtWotdoundaryOrAnywhere-
;
;
4-
NoWrap;
, ;
setOverwriteMode (<>) - True,

. False ;
overwriteMode () - True,
F'alse- ;
setAutoF'onatting (<>) -
QTextEdi t:
AutoNone- ;
AutoBulletList-
AutoAll-
AutoBulletList;
*;
+
+
Qt
4.7
setCursorWidth (<>) - ;
setTaChangesFocus (<>) -
F'alse,
n <> . -.
True, <>
;
+
+
setTabStopWidth (<>) - ;
tabStopWidth () - .
504
23.6.3.
11.
QTextEdit (n ; n n
):
setCurrentFont (<QFont>) - .
setCurrentFont (const QFont&). n n
QFont. QFont :
<>= QFnt(<
>[,
pointSize=-1] [, weight=-1]
[, italic=False])
n n . n
pointSize . weight n
: 99 Light, Normal, DemiBold, Bold
Black QFont. n italic True,
;
currentFont 1) -
QFont
setFontFamily (< >) - .

setFontFamily (const QString&);
+
+
fontFamily () - ;
setFontPointSize (<>) - .
setFontPointSize (qreal);
+
+
fontpointSize () - ;
setFontWeight (<>) - .
setFontWeight (int);
+
+
fontWeight () -
setFontitalic(<a>)- n True,
.
fontitalic () -
setFontitalic (bool);
True, , False- n
setFontUnderline (<>) - n rue,

n. setFontUnderline (bool);
fontunderline () -
True, n, False- n
setextColor ( <QColor>) - .
QtCore. Qt (n, k, whi te . .) n
QColor (n, QColor("red"), QColor("#ffOOOO"), QColor(255,

setextColor (const QColor&);
,+
+
0) .).
textColor () - n QCo1or ;
setTextBackgroundColor (<QColor>) - .
QtCore.Qt (n, k, white . .) n "
QColor (n, QColor("red"), QColor("#ffOOOO"), QColor(255, , 0) .).

setTextBackgroundColor (const QColor&);
23.
505
+ textBackgroundColor () - QColor ;
+ setAlignrnent (<>) -
. .
22.2.
setAlignrnent (Qt: :Alignrnent);
alignrnent () - .
QTextCharFonnat,
.
setCurrentCharFonnat (<QextCharFonnat>).
currentCharFonnat ().
QextCharFonnat .
23.6.4.
QTextDocument
QTextDocument ,
. document ()
QextEdit.
seti?ocument (<QTextDocument>). :
QObject - QTextDocument
QTextDocument :
<>
QTextDocument([parent=<Poe>])
<>= QextDocument(<Tec>[,
rnt=<>])
parent . <>
~ ( L-),
.
QTextDocument ( ;
):
+
+
+
+
setPlainText (<>) - ;
setHtml (<>) -
HTML;
toPlainText () - , ;
toHtml ( [ <QByteArray> J ) -
HTML.
+
+
<meta>;
clear () - ;
lsEmpty () -
True, , False-
isModified () -
True, , False-
undo () ~ , ,
. ;
redo () -
. ;
isUndoAvailae () -" True,

,
False-
506
isRedoAvailale
() -
setUndoRedoEnaled (<>)
Fa1se -
11.
True,
isUndoRedoEnaled
() -
+
+
True,
Fa1se- ;
True,
Fa1se- ;
availaleUndoSteps
() - ;
availaleRedoSteps
() -
c1earUndoRedoStacks ( [stacks=UndoAndRedoStacks]) -
/ .
QTextDocument:
UndoStack-
RedoStack-
UndoAndRedoStacks- ;
print _ ( <QPrinter>) -
QPrinter;
find () - .
QTextCursor. , . ~
isNull () .
:
find(<Tec>[, position=O] [, options=O])

find(<QRegExp>[, position=O] [, options=O])
find(<Tec>, <QTextCursor>[, options=O])
find(<QRegExp>, <QextCursor>[, options=O])
<> , ~ <QRegExp>
.
,
position
<QextCursor>.
QtCore .Qt .caseinsensitive
setcaseSensiti vity (). options

(
1)
QTextoocument:
Findackward- 1 - , ;
FindCaseSensitive1y- 2 - .
;
FindWho1eWords- 4 - , ;
setDefau1tFont (<QFont>) - Lh .
QFont. QFont

:
<>= QFnt(< >[,
[, ita1ic=Fa1se])
23.
507
n n . n
pointSize . n weight n
: 99 Light, Nonnal, DemiBold, Bold
Black QFont. n italic True,
;
setDefaultStyleSheet (<CSS>) - CSS

;
t
t
t
setDocumentMargin (<n>) - n n ;
documentargin
() - n ;
setaximumlockCount (<>)
. ,
n ;
maximumlockCount
t
t
t
t
charactercount () -
() -
Hnecount () - ;
ockCount
() -
firstlock
() -
QTextBlock,
lastBlock () -
n QTextBlock, n
findlock(<ec >)- QTextBlock,

, ;
f indBlockByNumer (< >) -
QTextBlock,
QTextDocument :
undoAvailae
(bool) -
. n True,
n ,
redoAvailae
(bool) -
False-
n . rue,
n n ,
False-
n .
undoCommandAdded ( ) -
;
ockCountChanged
( int) -
cursorPositionChanged(const
QextCursor&)-
- . , n
n ;
contentsChange (int, int, int) -
n ,
n- , -
508
+
+
contentsChanged () -
11.
:r ;
modificationChanged (1) - .
23.6.5.
QTextCursor
QTextCursor , .
QTextCursor :
QTextCursor()
QTextCursor(<QTextDocument>)
QTextCursor(<QTextFrame>)
QTextCursor(<QTextB1ock>)
<>
<>
<>
<>
<>
QextCursor(<QTextCursor>)
+
+
QTextEdit:
textCursor () (
QTextCursor). ,
setTextCursor ();
setextCursor
(<QTextCursor>) -
cursorForPosi t ion (<QPoint>) -
, .
QPoint ;
mvursr(<>[,
.
mode=MoveAnchor])-
QTextCursor:
NoMove -
Start -
Up- 2 -
StartOfLine- 3 -
StartOfB1ock- 4 -
StartOfWord- 5 -
PreviousB1ock- 6 - ;
PreviousCharacter- 7 -
Previousword- 8 -
Left- 9 -
WordLeft- 10-
End- 11 ___.:._
Down- 12 -
EndOfLine- 13- ;
EndOfWord- 14-
EndOfB1ock- 15 -
- ;
1-
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
23.
509
NextBlock- 16- ;
NextCharacter- 17
Nextword- 18 -
Right- 19-
wordRight -
- ;
20-
i NextCell, PreviousCell,
NextRow PreviousRow, .
mode
QTextCursor:
MoveAnchor- - ,
( );
KeepAnchor- 1 - .
QTextCursor ( :
n ):
isNull () -
True, (
),
setPosition(<o>[,
False- ;
mode=MoveAnchor])-
. .

+.
mode movecursor ()
QTextEdit;
movePosition(<o>[,
mode=MoveAnchor] [, n=1])-
mode i
movecursor () QextEdit. n
. <>
, ,
cur = textEdit.textCursor()
cur.movePosition(QtGui.QextCursor.NextCharacter,
mode=QtGui.QextCursor.MoveAnchor,
n=10)
textEdit.setTextCursor(cur)
movePosition () True,
. (
, - ), Fa1se;
+
+
+
position () - ;
positioninBlock () - ;

block () -
QTextBlock,
.ri, ;
+
+
blockNumer () -
atStart () ,
atEnd () ,
, ;
rue,
False- ;
True,
False-
510
11.
atBlockStart () - True,
False- ;
atBlockEnd () rue,
False- ;
select (<>) -
QTextCursor:
+
+
wordUnderCursor-
LineUnderCursor- 1 -
BlockUnderCursor- 2 - ;
Docurnent -
- , ;
;
- ;
hasSelection () - True, ,
False- ;
hasComplexSelection () -
True, False- :
, ,
+
+
+
+
clearSelection () - ;
selectionStart () - ;
selectionEnd () - ;
selectedText () -
. ,
, CTI'JOK

,
\u2029.
replace () :.
print (cur .selectedText (). replace ( ".\u2029", "\n"))
selection () - QTextDocurnentFragment,
. toPlainText () (
) toHtml () (
+
+
HTML)
removeSelectedText () - ~ ;
deleteChar () - , ,
;
deletePreviousChar()- ,
beginEditBlock () endEditBlock () -
, ;
.
undo ( )
redo ( ) ;
joinPreviousEdi tBlock () -
;
setKeepPositionOninsert (<>) - rue,

.
;
+
+
insertText (<> [, <QTextCharFormat>] ) -
insertHtml (<>) -
HTML.
23.
511
n insertBlock (), insertFragment (), insertFrarne (), insertimage (),

in::;ertList () insertTae () , n
mergeBlockCharFormat (), mergeBlockFormat () mergeCharFormat (). n
no
23.7.
QTextBrowser QTextEdit
n
no
n n .
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget -
QFr~e
QAstractScrollArea
QextEdit
QextBrowser
QextBrowser:
<>= QTextBrowser([parent=<Poe>])
QTextBrowser (n ;
n n ):
setSource(<QUrl>)- . n n~
QUrl. setsource (const QUrl&);
+
+
.+
+
+
+
source () - n QUrl ;
reload () -
n . ;
home () - n n . - ;
backward () - n . ;
forward () - . ;
backwardistoryCount () - ;
+ forwardHistoryCount () +
isBackwardAvailae () n ,
isForwardAvailae
n ,
+
+
;
rue, n
False-
() - True,
False- ;
clearHistory () - ;
historyitle (<>)
n ,
, - ,
n - ;
historyUrl (<>) - ,
URL-apec ( QUrl) , - URLapec , - URL-apec
;
setOpenLinks(<a>)- rue,
n no ( ). False
n.
512
11.
QTextBrowser :
anchorClicked ( const QUrl&) -
URL-apec ;
backwardAvailae (bool) -
. ;
forwardAvailae (bool) -
. ;
highlighted(const QUrl&)-
. URL-apec
( QUrl) ;
highlighted (const QString&) -

. tt URL-apec
;
+
+
historyChanged () - ;
sourceChanged(const QUrl&)- .
URL-apec .
QtWebKit,
QTextBrowser
23.8.
HTML, XHTML, CSS
JavaScript.
QSpinBox (
QDouleSpinBox ( ). ,
. :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget (QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget -
QAstractSpinBox-
QSpinBox
QAstractSpinBox
QDouleSpinBox
QSpinBox QDouleSpinBox:
<>
QSpinBox([parent=<Poe>])
<>= QDouleSpinBox([parent=<Poe>])
QSpinBox
QDouleSpinBox
QAstractSpinBox ( ;
):
setButtonSymols (<>) - ,
.
QAstractSpinox:
UpDownArrows- - ;
. PlusMinus- 1 - +
-.
NoButtons- 2 - ;
23.
513
setAlignment (<>) - ;
setwrapping (<>) -
True,
n n, ,
;
setSpecialValueext (<>) -n ,
;
setReadOnly(<a>)- True,
;
setFrame (<>) - False, n

;
stepDown () - . ;
stepUp () - . ;
st(<>)- ( )
(n ) ;
'text () -
., ;
clear () - . ;
selectAll () - . .
QAstractSpinBox editingFinished (),
<Enter>.
QSpinBox QDouleSpinBox (
; ):
setValue (<>) .
setValue (int) setValue (doule);
value () - , ;
cleanext () - ;
setRange (<>,
<>), setMinimum (<>) setMaximum (<>) -
setPrefix (<>) - , n
;
setSuffix (<>) - ,
;
setSingleStep (<>) - , n
.
QDouleSpinBox setDecimals (<>),

.
QSpinBox QDouleSpinBox valueChanged(int) (

QSpinBox), valueChanged(doule) ( QDouleSpinBox) valueChanged(const
QString&), .
n n
.
17
1349
514
23.9.
11.
QDateimeEdit (
),
QDateEdit
( )
QTirneEdit
( ).
, .
. :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget (QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget QDateEdit

QAstractSpinBox
- QDateTirneEdit
- QDateTirneEdit -
QAstractSpinBox
- QDateTirneEdit -
QAstractSpinBox
QirneEdit
:
<>= QDateTimeEdit([parent=<Poe>])
<>=
QDateTirneEdit(<QDateTirne>[, rnt=<>])
QDateTirneEdit(<QDate>[, rnt=<>])
<>
QDateTirneEdit(<Qirne>[,
<>
QDateEdit([parent=<Poe>])
<>
QDateEdit(<QDate>[,
<>
QirneEdit([parent=<Poe>])
<>=
<>= QirneEdit(<QTirne>[,
rnt=<>])
rnt=<>])
rnt=<>])
<QDateTirne> QDateTirne
datetirne Python. QDateTirne
datetirne toPyDateTirne ().
<QDate> QDate
date Python. QDate date
toPyDate ().
<Qirne>
QTirne tirne
Python. QTime tirne t
irne ( ) .
QDateTimeEdit QAstractSpinBox (. . 23.8)
(r ;
r ):
setDateTirne(<QDateTime>)- .
QDateTirne datetirne Pytln.
setDateTirne (const QDateTirne&);
.
t
setDate (<QDate>) - .
QDate date Python.
setDate (const QDate&);
setirne(<Qirne>)- .
QTirne tirne Python.

setTirne (const QTirne&);
dateTirne ()
date ()
QDateTirne
QDate
23.
515
time () - n QTime ;
setDateTimeRange (<>,
<>)
QDateTime datetime
setMinimumDateTime (<>)
Python;
setMaximumDateTime (<>) -
QDateTime ?atetime
setDateRange(<y>,
<>),
setinimumDate(<y>)
Python;
setaximumDate(<Macy>)
QDate date
setTimeRange (<>,
setMaximumTime (<>) -
<>),
setMinimumTime (<>)
. n
time
Python;
QTime
Python;
setDisplayFormat (<>)- 1 .
n , n .
dateTimeEdit. setDisplayFormat ( "dd.. HH:mm: ss")
setTimeSpec (<>) - .
LocalTime, u OffsetFromUTC QtCore.Qt;
setCalendarPopup (<>) -
True,
setSelectedSection (<>) -
NoSection, DaySection, MonthSection, YearSection, HourSection,
MinuteSection, SecondSection, MSecSection
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
AmPmSection
QDateTimeEdit;
setCurrentSection (<>) - ;
setCurrentSect ionindex (<>) - ;
currentSection () - ;
curr~ntSectionindex () - ;
sectionCount () - ;
sectionAt (<>) - n ;
sectionText (<>) - .
timeChanged(const
QTime&),
dateChanged(const
QDate&)
dateTimeChanged(const
QDateTime&). t1.
QDateEdit (n ) QTimeEdit (n )
QDateTimeEdit .
516
23.1 .
11.
QCa1endarWidget
. :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QCa1endarWidget

QCa1endarWidget:
<>= QCa1endarWidget([parent=<Poe>])
QCa1endarWidget (
; ):
setSe1ectedDate (<QDate>) - .
QDate date

+
+
Python.
setSe1ectedDate (const QDate&) ;
se1ectedDate () - QDate ;
setDateRange (<>, <>), setMinirnumDate (<>) setMaximumDate
(<>) .
QDate date
Python;
setCurrentPage (<>, <>) -

. .
setCurrentPage(int,int);
+
+
+
monthShown () - ( 1 12), ;
yearShown () - , ;
showSe1ectedDate () -
. ;
showoday () -
. ;
showPreviousMonth () -
. t
. ;
showNextMonth () -
. n
. ;
showPreviousYear () -
. ;
showNextYear () - .
. ;
setFirstDayOfWeek (<>) - .
. ,
Monday QtCore. Qt;
setNavigationBarVisie (<>) - Fa1se,
setNavigationBarVisile(boo1);
setHorizonta1HeaderFonnat (<>) -
QCa1endarWidget:
23.
517
NoHorizontalHeader- - ;
SingleLetterDayNarnes- 1 -
;
ShortDayNarnes- 2 - ;
LongDayNarnes- 3 - ;
setVertica1HeaderFormat (<>) - .
QCalendarWidget:
NoVerticalHeader- - ;
rsoweekNumers- 1 - ;
setGridVisie (<>) - True,
;
setSelectionode (<>)
QCalendarWidget:
NoSelection- - ;
SingleSelection- 1 - ;
setHeaderTextFormat (<QTextCharFormat>) - .
QextCharFormat;
setWeekdayextFormat (<
>,
<QextCharFormat>)-
. Monday, uesday,
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday Sunday

- QTextCharFormat;
setDateTextFormat (<QDate>,
<QTextCharFormat>) -
QtCore .Qt,
. QDate
date Pytho, - QTextCharFormat.

QCalendarWidget :
activated(const QDate&)-
<t>. ;
clicked(const QDate&)- .
;
currentpageChanged ( int, int) -
, - ;
selectionChanged () -
23.11.
QLCDNumer . ,
, .
, ,
. :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrarne -
QLCDNumer
518
11.
QLCDNner:
<>
<>
QLCDNner([parent=<Poe>])
QLDNnr(< >[,
rnt=<>])
< > .
,
5.
QLCDNner ( ;
):
display (<>) -
, .
display(int),
display(doule)
display(const QString&);
checkOverflow(<co>)-
True,
, , .

+
+
+
intValue ()
value ()
False;
- ;
- ;
setSegrnentStyle (<>)- .
Outline, Filled Flat QLCDNner;
setMode (<>)
- .
QLCDNner:
- - ;
Dec- 1 -
Oct- 2-
Bin-
- .
setOctMode ()
setMode ()
setHexode
setBinode
(),
setDecode
(),
True,
() ;
setSmallDecimalPoint (<>)
( l
),
False-
( ).

setSmallDecimalPoint (bool);
setDigitCount (<>) -
setSmallDecimalPoint () False,
.
QLCDNner
overflow (),
, .
23.12.
QProgressar ,
.
:
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QProgressBar
23.
519
QProgressar:
<>= QProgressBar([parent=<Poe>])
QProgressBar ( ;
):
setValue (<>) setValue ( int) ;
value () - ;
text () - , ;
setRange (<>,
<>), setMinirnum (<>)
setMaxirnum (<>) -
. ,
,
.
setRange (int, int), setMinirnum(int)
setMaxirnum(int);
reset () - . ;
. setOrientat ion (<>) - .

Horizontal f! Vertical QtCore .Qt.
setOrientation (Qt: : Orientation);
setTextVisie (<>)- False,

;
setTextDirection (<n>) -
. ,
"windows", "windowsxp" "rnacintosh"
.
QProgressBar:
t torn- -
90
ottornToTop- 1 -
90
setinvertedAppearance (<>) - rue,

(,
, ).
valueChanged ( int) .
23.13.
QSlider ,
. :
QAstractSlider
- QSlider
QSlider:
<>= QSlider([parent=<Poe>])
<>= QSlidr(<>[,
rnt=<>])
<> .
Horizontal vertical ( ) QtCore.Qt.
11.
520
QSlider QAstractSlider (
; ):
stVlu(<>)-- . ~
setValue (int);
+
.+
+
value () -- ;
setSliderPosition (<>) -- ;
sliderPosition () -- .
( ),
,
,
value ()
sliderPosition ()
value ().
,
--, ;
setRange (<> 1
<>)
, setMinimurn (<>) setMaximurn (<>) -
setOrientation (<>) -- .
Horizontal Vertical QtCore.Qt;
setSingleStep (<>) -- ,
;
setPageStep (<>) -- ,

<Page Up>
<Page Down>,
setinvertedAppearance (<>) -- True,

(,
, );
setinvertedControls (<>) -- False,

<Page Up>
<Page Down>,
setracking(<a>)-- True,
( ).
valueChanged(int) .
False, valueChanged ( int)
;
hasracking () -- rue,
,
False--
QAstractSlider :
actionTriggered ( int) --:- ,

, ,
<Page Up>.
, SliderNoAction (),
SliderSingleStepAdd
(1),
SliderSingleStepSu
(2),
SliderPageStepAdd
(3),
SliderPageStepSu ( 4), SliderToMinimurn (5), SliderToMaximurn ( 6) SliderMove (7)
QAstractSlider;
rangeChanged ( int 1 int) -- .

,
~ ;
t
t
23.
521
sliderPressed () - ;
slideroved ( int) -
sliderReleased () - ;
valueChanged (int) -
QSlider ( ;
):
setTickPosi tion (<>) - .

QSlider:
NoTicks -
,icksBothSides- ;
TicksAove- ;
TicksBelow-
TicksLeft
TicksRight-
. ;
- ;
;
setTickinterval (<>) - 11 .
23.14.
QDial
QDial 1 (
),
. ,
- . :
QAstractSlider
- QDial
QDial:
<>= QDial([parent=<Poe>])
QDial QAstractSlider (. .
23.1 3)
( ;
):
setNotchesVisie (<>) -
True,
. .
setNotchesVisie
(bool);
setNotchTarget (<>) -
. ;
setWrapping (<>) -
setWrapping(bool).
True,
522
11.
23.15.
QScrollar n n.
n,
n
n
n,
n,
n,
n . :
QAstractSlider
- QScrollBar
QScrollBar:
<>= QScrollBar([parent=<Poe>])
<>= QSrllr(<>[,
rnt=<>])
<> n n n.
Horizontal Vertical ( )
QtCore.Qt.
QScrollBar QAstractSlider (. . 23.13)
n .
.
,
QScrollArea
(. .
22.12).
24
PyQt
n, n
n ( ), .
, ,
. n n "/n", n
, ~
n .
24.1.
Qm n n.
n n n , n n
n . :
QComoBox
Qm:
<>= Qm([rnt=<>])
24.1.1.
, , n n
QComoBox:
additern () - n. :
additem (<> [, <>] )
additem ( <QI con>, <> [, <>] )
n <> n, n
<Qicon>-
n . n <> n
n , n, ;
+
+
additems (<
insertitem() -
>) - n;
n n.
n. :
insertitem(<ec>,
<>[,
insertitem(<ec>,
<Qicon>,
<>])
<>[,
<>])
524
insertitems
(<>,
11.
<n >) -
. ;
+
+
+
+
insertSeparator (<>) - ;
setitemext (<>,
<>) - ;
setitemicon (<>, <Qicon>)
- ;
setitemData (<>,
[, role=UserRole] ) -
<>
. role ,
. ,
ToolTipRole QtCore.Qt,
,
. ;
setCurrentindex (<>)
+
+
+
currentindex () currentext
() -
setCurrentindex ( int);
itemext (<>) - ;
itmDt(<>[,
role=UserRole])-
role
<>;
count () -
len ();
+
+
removeitem(<ec>) - ;
clear () - .
24.1.2.
setEditale (<>) - rue,
<Enter>;
setinsertPolicy (<>) -
QComoBox:
Noinsert- - ;
InsertAtTop- 1 -
InsertAtCurrent- 2 - ;
InsertAtBottom-
InsertAfterCurrent -
InsertBeforeCurrent- 5 -
n;
- ;
4 -
;
;
InsertAlphabetically- -
;
setEditText (<>) - .
setEditText (const QString&);
t
t
24.
525
clearE:ditText () - nq . ;
setAutoComplet ion (<>) -
n True,
, ,
. False ;
n n ,
setCompleter (<QCompleter>) -
n . n
n
QCompleter;
setAutoCompletionCaseSensitivity(<Pe>)-
n . caseinsensitive
QtCore .Qt . Casesensitive
au~oCompletion () ,
True,
False-
n ;
setValidator (<QValidator>) -
n , QValidator (. .
setDuplicatesEnaed (<>) -
23.5.3);
n True,
n n . n
n;
setaxcount (<>)
n.
n ,
;
setaxVisieitems ,(<>) -
n;
setMinimumContentsLength (<>) -
setSizeAdjustPolicy (<>) - n
. n
QComoBox:
Adjustocontents- - ;
AdjustToContentsOnFirstShow- 1 - , n
n n n;
AdjustToMinimumContentsLength- 2 - AdjustToContents
AdjustToContentsOnFirstShow;
AdjustToMinimumContentsLengthWithicon-
- n
, n
setMinimumContentsLength (),
setFrame (<>) - n False, n

;
seticonSize (<QSize>) - ;
showPopup () - n;
hidePopup () - n.
526
11.
24.1.3.
n n n findText () (
) findData () (n ).
-1, . :
findText(<Tec>[,
findData(<ae>[,
f1ags=MatchExact1y
ro1e=UserRo1e] [,
f1ags=MatchExact1y
MatchCaseSensitive])
MatchCaseSensitive])
flags n. (
n
+
+
1)
QtCore. Qt:
MatchExact1y- - n n ;
MatchFixedString- 8 - n n , n
;
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
MatchContains -
1-
n n ;
atchStartsWith- 2 - n ;
MatchEndsWith- 3 - n ;
MatchRegExp- 4 -
n n ;
MatchWildcard- 5 - n ;
MatchCaseSensitive- 16- n ;
MatchWrap- 32 -
n ;
MatchRecursive- 64- n .
24.1.4.
Qm :
activated(int) activated(const QString&)- . n n n

( ) n. <t n
;
currentindexChanged (int) currentindexChanged (const QString&) - n

. n ( -1,
n n) ;
editTextChanged (const QString&) - n n.

n n ;
highlighted(int) highlighted(const QString&)-

n n. n .
24.2.
QFontComoBox n .
, n
, . :
QComoBox
QFontComoBox
527
24.
QFontComoBox:
<>= QFontComoBox([parent=<Poe>])
QFontComoBox QComoBox (. .
24.1)
+ setCurrentFont (<QFont>) -
.

m.
setCurrentFont (const QFont&). :
setCurrentFont (QtGui .QFont ( "Verdana"))
currentFont () QFont .
:
print(comoBo~.currentFont()
QFont.
.family())
setFontFilters (<>)- .
QFontComoBox:
AllFonts -
ScalaeFonts
NonScalaeFonts- 2 -
MonospacedFonts- 4 -
ProportionalFonts- 8 - .
1-
;
;
QFontComoBox
currentFontChanged (const QFont&),
QFont .
24.3.
, .
, ,
. (
QtCore .Qt):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
DisplayRole ~- ( );
DecorationRole-- 1 - ( );
EditRole- 2 - , ;
ToolTipRole- 3 - ;
StatusTipRole- 4 - ;
WhatsThisRole- 5 - ;
FontRole- 6 - . QFont;
extAlignrnentRole- 7 - ;
BackgroundRole- 8 - . QBrush;
ForegroundRole- 9 - . QBrush;
528
CheckStateRole- 10- .
+
+
+
11.
QtCore. Qt:
Unchecked-
Checked- 2 -
AccessileTt;xtRole-
11 - n;
AccessileDescriptionRole-
12- n ;
SizeHintRole- 13- . n
QSize;
UserRole- 32 -
n , n
. , 32.
:
m.
setiternData (0, 50, role=QtCore ..Qt. UserRole)
m. setiternData (0,
" ",
role=QtCore.Qt.UserRole + 1)
24.4.
n n n "/
n", n n
. n :
- "" . ,
, n ;
- n .
- n n .
n, n
n n;
- n n.
n
n ;
- n , n
n . n
n n
. n
no
24.4.1.
n n QModelindex.
:
<>
= Qodelindex([<QModelindex
QPersistentModelindex>])
24.
529
, , .
, .
QModelindex
currentindex () QAstractitemView.
index ()
QModelindex :
isVa1id () -
True, , Fa1se-
+
+
data ( [Disp1ayRo1e]) - , ;
+
+
+
flags ()
Qtcore.Qt:
- ;
NortemFlags -
ItemisSe1ectae-
ItemisEditae-
ItemisDragEnaed-
4 -
ItemisDropEnaed-
8 - ;
ItemisUserCheckae- 16- ;
ItemisEnaed-
ItemisTristate- 64- ;
row () -
1 -
2 -
32- ;
co1umn () -
parent () - ( QMode1Index),
. ,

QModelindex;
chi1d(<Cpoa>,
<>)-
Qodelindex), .
, QMode1Index;
siing(<Cpoa>,
<>)-
Qodelindex), .
, QModelindex;
mode1 () - .
, QModelindex
.
,
QPersistentMode1Index,
, .
..
24.4.2. QStringListModel
QStringListMode1 , .
QListView, QComoBox .,
setMode1 (). :
QObject - QAstractiteffiode1 - QAstractListMode1 - QStringListMode1
530

<>
11.
QStringListModel:
QStringListModel([parent=<Poe>])
<>= QStringListModel(<Cco >[,
rnt=<>])
QStringListModel (
; ):
+
+
+
setStringList (< >)- ;

stringList ()
insertRows
- , ;
(<>,
<>
removeRows (<>,
<>
[, parent] ) -
[,
True,
parent]) -
, , .
rue, ;
setData ( <Qodellndex>, <> [, role=Edi tRole J )

role , <Qodellndex>.
rue, ;
data
(<Qodellndex>,
<>)
+
+
rowCount ( [parent])
sort
(<
<QModellndex>;
- ;
>[,
order=AscendingOrder])-
AscendingOrder QtCore.Qt,
,
DescendingOrder- .
QStringListModel index () QAstractListModel,
( QModellndex) . :
index(<Cpoa>[,
24.4.3.
column=OJI,
parent=Qodelindex()])
QStandardltemModel
QStandarditemodel () .

QStandarditem.
setModel ().
QTaleView, QreeView .,
:
QObject -
QAstractitemodel
QStandarditemodel
QStandarditemodel:
<>
QStandarditemodel([parent=<Poe>])
<>
QStandarditemodel(<Koeco >,
[,
< >
rnt=<>]
QStandarditemodel (
; ):
+
+
+
setRowCount (< >) - ;

setColumnCount (< >) - ;
rowCount ( [parent=Qodellndex ()]) - ;
24. i
531
+ colurnnCount ( [parent=Qodelindex () J ) - ;
+ setitem(<Cpoa>, <>, <QStandardrtem>)-
. :
model = QtGui.QStandarditemodel(, 4)
for row in range(O, 3):
for column in range(O, 4):
item = QtGui.QStandarditem(
"((0}, (l})".format(row, column))
model.setitem(row, column, item)
view.setModel(model)
+ appendRow (<n>) -
QStandarditem;
+ appendColurnn (<n>) - .

insertRow (< >, <>) .
QStandarditem;

<>
QStadarditem;
insertRow (<> [,
parent=Qodelindex () J ) -
insertRows(<ec>,
<>[,
True, ;
parent=QModelindex()J)-
. rue,
;
insertColurnn(<ec
>,
<>}-
. <>
QStandarditem;
isertColumn (<> [,
parent=Qodelindex () ] ) -
. rue, ;
insertColumns(<ec>,
<>[,
parent=Qodelindex()])-
. :r rue,
;
removeRows (<>,
<> [,
parent=QModel Index () ] ) -
, , <>.
rue, ;
rem?veColumns (<>, <>[, parent=QModelindex ()]) -

.[I , , <>.
rue, ;
+
+
takeitem (<> [, <>=]) -'-

( QStandarditem);
tkRw(<>)- (

QStandarditem);
takeColumn (<>) - ; (
QStandarditem);
clear () - ;
532
item(<Cpoa>[,
+
+
<>=])- (
invisileRootitem ()

QStandarditem),
11.
-
QStandarditem);
itemFromindex (<QModelindex>)
QStandardrtem), <QModelindex>;
index (<>,
(
<>
[, parent=QModelindex () ] ) -
QModelindex), ;
indexFromitem(<QStandarditem>)
QModelindex), ;
setData (<QModelindex>, <> [, role=EditRole]) role , <Qodelindex>.
rue, ;
+
+
data (<Qodelindex> [, role=DisplayRole])
- ,
<QModelindex>;
setHorizontalHeaderLabels (<
>)
setVerticalHeaderLabels (<
>) - .
setHorizontalHeaderitem(<ec>,
<QStandarditem>) -
QStandarditem;
setVerticalHeaderitem (<>, <QStandarditem>) -
QStandarditem;
hori zontalHeaderitem (<>) QStandarditem);
l(
verticalHeaderitem (<>) ( QStandarditem);
+
+
setHeaderData (<>,
<>,
<>
[, role] ) -
. ,
QtCore .Qt).
True,
headerData (<>,
role
orizon1oal
Vertical
EditRole.
<>[,
role])-
. ,
- .
finditems
(<>
[, flags=MatchExactly] [, column=O]) -
column .
. 24.1.3.
( QStandarditem) ;
role
DisplayRole;
flags
24.
533
sort (< > [,
order=AscendingOrder] ) .
, DescendingOrder- ;

+
+
setSortRole (<>) - (. . 24.3), ;

parent (<QModelindex>) - ( QModelindex)
QModelindex) -;
hasChildren ( [parent=QModelindex () ] ) -
True,
E'alse-
, ,
.
itemChanged (QStandarditem *).
QStandarditem).
24.4.4. QStandardltem
QStandarditemodel
QStandarditem.
, )'.
:
<>
= QStandarditem()
<>
QStandarditem(<Tec>)
<>
= QStandarditem(<Qicon>,
<>
<>
<>)
QStandarditem(<Koeco >[,
< >=l])
= QStandarditem(<QStandarditem>)
QStandarditem ( . ;
):
+
+
+
+
+
setRowCount (< >) - ;

setColumnCount (< >) - ;
rowcount () - ;
columnCount () - ;
row () -
-1, ;
column () -
-1, ;
setChild (<>,
<>,
<QStandardrtem>) -
. :
parent = QtGui.QStandarditem(, 4)
parent. setext ("-")
for row in range(O, 3):
for column in range(O, 4):
item = QtGui.QStandarditem(
" ( {0}, {1}) ".format (row, column))
parent.setChild(row, column, item)
model.appendRow(parent)
534
n!Rw(<>) -
QStandarditem;
appenc!Row (<QStandarditem>) -
appendRows (<>) -
~ .
appendColUIIU1 (<>) -
insertRow(<ec >,
.
QStandarditem;
QStandarditem;
11.
QStandarditem;
<>) -.
<>
QStandarditem;
insertRow (< >, <QStandarditem>) -
QStandarditem;
insertRows (< >, <>) -

. <>

QStandardrtem;
insertRows (< >, <>) -

;
insertColum(<ec
>,
<>)-
. <>

QStandarditem;
insertColUIIU1s (<>,
<>) -
+
+
removeRow (<>) - ;
removeRows (<>, <>) - .
, <>;
+
+
removeColUIIU1 (<>) - ;
removeColUIIU1s (<>, <>) - ,
, <>;
takeChild(<Cpoa>[,
<>=])-
( QStandarditem);
takeRow (<>) -
!:.J
( QStandarditem);
takeColUIIU1 (<>) -
( n QStandarditem);
parent ()
QStandarditem) None;
child (<> [, <>=]) - (

QStandarditem) None;
hasChildren () 1 True, ,
F'alse- ;
24.
535
setData (<> [, role=UserRole+ 1]) - ;
data ( [UserRole+l]) - , ;
setext (<>) -
text () -
setextAlignment (<>) - ;
seticon ( <Qicon>) -
setool ip (<>) -
setWiiatsThis (<>) - ;
setFont (<QFont>) - ;
setBackground ( <QBrush>) - ;
, ;
;
setForeground ( <QBrush>) - ;
setCheckae (<>) - rue,
;
isChecka-e () -
rue,
, False -
setCheckState (<>) - .
QtCore.Qt:
unchecked-
Checked- 2 -
checkStaLe () - ;
setTristate (<>) -
rue,
~: , ;
isTristate () - True, ,
False- ;
setFlags (<>) - (. . 24.4.1);
flags () - ;
setSelectae (<>) - rue,

;
setEditae(<a>)- rue,
;
setDragEnaed (<>) - True,

;
setDropEnaed (<>) -
True,
setEnaed (<>) -
.
True,
False ;
clone () ----: ( QStandarditem);
536
+
+
11.
index ()'_ ( QModelindex);

model () - ( QStandardrtemodel);
sortChildren (<
>
[,
order=AscendingOrder]) -
QtCore. Qt,
AscendingOrder
DescendingOrder-
24.5.
ListView- , . , ;
+
+
QaleView- <l{l ;
QTreeView- .

QComoBox
24. /), QListWidget
),
QaeWidget () QTreeWidget ( ).
"/", . n
.
24.5.1.
QAbstractltemView
QAstractitemView i!.
:
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrame -
QAstractScrollArea
QAstractitemView
QAstractitemView (.h
; ):
setCurrentindex ( <Qodelindex>) (n
QModelindex)
.
setCurrentindex(const QModelindex&);
+
+
currentindex () - ( QModelindex) ;
setRootindex (<QModelindex>)
Qodelindex.
setRootindex(const QModelindex&);
rootindex () - ( QModelindex) ;
setAlternatingRowColors (<>) - True,
;
setindexWidget (<Qodelindex>,
<QWidget>) -
( QModelindex);
indexWidget (<QModelindex>) - ,
QModeiindex);
, (
24.
537
setSelectionodel (<QitemSe.lectionodel>)- ;
selectionodel () - ;
setSelectionode (<>) - .
QAstractitemView:
NoSelection- - ;
SingleSelection- 1
MultiSelection- 2 - .
;
ExtendedSe1ection- 3 - ,
<Ctrl>
<Shift>,
ContiguousSe1ection- 4 -
, .
<Shift>,
setSe1ectionBehavior(<Pe>)- .
QAstractitemView:
Se1ectitems- - ;
Se1ectRows- 1 -
Se1ectCo1umns- 2 - ;
t se1ectA11 ()
- . ;
t c1earSelection ()
- . ;
t setEditTriggers (<>)
- ,
.
QAstractitemView:
- ;
NoEditTriggers-
CurrentChanged- 1 -
Dou1eC1icked-
Se1ectedC1icked- 4 -
EditKeyPressed- 8 - <F2>;
AnyKeyPressed- 16- ;
AllEditTriggers- 31- ;
2 - ;
seticonSize (<QSize>) QSize;
setextElideMode (<>) -
. .
QtCore. Qt:
E1ideLeft- - ;
E1ideRight- 1 - ;
538
11.
2 - n;
ElideMiddle -
ElideNone- 3 - ;
setTabKeyNavigation(<a>)- n
True,
n n <>;
t.
scrollTo(<Qodelindex>[,
hint=EnsureVisie])- n n
, , (n QModellndex)
hint
QAstractitemView:
t
t
EnsureVisie- - ;
PositionAtTop- 1 - ;
PositionAtBottom- 2 - ;
Posi tionAtCenter- 3 - ;
scrollToTop () -
n n . ;
n n .
scrollToBottom () ;
setDragEnaed (<>) - n
True, n
setDragDropMode (<>) -
drag & drop.
QAstractitemView:
NoDragDrop-
DragOnly- 1 - n
oropOnly- 2 ~n ;
oragorop- 3 - n n ;
Internalove-
- drag & drop
n;
n;
4 -n , ;
set;DropindicatorShown (<>) -
True,
setAutoScroll (<>) - True,

n;
setAutoScrollMargin (<n>) -
n .
QAstractitemView :
activated(const Qodellndex&)- , ,
n <Eter>.
(n Qodellndex);
pressed (const Qodelindex&) -
. n n (
Qodelindex);
clicked (const QModelindex&) -
. n (n
QModelindex);
24.
+ dou1eC1icked(const
539
Qodelindex&)- n
. n n (n
QModelindex);
+ entered(const
Qodelindex&)- n
. , n
n setMouseracking () QWidget.
n n (n
+ viewportEntered () . .
QModelindex);
n n
, n
setMouseTracking ()
QWidget.
24.5.2.
QListView n n ,
n. , n .
:
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrame QAstractitemView
QAstractScro11Area
- QListView
QListView:
<>= QListView([parent=<Poe>])
QListView
(. .
24.5.1)
QabstractitemView
n (n
; n n ):
setMode1 (<>) - ; !
mode1 () - ;
setMode1Co1umn (<>) - ;
setViewode (<>) -
. n
QListView:
ListMode-
Iconode-
1 - n,
. n n ;
setMovement (<>) -
n . n
QListView:
static-
Free -
Snap- 2 - n
1-
- n n ;
n;
no
( setGridSize () );
setGridSize (<QSize>) - n ;
setResizeMode (<>) -
n. n QListView:
- n;
Fixed-
Adjust- 1 - n
n ;
540
setFlow (<>) -
11.
QListView:
LeftToRight-
- ;
Topoottom-
1 -
setWrapping (<>) -
False,
( ) ;
setWordWrap (<>) -
True,
setLayoutMode (<>) -
QListView:
SinglePass- - . ,
, ~ ;
Batched- 1 - .
setBatchSize (<>);
setUniformitemSizes (<>') - True,

;
+
+
setSpacing (<>) - ;
setSelectionRectVisie (<>) -
True,
,
.
;
setRowHidden (<>, <>) -
True,
, , . False
;
'
isRowHidden (<>) - rue,

False- ;
selectedlndexes () -
( Qodellndex) -
QListView indexesoved (const QModellndexList&),

.

24.5.3.
QModellndex.
QTaleView . :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrame QAstractltemView
QAstractScrollArea
QaleView
QaeView:
<>= QTaleView([parent=<Poe>])
QTaleView
.
24.5.1)
QAstractitemView (.
; ):
24.
541
setModel (<>) - ;
model () - ;
horizontalHeader () -
(n
QHeaderView);
verticalHeader () -
(n
QHeaderView). n, :
view.horizontalHeader() .hide()
vi~w.verticalHeader()
.hide()
setRowHeight (<~<:>,
<>) - n n
setColunmWidth ( <~<:>,
<>) -
n ;
rowHeight (<~<:>) - ;
colunmWidth ( <~<:>) - ;
resizeRowoContents (<~<: J<:>) -

,
resizeRowoContents(int);
, n
resizeRowsToContents () -
. ;
resizeColunmToContents
(<~ >) -
, n .
resizeColunmToContents(int);
resizeColunmsocontents () -
, n
. ;
setSpan(<e~<:c J<:>,
<~<: >,
< ~<:>,
<
>) -
. ;
rowSpan ( <~<: J<:>,
<~<: >) -
colunmSpan ( <~<:
J<:>,
<~<:
>) -
, ;
clearSpans () - ;
setRowHidden ( <~<:>,
<>) - n True,
, n, . False
;
hideRow ( <~<:> J -
hideRow ( int);
showRow ( <~<:>) - .
showRow ( int);
setColunmHidden ( <~<:>,
<>) - n True,
, , . False
;
542
hideColwnn 1<>)
showColwnn (int);
isRowHiddeni<ec>)-
ralse-
True,
isColwnnHidden 1<>) ,
showColwnni<ec>)- .
hideColwnn 1int);
11.
ralse-
True,
isindexHiddeni<QModelindex>)-
True,
( Qodelindex) , E'alse- ;
selectRowi<ec>)- .

selectRow 1int);
selectColwnni<ec>)- .

selectColwnn 1int);
( QModelindex)
selectedindexes 1) -
~;
setGridStyle (<>) - .
QtCore .Qt:
NoPen-
SolidLine- 1 -
DashLine- 2 -
DotLine- 3 -
DashDotLine- 4 -
DashDotDotLine- 5 -
- ;
;
;
, . .;
, . .;
setShowGrid 1<>) - True,

,
ralse-
setShowGrid(bool);
setSort ingEnaed 1<>) -
rue,
.
;
setCornerButtonEnaed 1<>) - Tr:ue,

.
False
setWordWrap(<a>)- True,
;
sortByColwnn (< > [, AscendingOrder]) -
AscendingOrder QtCore. Qt,

, DescendingOrder- .
24.
24.5.4.
543
QTreeView . :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrame QAstractitemView
QAstractScrollArea
QreeView
QreeView:
<>= QTreeView([parent=<Poe>])
. QTreeView
(. .
24.5.1)
; ):
QAstractltem~iew
( -
setModel (<>) -
11 ;
+ model () - ;
+ header () -
QHeaderView);
setColumWidth (<>,
<>) -
+
+
columWidth (<>) - ;
rowHeight ( <Qodellndex>) -
resizeColumToContents (<
>) -
QModellndex);
, .
resizeColumToContents
(int);
setUniformRowHeights (<>) -
True,
+
+
setHeaderHidden (<>) - rue,

. False ;
isHeaderHidden () -
True, , False -
setColumHidden (<>,
<>) - rue,
, , . False
;
hideColum (<>) -
hideColum
(int);
showColum(<ec>)- .
showeolum
isColumHidden (<>) ,
False -
( int);
True,
setRowHidden (<>, <Qodellndex>, <>) --;-

True, <> <QModellndex> .
False ;
isRowHidden (<>, <Qodellndex>) -
True,
<> <Qodellndex> ,
;
False -
544
isindexHidden ( <Qodelindex>) -
11.
True,
(n Qodelindex) , False- n 'l;
<>)
setExpanded (<QModelindex>,
rue, , n n
, , False- . n n
n Qodelindex;
expand ( <Qodelindex>)
n n
QModelindex. expand (const Qodelindex&);
expandToDepth (<>) -
+
+
expandToDepth (int);
expandAll () - . ;
collapse (<QModelindex>) - ,

n n
Qodelindex.
+
+
collapse (const QModelindex&);
collapseAll () - . ;

isExpanded ( <QModelindex>) -
True, ,
, , Fals~- n
. n n QModelindex;
setitemsExpandae (<>)
False,
n ;
setAnimated (<>) -
n rue,
~ n ;
setindentation (<>) - n ;
setRootisDecorated (<>) -
n False,
n n, n
n ;
setSortingEnaed (<>) -
n . True,
n .
n n ;
+
+
sortByColurnn (< > [, AscendingOrder]) - .

n AscendingOrder QtCore.Qt,
n n, DescendingOrder- ;
setWordWrap (<>) -
True,
n ;
selectedindexes () -
n (n- Qodelindex)
n n.
QTreeView :
expanded (const Qodelindex&) -
n .
n n (n QModelindex)
;
collapsed(const
QModelindex&)- n .
n n (n QModelindex)
.
24.
24.5.5.
545
QHeaderView QTaeView
QreeView.
QTaeView
horizontalHeader () verticalHeader (),

setHorizontalHeader (<QHeaderView>) setVerticalHeader ( <QHeaderView>).
QTreeView header (),
setHeader (<QHeaderView>). :
LJ
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QFrarne QAstractitemView
QAstractScrollArea
- QHeaderView
QHeaderView:
<>= QdrViw(<>[,
rnt=<>])
<> .
Horizontal Vertical QtCore.Qt.

QHeaderView
.
24.5. /)
QAstractitemView (.
; ):
count () -
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
len ();
setDefaultSectionSize (<>) - ;
defaultSectionSize () - ;
setMinimumSectionSize (<>) - ;
minimumSectionSize () - ~ ;
resizesection (<>, <>) - ;
sectionSize (<>) - ;
setResizeMode (<>) - .
QHeaderView:
Interactive- - ;
stretch- 1 -
. ,
;
Fixed- 2 - ;
ResizeToContents-
. ; , ;
setResizeMode (<>,
<>)
.+
setStretchLastSection (<>) -
True,
setCascadingSectionResizes (<>) -
rue,
;
18
1349
546
setSectionHidden (<>,
<>)
11.
rue, , , .
Fa1se ;
+ hideSect ion (<>) - ;

+ showsection (<>) - ;
+ isSectionHidden (<>) - True,
,
+
+
+
Fa1se-
sectionsHidden () Fa1se-
True,
hiddenSectioncount () - ;
setDefau1tAlignrnent
(<>)
setHigh1ightSections (<>) -
True,
setC1ickae (<>) -
True,
. , ;
setMovae (<>) -
True,
isMovae
() -
Fa1se-
movesection(<Oya>,
True,
<>)- .
swapSections (<!>, <2>) - .

;
visualindex(<1ogicalindex>)- (
) ( ) .
,
1ogicallndex (<visualindex>) -
-1;
) ( ) .
,
savestate () -
-1; .
QByteArray
restorestate ( <QByteArray>) -
QByteArray, savestate ().
QHeaderview ( ;
):
sectionPressed (int) -
. ;
sectionC1icked(int)-
.
;
24.
547
+ sectionDouleClicked (int) -
. n n ;
+ sectionoved(int,
int, int)- n n .
n n n ,
n- ; -
;
+ sectionResized (int,
int,
int) -
n n
. n n n
, n- , - .
24.6.
QitemSelectionodel , n n
n. l n
setSelectionodel(<QitemSelectionodel>)
QAstractitemView, n
n selectionodel
().
n, n
n n.
:
QObject -
QitemSelectionodel
QitemSelectionodel:
<>
QitemSelectionodel(<oe>)
<>= QitemSelectionodel(<Moe>,
<>)
QitemSelectionodel (n
; n n ):
t
t
hasSelection () - True, ,
false- n ;
isSelected(<Qodelindex>)-
True,
(n Qodelindex) , false- n ;
isRowSelected(<ec>,
<Qodelindex>)-
True,
false-
n ;
<> <Qodelindex> ,
isColumnSelected (<>, <Qodelindex>) -
<> <Qodelindex> ,
True,
false- n
rowintersectsSelection (<>,
<Qodelindex>)
True,
<> <Qodelindex> ,
false -
n ;
columnintersectsSelection(<ec>,
<Qodelindex>)-
True,
<> <Qodelindex>
,
false -
selectedindexes () -
n ;
n (n Qodelindex)
n n;
548
selectedRows ( [< >=]) -
1/.
n (n
QModelindex) . nn n
, n;
selectedColnns ( [<
>=]) -
n (n
QModelindex) . nn
n , n;
selection () - n QitemSelection;
select (<Qodelindex>,
<>)
. n (
n
1) QitemSelectionodel:
NoUpdate- ;
Clear-
Select-
Deselect
Toggle-
;
;
- ;
, , , -
current -
Rows- , ;
Colnns- , ;
Selectcurrent- Select
Current;
ToggleCurrent- Toggle
Current;
ClearAndSelect -
Clear
Select.
select(const
Qodelindex&,
QitemSelectionodel::SelectionFlags);
select (<QitemSelection>, <>) - ..
select(const
Qiteffiselection&,
QitemSelectionodel::
SelectionFlags);
setCurrentindex (<QModelindex>,
Qodelindex&,
<>) -
setCurrentindex (const
QitemSelectionodel::SelectionFlags);
currentindex () -
(n
Qodelindex) -
clearselection () - . .
QitemSelectionodel :
currentChanged(const QModelindex&, const QModelindex&)- n

. n n .
n , n
currentRowChanged(const
QModelindex&,
const QModelindex&)- ,
n .
n n n , n
;
549
24.
currentColnnChanged(const Qodelindex&,
const
Qodelindex&)- ,
n 1. n
na-
paeip n n , n-
;
t selectionChanged(const QitemSelection&, const QitemSelection&)-
24.7.
, n.
n n n
n n. n
n , n
QSortFilterProxyModel
n.
QObject -
QAstractitemodel
QAstractProxyModel QSortFilterProxyModel
QSortFilterProxyodel:
<>= QSortFilterProxyModel([parent=<Poe>])
QSortFilterProxyodel QAstractProxyodel
(n ; n n ):
+
+
setSourceModel (<>)-
sourceModel ()
- .
n t n
(n ; n
n ):
sort (<
>[,
order=AscendingOrder]) - n .
n, DescendingOrder- . n
n
n n
< > -1, n n

.
,
setSortingEnaed
setSortRole (<>)
()
- (. .
24.3),
. n
setSortCaseSensitivity(<Pe>)-
caseinsensitive
,
DisplayRole;
QtCore.Qt, n
Casesensitive- ;
setSortLocaleAware (<>)
True
- n rue, n
setFilterFixedString(<pae>)- nn ,
n ,
nn
550
11.
setFilterFixedString(const QString&);
setFilterRegExp () -
. ,
. :
setFilterRegExp(<QRegExp>)
setFilterRegExp(<Cpoa >)
QRegExp,
setFilterRegExp (const QString&);
setFilterWildcard (<>) -
, :
? - ;
*-
[ J -
;
.
.
, .
setFilterWildcard (const QString&) ,;
setFilterKeyColumn(<ec>)- ,
. -1,
.
;
setFilterRole(<Po>)- (. .
24.3),
. DisplayRole;
setFilterCaseSensitivity(<Pe>)-
caseinsensitive QtCore.Qt,
, Casesensitive- .;
setDynarnicSortFilter (<>) - True,

.
25
, ,
. ( ,
, , )
paintEvent () ( . .
21.8.3).
repaint () update ()
QWidget. paintEvent ()
QPainter.
QPainter ,
n, QPaintDevice.
QWidget QPaintDevice. QWidget
,
QPaintDevice QPicture, QPixmap, Qimage, QPrinter

. QPicture ,
- . QPixmap Qimage
, QPrinter
DF-. .
PyQt SVG-, , ,

OpenGL,
. .
.
25.1.
,
, (
, , , ). , ,
(, ).
25.1.1.
QColor.
QColor QtGui
HSL.
QColor:
<>
= QColor()
<>= Qlr(<>,
<>,
<>[,
alpha=255])
RGB,
HSV
552
<>
11.
QColor(<Cpoa>)
<>
Qlr(<>)
<>
Qlr(<>)
<>
QColor(<QColor>)
.
n isValid (). True,
,
False -
n .
n ,

RGB.
255.
n alpha n n .
n ,
255- n n.
red
QtGui.QColor(255,
0)
"#RGB", "#RRGGBB",
"#RRRGGGBBB", "#RRRRGGGGBBBB", " " "transparent" ( n

). :
red = QtGui. QColor ( "# fOO" )

darkBlue = QtGui.QColor("#OOOOBO")
whi te = QtGui. QColor ( "whi te")
n
colorNarnes (). n n
isValidColor (<>). True,
, False n . :
print(QtGui.QColor.colorNarnes()) # ['aliceue', 'antiquewhite', ... ]
print(QtGui.QColor.isValidColor("lightcyan")) # True

QtCore.Qt: white,
red, darkRed, green, darkGreen, u, darkBlue, cyan, darkCyan, magenta, darkagenta,
yellow, darkYellow, gray, darkGray, lightGray, colorO, colorl transparent (n
). colorO (n ) colorl (n ) n
k,
. :
k
QtCore.Qt.ack
n ,
n.
n
RGB (Red, Green, Blue;
, ,
) n :
setNarnedColor (<>) "#RGB",

"#RRGGBB", "#RRRGGGBBB", "#RRRRGGGGBBBB", " " "transparent" (
n );
+
+
name () - n "#RRGGBB";
setRgb(<!<:pac>,
<>,
<>[,
alpha=255])-
RGB.
255. n alpha n n
. n , 255- n
ri;
25.
553
setRed (<>), setGreen (<>), setBlue (<>) setAlpha (<alpha>) -
t
t
255;
setRgb (<>) setRgba (<>) - ;

fromRgb(<i<:pac>, <>, <>[, alpha=255])-
QCo1or . 255.
. :
white = QtGuioQColor.fromRgb(255, 255, 255, 255)
fromRgb (<>) fromRgba (<>) - QColor

, , .
. :
white = QtGuioQColor.fromRgba(4294967295)
t
t
getRgb () - (<>, <

>, <>, <alpha>);
red (), green (), u () alpha () -
;
t
t
rgb () rgba () - ;
setRgbF(<pac>,
<>,
<>[,
alpha=loO])- ,
RGB.
10 . alpha
. , 10 -
;
setRedF (<>), setGreenF (<>), setBlueF (<>)
setAlphaF (<alpha>) -
10 ;
fromRgbF(<pac>,
<>, <>[, alpha=1o0])-

QColor .
. 10 . . :
whiteo= QtGuioQColorofromRgbF(1oO,
getRgbF () >,
10,
10,
10)
(<>,
<>,
<
<alpha>);
redF (), greenF (), ueF () alphaF () -
lighter ( [factor=l50]) - 100,

, 100- ;
darker( [factor=200])- 100, , 100- .
(Cyan, Magenta, Yel\ow,
, , , "" ()) :
stmk(<>,
<>,
<>,
<>[,
alpha=255])-
.
255. alpha
554
11.
. , 255-
;
fromCmyk
(<>,
<>,
<>,
<>
[,
a1pha=255] ) -
QCo1or .
255. . :
white = QtGui.QCo1or.fromCmyk(0,
+
+
255)
getCmyk () :>,
<>,
<>,
(<>,
<
<a1pha>);
(), mageta (), yellow (), lack () a1pha () -
setCmykF(<oyo>,
<>,
<>,
<>[,
a1pha=1.0])-
.
. 1. . a1pha
. . , 1. -
;
fromCmykF(<oyo>,
<>,
<>,
<>[,
a1pha=1.0])-
QCo1or .
. 1. . . :
white = QtGui.QCo1or.fromCmykF(O.O, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
getCmykF () >,
(<>,
<>,
<>,
<
<a1pha>);
cyanF (), magentaF (), yellowF (), lackF () a1phaF () -
HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value;
, ()) :
setHsv (<>,
<>,
<>
359,
white =
[,
a1pha=255 J ) -
255;
frmsv(<>,

HSV.
<>, <>[, a1pha=255])-

QCo1or . . :
QtGui.QCo1or.fromsv(O,
255, 255)
getHsv () -
(<>,
>,
<>,
<
<a1pha>);
hsvHue (), hsvSaturation (), va1ue ()
a1pha () -
setHsvF (<>,
<>,
HSV.
<> [,
a1pha=1. ] ) -
1.0;
fromsvF(<Oeo>,
<>,
<>[,
a1pha=1.0])-
QCo1or .
. 1. . . :
white =
QtGui.QCo1or.fromsvF(O.O,
0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
25.

(<>,
getHsvF () >,
555
<>,
<
<alpha>);
hsvHueF (), hsvSaturationF (), valueF ()
alphaF () -
HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness)
HSV
.
.
spec () -
,
()
QColor: Invalid (), Rgb (1), Hsv (2), Cmyk
Hsl ( 4);
converto (<n >)
. !'
spec ().
. :
whiteHSV = QtGui.QColor.fromsv('O, , 255)

whiteRGB = whiteHSV.convertTo(QtGui.QColor.Rgb)
toHsv ()
converto
toHsl (),
()
whiteHSV = QtGui.QColor.fromsv(O,
whiteRGB = whiteHSV.toRgb()
25.1.2.
QPen
QPen.
toRgb (), toCmyk (),
-. :
QtGui
255)
, . :
<>
<>
<>
<>
<>
= QPen()
= QPen(<QColor>)
= Qn(<>)
= QPen(<QBrush>, <>[, style=SolidLine] [, cap=SquareCap] [,
join=BevelJoin])
= QPen(<QPen>)
QColor.
QtCore. Qt:
t
t
t
t
NoPen-
DashDotLine- 4 -
DashDotDotLine- 5 -
- ;
SolidLine- 1 -
DashLine- 2 DotLine -
t CustomDashLine-
, . ..;
, . .
- .
556
11.
.1
QBrush
QColor.
style.
FlatCap-
QtCore. Qt:
- .
SquareCap- 16-
RoundCap- 32-
join
+
+
+
+
MiterJoin-
QtCore .Qt:
- ;
- ;
BevelJoin- 64
RoundJoin- 128-
SvgMiterJoin- 256.
QPen
( ;
):
+
+
+
+
setColor (<QColor>) -
setBrush (<QBrush>) -
setWidth (<int>)
setWidthF (<float>)
setStyle (<>)-
(.
setCapStyle (<>)
- (.
QPen)j
setJoinStyle (<>) -
join , QPen).
25.1.3.
style
QPen);
- ;
QBrush.
(.
QBrush QtGui ,
. :
<>
<>
QBrush ( )
QBrush(<QColor>[, style=SolidPattern])
<>
QBrush(<C
<>
QBrush(<QGradient>)
QBrush(<QColor>, <QPixmap>)
QBrush(<QPixmap>)
QBrush(<Qimage>)
QBrush(<QBrush>)
<>
~>
<>
<>
>)
25.
557
<QColor> . n n QColor

QtCore. Qt,
n < >
style QtCore .Qt,
NoBrush,
DensePattern,
n, k.
n,
SolidPattern,
Dense4Pattern, Dense5Pattern,
DenselPattern,
Dense2Pattern,
DensePattern,
Dense7Pattern, CrossPattern
. n n n (solidPattern)
(n, CrossPattern ).
<QGradient> n .
n QLinearGradient ( ), QConicalGradient
( ) QRadialGradient. ( ). n
.
<QPixrnap> <Qirnage> n
QBrush (n ; n
n ):
+
+
+
setColor ( <QColor>) - ;
setStyle (<>) - (. n style
QBrush);
setTexture (<QPixrnap>) - . n
QPixrnap QBitrnap;
setTextureimage (<Qirnage>)- .
25.1.4.
QLine.
QLine QtCore n . :
QLine()
QLine(<QPoint>, <QPoint>)
<>= QLine(<Xl>, <Yl>, <2>, <2>)
<> = QLine(<QLine>)
<>=
<>=
.
n
QPoint
n.
.
QLine .
,
QLineF.
QLine (n ; n
n ):
isNull () - True,
False- n ;
setPoints (<QPoint>,
<QPoint>) QPoint;
558
setLine (<Xl>,
<Yl>,
<2>,
<2>)
/1.
+
+
+
+
+
setPl (<QPoint>)
- ;
setP2 (<QPoint>)
- ;
pl () - ( QPoint) ;
2
() - ( QP0int) ;
xl (), yl (),
()
() -
+
+
dx () -
dy () -
25.1.5.
QPo/ygon.
QPo~ygon
QtGui .
= QPolygon()
= QPolygon(<Cco n QPoint>)
<> = QPolygon(<Cco >)
<>= QPolygon(<QRect>[, closed=False])
<> = Qlgn(< >)
<> = QPolygon(<QPolygon>)
<>
<>
polygon = QtGui.QPolygon()
polygon << QtCore.QPoint(20, 50) << QtCore.QPoint(280, 50)
polygon << QtCore.QPoint(l50, 280)

QPoint,
. :
polygon = QtGui.QPolygon([QtCore.QPoint(20, 50), QtCore.QPoint(280, 50),

QtCore ."QPoint ( 150, 280) ] )
:
polygon = QtGui.QPolygon([20,50, 280,50, 150,280])

True-
QRect.
closed False, ,
.
n , n
:
polygon[O] = QtCore.QPoint(20, 50)
polygon[l] = QtCore.QPoint(280, 50)
polygon[2] = QtCore.QPoint(l50, 280)
.
25.
559
QPolygon
n .
, n
QPolygonF.
QPolygon ( ;
):
t setPoints () -
. :
setPoints(<Cnco
>)
setPoints(<Xl>, <Yl>[, ... , <Xn>, <Yn>])

:
polygon.setPoints([20,50, 280,50, 150,280])
t prepend (<QPoint>) -
t append (<QPoint>) -

insert
(<>,
t setPoint ()
<QPoint>)
;
.
+=;
- ;
- . :
setPoint(<ec>,
<QPoint>)
setPoint(<ec>,
<>,
<>)
~ :
polygon.setPoint(O, QtCore.QPoint(20, 50))
polygon.setPoint(l, 280, 50)
polygon[2] = QtCore.QPoint(l50, 280)
point (<>) -
QPoint
() ,
.
. :
polygon = QtGui.QPolygon([20,50, 280,50, 150,280])

print(polygon.point(O)) # PyQt4.QtCore.QPoint(20, 50)
print(polygon[l])
# PyQt4.QtCore.QPoint(280, 50)
t remove (<> [,
<> J)
<>. , .

clear ()
t size ()
del ;
- ;
count ( [ <QPoint> J ) -
count ()
t isEmpty () -
True,
len ();
False-
boundingRect ()
QRect
, .
560
25.1.6.
QFont.
11.
QFont QtGui .
:
<>=
QFont()
<>= QFnt(< >[,
[, italic=False])
<>=
QFont(<QFont>)
, !i
.
setFont ()
QApplication.
.
pointSize . weight
: 99 Light
(75)
Black
(25), Normal (50), DemiBold (63), Bold
QFont. italic True,
(87)
.
.
QFont ( ;
):
+
+
+
+
+
setFamily(<Haae >) - ;
family () - ;
setPointSize (<int>) setPointSizeF(<float>)- ;
pointSize () -
-1, ;
pointSizeF () -
-1, ;
+
+
setPixelSize (<int>) - ;
pixelSize () -
-1,
setWeight (<>) - : 99
Light (25), Normal (50), DemiBo1d (63), Bold (75) Black (87)
QFont;
+
+
weight () -
setBold (<>) -
True,
Bold, False-
Normal;
bold () -
rue,
Nonnal, False- ;
setrtalic(<a>) _;_ True,

,
italic () ;
False-
rue, , Fa1se-
25.
561
setUnderline (<>) - n rue,

False- n;
n,
+ underline ()
True, n, False-
n ;
setOverline (<>) - n True,

. ;
+ overline ()
False-
True, ,
n ;
setStrikeOut (<>)- n True,

n;
strikeOut () -
True, n , .False-
n .
n n . n families ()
QFontDatabase. n . :
print(QtGui.QFontDatabase() .families())
n n n , n
styles
(< >)
QFontDatabase:
print (QtGui .QFontDatabase () . styles ("Tahoma"))

# [ 'Normal', 1 Italic 1 , 1 Bold 1 , 1 Bold Italic 1 ]
smoothSizes
(< >,
<>)
n~
QFontDatabase:
print (QtGui .QFontDatabase (). smoothSizes ( "Tahoma", "Normal"))

# [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 36, 48, 72]
n
. , , n .
n
width (<> [, length=-1 J ) -
QFontMetrics:
<> n
, .
length
+
+
height () -
boundingRect (<>) - n QRect

n ,. n .
n :
font = QtGui. QFont ( "Tahoma", 1 )

fm = QtGui.QFontMetrics(font)
pr int ( fm. width ("") )
# 67
print(fm.height())
# 25
print(fm.boundingRect("Cpoa")) # PyQt4.QtCore.QRect(O, -21, 65, 25)
, , width () QRect. width (),
.
QFontMetrics n .
QFontMetricsF.
562
25.2.
11.
QPainter
QPainter
QPaintDevice
QPaintDevice.
QWidget, QPicture, QPixmap, Qirnage, QPrinter
. , ,
. :
<>
<>=
QPainter()
QPainter(<QPaintDevice>)
, .
,
begin (<QPaintDevice>) 'f ,

QPaintDevice. True,
, False- .
,

end ().
, :
def paintEvent(self, ):
painter = QtGui.QPainter()
painter.begin(self)
# n
painter. end ()
QPaintDevice,
QPainter .
paintEvent (), end () .
:
painter = QtGui:QPainter(self)
#

rue, ,
25.2.1.
E'alse-
isActive ().
, ,
.
set Pen ( <QPen>)

setPen(<QColor>)
stn(<
>)
setBrush(<QBrush>)
setBrush(<C
>)
setpen () QPainter. :
setBrush () .
563
25.
,
. ,
.
, , , .
, QPainter (
;
QPainter):
+ drawPoint ()
- . :
drawPoint(<X>, <>)
drawPoint(<QPoint>)
drawPoint(<QPointF>)
+ drawPoints ()
- . :
drawPoints(<QPoint 1>[, ... , <QPoint N>])

drawPoints(<QPointF 1>[, ... , <QPointF N>])
drawPoints(<QPo1ygon>)
drawPoints(<QPo1ygonF>)
drawLine () - . :
drawLine(<QLine>)
drawLine(<QLineF>)
drawLine(<QPoint>, <QPoint>)
drawLine(<QPointF>, <QPointF>)
drawLine(<X1>, <1>, <2>, <2>)
drawLines () -
. :
drawLines(<QLine 1>[, ... , <QLine N>])

drawLines(<QLineF 1>[, ... , <QLineF N>J)
drawLines(<Cco
drawLines(<Cco
QLine>)
QLineF>)
drawLines(<QPoint 1>[, ... , <QPoint N>])

drawLines(<QPointF 1>[, ... , <QPointF N>])
drawLines(<Cco n QPoint>)
drawLines(<Cco QPointF>)
drawPo1yline () -
, .
. :
drawPo1y1ine(<QPoint 1>[, ... , <QPoint N>])

drawPo1yline (<QPo"intF 1> [, ... , <QPointF N>])
drawPo1y1ine(<QPo1ygon>)
drawPo1y1ine(<QPo1ygonF>)
drawRect () - . ,
NoPen, -
Norush. :
drawRect(<X>, <>,
drawRect(<QRect>)
drawRect(<QRectF>)
<>,
<>)
564
t
fillRect () - . :
fi11Rect(<X>, <>, <>, <>, <QBrush
fi11Rect(<QRect>, <QBrush QCo1or>)
fi11Rect(<QRectF>, <QBrush QCo1or>)
11.
drawRoundedRect () -
QCo1or>)
. :
drawRoundRect(<X>, <>, <>, <>

[ , xRound=2 5] [ , yRound=2 5] )
drawRoundRect(<QRect>[, xRound=25] [, yRound=25])
drawRoundRect(<QRectF>[, xRound=25] [, yRound=25])
drawPo1ygon () - . i :
drawPo1ygon(<QPoint 1>[, ... , <QPoint N>])
drawPo1ygon(<QPointF 1>[, ... , <QPointF N>])
drawPo1ygon(<QPo1ygon>[, fi11Ru1e=OddEvenFi11])
drawPo1ygon(<QPo1ygonF>[, fi11Ru1e=OddEvenFi11])
drawEllipse ()
- . :
drawE11ipse(<X>, <>, <>, <>)

drawEllipse(<QRect>)
drawE11ipse(<QRectF>)
drawE11ipse(<QPoint>, <int rX>, <int rY>)
drawE11ipse(<QPointF>, <f1oat rX>, <f1oat rY>)
,
.
,
drawArc ()
rx-
rY-
- . :
drawArc(<X>,
<>,
<>,
<>,
< >,
<>)
drawArc(<QRect>, < >, <>)

drawArc(<QRectF>, < >, <>)
,

16 * 360.
1/16
,
;
drawChord () drawArc ().
drawChord ()
. :
drawChord(<X>,
<>,
<>,
<>,
<~ >,
<>)
drawChord(<QRect>,
drawChord(<QRectF>,
drawPie () -
< >,
< >,
<>)
<>)
drawPie ()
. :
drawPie(<X>,
<>,
<>)
<>,
<>,
<~ >,
drawArc (),
25.
565
drawPie(<QRect>, < >, <>)

drawPie(<QRectF>, < >, <>)
(, n) "
". , . setRenderHint ()

Antialiasing.
painter.setRenderHint(QtGui.QPainter.Antialiasing)
25.2.2.
drawext
drawext(<X>,
<>,
<>)
drawext(<QPoint>,
<>)
drawext(<QPointF>,
drawext(<X>,
<>,
drawext(<QRect>,
() QPainter. :
<>)
<!II>,
<>,
<>,
<>,
<>)
<>)
drawext(<QRectF>,
<>,
drawext(<QRectF>,
<>[,
<>)
option=QextOption()])
, .
.
extDontClip.
QRect (QRectF )
, . <>
1 AlignLeft, .AlignRight, AlignHCenter, AlignTop,
AlignBottom, AlignVCenter AlignCenter QtCore.Qt,
, :
TextDontClip- ;
TextSingleLine-
;
TextWordWrap _:_____ ,
;
TextWrapAnywhere- ;
TextShowMnemonic- ,
&, .
&, ;
TextHideMnemonic- , TextShownemonic, ;
TextExpandTabs- .
drawext ()
,
QTextOption. ,
( , .).
, ,
boundingRect ().
boundingRect(<X>, <>, <>, <>,

boundingRect(<QRect>, <>, <>)
<>,
<>)
566
boundingRect(<QRectF>,
boundingRect(<QRectF>,
<>,
<>)
<>[,
option=QextOption()J)
cundingRect
-
/1.
()
QRect,
QRectF.
"".
,
setRenderHint () TextAntialiasing.
painter.setRenderHint(QtGui.QPainter.TextAntialiasing)
25.2.3.
drawPixrnap () drawimage ()
QPainter. drawPixrnap () ,
QPixrnap. drawPixrnap ():
drawPixrnap(<X>, <>, <QPixrnap>)

drawPixmap(<QPoint>, <QPixrnap>)
drawPixrnap(<QPointF>, <QPixrnap>)
drawPixmap(<X>, <>, <>, <>, <QPixrnap>)
drawPixrnap(<QRect>, <QPixrnap>)
drawPixmap(<Xl>, <Yl>, <QPixrnap>, <2>, <2>, <2>,
drawPixrnap(<QPoint>, <QPixrnap>, <QRect>)
drawPixmap(<QPointF>, <QPixrnap>, <QRectF>)
drawPixmap(<Xl>, <Yl>, <l>, <l>, <QPixrnap>,
<2>,
<2>,
<2>,
<2>)
<2>)
drawPixrnap(<QRect>, <QPixrnap>, <QRect>)

drawPixmap(<QRectF>, <QPixrnap>, <QRectF>)
,
,
QPixrnap.
pixrnap = QtGui .QPixrnap ( "foto. jpg")

3, pixrnap)
painter.drawPixrnap(,

. ,
.
.
, ,
QRect
QPixrnap,
QRectF.
QPixrnap, ~
QRect QRectF.
, .
.
25.
567
drawimage () ,
Qimage. Qimage QPixmap.
n flags.
drawimage ():
drawimage(<QPoint>, <Qimage>)
drawimage(<QPointF>, <Qimage>)
drawimage(<QRect>, <Qimage>)
"ctrawimage(<QRectF>, <Qimage>)
drawimage(<X1>, <1>, <Qimage>[, sx=O] [, sy=O] [, sw=-1] [, sh=-1]
[, flags=AutoColor])
drawimage(<QPoint>, <Qimage>, <QRect>[, flags=AutoColor])
drawimage(<QPointF>, <Qimage>, <QRectF>[, flags=AutoColor])
drawimage(<QRect>, <Qimage>, <QRect>[, flags=AutoColor])
drawimage(<QRectF>, <Qimage>, <QRectF>[, flags=AutoColor])
( 111 )
, ,
Qimage.
img = QtGui.Qimage ("foto.jpg")

3, img)
painter.drawimage(,

. ,
.
.
, ,
.
QRect
Qimage,
QRectF.
Qimage,
QRect
QRectF.
,
.
.
25.2.4.
(viewport; )
(window).
.
. .
setViewport (),
viewport ().
setWinctow (),
window ().
QPainter:
568
11.
trans1ate () -
. ,
- . :
trans1ate(<X>, <>)
trans1ate(<QPoint>)
trans1ate(<QPointF>)
rotate
(<>) ~
( ).
, - ;
sca1e (< >, < >) -
. , .
, - ;
shear (< >,
< >) -
. ,

painter. save ()
painter.restore()
#
#
#
save (),
restore ():
, . 1:1 .
,
QMatrix, setMatrix (). :
matrix = QtGui.QaLrix()
matrix.trans1ate(105, 105)
matrix.rotate(45.0)
painter.setMatrix(matrix)
painter.fi11Rect(-25, -25, 50, 50, QtCore.Qt.green)
25.2.5.
QPicture
QPaintDevice - QPicture
:
<>
<>=
QPicture([formatVersion=-1])
QPicture(<QPicture>)
formatVersion
. , ,

PyQt.
25.
569
save (< >) - . True,

False- ;
load (< > 1 - .

True, , False- .
drawPicture ( 1
QPainter.
drawPicture(<X>, <>, <QPicture>)

drawPicture(<QPoint>, <QPicture>)
drawPicture(<QPointF>, <QPicture>)
:
painter = QtGui.QPainter()
pic = QtGui.QPicture()
painter.begin(pic)
# -
painter. end ()
pic.save("pic.dat")
:
painter = QtGui.QPainter(self)
pic = QtGui.QPicture()
pic.load("pic.dat")
painter.drawPicture(O, , pic)
25.3.
PyQt
- (
QPixmap QBitmap) -
Qimage) . , ,
supportedimageFormats() QimageReader.
QByteArray.
(
for i in QtGui.QimageReader.supportedimageFormats():
print (str (i, "ascii") .upper(), end=" ")
:
GIF ICO JPEG JPG
NG
PGM PNG
SVG SVGZ TIF TIFF
, ,

supportedimageFormats ( 1 QimageWri ter.

QByteArray. : :
for i in QtGui.QimageWriter.supportedimageFormats():
print(str(i, "ascii") .upper(), end=" ")
:
ICO JPEG JPG PNG
TIF TIFF
570
11.
, GIF,
, . . , n
, .
25.3.1.
QPixmap
QPixmap n - n
. , ~;~
, n
n . :
QPaintDevice - QPixmap

QPixmap QPaintDevice, n
drawPixmap ()
QPainter (. . 25.2.3).
:
<>
.<>
<>
= QPixmap ()
= Qim\<>,
= QPixmap(<QSize>)
<>= Qim(<
<>
<>)
>[,
format=None] [, flags=AutoColor])
QPixmap(<Q~ixmap>)
.
. ,
.
, n n .
QPixmap ( ; n
):
True, , False- n
isNull () -
load (< > [, format=None] [, flags=AutoColor]) -

. n .
. n
, n . n flags n
. rue, n
,
False -
loadFromData ( <QBYteArray> [,
format=None] [,
f lags=AutoColor] ) -
n QByteArray. n ,
bytes. rue,
,
False
- ;
save (< >[, format=None] [, quality=-1]) - .

..
n . n ,
n . n
quality .
100. rue, ,
False - ;
25.
571
+ convertFromimage (<Qimage> [,
flags=AutoColor])
Qimage QPixmap. rue,
, False- ;
+ fromimage (<Qimage> [,
flags=AutoColor]) -
Qimage
QPixmap . ;
+ toimage () -
QPixmap Qimage
. :
fill () -
fill([color=white])
fill(<QWidget>, <>, <>)
fill(<QWidget>, <QPoint>)
+ width () - ;
+ height () - ;
+ size () - QSize ;
+ rect () - QRect
, ;
+
+
+
+
+
depth () -
isQBitmap () rue, ,
False - ;
setMask ( <QBi tmap>) - ;
mask () -
QBi tmap ;
() -
QPixmap .
rect , . :
copy([rect=QRect()])
(<>,
<>,
scaled () -
<>,
<>)
QPixmap.
. :
sld(<>,
<>[,
aspectRatioMode=IgnoreAspectRatio] [,
transformode=FastTransformation])
scaled(<QSize>[, aspectRatioMode=IgnoreAspectRatio] [,
transformode=FastTransformation])
aspectRatioMode

QtCore.Qt:
IgnoreAspectRatio- -
;
KeepAspectRatio- 1 -
;
KeepAspectRatioByExpanding- 2 -
transformode
QtCore.Qt:
572
11.
- ;
FastTransformation-
SmoothTransformation- 1 -
sca1edToWidth (<> [,
mode=FastTransformation]) -
QPixmap.
. . mode
transfornode
sca1ed ();
sca1edToHeight (<> [,
mode=Fastransformatit>n]) -
QPixmap.
u. . mode
transfornode
sca1ed ();
transformed ( <QMatrix> [,
mode=Fastransformation]) -
(, ) QPixmap.
.
QMatrix. mode transfornode sca1ed ();
grabWindow(<winid>[,
=]
[,
=]
[,
width=-1] [,
height=-1])-
( ). QPixmap.
winid ()
QWidget. .
, .
. .
QtGui.QPixmap.grabWinoJ.ow(window.winid()) .save("window.png",
"PNG")
:
desktop = QtGui.QApp1ication.desktop()
QtGui.QPixmap.grabWindow(desktop.screen() .winid()
) .save ("screen.png", "PNG")
grabWidget () - .
QPixmap. . :
grabWidget(<QWidget>[, =] [,
grabWidget(<QWidget>, <QRect>)
25.3.2.
=]
[, width=-1] [, height=-1])
QBitmap
QBitmap ,
, - . QBitmap
. :
QPaintDevice - QPixmap - QBitmap

QBitmap QPaintDevice,
. co1or0 ( )
co1or1 ( ) QtCore .Qt.

drawPixmap () QPainter (. . 25.2.3).
25.
573
:
<>
<>
<>
= QBitmap()
= QBitmap(<IIlpa>,
= QBitmap (<QSize>)
<>= QBitmap(<y
<>)
QBitmap(<QPi~~ap>)
<>=
QBitmap(<QBitmap>)
QBitmap
format=None])
>[,
<>
QPixmap
( ; ~
):
fromimage (<Qimage> [, flags=AutoColor]) - Qimage

QBitmap . ;
+ transformed(<QMatrix>)-
(,
QBitmap.
Qatrix;
clear () - colorO.
25.3.3.
Qlmage
Qimage -
Qimage
QPixmap. :
QPaintDevice - Qimage

Qimage
QPaintDevice,
. ,
Format_ARG32_Premultiplied.
drawimage ()
QPainter (. . 25.2.3).
:
<>=
Qimage()
<>= Qimg(<>,
<>
<>,
<>)
<>)
Qimage(<QSize>,
<>
Qimage(<y
<>
Qimage(<Qimage>)
>[,
<n >])
.
. ,
.
. (,
"PNG"). , !-l.
.
<>
; ):
Format _ Invalid- - ;
Format _Mono- 1 -
1 ;
Qimage
574
+
+
+
+
+
Format_Indexed8- 3 -
Format_RG32- 4 -
RGB
Format_ARGB32- 5 -
1 ;
Format _ MonoLSB- 2 -
11.
8 ;
-,
RGB
-,
Fo~t _ ARGB32 _Premul tiplied- -
RGB
32 ;
32
-,
32
.
Qimage ( ;
):
True, , False-
isNull () -
ld(<
>[,
format=None])- .
.
(, "PNG"). ,
. rue,
,
False-
loadFromData ( ~QByteArray> [, format=None J )

QByteArray. , bytes.
(, "PNG").
rue, ~ , False-
fromData ( <QByteArray> [, format=None J ) -

QByteArray. , bytes.
(, "PNG").
Qimage. ;
save (< > [, fo.rmat=None] [, quality=-1]) - .

.
. ,
quality .
100. True, ,
False- ;
fill (<>) -
rgb () rgba () QColor. :
img. fill (QtGui .QCo1or ( "#ffOOOO") .rgb ())
+
+
+
+
width () height () -
;
;
size () - QSize ;
rect () - r QRect
, ;
+
+
depth () -
format () - (. <>
Qimage);
25.
setPixel ()
575
- . :
setPixel(<X>, <>,
setPixel(<QPoint>,
< >)
< >)
< > 8-
, 32-- .

rgb ()
rgba ()
QColor;
pixel () -
QColor,
. :
pixel(<X>, <>)
pixel(<QPoint>)
convertToForrnat ()
<>
(.
Qimage) Qimage.
. :
flags=AutoColor])
convertToForrnat(<opa>[,
convertToForrnat(<opa>,
< >[,
flags=AutoColor])
()
- Qimage ~.
rect , . :
copy([rect=QRect()])
(<>,
<>,
scaled () -
<>,
<>)
Qimage.
. :
sld(<>,
<>[,
aspectRatioMode=IgnoreAspectRatio] [,
transformode=FastTransforrnation])
scaled(<QSize>[, aspectRatioMode=IgnoreAspectRatio] [,
transformode=FastTransforrnation])
aspectRatioMode
QtCore. Qt:
IgnoreAspectRatio' ;
KeepAspectRatio- 1 -
KeepAspectRatioByExpanding- 2 -
.
transformode
QtCore.Qt:
Fastransforrnation- - ;
SmoothTransforrnation- 1 -
scaledToWidth (<> [,
mode=FastTransforrnation]) -
Qimage. -
576
11.
. .
mode
scq.led ();
transformode
scaledToHeight (<> [, mode=FastTransformation] ) -

n Qimage. nn
. . mode n
transformode scaled ();
transformed (<QMatrix> [,
mode=FastTransformation]) -
(n, n) n
.
mode
Qatrix.
invertPixels ( [mode=InvertRgb])
Inv~rtRgba
Qimage.
n transformode
scaled ();
- n .
mode
InvertRgb
Qimage;
mirrored ( [horizontal=False] [,
vertical=rue])
. n
Qimage.
25.3.4.
Qlcpn
n , .
Qicon
Qicon
QPaintDevice,
n n . :
<>
<>
<>
<>
= Qicon ()
= Qin(< >)
= Qicon(<QPixmap>)
= Qicon(<Qicon>)
. n
. , n n n
n n, . n
QPixmap,
Qicon
n .
(n ; n
n ):
isNull () -
rue, ,
False-
addFile(<y
>[,
size=QSize()][, mode=Normal][,
stt=ff])-
, .
, n.
( n
QSize).
size
mode
n n n, .
Selected.
state
Qicon: Normal, Disaed, Acti ve

Off on Qicon;
addPixmap (<QPixmap> [, mode=Normal] [, state=Off]) -
. n
availaeSizes
QPixmap;
( [mode=Normal] [, state=Off]) -
QSize) ;
25.
actualSize(<QSize>[,
577
mode=Nonal] [,
state=Off])-
( QSize) n , .
, , :
pixmap () -
( QPixmap),
, . :
im(<>,
<>[, mode=Normal] [, state=Off])

pixmap(<QSize>[, mode=Normal] [, state=Off])
.
:
ico = window.style() .standardicon(QtGui.QStyle.SP_MessageBoxCritical)

QStyle
( :/Python 2/L i/ s ite-packages/PyQt4/doc/htm 1/qsty le. htm 1#S tandard Pix map-en um).
-26
(, , .)
(, ,
.).
"/",
.
. :
QGraphicsScene- ,
. ;
QGraphicsView- .
;
QGraphicsitern- .
~
,
QGraphicsRect Itern (), QGraphicsEllipseitem (
) .
26.1.
QGraphicsScene.
QGraphicsscene ,
. .
:
QObject - QGraphicsScene
:
<>=
<>=
<>=
QGraphicsScene([parent=None])
QGraphicsScene(<X>, <>, <>, <>[, parent=None])
QGraphicsScene(<QRectF>[, parent=None])
, .

_
.
QRectF.
parent
26.
26.1.1.
579
c;GraphicsScene:
setSceneRect () - . :
setSceneRect(<X>,
<>,
<>,
<>)
setSceneRect(<QRectF>)
+
+
sceneRect () - QRectF ;
width () height () -
;
itemsBoundingRect ()- QRectF

, , ;
setBackg roundrush ( <QBrush>) -
). ,
drawBackground ()
;
setForegroundrush(<QBrush>)- (
). ,
drawForeground () :
;
+
+
setltemindexethod(<Pe>)- .
QGraphicsScene:
spTreeindex- -
. ,
;
Nolndex- - 1 - . ' ~
;
setBspTreeDepth ( <rt>) -
BspTreeiridex. , ,
;
bspTreeDepth ()
26.1.2.
BspTreelndex.
QGraphicsScene:
additem(<QGraphicsitem>) - .
, QGraphicsrtem, ,
c;GraphicsEllipseitem ();
adc!Line () - , (
QGraphicsLineitem).
580
/1.
addLine(<Xl>, <Yl>, <2>, <2>[, pen=QPen()])

addLine(<QLineF>[, pen=QPen()])
addRect () -
( QGraphicsRectitem). :
addRect(<X>, <>, <>, <>[,

pen=QPen()] [, brush=QBrush()])
addRect(<QRectF>[,. pen=QPen()] [, brush=QBrush()])
addPolygon () - ,
( QGraphicsPolygonrtem). :
addPolygon(<QPolygonF>[, pen=QPen()] [, brush=QBrush()])
addEllipse () -
( QGraphicsEllipsertem). :
addEllipse(<X>, <>, <>, <>[,

pen=QPen()] [, brush=QBrush()])
addEllipse(<QRectF>[, pen=QPen()] [, brush=QBrush()])
addPixmap ( <QPixmap>) -
( QGraphicsPixmapitem);
addSimplee~t (<> [,
font=QFont () J )
QGraphicsSimpleTextrtem, (0, )
;
addText (<> [,
font=QFont () J) -
QGraphicsextitem,
(0,
0) ;
addPath ( <QPainterPath> [, pen=QPen () J [, brush=QBrush ()]) - n

QGraphicsPathitem, ;
removertem(<QGraphicsitem>) - ( )
. , ,
. ,
QGraphicsitem, , QGraphicsEllipseitem (~;
+
+
clear () - . ;
createitemGroup (< >) ,
QGraphicsitemGroup;
destroyitemGroup ( <QGraphicsitemGroup>) - .
26.1.3.
. addWidget ()
QGraphicsscene. :
addWidget(<QWidget>[, flags=O])
, QWidget.
(. .
20.2).
( QGraphicsProxyWidget).
26.
581
, n setWindowi tle

()
QGraphicsWidget.
setActi veWindow ( <QGraphicsWidget>).

acti veWindow () .
n
,
26.1.4.
None.
n n QGraphicsScene~
itemAt () -
, n
None,
. :
itemAt(<X>, <>[, <QTransform>])

itemAt(<QPointF>[, <Qransform>])
t coll iding!tems (<QGraphicsitem> [, mode=IntersectsitemShape J ) -
, n n
. , n n;
t items ()
no
n , n
, , nn .
, n n. :
items ()
items(<Pe >)
items(<QPointF>)
items(<QPointF>,
< >,
deviceTransform=Qransform()
items(<X>,
items(<X>,
< >[,
])
<>,
<>,
<>[,
<>,
<>,
<>,
mode=IntersectsitemShape])
< >,
< >[, deviceTransform=QTransform()])

items(<QRectF>[, mode=IntersectsitemShape])
items(<QRectF>, < >, < >[,
deviceTransform=Qransform()])
items(<QPolygonF>[, mode=IntersectsitemShape])
items(<QPolygonF>, < >, < >[,
deviceTransform=Qransform()])
items(<QPainterPath>[, mode=IntersectsitemShape])
items(<QPainterPath>, < >, < >[,
deviceTransform=QTransform()])
n < >
n)
AscendingOrder
DescendingOrder ( n) QtCore.Qt.
n < >
mode
QtCore. Qt:
ContainsitemShape- - nn n,
;
IntersectsitemShape- 1 - nn n, n
n ;
582
1/.
ContainsitemoundingRect- 2 - ,
IntersectsitemoundingRect -
3-
26.1.5.
,
. ,
. ,
ItemisFocusale, ,
setFlag ()

c;Graphicsitem.
c;GraphicsScene:
setFocus ( [focusReason=OtherFocusReason]) ~ .
2 1.9. 1);
focusReason (. .
setFocusitem ( <c;Graphicsitem> [,
focusReason=OtherFocusReason] ) -
.
, .
None , ,
. focusReason
(. . 21. 9. 1);
. ,
clearFocus () -
, , ,
;
hasFocus () -
rue, , Fa~se
focusitem () None;
, ,
setStickyFocus
(<>)
True,
, ,
, , . ;
stickyFocus () -
rue,
, .
26.1.6.
( ),
ItemisSelectale, ,
setFlag ()
c;Graphicsitem.
QGraphicsScene:
setSelectionArea ()
QGraphicsitem. setSelectionArea ():

setSelectionArea(<QPainterPath>)
setSelectionArea(<QPainterPath>,
<>)
setSelected ()
26.
583
<Qransform>)
<>,
<Qransform>)
<> QtCore. Qt:
ContainsiternShape- - ,
;
IntersectsitemShape- l - ,
;
ContainsitemoundingRect-:- 2 - ,
;
IntersectsitemoundingRect- 3 - ,
;
+
+
selectionArea () - ( QPainterPath);
selecteditems () -
, ;
clearSelection () - . .
26.1.7.
QGraphicsscene
( ;
):
+
+
isActive () True, ,
False- ;
views () -
( QGraphicsView),
. ,
;
+
+
mouseGrabberrtem () - , ,
None, ;
render () -
. :
render(<QPainter>[, target=QRectF()] [, source=QRectF()] [,

mode=KeepAspectRatio])
target ,
source- .
, ;
invalidate () -
. :
invalidate(<X>, <>, <>, <>[, layers=AllLayers])

invalidate([rect=QRectF()] [, layers=AllLayers])
layers QGraphicsScene:
ItemLayer- l - ;
ackgroundLayer-
2 - ;
584
ForegroundLayer- 4 -
AllLayers- 65535-
11.
n n;
. n,
n n.
:
invalidate(const QRectF& = QRectF(),

QGraphiGsScene: :SceneLayers = QGraphicsScene.AllLayers)
update () -
n n .
update(<X>,
<>,
<>,
<>)
update([rect=QRectF()J)

QGraphicsScene
update (const QRectF& = QRectF ()).
changed (const QList<QRectF>&) -
n .
n n n n
sceneRectChanged(const
QRectF&)-
QRectF
n n;
n n n QRectF
;
select ionChanged () -
26.2.
n .
QGraphicsView.
QGraphicsView n .
n n. :
- QGraphicsView
:
<>=
QGraphicsView([parent=None])
<>~ QGraphicsView(<QGraphicsScene>[, parent=None])
26.2.1.
J>I n n n

QGraphicsView (n ; n n
):
+
+
+
setScene ( <QGraphicsScene>) - n;
scene () - (n QGraphicsScene);
setSceneRect () - . :
setSceneRect(<X>,
<>,
<>,
<>)
setSceneRect(<QRectF>)
sceneRect () - n QRectF ;
26.
setackgroundBrush
585
( <QBrush>) - (
);
setForegroundBrush ( <QBrush>) -
);
setCacheMode (<>) - .
QGraphicsView:
+
+
cacheNone- - ;
CacheBackground- 1 - ;
resetCachedContent () - ;
setA1ignrnent (<>) -
.
. :
view.setA1ignment(QtCore.Qt.A1ignLeft
1 QtCore.Qt.AgnTop)
setinteractive (<>) - True,

(
). Fa1se ;
isinteracti ve () - rue, ,
Fa1se -
setDragMode (<>)- ,
. '
dragMode ().
QGraphicsView:
NoDrag- - ;
ScrollHandDrag- 1 -
.
;
RuberBandDrag- 2 - . ,
( setRuberBandSe1ectionode ())
, ( , ItemisSe1ectae).
;
setRuberBandSe1ectionode(<Pe>)-
RuberBandDrag. <>

QtCore. Qt:
ContainsitemShape- - ,
;
IntersectsitemShape- 1 - ,
;
ContainsitemoundingRect- 2 - ,
;
IntersectsitemoundingRect- 3 - ,
.
586
26.2.2.
11.
mapFrornScene (<>,
QGraphicsView:
<>)
mapFrornScene (<QPointF>) -
QPoint.
mapFrornScene(<X>, <>, <>,

mapFrornScene(<QRectF>)
mapFrornScene(<QPolygonF>)
mapFrornScene(<QPainterPath>)
<>)
->
->
->
->
mapToScene (<>, <>) mapToScene (<QPoint>) -
mapFrornScene () :
QPolygon
QPolygon
QPolygon
QPainterPath

QPointF.
maposcene
mapToScene(<X>, <>, <>,

mapToScene(<QRect>)
mapToScene(<QPolygon>)
mapToScene(<QPainterPath>)
26.2.3.
<>)
() :
-> QPolygonF
-> QPolygonF
-> QPolygonF
->.QPainterPath
itemAt () -
None,
, . :
itemAt (<>, <>)

itemAt(<QPoint>)
items () - ,
, , .
, .
, . :
items ()
items(<X>, <>)
items(<QPoint>)
items(<X>, <>, <>, <>[, mode=IntersectsiternShape])
items(<QRect>[, mode=IntersectsiternShape])
items(<QPolygon>[, mode=IntersectsiternShape])
items(<QPainterPath>[, mode=IntersectsitemShape])

mode . 26.1.4.
26.
26.2.4.
587
QGraphicsView:
translate (<>, <>) -
.
, - ;
rotate(<Yo>)-
( ).
, - ;
scale (< >, < >) - .-

. ,
, - ;
shear (<
>,
<
>)
resetatrix
() - .
.
, .
,
QMatrix,
26.2.5.
setMatrix ().
matrix ().
QGraphicsView
( ; n
):
centeron () -
. :
centerOn(<X>, <>)
centerOn(<QPointF>)
centerOn(<QGraphicsitem>)
ensureVisile
() -
. :
ensureVisible(<X>,
<>,
<>,
<>[,
xargin=SO]
[,
yargin=SO])
ensureVisible(<QRectF>[, xargin=SO] [, yargin=SO])

ensureVisible(<QGraphicsitem>[, xargin=SO] [, yargin=SO])
fi.tinView () -
.
:
fitinView(<X>, <>, <>, <>[, mode=IgnoreAspectRatio])

fitinView(<QRectF>[, mode=IgnoreAspectRatio])
fitinView(<QGraphicsitem>[, mode=IgnoreAspectRatio])
588
11.
render () -
. :
render (<QPainter> [, target=QRectF () ] [, source=QRectF () ] [,

mode=Keep~spectRatio])
invalidateScene ( [ rect=QRectF () ] [,
layers=AllLayers] ) -
.
:
invalidateScene(const QRectF& = QRectF(),

QGraphicsScene::SceneLayers = QGraphicsScene.AllLayers)
updateSceneRect (<QRectF>)-
updateSceneRect (n QRectf&);
updateScene (<n n QRectF>) -
updateScene (const
QList<QRectf>&).
26.3.
QGraphicsltem.
QGraphicsrtem .
QGraphicsltem ( [parent=None] [, scene=None])

parent ( ,
QGraphicsrtem). scene
(
QGraphicsScene).
QGraphicsitem , .
, QGraphicsitem

boundingRect () paint (). undingRect ()

QRectF ,
. paint () .
paint () :

paint(self, <QPainter>, <QStyleOptionGraphicsitem>, widget=None)
shape ().

26.3.1.
QPainterPath.
QGraphicsitem ( ;
):
setPos () -
). ~:
setPos(<X>, <>)
setPos(<QPointf>)
26.
+ pos ()
589
QPointF
( );
QPointF
scenePos () ;
sceneBoundingRect () -
QRectF, -
( ) , ;
+
+
+
setx (<>) setY (<>) - ;

() () - ;
setZValue (<Z>) - z.
.
.;
+
+
zValue () -
moveBy (< >,
<
>)
z;
prepareGeometryChange () -
, ;
+
+
scene () None;
( QGraphicsScene)
setFlag (<> [, enaed=True]) - (

True) ( False) .

QGraphicsitem
( ; ):
ItemisMovae-
ItemisSelectae- 2- ;
ItemisFocusae- 4- ;
Oxl- ;
ItemignoresTransforations- 20-
;
ItemignoresParentOpacity- 40- ;
ItemDoesntPropagateOpacityoChildren- -
;
OxlOO -
ItemStacksBehindParent -
ItemisPanel- 4000- ;
setFlags (<>) - . (.
setFlag ()) 1;
flags ()
setFlag () );
setOpacity (<>) -
(.
. ( ) 1. ( -
);
opaci ty () - ;
11. h
590
t
t
setoolTip (<>) - ;
setCursor (<>) (. .
t
t
21.10.5);
unsetCursor () - ;
setVisie (<>) - True,
. False ;
t
t
t
t
show () - ;
hide () - ;
isVisie () -
True, , False- ;
setEnaed (<>) -
True,
. False .
;
isEnaled () -
True, , False-
setSelected (<>) -
True,
. False . ,
ItemisSelectae, , setFlag ()
QGraphicsrtem;
isSelected () - True, , False-

;
setFocus ( [focusReason=OtherFocusReason]) .
focusReason (.
.
21.9.1).
ItemisFocusale, ,
t
t
setFlag ()
QGraphicsitem;
clearFocus () - ;
hasFocus () True, ,
False- ;
grabKeyboard () - ;
t
t
t
ungrabeyboard () - ;
grabMouse () - ;
ungrabMouse () - .
26.3.2.
QGraphicsrtem:
translate (<>,
<>) -
.
, - ;
rotate(<Yo>)-
( ). 4
,
.:...._
26.
591
scale (< >, < >) - .

. ,
, - ;
shear (< >,
<
>)
resetMatrix () - .
.
, .
,
QMatrix, setatrix ().

rnatrix ().
sceneatrix ().

, Qatrix,

QTransform.
setTransform (), transform ().
sceneTransform ().
setTransform ()
QGraphicsrtem:
setransformOriginPoint (<>,
<>)
. :
setTransformOriginPoint(<X>,
<>)
setTransformOriginPoint(<QPointF>)
setRotation (<>) -
( . ).
, - ;
+
+
rotation () -
setScale (<>)- .
. ,
, - ;
+
+
scale () -
resetTransform () - .
26.3.3.
QGraphicsrtem
( ;
):
setparentitem(<QGraphicsitem>)- . ;
+
+
+
+
parentitern () - ;
topLevel Item () -
childiterns () - ;
collidingrterns ( [rnode=IntersectsiternShape]) -
, . ,
. rnode . .
26.1.4;
592
11.
collidesWithitem (<QGraphicsitem> [, mode=IntersectsitemShape] ) -
rue, , n n.
n mode . . 26.1.4;
ensureVisie () -
n , n
n. :
ensureVisie (<>,
<>,
<>,
<>
[,
xargin=SO]
[,
yMargin=50])
ensureVisile([rect=QRectF()]
[,
xargin=SO]
[,
yargin=SO])
update (<QRectF>) - n n .
:
update(<X>, <>, <>,

update([rect=QRectF()])
26.4.
<>)
, n QGraphicsitem,
n :
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
QGraphicsLineitem- ;
QGraphicsRectitem- n;
QGraphicsPolygonitem- ;
QGraphicsEllipseitem- n;
QGraphicsPixmapitem--:- ;
QGraphicsSimpleTextitem- n ;
QGraphicsextitem- ;
QGraphicsPathitem- n;
QGraphicsSvgitem- SVG-.
26.4.1.
QGraphicsLineitem n . :
QGraphicsitem - QGraphicsLineitem
:
<>=
<>=
<>=
QGraphicsLineitem([parent=None] [, scene=None])
QGraphicsLineitem(<Xl>, <Yl>, <2>, <2>[, parent=None] [,
scene=None] )
QGraphicsLineitem(<QLineF>[, parent=None] [, scene=None])
n parent , n scene .
QGraphicsLineitem QGraphicsitem
(n ; n n
):
26.
setLine ()
- . :
setLine(<Xl>, <Yl>,
setLine(<QLineF>)
<2>,
<2>)
line ()
setPen (<QPen>)
26.4.2.
593
QLineF;
- .
QAbstractGraphicsShapeltem
QAstractGraphicsShapeitem
QGraphicsitem -
QAstractGraphicsShapeitem (
; n ):
- ;
setPen (<QPen>)
setBrush ( <QBrush>)
26.4.3.
- .
QGraphicsRectitem n n. :
QGraphicsitem -
QAstractGraphicsShapeltem
- QGraphicsRectitem
QGraphicsRectitem([parent=None] [, scene=None])
= QGraphicsRectitem(<X>, <>, <>, <>[,
parent=None] [, scene=None])
<>= QGraphicsRectitem(<QRectF>[, parent=None] [, scene=None])
<>
<>
parent , scene-
QGraphicsRectrtem
(n ; n ):
setRect ()
- . . :
setRect(<X>, <>,
setRect(<QRectF>)
rect ()
26.4.4.
<>,
<>)
- n
QRectF.
QGraphicsPolygonitem n . :
QGraphicsitem -
- QGraphicsPolygonitem
:
<>=
<>=
QGraphicsPolygonitem([parent=None] [, scene=None])
QGraphicsPolygonitem(<QPolygonF>[, parent=None] [, scene=None])
594
11.
parent ~ , scene-
QGraphicsPo1ygonitem
( ;
):
t setpo1ygon (<QPo1ygonF>) - ;
t po1ygon () - QPo1ygonF.
26.4.5.
QGraphicsEllipseitem . :
QGraphicsitem -
- QGraphicsE11ipseltem
:
<>=
<>=
<>=
QGraphicsE11ipseitem([parent=None] [, scene=None])
QGraphicsE11ipseitem(<X>, -<>, <>, <>[,
QGraphicsE11ipseitem(<QRectF>[, parent=None] [, scene=None])
parent , scene-
QGraphicsEllipseitem
( ;
):
t setRect () -
, .
setRect(<X>, <>,
setRect(<QRectF>)
<>,
<>)
t rect () - QRectF;
t setStartAng1e (<>) setSpanAng1e (<>)
. ,
1/16 . 16 * 360.
.
, ;
t startAng1e ()
spanAng1e () -
26.4.6.
QGraphicsPixrnapitem . :
QGraphicsitem - QGraphicsPixmapitem
:
<>=
<>=
QGraphicsPixrnapitem([parent=None] [, scene=None])
QGraphicsPixrnapitem(<QPixrnap>[, parent=None] [, scene=None])
parent , scene .
26.
595
QGraphicsPixrnapitem QGraphicsitern
( ;
):
t
t
t
setPixrnap (<QPixrnap>) - ;
pixrnap () - QPixrnap;
setOffset () - . :
setOffset.(<X>, <>)
setOffset(<QPointF>)
t
t
offset () - ( QPointr);
setShapeMode (<>) -
QGraphicsPixrnapitern:
MaskShape- -
QPixrnap ( );
oundingRectShape- 1 - ;
HeuristicaskShape-
2-
createHeuristicask()
setTransforrnationode (<>) -
rnask ()
QPixrnap;
.
QtCore .Qt:
FastTransforrnation- - ( );
SrnoothTransforrnation- 1 -
26.4.7.
QGraphicsSirnp1eTextitern . :
QGraphicsitern -
QAstractGraphicsShapeitern
- QGraphicsSirnpleTextitern
:
<>=
QGraphicsSirnp1eTextitern([parent=None] [, scene=None])
<>= QGraphicsSirnp1eTextitern(<Tec>[,
parent , scene .
QGraphicsSirnp1eTextitern
( ;
):
setText (<>) - ;
text () -
font () - ( QFont).
26.4.8.
QGraphicsTextitern . :
(QObject, QGraphicsitem) - QGraphicsObject - QGraphicsTextitem
596
11.
QGraphicsTextitem([parent=None] [, scene=None])
<>=
<>= QGraphicsTextitem(<Tec>[,
QGraphicsextitem
(n ; n n ):
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
setPlainText (< >) - n ;

toPlainText () -
n ;
setHtml (<L->) - L-;

toHtml () - L-;
set Font ( <QFont >) -
font () - (n QFont);
setDefaul tTextColor (<QColor>) - no ;
setTextWidth (<>) - nn . n
, n ;
+
+
+
textWidth () - nn ;
document () - (n QTextDocument;
. .
(n
setDocument (<QTextDocument>) QTextDocument; . . 23.6.4);
23.6.4);
setextCursor(<QextCursor>)-
(n
QTextCursor; . . 23.6.5);
textCursor () .
(n
QTextCursor;
23.6.5);
setTextinteractionFlags (<>) - n
. n NoTextinteraction, n n
. n n .
(. n
23.1
setTextinteractionFlags () );
setTabChangesFocus (<>) -
n False,
n <> .
rue, <> n n ;
setOpenExternalLinks (<>) -
n rue,
n n , n
no
, . n n
TextBrowserinteraction.
QGraphicsextitem :
linkActivated (const QString&) -
n n
no
n.
n n URL-apec;
linkHovered (const QString&) - n n

. n n URL-apec
n .
26.
26.5.
597
QGraphicsrtemGroup.
nn n n, n n
(NraphicsitemGroup
nn.
(Nraphicsitem - QGraphicsitemGroup
:
<>=
QGraphicsitemGroup([parent=None] [, scene=None])
QGraphicsitemGroup QGraphicsrtem
(n ; n n
):
+
+
addToGroup (<QGraphicsrtem>) - n;
removefromGroup (<QGraphicsitem>) - nn.
createitemGroup(<Cco >)
QGraphicsScene.
n (n QGraphicsrtemGroup). n n
destroyitemGroup ( <QGraphicsitemGroup>) QGraphicsScene.
n n
setGroup(<QGraphicsrtemGroup>)
QGraphicsrtem. n, nn . n
group () QGraphicsitem. nn n,

26.6.
None.
n , n n
QGraphicsEffect nn draw (), .

n n
+
+
QGraphicsitem:
setGraphicsEffect ( <QGraphicsEffect>) - ;
graphicsEffect () -
None,
26.6.1.
QGraphicsEffect
QGraphicsEffect .
:
QObject - QGraphicsEffect
:
QGraphicsEffect([<QObject>])
598
11,
QGraphicsEffect (
; ):
draw(self,
<QPainter>)- .
setEnaed (<>) -
False,
. True .
setEnaed(bool);
isEnaed () -
False-
True, ,
update () - . .
QGraphicsEffect enaedChanged (bool),
. rue,
, False- .
26.6.2.
QGraphicsDropShadowEffect : . :
QObject - QGraphicsEffect - QGraphicsDropShadowEffect

:
<>=
QGraphicsDropShadowEffect([<QObject>])
QGraphicsDropShadowEffect
( ;
):
setColor(<QColor>)- . QColor(63,
63, 63, 180). setColor (const QColor&);
+
+
color () - ( QColor);
..
setlurRadius (<>) setlurRadius
+
+
. ~
(qreal);
urRadius () - ;
setOffset () - . :
setOffset(<o >,
< 9 >)
setOffset(<QPointF>)
setOffset(<Ceee>)
setOffset(qreal,qreal)
setOffset(const QPointF&)
setOffset (qreal)
+
+
offset () - ( QPointF);
setXOffset (<>) - .
setXOffset (qreal);
xOffset () -
> ;
599
26.
+ setYOffset (<>) - .
setYOffset (qreal);
+ yOffset () - .
QGraphicsDropShadowEffect
+ colorChanged (const
QColor&) -
+ lurRadiusChanged(qreal)-
QColor);
+ offsetChanged (const
QPointF&) -
26.6.3.
QPointF).
QGraphicsBlurEffect
. :
QObject - QGraphicsEffect - QGraphicsBlurEffect

:
<>=
QGraphicsBlurEffect((<QObject>])
QGraphicsBlurEffect
( ; ):
t setBlurRadius (<>) t
lurRadius
. -
setBlurRadius (qreal);
()
- .
QGraphicsBlurEffect
blurRadiusChanged (qreal),
n .
.
26.6.4.
QGraphicsColorizeEffect
. :
QObject - QGraphicsEffect - QGraphicsColorizeEffect

:
<>=
QGraphicsColorizeEffect([<QObject>])
QGraphicsColorizeEffect
( ;
):
t setColor (<QColor>) 255).
QColor (,
192,
setColor (const QColor&);
t color () - ( QColor);
t setStrength (<>) - .
. l. ( ).

t strength ()
setStrength (qreal);
- .
600
11.
l(
QGraphicsColorizeEffect :
colorChanged(const QColor&)- n .
n n (n QColor);
n .
strengthChanged (qreal) -
n n .
26.6.5.
QGraphicsOpacityEffect n. :
QObject - QGraphicsEffect - QGraphicsOpacityEffect
:
<>=
QGraphicsOpacityEffect([<QObject>])
QGraphicsopacityEffect
(n ; n n
):
setOpaci ty (<>) -
n n1.
. 1. . n . 7.

+
+
opaci ty () -
setOpacity (qreal);
n n;
setOpacityMask(::=Qrush>)-
setOpacityMask(const QBrush&);
opaci tyMask () -
QGraphicsOpacityEffect :
opacityChanged(qreal)- n n n.
n n ;
opaci tyMaskChanged ( const QBrush&) - n .
26.7.
n n, n n
n . n ,
n . n, n ,
n .
n
, ?JI.
21.
26.7.1.
, :
n . !!
ItemisE'ocusae, n, n setE'lag ()
QGraphicsitem;
26.
. , ,
.
601
26.1.5 26.3.1;
grabKeyboard (), - ungrabKeyboard ();
, <>

<Shift>+<Tab>.
, accept ()
ignore ().
,
, :
focusinEvent (self,
<event>) -
<event> QFocusEvent (. .
focusOutEvent ( self,
<event>) -
21. 9. !);
<event> QFocusEvent (. . 21.9.1);
keyPressEvent (self, <e,:,ent>) - .

, ,
.
.
<event>
QKeyEvent (.
21.9.3);
keyReleaseEvent (self, <event>) - .

<event> QKeyEvent (. .
21.9.3).
setFocusProxy ( <QGraphicsitem>) QGraphicsitem

, .
focusProxy ().
26.7.2.
,
, :
mousePressEvent (self,
<event>) -
. <event> QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent.
, accept () ,
ignore (). ignore (),
mouseReleaseEvent () mouseMoveEvent () .
setAcceptedouseButtons (<>) QGraphicsitem
, .
. <> NoButton
QtCore .Qt, ;
+ 'mouseReleaseEvent (self,
<event>) -
. <event> QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent;
mouseDouleClickEvent (self,
<event>) -
<event>
QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent;
mouseMoveEvent (self, <event>) -

. <event> QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent.
602
QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent
QEvent :
pos () -
11.
QGraphicsSceneEvent
QPointF
+
+
+
scenePos ()
screenPos () -
QPointF
QPoint ;
QPointF ~;~ -
lastPos () -
lastScenePos () -
QPointF
lastScreenPos () -
QPoint
buttonDownPos (<>) -
QPointF
buttonDownScenePos (<>) - QPointF

;
buttonDownScreenPos (<>)- QPoint

;
+
+
+
button () -
, ;
buttons () modifiers () -
<A\t>
, ;
, -
(<Shift>, <Ctrl>,
.) .
,
. t ,
grabMouse () QGraphicsitein.
ungrabMouse (). ,
,
mouseGrabberitem()
QGraphicsScene.
,
, :
hoverEnterEvent (self, <event>)
<event>
QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent;
+
+
hoverLeaveEvent (self, <event>) -,

. <event> QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent;
hoveroveEvent (self,
<event>) -
<event>
QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent;
wheelEvent (self,
<event>) -
. ,
QGraphicsSceneWheelEvent.
<event>
26.
603
hoverEnterEvent (), hoverLeaveEvent () hoverMoveEvent ()
, .
setAcceptHoverEvents (<>) QGraphicsitem n True.

False n n .
n :r acceptHoverEvents ().
QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent QGraphicsSceneEvent
QEvent :
+ pos () -
n QPointF n -
+ scenePos () - n QPointF n ;
+ screenPos () - n QPoint n ;
+ lastpos () - n QPointF n n
n n n ;
lastScenePos () -
QPointF n
n n n n ;
lastScreenPos () -
n QPoint n
n n n n ;
+ modifiers () <Ait>
n n, - (<Shift>, <Ctrl>,
.) .
QGraphicsSceneWheelEvent QGraphicsSceneEvent
QEvent :
+
+
delta () - n ;
o~ientation () -
QtCore.Qt:
Horizontal- 1 - no
Vertical -
2 ~ no
pos () - n QPointF n
;
n QPointF
scenePos () -
n ;
n QPoint
screenPos () -
n ;
buttons () -
n n n, q n
modifiers()- n n, - (<Shift>, <Ctrl>,
<Ait>
26.7 .3.
.) .
n , ,
setAcceptDrops ()
QGraphicsitem
True.
604
11.
n n :
dragEnterEvent () n I-n n
. n .
' , acceptProposedAction ()
. , setDropAction () n
accept (),
acceptProposedAction();
,
n <;>n dragMoveEvent (). n
n n .

accept ();
dropEvent () n .
, n n , n
:
dragEnterEvent (self, <event>) -, n

. n <event> n n
QGraphicsSceneDragDropEvent;
dragLeaveEvent (self, <event>)
, n n
. n <event> n n
dragMoveEvent (self,
<event>) -
n n
<event> n n
dropEvent (self, <event>)- n .
n
<event>
n
n
QGraphicsSceneDragDropEvent.
oGraphicsSceneDragDropEvent . QGraphicsSceneEvent
QEvent :
mimeData () -
QMimeData n
t-n;
pos () - n QPointF n
;
scenePos () - n QPointF n ;
screenPos () - n QPoint n ;
possieActions () - n ;
proposedAction () - n ;
acceptProposedAction () -
n n
setDropAction (<>) -
n n .
dropAction () ;
proposedAction ();
accept (), acceptProposedAction ();
, n n
26.
+ modifiers ()
<Ait>
+
+
605
, -
( <Shift>, <Ctrl>,
.) ;
buttons () - , ;
source () - None.
26.7.4.
,
.
sceneEvent (self,
<event>)
. <event>
. .
rue, , False- .
True, (, mousePressEvent ())
- ,
sceneEventFilter(self, <QGraphicsitem>, <event>) .

<QGraphicsitem> , <event>-
.
.
rue, ,
False- . True, .
, ,
QGraphicsitem:
installSceneEventFilter(<QGraphicsitem>)- ,
;
+
+
removeSceneEventFilter(<QGraphicsitem>) - ;
setFiltersChildEvents(<a>)- True,
.
26.7 .5.
itemChange(self,
<>,
<>) .
. <> , ,

QGraphicsitem (
; ):
+
+
ItemEnaedChange- 3 - ;
ItemEnaedHasChanged- 13- .
;
+
+
ItematrixChange- l - ;
ItemPositionChange- - . ,
ItemSendsGeometryChanges;
ItemPositionHasChanged- 9 - .. ,
ItemSendsGeometryChanges.
;
11.
ItemScenePositionHasChanged- 27- .
, ItemSendsScenePositionChanges.
;
+
+
ItemTransformChange- 8 - . ,
ItemSendsGeometryChanges;
ItemTransformasChanged- 10- .
, ItemSendsGeometryChanges.
+
+
ItemSe1ectedChange- 4 - ;
ItemSe1ectedasChanged- 14- .
;
+
+
ItemVisieChange- 2 - ;
ItemVisieHasChanged- 12- . ;
+
+
+
+
ItemCursorChange- 17 -
ItemcursorHasChanged- 18- . ;
ItemToolTipChange- 19- ;
ItemToolTipHasChanged- 20- .
;
+
+
+
+
ItemFlagsChange- 21- ;
ItemFlagsHaveChanged- 22- . ;
ItemZValueChange -
23 -
ItemZValueHasChariged- 24 -
z;
z.
+
+
ItemOpacityChange- 25- ;
ItemOpacityHasChanged- 26- .
.
BHHMAHHEI

i temChange ( )
li;
QGraphicsitem.
27
,
.
(. . )
.

PyQt
QDialog, ,
;r
QDialog , .
, QMessageBox ,
QinputDialog- , QFileDialog-
. .
PyQt
QPrintDialog)
QPrintPreviewDialog).
27 .1.
QDialog .
, .
.
QDialog :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QDialog

QDialog :
<>= QDialog([parent=<Poe>]
[,
flags=<Tn >])
parent .
None, .
,
. , ,
, .

-
Dialog.
flags, . 20.2.
608
11:
QDiaiog n
( ; n n
):
_ () -
QDialog:
Accepted- 1 - n ;
Rejected- - ~ n
Cancel,
n -
<Esc>.
int ().

n (
MyDialog QDialog, window-
):
def on_clicked():
dialog = MyDialog(window)
result = dialog.exec_()
if result == QtGui.QDialog.Accepted:
pr int (" n ")
# n
else:
print (" n Cancel")
accept () -
Accepted QDialog. . accept ()
n :
self.btnOK.clicked.connect(self.accept)
reject () -
Rejected QDialog. . reject ()

n
Cancel:
self.b~nCancel.clicked.connect(self.reject)
done (< >) - n. done ( int) ;
+
+
+
setResult (< >) - ;

result () - ;
n,
setExtension (<QWidget>) -
. ,
;
extension () -
n, n
showExtension (<>) -
None;
True,
, False- .

toggled (bool)
showExtension (bool).
n-:
27.
self.btnExt
609
= QtGui.QPushButton("&oe
... ")
self.btnExt.setCheckale(True)
self.btnExt.toggled("bool"] .connect(self.showExtension)
setOrientation (<>) :-
. QtCore. Qt:
orizontal- 1 - ( );
Vertical- 2 -
setSizeGripEnaed (<>) -
True,
False- ( );
isSizeGripEnaed
rue,
() -
, False- ;
setVisie (<>) - True,

,

open () -
show ()
False- .
hide () QWidget;
, . ;
setModal (<>) -
True,
to
, False- . , ,
_ (),
setModal (.). ,
show () setVisie (). i
raise_() ( ) activateWindow() (
( )).
,
setWindowModality(<a>)
QWidget.
QtCore.Qt:
Nonodal- - ;
WindowModal- 1 - ;
Applicationodal- 2 - .
, , . ,
setWindowModality () .
windowModality () QWidget.
isModal ()
QWidget. . True, , False-
, ,
QDialog :
accepted () -
Accepted ( ).
hide ()
setVisie
();
rejected () - Rejected ( Cancel, n

<Esc>).

20 . 1349
hide ()
setVisie
();
610
11.
, ,
finished ( int) -
accept (), reject () . done ().

.

hide ()
setVisile
().
setAutoDefault () True.
~ n
<Enter>,
n , .
n n <>.
setDefault () n

<Enter>,
no
. n
, .
27 .2.
QDia/ogButtonBox
QDialogButtonox ,
, , .
.
QDialogButtonBox:
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QDialogButtonBox

<>=
QDialogButtonBox:
QDialogButtonBox([parent=None])
<>= QDialogButtonBox(<Opea>[,
<>
QDialogButtonBox(<Caape
parent=None])
n>[,
orientation=Horizontal] [, parent=None])
parent .
<>
orientation
Horizontal ( ;
) vertical ( ) QtCore .Qt. < n>
QDialogButtonox:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
NoButton- ;
Ok- AcceptRole;
cancel-
Yes-
YesToAll -
Yes
No-
NoToAll -
No
Open-
Save-
YesRole;
NoRole;
No to All
NoRole;
AcceptRole;
Close
Save
RejectRole;
YesRole;
Yes to Afl
Open
Close-
SaveAll -
Cancel
RejectRole;
AcceptRole;
Save All
AcceptRole;
1)
27.
Discard-
611
Discard Don't Save (
) DestructiveRo1e;
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1-
Apply
App1yRo1e;
Reset-
Reset
RestoreDefaults-
1-
Help
Abort
Retry-
Retry
Ignore -
Restore Defaults
Aort-
ResetRo1e;
RejectRo1e;
AcceptRo1e;
lgnore
ResetRo1e;
He1pRo1e;
AcceptRo1e.
+
+
+
QDia1ogButtonBox:
Inva1idRo1e- - 1 - ;
AcceptRo1e- - '
Accepted;
RejectRo1e- 1 -
Rejected;
+
+
DestructiveRo1e- 2 - ;
ActionRo1e- - , ;
+
+
+
+
+
He1pRo1e- 4 -
YesRo1e- 5 -
NoRo1e- -
ResetRo1e- 7 -
Yes;
No;
App1yRo1e- - .
QDia1ogButtonBox
( ;
):
setOrientation(<Opea>)-
. Horizonta1 ( )
vertica1 ( ) QtCore .Qt;
setStandardButtons (<
>) -
. :
se1f.box.setStandardButtons(QtGui.QDia1ogButtonBox.Ok
QtGui.QDia1ogButtonBox.Cance1)
addutton(<QAstractButton>,
<>)-
. ,
- . , . :
se1f .btnOK
QtGui .QPushButton ("&")
se1f.box.addutton(se1f.btnOK,
QtGui.QDia1ogButtonBox.AcceptRo1e)
612
1/.
addButton (< >) -

. , None.
:
self.btnOK
self.box.addButton(QtGui.QDialogButtonBox.Ok)
addButton (<>,
<>) - ,
. <>
QPushButton.
None.
, ,
:
self.btnOK
self.box.addButton("&OK",
QtGui.QDialogButtonBox.AcceptRole)
uttn(< >)- ,
,
;
None.
buttonRole (<QAstractButton>) - .
InvalidRole;
buttons () - ,
;
remveButton (<QAstractButton>) - ,
'
clear () - ;
setCenterButtons (<>) - rue,

.
QDialogButtonox :
accepted () -
A<;:ceptRole YesRole.
accept () . :
self.box.accepted.connect(self.accept)
rejected () -
RejectRole NoRole.
reject () . :
self.box.rejected.connect(self.reject)
+
+
helpRequested () - HelpRole;
clicked (QAstractButton *) -
. .
27 .3.
QMessageBox
QMessageBox .

QMessageBox
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QDialog - QMessageBox
27.
613
QMessageBox:
<>
QMessageBox([parent=None])
<>
Qssg(<>,
<
>,
<
>[,
buttons=NoButton] [ , parent=None] [,
flags=Dialog 1 MSWindowsFixedSizeDialogHint])
n
parent ,
, .
flags n (. . 20.2). n <>

QMessageBox:
Noicon- - ;
Question- 4 -
+
+
+
Information- 1 - ;
n;
warning- 2 - nn ;
Critical- - .
n buttons ( n
+
+
+
+
+
+
1)
QMessageBox:
NoButton- n ;
Ok- n AcceptRole;
Cancel- n Cancel RejectRole;
Yes- n Yes YesRole;
YesToAll- n Yes to All YesRole;
No- n No NoRole;
NoToAll- No to All NoRole;
+
+
+
+
+
Open- n Open AcceptRole;

Close- n Close RejectRole;
Save -
Save
AcceptRole;
SaveAll- n Save All AcceptRole;

Discard- n Discard Don't Save (n n n
) DestructiveRole;
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Apply- n Apply ApplyRole;

Reset- n Reset ResetRole;
RestoreDefaults- Restore Defaults ResetRole;
Help- n Help HelpRole;
Aort-
Abort
RejectRole;
Retry- n Retry AcceptRole;

Ignore- n lgnore AcceptRole.
n .
QMessageBox:
614
+
+
+
11.
Invalid.Role- - 1 - ;
AcceptRole - Accepted;
RejectRole- 1 - .
Rejected;
+
+
DestructiveRole- 2 - ;
ActionRole-
- , -
+
+
+
+
+
HelpRole- 4 - ;
YesRole- 5 - Yes;
NoRole -
ResetRole- 7 -
No;
ApplyRole- - .
_ () .
. :
dialog
= QtGui.QessageBox(QtGui.QMessageBox.Critical,
" ",
" ",
buttons = QtGui.QessageBox.Ok
QtGui.QMessageBox.Cancel,
parent=window)
result
27 .3.1.
dialog.exec_()
QMessageBox
( ;
):
+
+
seticon (<>) - ;
, .
seticonPixmap ( <QPixmap>) -
+
+
QPixmap;
setWindowitle (< >) - ;

setext (<
>) -
HTML.
\n,
HTML
 ;
setinformativeText (<>).- ,
. ,
HTML;
setDetailedText (<>) -
Show Details,
setTextFormat (<>) -
QtCore.Qt:
27.
PlainText -
Richext -
615
1-
AutoText- 2 - ( ).
, Rici1Text,
PlainText;
setStandarduttons (<
n1>)
. :
dialog.setStandarduttons(QtGui.QessageBox.Ok
QtGui.QessageBox.Cancel)
addutton(<QAstractButton>,
<>)- .
. :
btnYes
QtGui .QPushButton ("&")
dialog.addBu~ton(btnYes,
QtGui.QessageBox.AcceptRole)
dduttn(< >)-
. ,
btnSave
None. :
dialog.addButton(QtGui.QMessageBox.Save)
addutton(<Tec>,
<>)- ,
. <>
QPushButton.
None. :
, ,
btnYes
= dialog.addutton("&a",
QtGui.QessageBox.AcceptRole)
setDefaul tButton () - . :
setDefaultButton~<Caapa >)
setDefaultButton(<QPushButton>)
setEscapeButton () - , <Esc>.
:
setEscapeButton(<Caapa
>)
setEscapeButton(<QAstractButton>)
+
+
clickedButton () None;
, ,
button (< >) -
, None,
;
buttonRole (<QAstractButton>)- .
, InvalidRole;
+
+
buttons () - , ;
removeButton(<QAstractButton>)- ,
.
QMessageBox buttonClicked (QAstractButton *),

~ . l!
.
616
27 .3.2.
11.
QMessageBox
, .
n
information(<Poe>,
< >,
information ().
< >[,
buttons=Ok] [, defaultButton=NoButton])
n <>
None.
, . n
buttons n
n (, n,
1). n . defaultButton
no . information () n. :
n
n
" ",
QtGui.QMessageBox.information(window,
"
",
buttons=QtGui.QMessageBox.Close,
defaultButton=QtGui.QMessageBox.Close)
n n .
27 .3.3.
27.1.
27.1.
n n - n

question ().
question(<Poe>,
<
:
>,
< >[,
n <>
None.
, . n buttons n
n (, n,
1).
n
n
no
result =
n .
question ()
defaultButton
n. :
QtGui.QessageBox.question(window,
"
" ",
m ?",
buttons=QtGui.QessageBox.Yes 1 QtGui.QMessageBox.No
defaultButton=QtGui.QMessageBox.Cancel)
n n .
27.2.
617
27.
27.2.
27.3.4.

warning ().
warning(<Poe>,
< >,
< >[,
<>
None.
, .
buttons
(, ,
1).
result =
defaultButton
warning () . :
QtGui.QessageBox.warning(window,
"
" ",
buttons=QtGui.QessageBox.Yes
?",
1 QtGui.QMessageBox.No
defaultButton=QtGui.QessageBox.Cancel)
27.3.5.
27.3.
27.3.
critical
(). :
ritil(<>,
< >,
< >[,
<>
None.
,
, .
buttons
(, ,
618
1).
11.
. defaultutton
. critical () . :
QtGui.a-lessageBox.critical(window,
" ",
" nn ",
buttons=QtGui.QMessageBox.Ok,
defaultButton=QtGui.a-lessageBox.Ok)
.
27.4.
27.4.
" "
27 .3.6.

3
ut(<>,
about ().
< >,
< >)
<>
None.
, t~
, .
(. .
20.9),
. :
QtGui.a-lessageBox.about(window,
27 .3. 7.
" ",
"n
n")
"About Qt"
Qt
<>
None.
aboutQt ().
utQt(<>[,
title=QString()])
,
, .
ti tle
. ,
"About Qt".
QtGui.a-lessageBox.aboutQt(window)
27 ~4.
QlnputDialog
QinputDialog .
QinputDialog :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QDialog - QinputDialog
27.
619

<>=
QinputDialog:
QinputDialog([parent=None] [, flags=O])
parent ,
, .
flags (. . 20.2).
_ () .
QDialog;
Accepted Rejected.
:
def on_clicked():
dialog = QtGui. QinputDialog (window)
result = dialog.exec_()
if result == QtGui.QDialog.Accepted:
print (" ")
#
else:
print (" Cancel")
27 .4.1.
Qinputoialog
( ; ~I
):
t
t
setLabel t (<>) - , ;
setOkButtonText (<>) - , :
dialog.setOkButtonText("&Bo")
setCancelButtonext (<>) - ,
Cancel.
dialog.setCancelButtonText("&Oea")
setinputMode (<>) - .
QinputDialog:
- ;
Textinput-
Intinput- 1 -
Doueinput-
2-
setextEchoMode (<>)- .
QLineEdit:
Normal- - ;
NoEcho- 1 -
Password- 2 -
PasswordEchoOnEdi t ~
*;
*;
setextValue (<>) - , ;
620
+
+
11.
textValue () - , ;
setintValue (<>) -
Intinput;
+
+
, ,
intValue ()
Intinput;
setintRange (<>,
<>),
setintMinimum (<>)
setintMaximum(<acy>)-

Intinput;
setintStep(<Illa>)-
Intinput;
setDouleValue (<>) -
Douleinput;
douleValue
, ,
() -
Douleinput;
setDouleRange(<y>,
<>),
setDouleMaximum (<>)
setDouleMinimum(<y>)
Douleinput;
setDouleDecimals (<>) -
Douleinput;
setComoBoxitems (< >) - ,

;
setComoBoxEditae (<>)
True,
setOption(<O>[,
on=True])- True,
False-
QinputDialog:
NoButtons- 1 - ;
UseListViewForComoBoxitems- 2 - JI

setOptions (<>) setOption ()).
QListView,
QComoBox;
(.
QinputDialog :
textValueChanged (const QString&) -
. .
extinput;
textValueSelected (const QString&) -
.
extinput;
intValueChanged ( int) -
Intinput;
27.
intValueSelected ( int) -
621
.
Intinput;
douleValueChanged(doule)- .
.
Douleinput;
douleValueSelected (doule) -
.
Douleinput.
27 .4.2.
QinputDialog
, . JJ)I
getext
gtt(<>,
< >,
().
< >[,
mode=Normal] [, text=QString()J [, flags=OJ)

<>
None.
,
, .
mode
27.4.1). text
, n flags n .
getext () : (<>, <>).
(. setextEchoMode () .
n , - rue,
n ,
False, n Cancel,
<Esc>
n . :
s, ok = QtGui. QinputDialog. getText (window,
" ",
" ",
tt=" ")
if ok:
print("Beeo
:",
s)
n .
27 .4.3.
27.5.
27.5.
JJ)I n getint ()
get Integer ().
622
11.
:
< >, < n>[, va1ue=O] [,
min=-2147483647] [, max=2147483647] [, step=1] [, flags=O])
getinteger(<Poe>, < >, < n>[, va1ue=O] [,
min=-2147483647] [, max=2147483647] [, step=1] [, f1ags=0])
gtint(<>,
<>
None.
,
, .
va1ue
min , max-
step- . flags .
.
,
(<>,
<>). n1
, -
,
Fa1se,
Cancel,
True,
<Esc>
. :
n, ok = QtGui.QinputDia1og.getint(window,
" ",
" ",
va1ue=50, min=O, max=100, step=2)

i f ok:
print
("
:",
n).
27 .4.4.
27.6.
27.6.
getDou1e (). :
< >, < >[, va1u~=O] [,
min=-2147483647] [, max=2147483647] [, decima1s=1] [, f1ags=O])
gtDu1(<>,
<>
None.
, .
va1ue
min , max-
decima1s- . flags
.,
. :
(<>,
<>). ,
rue, ,
\,
<Esc>
Fa1se,
27.
623
n, ok =
QtGui.QinputDialog.getDoule(window,
"
" ",
",
value=SO.O, min=O.O, max=lOO.O,

decimals=2)
if ok:
print ("
:",
n)
27.4.5.
get Item ().
:
gt!tm(<>,
<
< >[,
>,
< >,
current=O] [,
editae=True]
[, flags=O])
<>
None.
,
, .
current
, . editae rue,
.
flags
: (<>,
<>).
, - rue,
<Esc>
False, Cancel,
. :
s, ok =
QtGui.QiputDialog.getitem(widow,
" ",
curret=l,
["
1",
" ",
"
2",
"
3"],
editae=False)
i f ok:
prit (" :",
s)
27 .5.
27.7.
27.7.
QFileDialog
QFileDialog .
QFileDialog :
(QObject,
QPaitDevice)
- QWidget - QDialog - QFileDialog
624

11.
QFileDia1og:
<>
QFi1eDia1og(<Poe>,
<>=
QFi1eDia1og([parent=None] [, caption=QString()] [,
directory=QString()] [, fi1ter=QString()])
<>
<
>)
parent ,
, .
<
> (. .
20.2). caption
directory- ,
fi1ter- (, "Images
(*.png *.jpg)").
_ () .
QDialog:
Accepted
27 .5.1.
Rej ected.
QFi1eDia1og
( ;
):
setAcceptMode (<>) - .
QFileDia1og:
AcceptOpen- - ( );
AcceptSave- 1 -
setViewode (<>) _:_ .

Detai1 -
List -
;
;
1-
setFi1eMode (<>) -
r .
AnyFi1e-
ExistingFile-
Directory-
QFileDialog:
QFi1eDia1og:
, _ ;
1-
2-
ExistingFiles-
3-
<Ctrl>;
setOption (<> [, on=True]) - True,

, Fa1se-
QFi1eDia1og ( ;
):
ShowDirsOn1y- .
Directory;
DcntConfirrnOverwrite- ,
;
27.
625
ReadOnly-
HideNameFilterDetails- ;
setOptions (<n>) -
setReadOnly(<a>)- True,
setNameFilterDetailsVisie (<>)
setDirectory () - . :
False, ;
setDirectory(<y>)
setDirectory(<QDir>)
+
+
QDir )' ;
directory () -
setNameFilter()- .
, . :
dialog.setNameFilter("All (*);;Images (*.png *.jpg)")
setNameFilters (< >) - :

dialog .setNameFilters ( ["All (*) ", "Images (* .png *. jpg) "])
+
+
+
selectFile (< >) - ;

selectedFiles () - ;
setDefaultSuffix(<Pacpee>)- ,
;
setHistory (<>)
setSidebarurls (< QUrl>) - URL-apeco,
- ;
. :
dialog. setSidebarUrls ( (QtCore .QUrl. fromLocalFile (":\ \book") ,

QtCore.QUrl.fromLocalFile("C:\\book\\eclipse")])
setLabelText (< >, <>) - .

QFileDialog:
Lookrn-
FileName- 1 - ;
FileType -
Accept- - , (
- ;
2-
Open
Reject- 4
Save);
, (
Cancel);
savestate () - QByteArray ;
restoreState (<QByteArray>) -
QFileDialog :
currentChanged (const QString&) - .

;
626
directoryEntered(const
11.
QString&}- .
filterSelected (const QString&} - .

;
fileSelected(const QString&}- .
;
filesSelected ( const QStringList&} -
n . n n .
27 .5.2.
QFileDialog
, . n

getExistingDirectory (}. :
getExistingDirectory([parent=None] [, caption=QString(}] [,
directory=QString(}] [, options=ShowDirsOnly])
parent None.
n
directory , n options-
n (. setOption () .
27.5.1).
. :
dir = QtGui.QFileDialog.getExistingDirectory(parent=window,
directory=QtCore.QDir.currentPath()}
n .
27.8.
ltJ 'iW
iJ ...
-'I ~ (:)
tfJ 9
~ (:)
ltJ ....,
~ (F:)
-'I ~ (D:)
~ (G:)
<! ~ D't'D-RW ~s (:)
;; ...., ~ (1:)
(ti
(t)
27.8.
27.
27 .5.3.
627
getOpenFileName ().
getOpenFileName([parent=None] [, caption=QString()] [,
directory=QString()] [, filter=QString()] [,
option~=O])
parent rr None.
caption , directory-
, filter- , options- (.
setOption () . 27.5.1). .

f = QtGui.QFileDialog.getOpenFileName(parent=window,
tin=" ", directory=QtCore.QDir.currentPath(),
filter="All (*);;Images (*.png *.jpg)")
.
27.9.
27.9.
getOpenFileNameAndFilter ().
getOpenFile~ameAndFilter([parent=None]
[, caption=QString()] [,
initialFilter=QString()] [, options=O])
initialFilter .
, - .
628
11.
f, filter = QtGuioQFileDialogogetOpenFileNameAndFilter(
parent=window,
caption="ao.rtooJ<: J<:", directory=QtCoreoQDir.currentPath(),
filter="All (*);; Images (* opng *. jpg) ",
initialFilter.="Images (* opng. * ojpg) ")

getOpenFileNames ().
:r
getOpenFileNames([parent=None] [, caption=QString()] [,
directory=QString()] [, filter=QString()] [, options=O])
. :
arr = QtGuioQFileDialogogetOpenFileNames(parent=window,
tin="J<: J<:", directory=QtCore.QDir.currentPath(),
filter="All (*);;Images (*opng *ojpg)")
,
getOpenFileNamesAndFilter ().
getOpenFileNamesAndFilter([parent=None] [, caption=QString()] [,
directory=QString()J [, filter=QString()J [,
initialFilter=QString()] [, options=O])

initialFilter .
.
, - .
27 .5.4.
getSaveFileName ()
getSaveFileName([parent=None] [, caption=QString()] [,
directory=QString()] [, filter=QString()J [, options=O])

parent None.
caption , direc;tory- :r
, filter- , options- (.
setOption () . 27.5. 1). .
f = QtGuioQFileDialogogetSaveFileName(parent=window,
tin="J<: ~<:", directory=QtCoreoQDirocurrentPath(),
filter="All (*);;Images (*opng *ojpg)")
.
getSaveFileNameAndFilter ()
27.10.
getSaveFileNameAndFilter([parent=None] [, caption=QString()] [,
initialFilter=QString()J [, options=O])
27.
629
. 27.1 .

initialFilter .
, - . :
f, filter_ = QtGui.QFileDialog.getSaveFileNameAndFilter(
parent=window,
tin=" ", directory=QtCore.QDir.currentPath(),
filter="All (*) ; ; Images ( *. png *. jpg) ",
initialFilter="Images (* .png * .jpg) ")
27 .6.
(.

QColorDialog.
27.11)
getColor ()
getColor([initial=white] [, parent=None])
getCol~r(<QColor>, <>, <r >[, options=O])
<> parent
None. initial <QColor> . options
( ) QColorDialog:
+
+
+
ShowAlphaChannel- -;
NoButtons- Cancel ;
DontUseNativeDialog.
QColor. Cancel,
630
27.11.
11.
color = QtGui.QColorDialog.getColor(QtGui.QColor("#ffOOOO"},
window, " ", QtGui.QColorDialog.ShowAlphaChannel}
if color.isValid(}:
print(color.red(}, color.green(}, color.lue(}, color.alpha(}}
n -
getRgba (}
QColorD~alog. :
getRgba([initial=4294967295] [, parent=None]}
1\
initial
:t .
True,
(<>,
<>}.
. :
(n, ok} = QtGui.QColorDialog.getRgba(

initial=QtGui .QColor ( "#ffOOOO"} . rgba (}, parent=window}
i f ok:
color = QtGui.QColor.fromRgba(n}
print(color.red(}, color.green(}, color.lue(}, color.alpha(}}
27.7.
QFontDialog.
1 :
getFont([parent=None]}
getFont(<QFont>[, parent=None]}
getFont (}
27.
631
getFont(<QFont>,
getFont(<QFont>,
<>,
<
<>,
< >,
>)
<>)
<> parent
None. <QFont> . <>
NoButtons DontUseNativeDialog QFontDialog.
: (<QFont>, <>). True,
QFont .
:
(font,, ok) =
QtGui.QFontDialog.getFont(QtGui.~Font("Tahoma",
window,
16),
" ")
if ok:
print(font.family(), font.pointSize(), font.weight(),

font.italic(), font.underline())
.
27.8.
27.12.
27.12.
Q~rroressage u
(.
27.13).
, . ,
. QErroressage :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QDialog - QErrorMessage

<>=
QErrorMessage:
QErrorMessage([parent=None])
632
'-i)
11.
L oom-oo-..
,. ~~~ . . . .
27.13.
.....
. ..
. - - ....-.... .... ]
n~r
showMessage (< >).

showMessage (const QString&) .
27.9.
QProgressDialog u
Ca ncel ( . 27.14).
11
QProgressDialog :
(QObject , QPaintDeviceJ - QWidget - QDialog - QProgressDialog

QProgressDialog:
<>=
QProgressDialog([parent=None] [, flags=OJJ
<> ~ QProgressDialog(<Tec > ,

<
parent~None]
Cancel> ,
[ , flags=O))
<> ,
<>[ ,
parent ,
u , .
flags n (. . 20.2).
QProgressDialog
( ; n n 1
u):
+
+
+
+
setLabel (<QLabel>J - n;
setBar (<QProgressBar >J - n ;
setCancelBu t t o n (<QPushButton>) - ;
setValue ( < > J - .
11'1
processEvents ( J . setValue ( int J;
m1111 nu
fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil
.
27.14.
J ~s:ot.
t
t
27.
633
value () - ;
setLabelText (< >) .
setCancelButtonText (<
Cancel.
setLabelText (const QString&);
Cancel>) -
setCancelButtonext (const
QString&);
setRange (<>,
<>), setMinimum (<>)
setMaximum (<>) -
. ,
,
setMaximum()
setMinimumDuration (<>) -
setMinimum(int)
setMinimum ()
setMaximum(int);
( 4000).
setMinimumDuration(int);
t
t
t
reset () - . ;
cancel () - Cancel. ;
setAutoClose (<>) - True,
;
setAutoReset (<>) - . True, ;
wascanceled () - True, \.
QPgressDialog canceled (),
Cancel.
27.1 .
QWizard QWizardPage ,
( )

Back
()
Next
(). QWizard ,
27.1 0.1.
QWizardPage.
QWizard
QWizard ,
. QWizard :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QDialog - QWizard

QWizard:
<>=
QWizard([parent=None] [, flags=O])
QWizard
( ;
):
634
11.
addPage (<QWizardPage>) - . QWizardPage;
+
+
+
setPage (<!'!>, <QWizardPage>) - ;

removePage (<>) - ;
page (<>)
QWizardPage), , None,
;
+
+
+
pageids () - ;
setStart Id ( <11>) - ;
+
+
startld () - ;
current Id () -
curr~ntPage ()

QWizardPage) None, ;
visi tedPages () ;
hasVisitedPage (<>) - True,

'
False - ;
+
+
+
+
back () - 1\ Back. ;
next () - Next. ;
restart () -
. ;
nextrd (self) ,
QWizarcl. . i

Next.
-1;
initializePage (self, <>) - ,

QWizarcl.
, .

Next
IndependentPages,
cleanupPage (self,
<>) -
QWizard,

Back
Back.
IndependentPages,
validateCurrentPage (self) - ,
QWizard, ,
.
Next
Finish.
True, , False- .
False, ;
setField (<>,
<>)
registerField ()
27.
635
QWizardPage. n t n,
;
fie1d (<>) -
registerFie1d () QWizardPage.
,
;
setWizardSty1e (<>) - .
QWizard:
C1assicSty1e-
ModernSty1e- 1;
MacSty1e- 2;
Aerosty1e- 3 - Windows Vista.

ModernSty1e;
setTit1eFormat (<>) - .
QtCore. Qt:
- ;
P1ainText -
RichText -
1 - ;
Autoext -
2-
( ).
RichText,
P1ainText;
setSuTit1eFormat (<>) -
setButton(<Po>,
setTit1eFormat ();
<QAstractButton>)- .
QWizard:
BackButton- - Back;
NextButton- 1 - Next;
ComrnitButton- 2 - Commit;
Finishutton-
Cance1Button- 4 - Cancei ( NoCance1Button,
3 - Finish;
);
He1pButton- 5 - Help ( ,
HaveHe1pButton);
Customutton1- - ( ,
HaveCustomutton1);
customutton2- 7 - ( ,
. HaveCustomutton2);
customutton3- 8 - ( ,
Havecustomutton3);
button (<>) -
t setButtonText (<>,
<
11.
n>)- n
t buttonText (<>)
- n ;
t setButtonLayout (<
>) - n n.
n n. n
Stretch
setPixmap(<Po>,
QWizard,
. n
<QPixmap>)-
watermarkPixmap-
- ,
n n
ClassicStyle
Modernstyle;
, n
LogoPixmap- 1 -
QWizard:
ClassicStyle
ModernStyle;
BannerPixmap- 2 -
, n
ModernStyle;
ackgroundPixmap-
3 -
t setOption (<> [, on=True J ) -
n n
MacStyle;
True,
n , n n,
False,
n. n
QWizard:
IndependentPages- . n ,
ini tializePage () ,
cleanupPage () ;
IgnoreSuTitles- n ;
ExtendedWatermarkPixmap-
WatermarkPixmap
n ;
NoDefaul tButton-
NoBackButtonOnStartPage-
NoBackButtonOnLastpage-
Next
Finish
DisaedBackButtonOnLastPage
_ ;
Back
Back
Back
HaveNextButtonOnLastPage-
Next
HaveFinishButtonOnEarlyPages-
Finish
NoCancelButton-
CancelButtonOnLeft-
Cancel;
Cancel
Next
Back
( -
Finish);
Help;
HaveHelpButton-
HelpButtonOnRight-
avecustomuttonl- customuttonl;
Help
637
HaveCustomutton2- Customutton2;
HaveCustomutton- Customutton;
setOptions (<>) - .
27.
QWizard :
currentidChanged(int)- .
;
customuttonClicked(int)- Customuttonl,
Customutton2 Customutton;
+
+
+
helpRequested () -
pageRemoved ( int) -
Help;
pageAdded ( int) -
27.1 0.2.
QWizardPage
QWizardPage .
QWizardPage :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QWizardPage

<>
QWizardPage:
= QWizardPage ( [parent=NoneJ.)
QWizardPage ~1
( ;
):
wizard () - ( QWizard) None, ;
+
+
+
+
+
setTitle (<>) - ;
ti tle () - ;
setSuTitle (<>)- ;
subTitle () - ;
setButtonText (<>,
<
>)-
( <> .
setButton () QWizard);
+
+
buttonext (<>) - ;
setPixmap (<>,
<QPixmap>) - (
setPixmap () QWizard);
<> .
registerrield () - ,
. :
<QWidget>[, property=None] [,
changedSignal=O] )
registerF'ield(<Coco>,
<> ~ .
*,
638
11.
(, - ),
Finish
Next
. .
setField (),
field ().
property
, changedSignal-'- , .
setDefaultProperty(<Haae
>,
property,
changedSignal)
QWizard.
:
n:
'l':
QAstractButton
checked
value
currentindex.
dateTime
text
currentRow
value
toggled ()
valueChanged ()
currentindexChanged()
dateTimeChanged()
textChanged ()
currentRowChanged()
valueChanged ()
QAstractSlider
QComoBox
QDateTimeEdit
QLineEdit
QListWidget
QSpinBox
setField (<>,
<>)
,
;
field (<>) -
,
;
setFinalPage (<>) - ~ True,

Finish;
isFinalPage () - True,
Finish, False- ;
setCommi tPage (<>) -
isCommitPage ()
Commit,
True,
Commit;
True,
False- ;
isComplete (self) - , ,
Finish
Next
( rue) (
False). ,
QWizardPage, .
completeChanged ();
nextid (self) ,
QWizardPage, .

initializePage (self) -
Next.
-1;
,
QWi zardPage,
, .
Next
, .
27.
639
n IndependentPages, n n
;
cleanupPage (self) - nn ,
QWizardPage, n Back.
n n
Back
, n
. n
IndependentPages, ;
validatePage (self) - nn ,
QWizardPage, n n ,
. n n

Next
True, , False False, n
Finish.
n .
n.
28
PyQt
SDI-
DI-
n n :
SDI-npuoeu
(Single Document lnterface)-
. , n
n n n. n n n
n ,
WordPad
Paint
Windows.
SDI-n, n n
setCentralWidget ()
D/-u
QainWindow;
(Multiple Document lnterface)-
. n
n DI-n n
Photoshop,
. DI-n,
n n
QMdiArea
setCentralWidget () QMainWindow. DI-

n QdiSuWindow.
28.1.
QMainWindow n, , n
, nn n, n .

QMainWindow
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QMainWindow

QMainWindow :
<>= QainWindow([parent=<Poe>]
[,
flags=<T >])
n parent .
n flags, .
20.2.
QMainWindow n
(n ; n n
):
setcentralWidget (<QWidget>) -
n n
centralWidget () -
n None,
n ;
28.
SDI-
D/-
641
menuar () - ( QMenuBar);
menuWidget () -
( QWidget);
setMenuBar (<QMenuBar>) -
setMenuWidget (<QWidget>) - ;
createPopupMenu () - ,
,
( QMenu).
, .
n ;
statusBar () - ( QStatusBar) ;
setStatusBar (<QStatusBar>) -
addToo1Bar () - n . :
n ;
addToo1Bar(<QToo1Bar>)
dd1r(<>,
dd1r(<
<Qoo1Bar>)
n>)
.
n . <>
QtCore. Qt: LeftToo1BarArea (),

RightToo1BarArea (), TopToo1BarArea () ottomToo1BarArea ().
n ,
(
insertToo1Bar ( <Qoo1Bar 1>,

1>;
<QToo1Bar 2>) -
QToo1Bar);
n <QToo1Bar
2> n
n <Qoo1Bar
removeoo1Bar(<QToo1Bar>)- n .
toolBarArea ( <QToo1Bar>) -
LeftToo1BarArea (), RightToo1BarArea (n),
TopToo1BarArea (), BottomToo1BarArea () NoToo1BarArea (n

n) QtCore.Qt;
+
+
21
setToo1ButtonSty1e (<>) - n .
n QtCore.Qt:
Too1ButtoniconOn1y- - ;
Too1ButtonTextOn1y- 1 - ;
ToolButtonTextBesideicon- 2 - ;
Too1ButtonTextUndericon- - ;
oo1ButtonFo11owSty1e-
4 -
n ;
toolButtonSty1e () - ;
seticonSize (<QSize>) - ;
1349
642
11.
iconSize () - ( QSize);
setAnimated(<a>)- True (
),
.
setAnimated (bool);
addToolBarBreak ( [area=TopToolBarArea]) -
.
.
;
insertToolBarBreak(<QoolBar>)- .
;
removeoolBarBreak
toolBarBreak ( <QoolBar>) -
( <QToolBar>) - ;
rue.
False-
addDockWidget () - ~. :
addDockWidget(<Oac>,
addDockWidget(<OCac>,
<QDockWidget>)
<QDockWidget>,
<>)
.
<> QtCore. Qt:
LeftDockWidgetArea (), RightDockWidgetArea (), TopDockWidgetArea ()
BottomDockWidgetArea ().
. <>
QtCore.Qt: Horizontal vertical.
Horizontal,
Vertical- ;
removeDockWidget (<QDockWidget>) -,- .

;
dockWidgetArea (<QDockWidget>) -
LeftDockWidgetArea (),
RightDockWidgetArea (),
TopDockWidgetArea (), BottomDockWidgetArea () NoDockWidgetArea (
) QtCore. Qt;
setDockOptions (<>) - .
: AnimatedDocks 1 AllowabbedDocks.
( 1) QMainWindow:
AnimatedDocks- ,
;
AllowNestedDocks- , (
) , ~ ;
AllowabbedDocks- ,
. .

;
ForceTabbedDocks- ,
AllowNestedDocks ;
28.
SDI-
643
D/-
VerticalTabs-,-- ,
( , ,
, , , ,
, ). ,
. AllowabbedDocks
.
0
i .

+
+
AnimatedDocks
VerticalTabs.
dockOptions () - Jl ~ ;
setDockNest:ingEnaed(<iJ>)- rue,
AllowNestedDocks, False- .

isDockNestingEnaed
,
() False--:
setDockNest ingEnaled (bool);
True, AllowNestedDocks
setTabPosition (<>,
<>)
.
. <>

North -
-;
South -
1-
west -
East -
3-
QTabWidget:
-;
;
tabPosition (<>) -
+
+
setTabShape (<>)- .
QTabWidget:
Rounded- - ( );
Triangular- 1 - ;
tabShape () - ;
setCorner (<>,
<>)
. ,
. <>
QtCore.Qt: LeftDockWidgetArea (), RightDockWidgetArea (
), TopDockWidgetArea () BottomDockWidgetArea (). <>

QtCore. Qt:
TopLeftCorner- ;
TopRightCorner- ;
BottomLeftCorner- ;
BottomRightCorner- ij _;
corner (<>) - , ~ ;
644
sp1itDockWidget () -
11.
, <QDockWidget
1>,
<QDockWidget 1> , <QDockWidget 2>-
. <>.
<.> QtCore. Qt:

Horizonta1 Vertica1. Horizonta1, <QDockWidget 2>
, Vertica1- . <QDockWidget
1>
, <QDockWidget 2> ,
. :
sp1itDockWidget(<QDockWidget 1>, <QDockWidget 2>,
taifyDockWidget (<QDockWidget
<QDockWidget
1>,
<>)
<QDockWidget
2> <QDockWidget
2>) -
1>, , ,
taifiedDockWidgets (<QDockWidget>) -
QDockWidget), ,
;
saveState ( [version=O]) -
QByteArray
(,
),
restoreState(<QByteArray>[, version=O]).
,
setObjectName (< >) QObject. :

self.dw = QtGui.QDockWidget("MyDockWidget1")
se1f .dw. setObjectName ( "MyDockWidgetl")
, saveGeometry ()
QWidget. QByteArray .
restoreGeometry(<QByteArray>);
restoreDockWidget (<QDockWidget>) -
restoreState (). True,

,
28.2.
Fa1se-
,
, .
( QMenuBar),
( QMenu) .
( QAction),
, . ,
, .
.
QMenu
contextMenuEvent () _ (),
28.
28.2.1.
SD/-
645
D/-
QMenuBar
QMenuar .
.
menuBar ()
QMainWindow.
setMenuBar ( <QMenuBar>). QenuBar :

QWidget -
QMenuBar
QMenuar :
<>= QenuBar([parent=<Poe>])
QMenuar
( ;
u):
addenu ( <Qenu>) -
QAct ion,
, , ( setVisie ())
( setEnaed () );
addenu ( [ <Qicon>,
J <>) -
( QMenu). <>
&, u, u
. &, ,
<Ait>
. &, ;
insertMenu (<QAction>,
<Qenu>) - <Qenu> <QAction>.
QAction;
addAction () - . :
addAction(<QAction>)
addAction(<Haae>)
+
+
+
<>,
addAction(<Haae>,
<>)
<>)
-> QAction
-> QAction
clear () - ;
setActiveAction (<QAction>) - ;
activeAction ()
-> QAction
addAction(<Haae>,
( QAction)
None;
setDefaultUp (<>) -
True,
, ;
setVisile(<a>) ~ False,
. True .
QMenuBar :
hovered(QAction
*) -
QAction;
triggered (QAction *) -
QAction.
646
28.2.2.
QMenu
11.
QMenu
, ,
QMenu
Qenu
Qenu:
<>= Qenu([parent=None])
<>= Qnu(<>[,
parent
parent=None])
<> &, ,
. , &,
, .
<Ait>
. &,
QMenu
( ;
):
addAction () - . :
-> QAction
-> QAction
addAction(<Haae>, <>, <>[, shortcut=O])
-> QAction
addAction(<Haae>, <>[, <shortcut>])
-> QAction
addAction(<Qicon>, <>, <>, <>[, shortcut=O])
-> QAction
addActi~n(<Qicon>, <>, <>[, <shortcut>])
-> QAction
addAction(<Haae>)
addAction(<Qicon>,
<>)
<> &, ,
. ,
&, , .
<Ait>
&, .
, , ,
.
shortcut "" ,
. ""
, .
shortcut:
QtGui .QKeySequence ( "Ctrl+R")
QtGui.QKeySequence(QtCore.Qt.CTRL + QtCore.Qt.Key_R))
QtGui .QKeySequence. fromString ("Ctrl+R")

addActions (<n
;
QAction>)
QWidget:
28.
647
D/-
SDI-
insertAction (<QAction 1>,

<QAction 1>;
<QAction 2>) -
<QAction 2>
<:
insertActions (<QAction>,
QAction>) -
<QAction>;
- (
actions ()
removeAction (<QAction>)
QAction);
- ;
addSeparator () QAction;
insertSeparator (<QAction>) -
QAction;
addenu ( <Qenu>) -
addenu
( [<Qicon>, ] <>) -
QAction;
QMenu);
insertMenu(<QAction>, .<QMenu>)- <Qenu>

<QAction>. QAction;
c1ear ()
isEmpty () -
Fa1se- ;
menuAction () -
- ;
rue, ,
QAction),
. (
setVisile ()) ( setEnaled
setT i t1e (<>)
ti t1e () -
seticon (<Qicon>)
icon ()
setActiveAction (<QAction>)
acti veAction () None;
setDe_fau1tAction ( <QAction>)
( l );
- ;
;
- ;
- (
Qicon);
- ;
QAction)
- _ ;
defau1tAction () None;
QAction)
setTearOffEnaed(<a>)--
True,
(
, );
isTearOffEnaed
Fa1se--
() -
True,
isTearOffenuVisile
() - rue,
Fa1se-- ;
hideTearOffenu
()
- ;
648
11.
setSeparatorsCollapsie (<>) True,

, ,
. , , , ;
popup ( <QPoint> [,
<QAction>] ) -
. , ,
;
_ ( [ <QPoint> [,
<QAction>]]) -
QAction ( )
None ( , ,
<Esc>).
, ,
.
_ ().

QAction ( ) None ( ,
,
_(<
<Esc> ).
_(<
QAction>, <QPoint>[, <QAction>})

QAction>, <QPoint>, <QAction>,
<QWidget>)

<QAction>, ,
<QWidget>
.
.
QMenu :
hovered (QAction
*) -
triggered (QAction *) -
_OAction;
aboutoshow () -
aboutToHide () - .
28.2.3.
QAction;

.
<event> QContextMenuEvent,
. QContextenuEvent
:
(J ( J -
pos () -
QPoint
globalX() globalY()-
;
globalPos () - QPoint .
28.
SDI-
649
D/-
contextMenuEvent ().
() globalPos ().
def contextMenuEvent(self, event):

self.context_menu.exec_(event.globalPos())
context _ menu. ,
contextMenuEvent (! .
28.2.4.
QAction
QAction , ,
- .
. ,
, .
QAction :
QObject - QAction

<>
QAction:
QAction(<QObject>)
<>
Qtin(<>,
<>
QAction(<Qicon>,
<QObject>)
<QObject>)
<>,
<QObject> ' None.

<.> &, ,
. ,
&, , .
<Ait>
&, .
<Qicon> .
QAction ( ;
):
setText (<>) - . <>

&, ,
. ,
, , ;
+
+
+
+
text () -
seticon (<Qicon>) - ;
icon () - ( Qicon);
seticonVisieinenu (<>) - F'alse,
11 ;
setSeparator (<>) -
't rue,
isSeparator () True, ,
False - ;
650
11.
setShortcut (<QKeySequence>) - "" .

"" , ~
. :
"Ctrl+O"
QtGui .QKeySequence ( "Ctrl+O")
QtGui.QKeySequence(QtCore.Qt.CTRL + QtCore.Qt.Key_O))
QtGui.QKeySequence.fromString("Ctrl+O")
QtGui.QKeySequence.Open
setShortcuts () -
""
:
setShortcuts(<Cnco n
QKeySequence>)
setShortcuts(<Caapa >)
< >
StandardKey QKeySequence (, Open, Close, , Cut . .;

QKeySequence);
setShortcutContext (<>) - ""

. QtCore. Qt:
WidgetShortcut- - ,
;
WidgetWi thChildrenShortcut- 3 - ,
;
WindowShortcut- 1 - , ,
, ;
ApplicationShortcut- 2 - , ;
+
+
+
+
+
setool ip (<>) - ;
tool Tip ()
- ;
setWhatsThis (<>) - ;
whatsThis () - ;
setStatusTip (<'f'>) - , ,
;
+
+
statusTip () - ;
setCheckae (<>) -
True,
, -
;
isCheckale () False-
'rue, ,
setChecked (<>) -
True, .
_ .

isChecked () -
setChecked (bool);

False-
True, -
;
28.
SDI-
setDisaed (<>)
651
D/-
n
True,
n. False n.
setDisaed
setEnaed (<>) -
(bool);
n False,
n. rue n.
setEnaed
isEnaed
() -
(bool);
True, n, False- n
setVisie (<>) - n
False,
. rue n.
setVisie
isVisie
() -
(bool);
False, , True- n
setMenu ( <QMenu>) - ;
menu () - (n QMenu)
None, ;
. setFont (<QFont>) - ;
font () - n QFont ;
setAutoRepeat (<>) - n rue (
), n, n
"" ;
setPriority(<pope>)- n . n
LowPriority (), NonalPriority () HighPriority

() QAction;
priority () - n ;
setData (<>) -n n n
;
data () - n , n
setData (), None;
setActionGroup ( <QActionGroup>) - n;
actionGroup () None;
n (n QActionGroup)
showStatusText ( [ <QWidget>=None J)
QEvent. StatusTip -
n rue, n n.
, n nn
event (self, <event>). QEvent. statusTip n <event> n

n QStatusTipEv~nt.
tip () . ,
QLabel:
def event(self, ):
if e.typ~() == QtCore.QEvent.StatusTip:
self.setText(a.tip())
return True
return QtGui.QLabel.event(self, )
652
+
+
1/.
hover () - hovered (). ;

toggle () -
. -
trigger () - triggered (). .
+
+
+
QAction :
changed () -
hovered () - ;
toggled (bool) -
triggered (bool=O) - ,
, trigger ().
28.2.5.
QActionGroup .
.
, .
QActionGroup :
QObject - QActionGroup
QActionGroup :
<>
= QActionGroup(<QObject>)
<QObject> None.

. .
QActionGroup :
addAction () - .
QAction. :
addAction(<Haae>)
addAction(<Qicon>,
+
+
<>)
removeAction (<QAction>) - ;
actions () -
QAction,
, ;.
checkedAction () -
( QAction)
None;
setExclusive (<>) - True (

), .
, <
. False .
'
setExclusive (bool);
28.
SDI-
setDis.aed (<>)
D/-
653
True,
. False
.
setEnaed (<>)
set Disaed (bool) ;
False,
True
. setEnaed (bo~l);
isEnaed
() -
rue, ,
False-
setVisie (<>) -
False,
True .
setVisie (bool);
isVisie
() - False, , True-
QActionGroup :
hovered (QAction
*) -
. .
(
QAction);
selected (QAction *) -
, .
( QAction);
triggered (QAct ion *) -
, .
( QAction).
28.3.
addToolBar {)
insertToolBar () QainWindow. addToolBar {)
, .

. , ,

setAllowedAreas () QToolBar,
().
setFloatae
28.3.1.
QToo/Bar
QToolBar ,
. QToolBar :
QoolBar
QoolBar:
<>= Qlr([rnt=<>])
<>= Qlr{<>[,
rnt=<>])
parent , <
> , , -
654
11.
, t:
.
.
QToolar
l ( ;
):
addAction () - . :
addAction(<Haae>)
addAction(<Qicon>,
<>)
addAction(<Haae>,
<>,
addAction(<Haae>,
<>)
addAction(<Qicon>,
addAction(<Qicon>,
<>)
<>,
<>,
<>,
<~>)
<>)
->
->
->
->
->
->
QAction
QAction
QAction
QAction
QAction
QAction
QWidget:
addActions (< QAction>) -

;
insertAction(<QAction 1>, <QAction 2>)- <QAction 2>

<QAction 1>;
insertActions (<QAction>,
<
QAction>) -
+
+
actions () - ( QAction);
removeAction (<QAction>) -
. ;
addSeparator () - QAction;
insertseparator ( <QAction>)
addWidget (<QWidget>) -
QAction;
, ,
<QAction>;
QAction;
inser_tWidget (<QAction>, <QWidget>) -

QAction;
.r
widgetForAction (<QAction>) -
+
+
clear () - ;
setAllowedAreas (<>) -
. (
1)
LeftToolBarArea (), RightToolBarArea (), TopToolBarArea (
), BottomToolBarArea () AllToolBarAreas QtCore.Qt;
setMovae (<>)
True (
False
), .
;
isMovae
,
() - rue,
False- ;
28.
SDI-
/-
655
setF'loatae (<>) - True (

), ,
F'alse,
isF'loatae () ,
isF'loating ()
rue,
F'alse-
F'alse-
rue, ,
setToolButtonStyle (<>) -
setoolButtonstyle
(Qt: :ToolButtonStyle).
QtCore. Qt:
TooluttoniconOnly- - ;
TooluttonTextOnly- l - ;
oolButtonTextBesideicon- 2 - ;
ToolButtonTextUndericon- 3 - ;
ToolButtonF'ollowStyle- 4 -
+
+
toolButtonStyle () - ;
+
+
iconSize () - ( QSize);
seticonSize (<QSize>) - .
seticonSize(const QSize&);
toggleViewAction () -
QAction), -
QToolBar ( ;
):
actionTriggered (QAction *) -
QAction;
visiili tyChanged (bool) -
rue, , F'alse ;
topLevelChanged(bool)- .
rue,
, F'alse- .
28.3.2. accQToo/Button
,
QToolButton.
widgetF'orAction(<;QAction>)
QToolar.
QoolButton :
QAstractButton
QoolButton
QToolButton :
<>= QToolButton([parent=<Poe>])
656
11.
QToolutton n
(n ; n n
):
setDefaultAction ( <QAction>) - n.
setDefaultAction (QAction *);
defaultAction () -
(n QAction),
n;
setoolButtonStyle (<>) - n.
setToolButtonstyle (Qt: :ToolButtonStyle).
<> . .
+
+
+
+
+
28.3.1 n setToolButtonStyle ();
toolButtonStyle () - n;
setMenu ( <QMenu>) - ;
menu () - (n Qenu) None;
showenu () - , n. ;
setPopupMode (<>) - n .
n QToolutton:
DelayedPopup- - n n
n ;
enuuttonPopup- 1 - n n n , ~
n ;
InstantPopup- 2 - n n .
triggered () n ;
+
+
popupMode () - n ;
setArrowType (< >) -
, n. n
LeftArrow
RightArrow
NoArrow (
QtCore. Qt;
),
UpArrow,
DownArrow,
setAutoRaise (<>) - n False, n

. n , n
n.
QToolutton triggered (QAction *), n
n , n n .
n n n QAction.
28.4.
n n
, (n, n),
n
nn n.
n n n
QDockWidget. QDockWidget :
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QDockWidget
28.
/-
SDI-
657
QDockWidget:
<>
QDockWidget([parent=<Poe>]
<>
QDockWidget(<Haae>[,
[,
flags=<T >])
rnt=<>]
[,
flags=<T >])
<> ,
, ,
.
.
QDockWidget
( ;
):
setWidget (<QWidget>) - ,
;
+
+
widget () - , ;
setTitleBarWidget (<QWidget>) -
n;
ti tleBarWidget () -
, None, J-J;
setAllowedAreas (<>) -
, .
1)
LeftDockWidgetArea (), RightDockWidgetArea (), TopDockWidgetArea (),

BottomDockWidgetArea () AllDockWidgetAreas QtCore .Qt;
setFloating (<>)- True,

, False,
- ;
isFloating () - rue, ,
False- ;
setFeatures (<>)- .
(
DockWidgetClosable-
DockWidgetMovable-
1)
QDockWidget:
n ;
DockWidgetFloatable- ;
DockWidgetVerticalTitleBar- ,
;
NoDockWidgetFeatures- n ,
;
+
+
features () - ;
toggleViewAction () -
( QAction),
n.
QoockWidget ( ;
):
658
11.
dockLocationChanged (Qt:: DockWidgetArea) -
,
;
visiilityChanged
(bool) -
True, , E'alse ;
topLevelChanged (bool) -
True,
, E'alse- .
28.5.
QStatusBar ,
.
, , .
:
. . ,
, ,
setStatusTip (),
.
showessage
();
.
. ,
addWidget () insertWidget ( J.
;
.
. ,
addPermanentWidget ()
insertPermanentWidget ().
, ,
statusBar ()
QainWindow,
setStatusar
QStatusBar
( <QStatusBar>).
(QObject, QPaintDevice) - QWidget - QStatusBar

QStatusBar:
<>= QStatusBar([parent=<Poe>])
QStatusBar
( ;
):
showMessage (<> [, msecs=O] ) -
. , ,
l) clearessage ().

showMessage (const QString&, int = );
\+
28.
SDI-
currentMessage () -
659
D/-
, -
clearMessage () -
addWidget(<QWidget>[,
stretch=O])- n
. n stretch ;
insertWidget (<>,
<QWidget> [, stretch=O]) - n
n n. n stretch
;
addPermanentWidget ( <QWidget> [,
stretch=OJ) -
n . n stretch ;
insertPennanentWidget (<>,
<QWidget> [,
stretch=O]) -
n n n.
stretch ;
removeWidget (<QWidget>) - n n .
, n ,
. n ;
setSizeGripEnaed (<>) -
n True,
n .
False .
QStatusBar messageChanged ( const QString&),

n . n n
n .
28.6.
DI-
DI-n
(Multiple Document lnterface)
. DI-n,
n n
QMdiArea
setCentralWidget () QMainWindow. DI-

n QMdiSuWindow.
28.6.1.
QMdiArea
QMdiArea DI-, n
(n QMdiSuWindow). QMdiArea
:
- QMdiArea
QMdiArea :
<>= QMdiArea([parent=<Poe>])
QMdiArea (n ; n
l n ):
660
addSuWindow ( <QWidget> [,
flags=<Tn >] ) -
11.
n <QWidget> (n
QdiSuWindow). :
w = MyWidget ()
sWindow = self.mdi_area.addSuWindow(w)
sWindow.setAttribute(QtCore.Qt.WA_DeleteOnClose)
# ...
sWindow. show ()
n ,
WA_ DeleteOnClose, , show ().

n
<QWidget>
(n QMdiSuWindow). :
w = MyWidget ()
sWindow = QtGui.QdiSuWindow()
self.mdi_area.addSubWindow(sWindow)
sWindow.setAttribute(QtCore.Qt.WA_DeleteOnClose)
# :
sWindow.setWidget(w)
sW indow. show ( )
DI-, DI-
n . :
sWindow =
QtGui.QdiSuWindow(self.mdi_area)
activeSubWindow () - (n
QdiSuWindow) None;
currentSuWindow () - (n
QdiSuWindow) None. n
n activeSuWindow (), DI-
;
subWindowList ( [order=CreationOrder]) -
(n QMdiSuWindow), DI-, n
n. n order QMdiArea:
CreationOrder- - n n n DI
;
StackingOrder- 1 -
n n n n.
n , n
- ;
ActivationHistoryOrder- 2.-
n n n n
. n , n
n;
remov~SubWindow (<QWidget>) - DI-;
setActiveSuWindow(<QMdiSuWindow>)- .
n None, .
setActiveSuWindow (QdiSuWindow *);
28.
SD/-
/-
661
setActivationOrder (<order>) - n n n
activatePreviousSuWindow (), activateNextSuWindow () . n <order>
, n order suWindowList ();
+
+
activationOrder () - n ;
activatePreviousSuWindow()- n .
setActivationOrder();
activateNextSubWindow () - .
setActivationOrder();
+
+
+
closeActi veSuWindow () - . ;
closeAllSuWindows () - . ;
cascadeSuWindows () - , n .
;
tileSuWindows () -
n , n .
setViewMode (<>) -
DI-. n
<> QMdiArea:
+
+
SuWindowView- - ( );
TabbedView- 1 -
viewode () -
n ;
DI-;
setTabPosi tion (<>) - n n

TabbedView.
. n <>
QabWidget:
North-
South- 1 - ;
West -
2-
East -
- ;
;
n;
tabPosition (<>) n n
n TabbedView;
setTabShape (<>) - n
TabbedView. QTabWidget:
Rounded- - ( );
Triangular- 1 - ;
~abShape () -
+
+
TabbedView;
setackground ( <QBrush>) - n DI-;
setOption (<> [, on=True J ) -
n True,
, False- . n <>
DontMaximizeSuWindoWOnActivation QMdiArea.
662
U.
, r-t
;
testOption (<>) - True, ,

False- .
QMdiArea suWindowActivated (QdiSuWindow *),
-r . 11
( QMdiSuWindow)
None.
28.6.2.
QMdiSubWindow .
QMdiSuWindow , DI-.
QMdiSuWindow :
QdiSuWindow
QMdiSuWindo;.:
<>= QdiSuWindow([parent=<Poe>]
[,
flags=<T >])
QMdiSuWindow
. ( ;
):
setWidget (<QWidget>) - ;
widget () - ;
mdiArea () - DI- ( QMdiArea)

None;
setSystemenu(<Qenu>)-
;
systemenu ()
( QMenu)
None;
showsystemenu () -
setKeyboardSingleStep(<aee>)-
.
,
Move
Size.
s;
setKeyboardPageStep (<>) -

<Shift>.
- 20;
showShaded () -
, .
isShaded () - True, , False ;
setOpt ion (<> [, on=rue] ) -
True,
False- .
28.
SDI-
663
I-
n <> QMdiSuWindow:
RubberBandResize- n , n
n n, .
RubberBadove- n , n n
n n n, . n
n ;
testOption(<On>)-
False-
True, n ,
n .
QMdiSuWindow 11 :
aboutToActivate () - n ;
windowStateChanged(Qt: :WindowStates,Qt: :WidowStates)- n

. n n n ,
n- .
28.7.
QSystemTrayicon n n ,
n n n
QSystemTrayicon
Windows.
QObject - QSystemTrayicon

QSystemTrayicon:
<>= QSystemTrayicon([parent=<Poe>])
<>=
QSystemTrayicon(<Qicon>[,
rnt=<>])
QSystemTrayicon :
isSystemTrayAvailale
() - True,
False- n . ;
seticon ( <Qicon>) -
. ~
icon () -
setContextMenu (0:::Qenu>) - , n -
contextMenu () - (n QMenu);
setToolTip (<>) - n n;
toolTip () - n n;
(n Qicon);
n n ;
setVisile(<a>)- n rue,
,
False- .
setVisile(bool);
show () - . ;
hide () - . . ;
664
isVisie
() -
1/.
True, , False-
geometry () -
QRect
showessage () -
showMessage(<aooo>,
< >[,
icon=Information] [,
msecs=lOOOO])

icon ,
Noicon, Information, warning
Cri tical QSystemrayicon: msecs
, . ,
, , msecs
;
supportsMessages () - rue,
False- . .
Qsxstemrayrcon :
activated(QSystemTrayicon: :ActivationReason)-
.
QSystemTrayicon:
Unknown -
Context- 1 -
DouleClick-
Trigger-
MiddleClick- 4 -
;
;
2 -
- ;
;
messageClicked () - .
Python
PyQt.
. ,
.
http://www.python.org/
http://www.riverbankcomputing.eo.uk/.
, , .
PyQt
http://qt.nokia.com/ .
http://docs.python.org/
Python,
Qt,
. ;
, , . . ,
Python
Python'
Python
http://pypi.python.org/pypi?%3Aaction=index
http://sourceforge.net/
Python.
PySide (http://www.pyside.org/),
Nokia. PyQt
LGPL.
r .: Tkinter, wxPython (http://www.wxpython.org/),
PyGTK (http://www.pygtk.org/), PyWin32 (http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/)
pyFLTK (http://pyfltk.sourceforge.net/). pygame
(http://www.pygame.org/), , Django
(http://www.djangoproject.com/), W-.

, ,
.
(,
http://www.google.com/)
- n - .
ftp://85.249.45.166/9785977507974.zip.
www.bhv.ru.
F-
. .\.
.1.
Listings.doc
PyQt.doc
750 n ,
Readme.doc
PyQt
@
@abstractmethod 243
@classmethod 242
@staticmethod 242
_abs_() 240
_add_() 239
_all_ 221, 226
_and_() 240
_ annotations_ 215
- bases- 235
_bool_() 238
_call_O 236
_cause_257
_complex_() 239
_conform_() 333
_contains_() 241
_debug_258
_de1_() 232
_de1attr_() 238
_delitem_() 237
_dict_ 213,219,237
_doc_ 34, 35, 79
_enter_() 252, 253
_eq_()241
_exit_() 252,253
file
- 262
_float_() 238
_floordiv_() 240
_ge_()241
_getattr_() 237, 244
_getattribute_() 237, 244
_getitem_ 236
_gt_()241
_hash_() 239
_iadd_() 239
_iand_() 241
_itloordiv_() 240
_ilshift_() 241
_imod_() 240
_import_() 219
_imul_() 240
_index_() 239
_init_()231
_int_() 238
_invert_() 240
_ior_() 241
_ipow_() 240
_irshift_() 241
_isub_() 239
_iter_() 238
_itruediv_() 240
_ixor_() 241
_le_()241
_1en_() 238
_1shift_() 241
_lt_() 241
_mod_()240
mro 236
_mul_() 239
name 216
_ne_()241
_neg_() 240
_next_()40,207,238,256,268,275,324,
355
_or_()241
_pos_() 240
_pow_()240
_)add_() 239
_rand_()241
_repr_() 239
_rfloordiv_() 240
668
_rlshift_() 241
_rmod _() 240
_rrnul_() 240
_ror_() 241
_round_() 239
_rpow_() 240
_rrshift_() 241
_rshift_() 241
_rsub_() 239
_nruediv_() 240
_rxor_() 241
_setattr_() 237, 244
_setitem_() 236
slots 245
_str_() 239
_sub_() 239
_truediv_() 240
_xor_() 241
243
ABCMeta243
Abon 611,613
about() 618
aboutQt() 618
aboutoActivate()
663
648
aboutToShow() 648
abs()37, 71,179,240
abspath() 260, 262, 281
Accept 353, 625
accept() 386, 425, 442, 448, 455, 456, 458,
463,464,601,604,608,610
Accept-Charset 353
Accepted 608,609,612,619,624
Accept-Encoding 353
acceptHoverEvents() 603
Accept-Language 353
n 624
acceptProposedAction() 463, 464, 604
acceptRichText() 501
AcceptRole 611,612,614
AcceptSave 624
access() 278
AccessiieDescriptionRole 528
AccessiieTextRole 528
accumulate() 158
acos() 72
actionChanged() 461
actionGroup() 651
aboutoHide()
ActionRole 61-1,614
actions() 647, 652, 654
actionTriggered() 520, 655
activated() 517,526,538,664
activateNextSubWintlow() 661
activatePreviousSubWindow() 661
activateWindow() 415,609
ActivationChange 444
ActivationHistoryOrder 660
activationOrder() 661
Active 420
activeAction() 645, 647
ActivePython 20
activeSubWindow() 660
activeWindow() 581
ActiveWindowFocusReason 449
actuaiSize() 577
add() 171
addAction() 645, 646, 652, 654
addActions() 646, 654
addButton() 611,612,615
addDockWidget() 642
addEIIipse() 580
addFile() 576
addltem() 484, 523, 579
addLayout() 470, 473
addLine() 579
addMenu() 645, 647
addPage() 634
addPath() 580
addPerrnanentWidget() 658, 659
addPixmap() 576, 580
addPolygon() 580.
addRect() 580
addRow() 474
addSeparator() 647, 654
addSimpleText() 580
addSpacing() 471
addStretch() 471
addSubWindow() 660
addTab() 481
addText() 580
addToGroup() 597
addTooiar() 641, 653
addTooiarBreak() 642
addWidget() 366, 429, 470-473, 476, 486,
580,654,658,659
Adjust 412, 539
adjustSize() 402
AdjustoContents 525
AdjustoContentsOnFirstShow 525
AdjustToMinimumContentsLength 525
669
AdjustToMinimumContentsLengthWithlcon
525
AeroStyle 635
AlignAbsolute 471
AlignBottom 396,471,565
AlignCenter 369,396,471, 565
AlignHCenter 396,471,479,565
AlignJustifY 471
AlignLeft 396,471,479,565
alignment() 505
AlignRight 396,471,479,565
AlignTop 396,471,565
AlignVCenter 396,471,565
all() 147
AIIDockWidgetAreas 657
AIIEditTriggers 537
AIIFonts 527
AIILayers 584
AIINonFixedFieldsGrow 475
AllowNestedDocks 642, 643
AllowTabbedDocks 642
AIITooiarAreas 654
alpha() 553, 554
alphaF() 553-555
AltModifier 454
AmPmSection 515
anchorCiicked() 512
and 57
animateCiick() 493
AnimatedDocks 642
answerRect() 465
Antialiasing 565
any() 147
AnyFile 624
AnyKeyPressed 537
Apilevel 3\8
append() \10, 133, \34, 144, \96,222,500,
559
appendColumn() 53\, 534
appendRow() 531, 534
ApplicationActivate 444
ApplicationDeactivate 444
ApplicationModa\417, 418,609
ApplicationShortcut 452, 650
Apply 611,613
ApplyRole 611,614
Argv 32, 365, 366
ArithmeticError 255
Arraysize 324
ArrowCursor 458
as 218, 220, 225, 253
as_string() 351
AscendingOrder 530, 533, 536, 542, 544, 549,

581
ASCII\15, 118,\19
ascii() 91,94
asctime() 176
asin() 72
assert 255, 258
AssertionError 255, 258
Assistant 361
astimezone() 188
atan() 72
atBiockEnd() 51
atiockStart() 51
atEnd() 509
atStart() 509
AttributeError 217,229,237,245,255
AutoAII 503
AutoBulletList 503
AutoCompatConnection 430
autoCompletion() 525
AutoConnection 429, 430, 435
AutoNone 503
AutoText 490, 615, 635
availaieGeometry() 405, 406
availaieRedoSteps() 506
availaieSizes() 576
availaieUndoSteps() 506
back() 634
BackButton 635
Background 420
BackgroundLayer 583
BackgroundPixmap 636
BackgroundRole 527
backspace() 496
BacktabFocusReason 449
backward() 511
backwardA vailaie() 512
backwardHistoryCount() 511
BannerPixmap 636
BaseException 255
basename() 282
baseSize() 402
Batched 540
begin() 562
beginEditBiock() 51
Beve\Join 556
Bin 518
bin()71,239
Black 396, 504, 507, 552, 554, 560
670
BlankCursor 458
509
lockCount() 507
lock()
lockCountChanged()
507
BlockingQueuedConnection 430
lockNumber() 509
lockSignals() 430
BlockUnderCursor 51
Blue 552, 553
lurRadius() 598, 599
lurRadiusChanged() 599
Bold 504, 507, 560
23,264
)38,44,55,238
bottom() 4 12
BottomDockWidgetArea 642, 643, 657
bottomLeft() 413
BottomLeftCorner 643
bottomRight() 413
BottomRightCorner 643
BottomTooiarArea 641, 654
BottomToTop 472,519
boundedTo() 409
boundingRect() 559, 561, 565, 566, 588
BoundingRectShape 595
480
break 62, 66---68
bspTreeDepth() 579
BspTreelndex 579
Buffer 270
Builtins 34
BusyCursor 458
button() 456, 602, 612, 615, 635
buttonCiicked() 6!5
buttonDownPos() 602
buttonDownScenePos() 602
buttonDownScreenPos() 602
buttonRole() 6\2, 615
button~)456,458,602,603,605,6\2,6\5
buttonText() 636, 637

Byte Order Mark 23, 264
Bytearray 38, 45, 46, 77, 105, 108, 109
Bytes 38, 45, 77, 105, 106,263,327,332
Bytes!O 276
CacheBackground 585
Cache-Control 353
CacheNone 585
Calendar 173, \89, 192, 194
Cance\610,613,633
Canceiutton
635
CanceiuttonOnLeft
636
canceled() 633
canPaste() 50\
capitalize() 98
cascadeSub Windows() 661
Caselnsensitive 506, 525, 549, 550
CaseSensitive 525, 549, 550
ceil() 73
center() 89, 413
centerOn() 587 .
centra\Widget() 640
cgi348
chain() 158
changed()584,652
changeEvent() 445
changeOverrideCursor() 459
characterCount() 507
chardet 357
chdir() 262, 290
Checked 494, .528, 535
checkedAction() 652
checkOverflow() 518
checkState() 494, 535
CheckStateRole 528
child() 529, 534
ChildAdded 443
childltems() 59\
ChildPolished 443
ChildRemoved 443
chmod() 278
choice() 74, 75, 148
chr() 98
Class 228, 229
ClassicStyle 635, 636
cleanText() 513
cleanupPage() 634, 636, 639
clear() \66, 171, 289, 463, 465, 482, 491, 496,
501,505,513,524,53\,548,559.573,580.
612,645,647,654
ClearAndSelect 548
clearEditText() 525
clearFocus() 449, 582, 590
clearHistory() 511
clearMessage() 396, 659
clearSelection() 510,537,548,583
clearSpans() 541
clearUndoRedoStacks() 506
click() 434, 493
clicked() 367,384,426,427,431,433,479,
492,493,517,538,612
clickedButton() 615
ClickFocus 450
Clipboard 443, 465
clone() 535
close() 265, 272, 273, 288, 319, 349, 355, 358,
424,425,443,448,610,613,650
closeActiveSub Window() 661
closeAI\SubWindows() 661
closeAI\Windows() 424
Closed 270, 273
ClosedHandCursor 458
closeEvent() 386, 425, 442, 445, 448.
Cmath 72
Cmyk 555
Code 355
collapse() 544
col\apseA 11() 544
collapsed() 544
collidesWithltem() 592
collidingltems() 581, 591
color() 598, 599
colorO 552, 572, 573
colorl 552, 572
colorChanged() 599, 600
colorNames() 552
column() 529, 533
columnCount() 473,531, 533
columnlntersectsSelection() 547
Columns 548
columnSpan() 541
column Width() 541, 543
cominations() 154
cominations _ with _replacement() 155
comine() 186
commit() 321, 327, 328, 339
CommitButton 635
compile() 114, 123, 124, 127, 128
complete_ statement() 338
completeChanged() 638
complex 38, 69
complex() 239
compress() 157
Confidence 357
connect() 319, 328, 334, 367, 369, 383, 384,
426,428,429,431,435,438
contains() 413, 414
ContainsltemBoundingRect 582, 583, 585
ContainsltemShape 581, 583, 585
Content-Length 350, 353
contentsChange() 507
contentsChanged() 508
Content-Type 350,352-354
Context 664
671
ContextMenu 444, 663
contextMenuEvent() 497, 501, 644, 648, 649
ContiguousSelection 537
Continue 67
ControiModifier 454
convertFromlmage() 571
convertTo() 555
convertToFormat() 575
Cookie 353
135,161,166,170,172,279,454,497,
501,571,575,.650
2() 279
Action 460, 461
vailaie() 502
copyfile() 278
comer() 643
cornerWidget()488
cos() 72
count() 65, 100, 147, 153,476,483,485,487,
524,545,559
create_aggregate() 331
create_ collation() 328
create_function() 330, 331
createltemGroup() 580, 597
createPopupMenu() 641
createStandardContextMenu() 497, 501
CreationOrder 660
Critical613, 617,618,664
CrossCursor 458
CrossPattem 421, 557
cssclasses() 191
ctime() 176, 182, 188
Current 548
currentChanged() 476, 477, 483, 485, 537,
548,625
currentCharFormat() 505
currentCharFormatChanged() 502
currentColumnChanged() 549
currentFont() 504, 527
currentFontChanged() 527
currentld() 634
currentldChanged() 63 7
currentlndex() 476, 483, 485, 524, 529,
536,548
currentlndexChanged() 526
currentMessage() 659
currentPage() 634
currentPageChanged() 517
currentRowChanged() 548
currentSection() 515
currentSectionlndexO 515
currentSubWindow() 660
672
currentext()
524
currentWidget() 476, 483, 485
cursor() 319, 459
cursorBackward() 497
cursorForPosition() 508
cursorForward() 496
cursorPosition() 496
cursorPositionChanged() 497, 502, 507
cursorWordBackward() 497
cursorWordForward() 497
CustomButton1 635,636,637
CustomButton2 635, 637
CustomButton3 635, 637
customButtonCiicked() 637
CustomDashLine 555
customEvent() 467
CustomizeWindowHint 400
cut() 497, 50 1, 650
cyan() 552, 554
cyanF() 554
cycle() 154
D
DarkBiue 552
DarkCyan 552
darker() 553
DarkGray 552
DarkGreen 552
DarkMagenta 552
DarkRed 552
DarkYellow 552
DashDotDotLine 542, 555
DashDotLine 542, 555
DashLine 542, 555
data()463,529,530,532,535,651
DatabaseError 337
dati:tChanged() 465
DataError 337
Date 178, 180-182, 186, 187,336,514-517
dateChanged() 515
Datetime 173, 178, 180, 183, 184, 186-188,
336,514,515
dateTimeChanged() 515
Day 181, 186
Day_abbr 194
Day_ name 194
Days 178, 179
DaySection 515
DB-AP1318
Dbm 288,293
Dec518
Decimal 50, 70
DecorationRole 527
deepcopy() 135, 161, 166
Def197, 199,229
defaultAction() 647, 656
defaultSectionSize() 545
degrees() 73
De\47, 111, 146, 163,289
del_() 496
delattr() 230
DelayedPopup 656
deleteChar() 51
deletePreviousChar() 51
deleter() 246
delta() 458, 603
DemiBold 504, 507, 560
Dense 1Pattern 421, 557
Dense2Pattern 421, 557
Dense4 Pattern 4 21 , 55 7
Dense5 Pattern 4 21 , 55 7
depth() 571, 574
DescendingOrder 530, 533, 536, 542, 544,
549,581
Description 323
Deselect 496, 548
Designer 361,371,373
Desktop 400, 405
destroyltemGroup() 580, 597
DestructiveRo1e 6"11, 614
Detai\624
detect() 357, 358
Detect_types 334
Dialog 400
dict() 39, 159, 161,351
Dict_items 164
Dict_keys 62, 164
Dict_values 164
difference() 168, 172
difference_ update() 168
digest() 113
dir() 35,219
DirectConnection 429
Directory 624, 625
directoryEntered() 626
dirname() 262, 283
Disaied 420
DisaiedBackButtonOnLastPage 636
Discard 171,611,613
673
disconnect() 430, 431, 435

display() 518
DisplayRole 527, 532, 549, 550
displayText() 496
divmod() 72
dockLocationChanged() 65 8
dockOptions() 643
dockWidgetArea() 642
DockWidgetCiosa\e 657
DockWidgetFioata\e 657
DockWidgetMova\e 657
DockWidgetYerticaiTitleBar 657
document() 505, 51 , 596
documentMargin() 507
documentTitle() 500
done() 358, 608, 61
DontConfirmOverwrite 624
DontMaximizeSub WindowOnActivation 661
DontUseNativeDialog 629, 631
DontWrapRows 475
DOTLL 114, 116
DotLine 542, 555
Dou\eCiick 664
dou\eC\icked() 537, 539
dou\eC\icklnterval() 455
Dou\elnput 619,620,621
dou\eYalue() 620
dou\e YalueChanged() 62 1
dou\e YalueSelected() 62 1
Down 508
DownArrow 656
DragDrop 538
DragEnter 443
dragEnterEvent() 463, 464, 604
DragLeave 443
dragLeaveEvent() 463, 604
dragMode() 585
DragMove 443
dragMoveEvent() 463, 604
DragOnly 538
draw() 597, 598
drawArc() 564
drawBackground() 579
drawChord() 564
drawE\Iipse() 564
Drawer 400
drawForeground() 579
drawlmage() 566, 567, 573
drawLine() 563
drawLines() 563
drawPicture() 569
drawPie() 564
22
. 13~9
drawPixmap() 566, 570, 572

drawPoint(} 563
drawPoints() 563
drawPolygon() 564
drawPolyline() 563
drawRect() 563
drawRoundedRect(} 564
drawText() 565
Drop 443
dropAction() 464, 604
dropEvent() 463, 464, 604
DropOnly 538
dropwhi\e() 156
dst() 184, 188
dump() 286, 287
dumps() 1 12, 287
dup() 272
dx() 558
dy() 558
East 482, 643, 661

Eclipse 14, 365
editingFinished(} 497, 513
EditKeyPressed 537
EditRole 527, 532
editTextChanged() 526
ElideLeft 482, 537
ElideMiddle 482, 538
ElideNone 482, 538
ElideRight 482, 537
ElifO
Ellipsis 39
Ellipsis 39
Else 62, 66, 25 1
emit() 382, 383, 388, 433---435
Empty 389, 390
ena\edChanged() 598
Encoding 270, 357
End 508
end() 126,497,562
endEditB\ock() 51
EndOtlock 508
EndOfLine 508
EndOfWord 508
Endpos 125
endswith() 100
ensureCursorYisi\e() 501
EnsureYisi\e 538
ensureYisi\e() 487, 587, 592
ensureWidgetYisi\e() 487
674
Enter 443
entered() 539
enterEvent() 457
enumerate() 65, 140
Env 25
EOFError 255, 284
Error 337
escape() 131, 34 7, 348
eval() 32
event() 444, 452, 455, 467, 651
eventFilter() 465, 466
exc_info() 249, 253
except248--251,256
Exception 255, 257, 337
_()367,379,386,388,460,608,609,
614,619,624,644,648,649
execute() 320--322, 331
executemany() 322
executescript() 319, 322
ExistingFile 624
ExistingFiles 624
exists() 279
exit() 365, 367, 379, 386, 424
() 73
expand() 126, 544
expandA\1() 544
expanded() 544
expandedTo() 409 .
Expanding 475, 477
ExpandingFieldsGrow 475
expandtabs() 88
expandToDepth() 544
extend() 11 , 145
ExtendedSelection 537
ExtendedWatermarkPixmap 636
extension() 608
F
F 278
fabs() 73
factorial() 73
Fa1se 38,55
families() 561
family() 560
FastTransformation 572, 575, 595
fdopen() 272
features() 657
feed() 358
fetcha\1() 325
fetchmany() 324
fetchone() 324
field() 635, 638

FieldsStayAtSizeHint 475
FileName 625
fileno() 268, 283
fileSelected() 626
filesSelected() 626
FileType 625
fill() 571' 574
Filled 518
fii\Rect() 564
filter() 143, 144
filterfalse() 156
filterSelected() 626
finalize() 331
Finally 251
find() 99,501,506
findall() 127
FindBackward 501, 506
findBiock() 507
findBiockByNumber() 507
FindBuffer 465
FindCaseSensitively 501, 506
findData() 526
findltems() 532
finditer() 128
findText() 526
FindWholeWords 501,506
finish() 396
FinishButton 635
finished() 382, 384
Firebug 354
firstBiock() 507
firstweekday() 192
fitlnView() 587
Fixed 477, 539, 545
FixedColumnWidth 503
FixedPixeiWidth 503
tlags() 529, 535, 589
Flat 518
FlatCap 556
tloat() 38, 44, 69, 70, 238
tloor() 73, 220
tlush() 268, 275, 286
fmod() 73
Focusln 443, 450
focuslnEvent() 450, 60 1
focusltem() 582
focusNextChild() 449
focusNextPrevChi1d() 449
FocusOut 443, 450
focusOutEvent() 450, 601
focusPolicy() 450
675
focusPreviousChild() 449
focusProxy() 449, 601
focusWidget() 449,450
font() 595, 596, 651
fontFamily() 504
fontltalic() 504
fontPointSize() 504
FontRole 527
fontUnderline() 504
fontWeight() 504
for30,40,61--63,65,83, 139--141,163,
167, 168, 172, 196,207,268,275,324
ForblddenCursor 458
ForceTabbedDocks 642
Foreground 420
ForegroundLayer 584
ForegroundRole 527
format() 84, 90, 91,574
Format ARG32 574
Format_ARG32_premultiplied 573, 574
format_exception() 249
format_ exception _ only() 249
Format lndexed8 574
Format lnvalid 573
Format Mono 573
Format MonoLSB 574
Format RGB32 574
formatmonth() 190, 191
formats() 463
formatyear() 191
formatyearpage() 192
forward() 511
forwardA vailaie() 512
forwardH istoryCount() 511
Fractions 70
Fragment 341, 342
frameGeometry() 403, 404
FramelessWindowint 400
frameSize() 403, 405
Free 539
Friday 517
FRIDAY 190
m219,220,224--227,258
from_itera\e() 158
fromCmyk() 554
fromCmykF() 554
fromData() 574
fromhex() 106, 109
fromHsv() 554
fromHsvF() 554
from1mage() 571, 573
fromkeys() 160
fromordinal() 181, 186

fromRgb() 553
fromRgba() 553
fromRgbF() 553
fromtimestamp() 181, 185
frozenset 39, 171, 172
frozenset() 171
fu1\() 389, 390
function 39, 199
functools 144, 438
G
geometry() 403, 404, 664
GET
get() 162, 165, 289, 348, 349, 352, 353, 355,
356,389,391
get_all() 352
get_content_maintype() 352
get_content_subtype() 352
get_content_type() 352
get_nowait() 389
getatime() 21
getattr() 211: 229
getbuffer() 276
getCmyk() 554
getCmykF() 554
getCo1or() 629
getCoords() 413
getctime() 280
getcwd() 289
getDouie() 622
getExistingDirectory() 626
getFont() 630
getheader() 350
getheaders() 350
getHsv() 554
getHsvF() 555
getlnt() 621
getlnteger() 621
getltem() 623
getloca1e() 97
getmtime() 280
getOpenFileName() 627
getOpenFileNameAndFilter() 627
getOpenFileNames() 628
getOpenFileNamesAndFilter() 628
getparam() 352
getRect() 4 13
getrefcount() 42
getresponse() 349
getRgb() 553
676
getRgba() 630
getRgbF() 553
getSaveFileName() 628
getSaveFileNameAndFilter() 628
getsize() 279
getter() 246
getText() 621
geturl() 342, 355
getvalue() 273
glob() 292
global() 2 1 1
globaiPos() 456, 458, 648, 649
globals() 212
globaiX() 456, 458, 648
globaiY() 456, 458, 648
gmtime() 173, 174, 194
gotFocus() 450
grabKeyboard() 450, 455, 590, 601
grabMouse() 456, 457, 590, 602
grabShoncut() 452
grabWidget() 572
grabWindow() 572
graphicsEffect() 597
green() 553
greenF() 553
group() 125, 597
groupdict() 125
groupindex 124
groups() 124, 126
GroupSwitchModifier 454
hasAcceptaelnput() 498, 499

hasattr() 217, 230
hasChildren() 533, 534
hasComplexSelection() 51
hasFocus() 449, 582, 590
hasFormat() 463
hashlib 112
hasHtml() 462
haslmoge() 462
hasSelectedText() 491, 496
hasSelection() 51 , 54 7
hasText() 462
hasTracking() 520
hasUrls() 462
hasVisitedPage() 634
HaveCustomButton 1 635, 636
HaveCustomButton2 635, 637
HaveCustomButton3 635, 637
HaveFinishButtonOnEarlyPages 636
HaveHelpButton 635, 636

HaveNextButtonOnLastPage 636
HEAD 348, 349, 352
header() 543, 545
headerData() 532
height() 402,405,408,412,561,571,574,579
heightForWidth() 478
Help 611,613
help() 33, 34, 35, 37
HelpButton 635
HelpButtonOnRight 636
helpRequested() 612, 637
HelpRole 61 1, 614
HeuristicMaskShape 595
518
hex() 71,239
hexdigest() 1 13
hiddenSectionCount() 546
hide()386,399,443,590,609,610,663
hideColumn() 542, 543
hideEvent() 445
HideNameFilterDetails 625
hidePopup() 525
hideRow() 541
hideSection() 546
hideTearOftenu() 647
HideToParent 443
HighestPriority 382
highlighted() 512, 526
HighPriority 382, fJ5 1
historyChanged() 51 2
historyTitle() 51 1
historyUrl() 51 1
HLine 480
home() 4?7, 511
Horizontal 458, 486, 519, 520, 522, 532, 545,
603,609--611,642,644
horizontaiHeader() 541, 545
horizontaiHeaderltem() 532
horizontaiScroiiBar() 487
Host 353
hostname 341
hotSpot() 461
hour 183, 185, 186
hours 178
HourSection 515
hover() 652
hovered() 645, 648, 652, 653
hoverEnterEvent() 602
hoverLeaveEvent() 602
hoverMoveEvent() 602
Hsl555
Hsv 555
hsvHue() 554
hsvHueF() 555
hsvSaturation() 554
hsvSaturationF() 555
html 348, 462
HTMLCalendar 189, 191
http.client 340, 348, 355
http.client.HTTPMessage 351
HTTPConnection 348
- 353
\eamCursor
458
icon() 647, 649, 663
lconMode 539
iconSize() 642, 655
IDLE 14, 20, 23, 28, 364
ldlePriority 382
ieHTTPHeaders 3~4
if... else 58, 59, 61
ignore() 386, 425, 442, 448, 455, 456, 458,
464,601,611,613
lgnoreAction 460
lgnoreAspectRatio 409,571,575
IGNORECASE 114
lgnored 477
lgnoreSubTitles 636
imageData() 462
lmp 223
lmport 24, 31,216,218-221,225-227
lmportError 255
in 52, 56, 76, 84, 147, 152, 162, \64, 169, 241,
289
Inactive 420
lndentationError 255
lndependentPages 634; 636, 639
index() 65, 99, 147, 153,247, 529,530, 532,
536
lndexError 81, 125, 137, 146,255
indexesMoved() 540
indexFromltem() 532
indexOf() 477,483,485,487
indexWidget() 536
info() 355
information() 613, 616, 664
lnheritPriority 382
initializePage() 634, 636, 638
input() 24, 31-33, 35, 46, 255, 284
inset() 11 , 111, 145, 222, 496, 559
insertAction() 647, 654
677
insertActions() 647, 654
lnsertAfterCurrent 524
lnsertAiphabetically 524
lnsertAtottom 524
lnsertAtCurrent 524
lnsetAtTop 524
InsertBeforeCurrent 524
insertBiock() 511
insertColumn() 531, 534
insertColumns() 531, 534
insertFragment() 511
insertFrame() 511
insertHtml() 500, 51
insertlmage() 51\
insertltem() 484, 523
insertltems() 524
insertLayout() 470
insertList() 511
insertMenu() 645, 647
insertPermanentWidget() 658, 659
insertPiainText() 500
insertRow() 474, 531, 534
insertRows() 530, 531, 534
insertSeparator() 524, 647, 654
insertSpacing() 471
insertStretch() 4 71
insertTab() 482
insertTaie() 51\
insertText() 51
insertToo\ar() 641, 653
insertToo\arBreakO 642
insertWidget() 470,471,476,486,654,658,
659
instaiiEventFilter() 466
instaiiSceneEventFilter() 605
lnstantPopup 656
int()38, 44, 69, 70, 238
IntegrityError 337, 339
lnteractive 545
lnterfaceError 337
lnternaiError 337
lnternaiMove 538
intersect() 4 14
intersected() 414
intersection() 169, 172
intersection _update() 169
intersects() 414
lntersectsltemBoundingRect 582, 583, 585
lntersectsltemShape 58\, 583, 585
interval() 440, 441
lntlnput 619---621
intValue() 518, 620
678
intValueChanged() 620
intValueSelected() 621
lnvalid 555
invalidate() 583
invalidateScene() 588
lnvalidRole 611,612,614
invenPixels() 576
InvenRgb 576
JnvenRgba 576
invisiieRootltem() 532
io 269, 273, 276
IOError 255, 259, 263, 278, 279
is 41, 56, \34, \35
isabs() 282
isAccepted() 442
isActive() 441, 562, 583
isActive Window() 415
isalnum() 103
isalpha() 103
isAmblguous(} 452
isatty() 284
isAutoRepeat() 454
isBackwardA vailaie() 511
isCheckaie() 479, 535, 650
isChecked() 479, 493--495, 650
isColumnHidden() 542, 543
isColumnSelected() 547
isCommitPage() 638
isComplete() 638
isdecimal() 102
isdigit() 102
isdir(} 291
isdisjoint() 170, 172
isDockNestingEnaied() 643
isDown()493
isEmpty() 408,4\3,505,559,647
isEnaied() 432, 493, 590, 598, 651, 653
isExpanded() 544
isfile(} 291
isFinaiPage() 638
isFinished() 382
isFiat(} 479
isFioataie() 655
isFioating() 655, 657
isForwardA vailaie() 511
isFuiiScreen() 415
isHeaderidden() 543
isHidden() 399
islndexHidden() 542, 544
isinstance() 44
islnteractive() 585
isltemEnaied() 485
isleap() 193
islink() 292
islower() 103
isMaximized() 415
isMinimized() 415
isModal() 417, 609
isModified() 505
isMovaie() 546, 654
isNull() 379,407,408, 4\3, 506, 509, 557,
570,574,576
isnumeric() 102
isocalendar() 183, 188
isoforinat() 182, 184, 188
isolation level 328
isoweekdayO 182, 188
ISOWeekNumbers 517
isQBitmap() 571
isReadOnly() 496, 503
isRedoAvailaie() 497,506
isRowHidden() 540, 542, 543
isRowSelected() 547
isRunning() 382, 386
isSectionHidden() 546
isSelected() 547, 590
isSeparator() 649
isShaded() 662
isSingleShot() 441
isSizeGripEnaled() 609
isspace() 103
issubset() 170, 172
issuperset() 170, 172
isSystemTray vailaie() 663
isTabEnaied() 483
isTearOftEnaied() 647
isTearOffenuVisile() 647
istitle() 103
isTristate() 495, 535
isUndoAvailaie() 497, 505
isUndoRedoEnaled() 501, 506
isupper() 103
isValid() 408,413, 529, 552
isValidColor() 552
isVisi\e() 399,590,651,653,664
italic() 560
item() 532
itemAt() 581, 586
itemChange() 605,606
itemChanged() 533.
ItemCursorChange 606
ItemCursorHasChanged 606
itemData 524
ItemDoesntPropagateOpacityToChildren 589

ltemEnaiedChange
605
ltemEnaiedHasChanged
605
ltemFiagsChange 606
ltemFiagsHaveChanged 606
itemFromlndex() 532
ltemlgnoresParentOpacity 589
ltemlgnoresTransformations 589
ltemlsDragEnaied 529
ltemlsDropEnaied 529
ltemlsEditaie 529
ltemlsEnaied 529
ltemlsFocusaie 582, 589, 590, 600
ltemlsMovaie 589
ltemlsPanel 589
ltemlsSelectaie 529, 582, 585, 589, 590
ltemlsTristate 529
ltemlsUserCheckaie 529
ltemLayer 583
ltemMatrixChange 605
ltemOpacityChange 606
ltemOpacityHasChanged 606
ltemPositionChange 605
ltemPositionHasChanged 605
items() 164, 288, 351, 581, 586
itemsBoundingRect() 579
ltemScenePositionHasChanged 606
ltemSelectedChange 606
ltemSelectedHasChanged 606
ltemSendsGeometryChanges 605, 606
ltemSendsScenePositionChanges 606
ltemStacksBehindParent 589
itemText() 485, 524
ltemTooiTipChange 606
ltemTooiipHasChanged 606
ltemTransformChange 606
ltemTransformHasChanged 606
ltemVisiieChange 606
ltemVisiieHasChanged 606
ltemZValueChange 606
ltemZValueHasChanged 606
iter() 40
itertools 157
J
join() 96, 151, 283, 389
joinPreviousEditiock()
51
KeepAnchor 509
KeepAspectRatio 409, 571, 575
679
KeepAspectRatioByExpanding 409, 571, 575

key() 452, 454
Keyboardlnterrupt 66, 256
.
keyboardModifiers() 464
KeyErrorl62, 165,171,255,289
KeypadModifier 454
KeyPress 443, 444, 465
keyPressEvent() 442, 454, 601
KeyRelease 443
keyReleaseEvent() 454, 601
keys() 62, 163, 164,288,326,352
killTimer() 439, 440, 441
L
Lambda205
lastBiock() 507
Lastgroup 125
La5tindex 125
Last-Modified 353
lastPos() 602, 603
Lastrowid 323
lastScenePos() 602, 603
lastScreenPos() 602, 603
LC ALL 97
LC_COLLATE 97
LC 97
LC_MONETARY 97
LC NUMERIC 97
LC TIME 97
leapdays() 193
Leave 443
leaveEvent() 457
left() 412, 508
LeftArrow 656
LeftButton 456, 458
LeftDockWidgetArea 642, 643, 657
LeftToo\arArea 641, 654
LeftToRight 471,540
len() 64, 83, 94, 136, 153, 163, 168, 238, 289,
477,483,485,487
LifoQueue 388
Light 504, 507, 560
lighter() 553
LightGray 552
line() 593
lineCount() 507
LineUnderCursor 51
Linguist 361
LinkAction 460, 461
linkActivated() 492, 596
linkovered() 492, 596
680
LinksAccessieByKeyboard
491, 502
491, 502
list() 38, 46, 96, 132, 134, 135, 148,624
listdir() 290-292
ListMode 539
ListView 536
ljust() 89
load() 286, 287, 569, 570, 574
loadFromData() 570, 574
loads() 112, 288
loadUi() 373
loadUiType() 374
locale 97
LOCALE 114
localeconv(} 98
LocaleHTMLCalendar 189, 191
LocaleTextCalendar 189, 190
locals() 212
localtime() 174, 515
Location 353, 354
lock() 392
log() 73
logicallndex() 546
LogoPixmap 636
LongDayNames 5 17
Lookln 625
lostFocus() 450
lower() 98
LowestPriority 382
LowPriority 382, 651
lsee 272
lstrip() 94
LinksAccessieByMouse
MacStyle 635, 636

magenta() 554
magentaF() 554
maketrans() 1 1
manhattanLength() 407
ManuaiWrap 503
map() 141, 142, 143
mapFrom() 457
mapFromGiobal() 457
mapFromParent(} 457
mapFromScene() 586
mapTo() 457
mapToGiobal() 457
mapToParent() 457
mapToScene() 586
mask(} 423, 571
MaskShape 595
match() 123, 124

MatchCaseSensitive 526
MatchContains 526
MatchEndsWith 526
matches() 454
MatchExactly 526
MatchFixedString 526
MatchRecursive 526
MatchRegExp 526
MatchStartsWith 526
MatchWildcard 526
MatchWrap 526
Math 72, 217, 218, 220
matrix() 587, 591
max() 71, 147
Maximum 477
maximumBiockCount() 507
maximumHeight() 402
maximumSize() 402
maximumWidth() 402
MaxUser 444
MAXYEAR 180, 181, 184, 186
md5() 112, 113
mdiArea() 662
DI-n 640, 659
memoryview() 276
menu(} 494, 651, 656
menuAction() 647
menuBar() 641, 645
MenuBarFocusReason 449
MenuButtonPopup 656
menuWidget() 641
mergeBiockCharFormat() 511
mergeBiockFormat() 511
mergeCharFormat() 511
messageChanged() 659
messageCiicked(} 664
MetaModifier 454
microsecond 183, 185, 186
microseconds 178, 179
MidButton 456, 458
MiddleButton 456
MiddleCiick 664
milliseconds 178
mimeData() 461, 464, 465, 604
min()72, 147
Minimum 477
MinimumExpanding 475,477
minimumHeight(} 402
minimumSectionSize() 545
minimumSize() 402
minimumSizeHint() 402
minimum Width() 402

minute 183, 185, 186
minutes 178
MinuteSection 515
MINYEAR 180, 181, 184, 186
mirrored() 576
MiterJoin 556
mkdir() 290
mktime() 174
mode 270
model() 529, 536, 539, 541, 543
ModernStyle 635, 636
modificationChanged() 508
modifiers() 454, 456, 458, 602, 603, 605
Module 39,219
Monday 190, 517
MonospacedFonts 527
Month 181, 186, 192
Month abbr 194
Month name 194
monthcalendar() 193
monthrange() 193
MonthSection 515
monthShown() 516
MouseButtonDICiick 443
MouseButtonPress 443, 444, 465, 466
MouseButtonRelease 443
mouseButtons() 464
mouseDouieCiickEvent() 455, 601
MouseFocusReason 449
mouseGrabberltem() 583, 602
MouseMove 443
mouseMoveEvent() 456, 460, 601
mousePressEvent() 455, 460, 601, 605
mouseReleaseEvent() 455, 601
move()279,403,443,468
MoveAction 460, 461
MoveAnchor 509
moveBottom() 412
moveBottomLeft() 412
moveBottomRight() 412
moveBy() 589
moveCenter() 4 12
moveCursor() 508, 509
moveEvent() 446
movePosition() 509
moveRight() 412
moveSectlon() 546
moveTo() 411
moveTop() 411
moveTopLeft() 412
moveTopRight() 412
681
MSecSection 515
Msg 351,355
msleep() 384
MS WindowsFixedSizeDialogH int 400
MULTILINE 114, 116
Multiprocessing 395
MultiSelection 537
N
Name 270, 271, 552
NameError 256
Netbtjans 14
Netloc 341
next() 40, 65, 634
NextBiock 509
NextButton 635
NextCell 509
NextCharacter 509
nextld() 634, 638
NextRow 509
NextWord 509
No 610,613
NoArrow 656
NoBackButtonOnLastPage 636
NoB~ckButtonOnStartPage 636
NoBrush 421,557,563
NoButton 456, 61 , 613
NoButtons 512, 620, 629, 631
NoCanceiButton 635, 636
NoDefaultutton 636
NoDockWidgetArea 642
NoDockWidgetFeatures 657
NoDrag 585
NoDragDrop 538
NoEcho 495, 619
NoEditriggers 537
NoFocus 450
NoFrame 480
NoHorizontaiHeader 517
Nolcon 613, 664
Nolndex 579
Nolnsert 524
NoltemFiags 529
NoModifier 454
NoMove 508
None 38,56
NoneType 38
NonModal 417, 609
NonRecursive 392
NonScalaieFonts 527
NoPen 542, 555, 563
682
Nonnal420,495,504,507,560,619
nonnalized() 413
NonnaiPriority 382, 651
nonnpath() 283
NoRole 611,612,614
North 482, 643, 661
NoSection 515
NoSelection 517, 537
Not 57
Notepad++ 14, 24
NoTextlnteraction 491, 502
NoTicks 521
NoToAII610, 613
NoTooiarArea 641
NotSupportedEor 338
NoUpdate 548 .
No VerticaiHeader 517
now() 185
NoWrap 503
APPEND271
BINARY 271
CREAT271
O_RDONLY 271
RDWR271
271
O_TRUNC271
O_WRONLY 271
Object 234
oct() 71,239
offset() 595, 598
offsetChanged() 599
OffsetFromUTC 515
Ok 610,613
o\dPos() 446
o\dSize() 446
o\dState() 445
opacity() 589, 600
opacityChanged() 600
opacityMask() 600
opacityMaskChanged() 600
open()254,259,261--263,265,271,272,
288,609,610,613,650
OpenHandCursor 458
Operationa\Eor 327, 337
or 58
ord() 99
orientation() 458, 603
os 262,271,278--281,289
os.path 260, 262, 279, 281, 282, 291
OSEor 271
OtherFocusReason 449
Outline 518
overflow() 518
OverflowError 174
overline() 561
oveideCursor() 459
overwriteMode() 503
pl() 558
2() 558
page() 634
pageAdded() 637
pagelds() 634
pageRemoved() 637
Paint 443
paint() 588
paintEvent() 447,551,562
palette() 420, 421
Pane\480
Params 341
parent() 529, 533, 534
parentltem() 591
parentWidget() 399
PARSE COLNAMES 334
PARSE DECLTYPES334
parse_qs() 343, 344
parse_qsl() 344
ParseResult 340, 341
partial() 438
PartiallyChecked 494, 528, 535
partition() 96
Pass 197., 230
Password 342, 495, 496, 619
PasswordEchoOnEdit 495, 619
paste() 497, 501
Path 341
-8 14
permutations() 155
Phonon 377
Pi 72,217,220
Pick\e 112, 286-288, 293
pixe\() 575
pixe\Size() 560
pixmap() 396,461,577,595
Plain 480
PlainText 490, 615, 635
PlusMinus 512
point() 559
PointingHandCursor 458
pointSize() 560
pointSizeF() 560
Polish 443
PolishRequest 443
polygon() 594
() 111, 146, 165, 171,289
popitem() 165, 289
popup() 400, 648
PopupFocusReason 449
popupMode() 656
Port 341
pos() 125,404,446,455,457--459,464,589,
602---604,648
posF() 456
position() 509
PositionAtottom 538
PositionAtCenter 538
PositionAtop 538
positionlnBiock() 509
possiieActions() 464, 604
POST 348, 349, 353, 355, 356
postEvent() 466
pow() 71,73
Pragma 353
prca\() 193
Preferred 4 77
prepareGeometryChange() 589
PrepareProtocol 333
prepend() 559
pressed() 493, 538
PreviousBiock 508
PreviousCe\1 509
PreviousCharacter 508
PreviousRow 509
PreviousWord 508
print() 28-31,239,284
print_() 502, 506
print_exception() 249
print_tb() 249
priority() 382, 651
PriorityQueue 389
prmonth() 190, 193
processEvents() 380, 381, 632
product() 155
ProgrammingError 338
property() 245
Proportionalfonts 527
proposedAction() 464, 604
pryear() 191
put() 389
put_nowait() 389
PyDev 14, 365
683
Pydoc 33
PyQt_PyObject 434
PYQT_VERSION_STR 362
PyQt4 377
pyqtSignal() 435
pyqtSiot() 429, 437
PyScripter 14, 24
Python Shell 23
python.exe 17, 18
PYTHONP 222
pythonw.exe 17
PythonWin 14
pyuic4.bat 375
Q
QAbstractButton 492, 493, 494
QAbstractGraphicsShapeltem 593
QAbstractltemView 529, 536------540, 543, 545,
547
QAbstractListModel 530
QAbstractProxyModel 549
QAbstractScrollArea 487
QAbstractSiider 520---522
QAbstractSpinBox 512-514
QAction 453, 644, 645, 647---649, 651---657
QActionGroup 651---653
QApp 365, 367
QApplication 365, 379, 419, 420, 424, 450,
455,459,460,465,560
QAxContainer 377
QBitmap 557, 569, 572, 573
QBoxLayout 471
QBrush 421, 556, 557
QButtonGroup 494
QByteArray 378, 419, 569
QCalendarWidget 516, 517
QChar 378
QCheckBox 494
QCiipboard 465
QCioseEvent 425, 448
QColor 396, 420, 504, 551, 555, 556, 574, 575
QColorDialog 629, 630.
QComboBox 523-527, 529, 536, 620
QCompleter 495, 525
QConica\Gradient 557
QContextMenuEvent 648
QCoreApplication 380, 466
QCursor 458, 459
QDate 379,514-517
QDateEdit 514, 515
QDateTime 379,514,515
684
QDateTimeEdit 514, 515
QDesktopWidget 406
QDial521
QDialog 368, 370, 398, 418, 419, 607---Q09
QDialogButtonBox 610-612
QDockWidget 644, 656, 657
QDouieSpinBox 512, 513
QDouieVa1idator 499
QDrag 460, 461, 462
QDragEnterEvent 463, 464
QDragLeaveEvent 463, 464
QDragMoveEvent 463, 464
QDropEvent 464
QErrorMessage 631
QEvent 442, 457, 464, 466, 602---Q04
QFileDia1og 607, 623---Q26
QFocusEvent 450, 601
QFont 504, 506,560
QFontComboBox 526, 527
QFontDatabase 561
QFontDialog 630, 631
QFontMetrics 561
QFontMetricsF 561
QFormLayout 473-475
QFrame 368, 398, 479, 480
QGraphicsBiurEffect 599
QGraphicsColorizeEffect 599, 600
QGraphicsDropShadowEffect 598, 599
QGraphicsEffect 597, 598
QGraphicsEIIipseltem 578, 580, 592, 594
QGraphicsltem 578, 582, 588-592, 595, 597,
601,603,605,606
.
QGraphicsltemGroup 580, 597
QGraphicsLineltem 579, 592
QGraphicsOpacityEffect 600
QGraphicsPathltem 580, 592
QGraphicsPixmapltem 580, 592, 594, 595
QGraphicsPolygonltem 580, 592, 593, 594
QGraphicsProxyWidget 580
QGraphicsRectltem 578, 580, 592, 593
QGraphicsScene 578-584, 588, 589, 597
QGraphicsSceneDragDropEvent 604
QGraphicsSceneEvent 602, 603, 604
QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent 602, 603
QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent 601, 602
QGraphicsSceneWheeiEvent 602, 603
QGraphicsSimpleTextltem 580, 592, 595
QGraphicsSvgltem 592
QGraphicsTextltem 580, 592, 595, 596
QGraphicsView 578, 584, 585-587
QGraphicsWidget 581
QGridLayout 472, 473
QGroupBox 478, 479, 494

QHBoxLayout 469, 470
QHeaderView 541, 543, 545, 5~6
QHideEvent 445
Qlcon 419, 576
Qlmage 551,562,567,569,573,574
QlmageReader419,569
QlmageWriter 569
QlnputDialog 607, 618---Q21
QlntValidator 499
QltemSelection 548
QltemSe1ectionModel 547, 548
QKeyEvent 444, 454, 465, 601
QKeySequence 452, 454, 650.
QLabel366,423,452,474,489,492,651
QLCDNumber 517, 518
QLine 557
QLinearGradient 557
QLineEdit 495, 497, 619
QLineF 557
QListView 529, 539, 540, 620
QListWidget 536
QMainWindow 368,398,640,642,645,653,
658,659
QMatrix 568, 573, 587, 591
QMdiArea 640, 659---Q62
QMdiSubWindow 640,659,660,662,663
QMenu 644---Q48, 651, 656, 662, 663
QMenuBar 641, 644, 645
QMessageBox 607, 612---Q 16
QMimeData 461, 462-464, 604
QMimeSource 464
QModellildex 528-530, 532, 533, 536, 538540,542-544,547,548
QMouseEvent444,455,456,465,466
QMoveEvent 446
QMutex 392
QMutexLocker 392, 394
QObject 367, 369, 381, 398, 426, 430, 431,
433,439,465,489
QPaintDevice 367,398,551,562,570,572,
573,576
QPainter 551, 562, 563, 565-567, 569, 570,
572,573
QPainterPath 588
QPaintEvent 447
QPalette 420, 421
QPen 555, 556
QPersistentModellndex 529
QPicture 551, 562, 568
QPixmap 395, 396, 422, 423, 459, 551, 557,
562,566,567,569,570,573,576
QPiainTextEdit 500
QPoint 406,407,410
QPointF 407
QPolygon 558, 559
QPolygonF 559
QPrintDialog 607
QPrinter 502, 506, 551, 562
QPrintPreviewDialog 607
QProgressBar 518, 519
QProgressDialog 632, 633
QPushButton 366, 39\, 492, 493
QPyNu\IYariant 379
QRadiaiGradient 557
QRadioButton 494
QRect 406, 407, 410, 414
QRectF 407
QRegExp 550
QRegExpYalidator 499
QRegion 447
QResizeEvent 446
QScro\IArea 487, 522
QScroiiar 487, 488, 522
QSemaphore 395
QShoncut 453
QShoncutEvent 452
QShowEvent 445
QSize 390, 40~08, 41
QSizeF 407
QSizePolicy 477
QSiider 519,520,521
QSonFilterProxyModel 549
QSpinBox 512,513
QSplashScreen 395, 396, 400
QSplitter 485, 486
QStackedLayout 475, 476
QStackedWidget 476
QStandardltem 530-535
QStandardltemMode\ 530, 533
QStatusBar 641,658,659
QStatusTipEvent 651
QString 377
QStringList 378
QStringListModel 529, 530
QStyle 419, 577
QSystemTraylcon 663, 664
Qt377
QT_ VERSION_STR 362
QTa\eYiew 530, 536, 540, 545
QTa\eWidget 536
QTabWidget 480-483,643,661
QtCore 365, 368, 377,392
685
QtCore4.dll 361
QtDeclarative 377
QtDesigner 3 77
QTextiock 507
QTextBrowser 511, 512
QTextCharFormat 505, 517
QTextCursor 506, 508-51
QTextDocument 501,505-507
QTextDocumentFragment 51
QTextEdit 500, 502-505, 508, 509, 511
QTextOption 503, 565
QTextStream 379
QtGui 365, 366, 368, 377
QtGui4.dll 36\
QtHelp 377
QThread 381-384,395
QTime 379,514,515
QTimeEdit 5 14, 5 15
QTimer 440-442
QTimerEvent 439
QtMultimedia 377
QtNetwork 377
QTooiar 641, 653-655
QTooiox 484
QTooiutton 655, 656
QtOpenGL 377
QTransform 59\
QTreeYiew 530, 536, 543-545
QTreeWidget 536
QtScript 377
QtScriptTools 377
QtSq\377
QtSvg 377
QtTest 377
QtWebKit 377,512
QtXml377
QtXm\Patterns 377
Query 341
Question 613, 616
Queue 388, 391
QueuedConnection 384, 429, 430
quit() 367, 379, 386, 424, 428
quote() 345, 346
quote_from _ bytes() 346
quote_plus() 344, 345
quoteattr() 348
QUrl379
QValidator 499, 525
QVariant 378, 379
QVBoxLayout 469, 470
QWaitCondition 395
QWheelEvent 457,458
686
QWidget 366-369,391,398,399,415-417,
419,420,424,429,432,447,449,450,452,
457,458,463,469,471,477,479,489,493,
539,551,562,572,609,646,654
QWindowStateChangeEvent 445
QWizard 633, 635, 636, 637
QWizardPage 633---635, 637, 639
R
R 278
radians() 73
Raise 256, 257, 258
raise_() 609
Raised 480
randint() 74
random() 73-75, 148, 150
randrange() 74
range() 63, 64, 74, 140, 150
rangeChanged() 520
raw_input() 32
Re 114, 124
read()266,272,274,349,354
readline() 267, 274, 354
readlines() 267, 275, 354
ReadOnly 625
reason() 351, 450
rect() 402,447,571, 574,593,594
Recursive 392
red() 552, 553
redF() 553
redo() 497,501,505,510
redoA vailaie() 502, 507
RedoStack 506
reduce() 144
Referer 353
region() 447
register_ adapter() 332
register_converter() 334
registerEventype() 442, 466
registerField() 634, 635, 637
reject() 608, 610, 625
rejected() 609,612,619,624
RejectRole 611, 612, 614
released() 493
releaseKeyboard() 450, 455
releaseMouse() 456
releaseShortcut() 452
reload() 223, 224, 511
remove() 111, 146, 171, 279, 559
removeAction() 647, 652, 654
removeButton() 612, 615
removeColumn() 534
removeColumns() 531, 534
removeDockWidget() 642
removeEventFilter() 466
removeFonnat() 463
removeFromGroup() 597
removeltem()484, 524, 580
removePage() 634
removeRow() 534
removeRows() 530, 531, 534
removeSceneEventFilter() 605
removeSelectedText() 51
removeSubWindow() 660
removeTab() 482
removeTooiBar() 641
removeTooiBarBreak() 642
removeWidget() 470,476,659
rename() 279
render() 583, 588
repaint() 447,448,551
repeat() 154, 196
replace() 1 1, 182, 184, 187
repr() 91, 94, 239
Request349,354,356
reset() 358,519,611,613,633
resetCachedContent() 585
resetMatrix() 587, 591
ResetRole 611, 614
resetransform() 591
resize() 366, 401, 443, 468
resizeColumnsToContents() 541
resizeColumnToContents() 541, 543
resizeEvent() 446
resizeRowsToContents() 541
resizeRowToContents() 541
resizeSection() 545
ResizeToContents 545
restart() 634
restore() 568
RestoreDefaults 611, 613
restoreDockWidget() 644
restoreGeometry() 644
restoreOverrideCursor() 459
restoreState() 486, 546, 625, 644
Result 358, 608
retranslateUi() 375
retrieveData() 463
Retry 611,613
Retum 197, 198
retumPressed() 497
reverse() 111, 148
reversed() 148
RFC 2616 353

rfind() 99
Rgb 555
rgb() 553, 574, 515
rgba() 553, 574, 515
RichText490,615,635
Right 509
RightArrow 656
RightButton 456, 458
RightDockWidgetArea 642, 643, 657
RightoLeft 471
Rightoo\arArea 641, 654
rindex() 100
rjust() 89
rrndir() 290, 291
rrntree() 291
rollback() 327, 339
rootlndex() 536
rotate() 568, 587, 590
rotation() 591
round() 71, 239
RoundCap 556
Rounded 483, 643, 661
RoundJoin 556
row() 529, 533
row_factory 325, 326
rowcount 323
rowCount() 473, 530, 533
rowHeight() 541, 543
row1ntersectsSelection() 54 7
Rows 548
rowSpan() 54\
rpartition() 96
rsplit() 95
rstrip() 94
RubberBandDrag 585
RubberBandMove 663
RubberBandResize 663
run() 381,383,384,386,388,391
s
sample() 75, 149, \50
Saturday 517
SA TURDA \90
save()568--570,574,610,613
SaveAI1610, 613
saveGeometry() 644
saveState() 486, 546, 625, 644
ScalaeFonts 527
scale() 408, 568, 587, 591
scaled() 571,575
687
scaledToHeight() 572, 576

sca\edToWidth() 572, 515
scene() 584, 589
sceneBoundingRect() 589
sceneEvent() 605
sceneEventFilter() 605
sceneMatrix() 591
scenePos() 589,602-604
sceneRect() 579, 584
sceneRectChanged() 584
sceneTransforrn() 591
scheme 341
ScientificNotation 499
screenGeometry() 405
screenPos() 602-604
ScrollBarAiwaysOff 488
ScrollBarAlwaysOn 488
ScrollBarAsNeeded 488
ScrollHandDrag 585
scrollTo() 538
scrollToBottom() 538
scrollToTop() 538
SD\- 640
search() \23, 124, \26
Second 183, 185, 186
Seconds 178, 179
SecondSection 515
sectionAt() 515
sectionC\icked() 546
sectionCount() .515
sectionDou\eC\icked() 54 7
sectionMoved() 54 7
sectionPressed() 546
sectionResized() 547
sectionsHidden() 546
sectionSize() 545
sectionText() 515
seed() 74
seek() 269, 273
SEEK_CUR 269,272
SEEK_END 269, 272
SEEK_SE 269,272
select() 51 , 548
selectAII() 496,501,513,537
selectColumn() 542
SelectColumns 537
SelectCurrent 548
selected() 653
SelectedCiicked 537
selectedColumns() 548
selectedDate() 516
selectedfiles() 625
688
selectedlndexes() 540, 542, 544, 547

selectedltems() 583
selectedRows() 548
selectedText() 491,496,510
selectFile() 625
Selection 465
selection() 51 , 548
selectionArea() 583
selectionChanged() 497, 502, 517, 549, 584
selectionEnd() 51
selectionModel() 537, 547
selectionStart() 491, 496, 51
Selectltems 537
selectRow() 542
SelectRows 537
Self229
sendEvent() 466
Sep 260,282
Server 353
set() 39, 167, 171
setAcceptDrops() 463, 603
setAccepted() 442
setAcceptedMouseButtons() 601
setAcceptHoverEvents() 603
setAcceptMode() 624
setAcceptRichText() 501
setActionGroup() 651
setActivationOrder() 661
setActiveAction() 645, 647
setActiveSubWindow() 660
setActiveWindow() 581
setAiignment() 369, 479, 487, 490, 496, 505,
513,585
setAIIowedAreas() 653, 654, 657
setAipha() 553
setAiphaF() 553
setA lternatingRowColors() 536
setAnimated() 544, 642
setapi() 377
setArrowType() 656
setattr() 229
setAttribute() 418, 425, 456
setAutoC1ose() 633
setAutoCompletion() 525
setA utoCompletionCaseSensitivity() 525
setAutoDefault() 493, 610
setAutoExclusive() 493
.
setAutoFiiiBackground() 420, 422
setAutoFormatting() 503
setAutoRaise() 656
setAutoRepeat() 492, 651
setAutoReset() 633
setAutoScroll() 538
setAutoScroiiMargin() 538
setackground() 535, 661
setBackgroundBrush() 579, 585
setar() 632
setaseSize() 402
setBatchSize() 540
setBinMode() 518
set81ue() 553
set81ueF() 553
setBiurRadius() 598, 599
setBold() 560
setottom() 411
setBottomLeft() 411
setBottomRight() 411
setBrush() 421, 556, 562, 593
setBspTreeDepth() 579
setBuddy() 452, 474, 490
setButton() 635
setuttonLayout() 636
setButtonSymbols() 512
setuttonText() 636, 637
setCacheMode 585
setCalendarPopup() 515
setCancelButton() 632
setCanceiuttonText() 619, 633
setCapStyle() 556
setCascadingSectionResizes() 545
setCaseSensitivity() 506
setCenterButtons() 612
setCentraiWidget() 640, 659
setCheckaie() 479, 493, 535, 650
setChecked() 479, 493-495, 650
setCheckState() 494, 535
setChild() 533
setChildrenCollapsile() 486
setCiickaie() 546
setCmyk() 553
setCmykF() 554
setCollapsiie() 486
setColor() 420, 421, 556, 557, 598, 599
setColumnCount() 530, 533
setCo1umnHidden() 541, 543
setColumnMinimumWidth() 473
setColumnStretch() 473
setColumnWidth() 541,543
setComboBoxEditaie() 620
setComboBox1tems() 620
setCommitPage() 638
setCompleter() 495, 525
setContextMenu() 663
setCoords() 411
setCorner() 643
setCornerButtonEnaed()
542
setCurrentCharFormat() 505
setCurrentFont() 504, 527
setCurrentlndex() 476, 483, 485, 524, 536, 548
setCurrentPage() 516
setCurrentSection() 5 15
setCurrentSectionlndex() 515
setCurrentWidget() 476, 483, 485
setCursor() 458, 590
setCursorPosition() 496
setCursorWidth() 503
setData() 462, 530, 532, 535, 651
setDate() 514
setDateRange() 515, 516
setDateTextFormat() 517
setDateTime() 514
setDateTimeRange() 515
setDecimals() 513
setDecMode() 518
setdefault() 162, 165, 289
setDefault() 493, 61
setDefaultAction() 647, 656
setDefaultAiignment() 546
setDefaultButton() 615
setDefaultFont() 506
setDefaultProperty() 638
setDefaultSectionSize() 545
setDefaultStyleSheet() 507
setDefaultSuffix() 625
setDefaultTextColor() 596
setDefaultUp() 645
setDetailedText() 614
setDigitCount() 518
setDirection() 471
setDirectory() 625
setDisaedO 371,384,432,651,653
setDisplayFormat() 515
setDockNestingEnaed() 643
setDockOptions() 642
setDocument() 505, 596
setDocumentMargin() 507
setDocumentMode() 483
setDocumentTitle() 500
setDoueCiicklnterva\() 455
setDouieDecimals() 620
setDoueMaximum() 620
setDoueMinimum() 620
setDoueRange() 620
setDoueValue() 620
setDown() 493
setDragCursor() 461
689
setDragDropMode() 538
setDragEnaed() 496, 535, 538
setDragMode() 585
setDropAction() 463, 464, 604
setDropEnaed() 535
setDroplndicatorShown() 538
setDuplicatesEnaed() 525
setDynamicSortFilter() 550
setEchoMode() 495, 496
setEditae() 524, 535
setEditText() 524
setEditriggers() 53 7
setE\ideMode() 482
setEnaed() 432, 493, 535, 590, 598, 645,
647,65.1,653
setEscapeButton() 615
setExclusive() 652
setExpanded() 544
setExtension() 608
setFamily() 560
setFeatures() 65 7
setField() 634, 638
setFieldGrowthPolicy() 4 75
setFileMode() 624
setFilterCaseSensitivity() 550
setFilterFixedString() 549
setFilterKeyColumn() 550
setFilterRegExp() 550
setFilterRole() 550
setFiltersChildEvents() 605
setFilterWildcard() 550
setFina\Page() 638
setFirstDayOfWeek() 516
setfirstweekday() 190, 192
setFixedHeight() 401
setFixedSize() 401
setFixedWidth() 401
setFiag() 582, 589
setFiags() 535, 589
setFiat() 479, 493
setF\oatae() 653, 55
setFioating() 657
setFiow() 540
setFocus() 449, 450, 582, 590
setFocus\tem() 582
setFocusPolicy() 450, 455
setFocusProxy() 449, 601
setFont() 535, 560, 579, 595, 596, 651
setFontFamily() 504
setFontFilters() 527
setFontltalic() 504
setFontPointSize() 504
690
setFontUnderline() 504
setFontWeight() 504
setForeground() 535
setFpregroundBrush() 579, 585
setFormAiignment() 475
setFrame() 496, 513,525
setFrameShadow() 480
setFrameShape() 480
setFrameStyle() 480
setGeometry() 401, 404, 468
setGraphicsEffect() 597
setGreen() 553
setGridSize() 539
setGridStyle() 542
setGridVisiie() 517
setGroup() 597
setHandleWidth() 486
setHeader() 545
setHeaderData() 532
setHeaderHidden() 543
setHeaderTextFormat() 517
setHeight() 408, 411
setHeightForWidth() 478
setHexMode() 518
setHighlightSections() 546
setHistory() 625
setHorizontalHeader() 545
setHorizonta1HeaderFormat()516
setHorizontaiHeaderltem() 532
setHorizontaiHeaderLabels() 532
setHorizontaiPolicy() 477
setHorizontaiScroiiBarPolicy() 488
setHorizontaiSpacing() 473,475
setHorizontaiStretch{) 477
setHotSpot() 461
setHsv() 554
setHsvF() 554
setHtml() 462, 500, 505, 596
setlcon() 492,535,614,647,649,663
setlconPixmap() 614
setlconSize() 492,525,537,641,655
setlcon VisiielnMenu() 649
setlmageData() 462
setlndent() 491
setlndentation() 544
setlndexWidget() 536
setlnformativeText() 614
setlnputMask() 498
setlnputMode() 619
setlnsertPolicy() 524
setlnteractive() 585
setlnterval() 440
setlntMaximum() 620
setlntMinimum() 620
setlntRange() 620
setlntStep() 620
setlntValue() 620
setlnvertedAppearance() 519, 520
setlnvertedControls() 520
setltalic() 560
setltem() 531
setltemData() 524
setltemEnaied() 485
setltemlcon() 485, 524
setltemlndexMethod() 579
setltemsExpa:ndaie() 544
setltemText() 485, 524
setltemTooiTip() 485
setJoinStyle() 556
setKeepPositionOnlnsert() 51
setKeyboardPageStep() 662
setKeyboardSingleStep() 662
setLabel() 632
setLabeiAiignment() 475
setLabeiext() 619, 625, 633
setLayout() 367, 429, 470, 472, 473, 476, 478
setLayoutDirection() 471
setLayoutMode() 540
setLeft() 41 1
setLine() 558, 593
setLineWidth() 480
setLineWrapColumnOrWidth() 503
setLineWrapMode() 503
setlocale() 97
setMargin() 472, 473, 475, 491
setMask() 423, 571
setMatrix() 568, 587, 591
setMaxCount() 525
setMaximum() 513, 519, 520, 633
setMaximumBiockCount() 507
setMaximumDate() 515,516
setMaximumDateTime() 515
setMaximumHeight() 402
setMaximumSize() 402
setMaximumTime() 51 5
setMaximum Width() 402
setMaxLength() 496
setMaxVisiieltems() 525
setMenu() 494, 651, 656
setMenuBar() 641, 645
setMenu Widget() 641
setMidLineWidth() 480
setMimeData() 461, 462, 465
setMinimum() 513, 519, 520, 633
setMinimumContentsLength() 525
setMinimumDate() 515, 516
setMinimumDateTime() 515
setMinimumDuration() 633
setMinimumHeight() 402
setMinimumSectionSize() 545
setMinimumSize() 401
setMinimumTime() 515
setMinimumWidth() 402
setModa\() 609
setMode() 518
setMode\() 529, 530, 539, 541, 543
setMode\Column() 539
setMouseTracking() 457, 539
setMova\e() 483, 546, 654
setMovement() 539
setMovie() 491
setNamedColor() 552
setNameFilter() 625
setNameFilterDetailsVisi\e() 625
setNameFilters() 625
setNavigationBarVisi\e() 516
setNotation() 499
setNotchesVisi\e() 521
setNotchTarget() 52\
setNum() 490
setObjectName() 644
setOctMode() 518
setOffset() 595, 598
setOkButtonText() 619
setOpacity() 589, 600
setOpacityMask() 600
setOpaqueResize() 486
setOpenExterna\Links() 490, 596
setOpenLinks() 511
setOption() 620, 624, 636, 661, 662
setOptions() 620, 625, 637
setOrientation() 486, 519, 520, 609, 61 1
setOverline() 561
setOverrideCursor() 459
setOverwriteMode() 503
setPJ() 558
setP2() 558
setPage() 634
setPageStep() 520
setPalette() 420, 422
setParent() 399
setParentltem() 59\
setPen() 562, 593
setPicture() 491
setPixel() 575
setPixe\Size() 560
691
setPixmap() 396, 423, 461, 490, 595, 636, 637

setP\aceholderText() 496
setP\ainText() 500, 505, 596
setPoint() 559
setPoints() 557, 559
setPointSize() 560
setPointSizeF() 560
setPolygon() 594
setPopupMode() 656
setPos() 459, 588
setPosition() 509
setPrefix() 513
setPriority() 382, 651
setQuitOnLastWindowC\osed() 379
setRange() 513,5\9,520,633
setReadOnly() 496, 503, 513, 625
setRect() 41 \, 593, 594
setRed() 553
setRedF() 553
setRenderHint() 565, 566
setResizeMode() 539, 545
setResu\t() 608
setRgb() 552, 553
setRgba() 553
setRgbF() 553
setRight() 4 1 1
setRootlndex() 536
setRootlsDecorated() 544
setRotation() 591
setRowCount() 530, 533
setRowHeight() 541
setRowidden() 540, 541, 543
setRowMinimumHeight() 473
setRowStretch() 473
setRowWrapPolicy() 475
setRubberBandSe\ectionMode() 585
setScale() 591
setScaledContents() 491
setScene() 584
setSceneRect() 579, 584
setSectionHidden() 546
setSegmentStyle() 518
setSelecta\e() 535
setSelected() 582, 590
setSelectedDate() 516
setSelectedSection() 51 5
setSelection() 491, 496
setSe\ectionArea() 582
setSelectionBehavior() 537
setSelectionMode() 517, 537
setSelectionMode\() 537, 547
setSelectionRectVisie() 540
692
setSeparator() 649
setSeparatorsCollapsible() 648
setShapeMode() 595
setShortcut() 492, 650
setShortcutContext() 650
setShortcutEnabled() 452
setShortcuts() 650
setShowGrid() 542
setSidebarUrls() 625
setSingleShot() 441
setSingleStep() 513, 520
setSize() 41 1
setSizeAdjustPolicy() 525
setSizeGripEnabled() 609, 659
setSizePolicy() 477
setSizes() 486
setSiiderPosition() 520
setSmallDecimalPoint() 518
setSortCaseSensitivity() 549
setSortingEnabled() 542, 544, 549
setSortLocaleA ware() 549
setSortRole() 533, 549
setSource() 51 1
setSourceModel() 549
setSpacing() 472, 473, 475, 540
setSpan() 541
setSpanAngle() 594
setSpeciaiValueText() 513
setStackingMode() 476
setStandardButtons() 611, 615
setStartAngle() 594
setStartDragDistance() 460
setStartDragTime() 460
setStartld() 634
setStatusBar() 641, 658
setStatusTip() 650, 658
setStickyFocus() 582
setStrength() 599
setStretchFactor() 486
setStretchLastSection() 545
setStrikeOut() 561
setStringList() 530
setStyle() 556, 557
setStyleSheet() 420
setSubTitle() 637
setSubTitleFormat() 635
setSuffix() 513
setSystemMenu() 662
setabChangesFocus() 503, 596
setabEnabled() 483
setTablcon() 482
setTabKeyNavigation() 538
setTabOrder() 450
setTabPosition() 482, 643, 661
setabsClosable() 483
setTabShape() 482,643,661
setabStopWidth() 503
setTabText() 482
setTabToolTip() 483
setTab WhatsThis() 483
setTearOffEnabledO 647
setter() 246
setext() 371, 384, 388, 391, 462, 465, 489,
. 492,496,498,500,535,595,614,649
setTextAiignment() 535
setTextBackgroundColor() 504
setTextColor() 504
setTextCursor() 508, 596
setTextDirection() 519
setTextEchoMode() 619,621
setTextElideMode() 537
setTextFormat() 490, 614
setextlnteractionFiags() 491, 502, 596
setexture() 557
setexturelmage() 557
setextValue() 619
setTextVisible() 519
setTextWidth() 596
setTicklnterval() 521
setTickPosition() 521
setTime() 514
setTimeRange() 515
setimeSpec() 515
setitle() 479, 637, 647
setitleBarWidget() 657
setTitleFormat() 635
setTooluttonStyle() 641, 655, 656
setToolTip() 424, 535, 590, 650, 663
setTop() 411
setTopLeft() 411
setTopRight() 411
setTracking() 520
setTransform() 59\
setTransformationMode() 595
setTransformOriginPoint() 591
setTristate() 494, 535
setUnderline() 561
setUndoRedoEnabled() 501, 506
setUniformltemSizes() 540
setUniformRowHeights() 543
setUpdatesEnabled() 447
setupUi() 374, 375, 376
setUrls() 462
setUsesScroiiButtons() 483
693
setValidator() 499, 525

setValue() 513,519,520,632
setVerticaiHeader() 545
setVerticaiHeaderFormat() 517
setVerticaiHeaderltem() 532
setVerticaiHeaderLabels() 532
setVerticaiPolicy() 477
setVerticaiScroiiBarPolicy() 488
setVerticaiSpacing() 473,475
setVerticaiStretch() 4 77
setViewMode() 539, 624, 661
setViewport() 567
setViewportMargins() 488
setVisiie() 399, 590, 609, 61 , 645, 647, 651,
653,663
setWeekdayTextFormat() 517
setWeight() 560
setWhatsThis() 424, 535, 650
setWidget() 487, 657, 662
setWidgetResizaie() 487
setWidth() 408, 411, 556
setWidthF() 556
setWindow() 567
setWindowFiags() 399
setWindowlcon() 419
setWindowModality() 417, 609
setWindowOpacity() 416
setWindowState() 415
setWindowTitle() 3(;6, 399,581,614
setWizardStyle() 635
setWordWrap() 490, 540, 542, 544
setWordWrapMode() 503
setWrapping() 513, 521 1 540
setX() 407,411,589
setXOffset() 598
setY() 407,411,589
setYOffset() 599
setZValue() 589
shal() 112
sha224() 112
sha256() 112
sha3 84() 1 12
sha512() 112
shape() 588
shear() 568, 587, 591
Sheet 400
Shelve 286, 288, 293
ShiftModifier 454
Shortcut452
ShortcutFocusReason 449
shortcutld() 452
ShortDayNames 517
Show 443
show()396,399,405,590.609.663
ShowAiphaChannel 629
showColumn() 542, 543
SlwDirsOnly 624
showEvent() 445
showExtension() 608
showFullScreen() 415
showMaximized() 415
showMenu() 494, 656
showMessage() 396, 632, 6S.8, 664
showMinimized() 415
showNextMonth() 516
showNextYear() 516
showNormal() 415
showPopup() 525
showPreviousMonth() 516
showPrevious Year() 516
showRow() 541
showSection() 546
showSelectedDate() 516
showShaded() 662
showStatusText() 651
showSystemMenu() 662
showToday() 516
ShowToParent 443
shuffle() 75, 148
Shutil 278, 291
siiing() 529
SIGNAL() 426, 433
signalsBiocked() 430
sin() 72
SingleLetterDayNames 517
Sing\ePass 540
SingleSelection 517, 537
singleShot() 442
Sip 377
size() 402, 412, 446, 559, 571, 574
SizeAIICursor 458
SizeBDiagCursor 458
SizeFDiagCursor 458
sizeHint() 402, 475, 477
SizeHintRole 528
SizeHorCursor 458
sizePolicy() 477
sizes() 486
SizeVerCursor 458
sleep() 177, 379, 383, 384
SliderMove 520
sliderMoved() 521
SliderNoAction 520
SliderPageStepAdd 520
694
SliderPageStepSub 520
sliderPosition() 520
sliderPressed() 521
sliderReleased() 521
SliderSingleStepAdd 520
SliderSingleStepSub 520
SliderToMaximum 520
SliderToMinimum 520
SLOT()428
smoothSizes() 56\
SmoothTransformation 572, 575, 595
Snap 539
SolidLine 542, 555
SolidPattem 421, 557
sort() 149, \50, \63,206,530,533,549
sortByColumn() 542, 544
sortChirdren() 536
sorted() 63, 150, \63
source() 461, 464, 511, 605
sourceChanged() 512
sourceModel() 549
South 482, 643, 661
span() 126
spanAngle() 594
spec() 555
SplashScreen 400
split() 95, 130, 131, 283
splitDockWidget() 644
splitdrive() 283
splitext() 283
SplitHCursor 458
splitlines() 95
SplitResult 342
splitterMoved() 487
SplitVCursor 458
spontaneous() 442
SQL 293
SQLite 293
Sqlite_ version 3\8
Sqlite_version _info 318
Sqlite3 293, 318
sqrt() 73
SquareCap 556
StackAII 476
stackingMode() 476
StackingOrder 660
StackOne 476
StandardNotation 499
starmap() 157
start() 126,381,384,386,391,440,461
startAngle() 594
startDragDistance() 460
startDragTime() 460
started() 382, 384
startld() 634
StartOffilock 508
StartOfLine 508
StartOfWord 508
startswith() 100
startTimer() 439, 440, 441
Stat 278
stat() 280
Stat result 280
stateChanged() 495
Static 539
Status '351
statusBar() 641, 658
StatusTip 651
statusTip() 650
StatusTipRole 527
Stderr 268, 283
Stdin 3\, 268, 283, 284
Stdout29,268,270,283,285
step() 331
stepBy() 513
stepUp() 513
stickyFocus() 582
stop() 440
Stoplteration 65, 207, 238, 256, 268, 275,
324,355
SU\)38,45, 77,84,9\,94,\5\,239,263,327
strength() 599
strengthChanged() 600
Stretch 545, 636
strftime() 175-177-, 182, 184, 188,216
strikeOut() 561
String 125
String\0 273, 276
stringList() 530
strip() 94
StrongFocus 450
strptime() 175, 176, 186
struct_time 173-176, 182, 187, 194
StyledPanel 480
styles() 561
sub() 128, 129
subn() 130
subTitle() 637
SubWindow 400
subWindowActivated() 662
sub WindowList() 660, 661
SubWindowView 661
sum() 72, 196
Sunday 190, 517
695
Sunken 480
super() 233, 234
supportedlmageFormats() 419, 569
supportsMessages() 664
SvgMiterJoin 556
swapcase() 98
swapSections() 546
symmetric_difference() 169, 172
symmetric_ difference_ update() 169
SyntaxError 256
sys 31, 42, 219, 249, 253
sys.argv 32
sys.path 222
sys.stdin 3 1
sys.stdout 31
systemMenu() 662
TabbedView 661
tabCioseRequested() 483
TabFocus 450
TabFocusReason 449
taifiedDockWidgets() 644
taifyDockWidget() 644
tabPosition() 643, 661
tabShape() 643, 661
tabStopWidth() 503
tabText() 482
takeChild() 534
takeColumn() 531, 534
takeltem() 531
takeRow() 531, 534
takewhile() 156
takeWidget() 487
tan() 72
target() 461
targetChanged() 461
TargetMoveAction 460
task_done() 389
tee() 158
tell() 269, 273
terminate() 386
testOption() 662, 663
text() 454, 462, 465, 490, 492, 496, 51 3, 519,.
535,595,649
Text_factory 327, 332
TextAiignmentRole 527
TextAntialiasing 566
textBackgroundColor() 505
Textrowserlnteraction 491, 503
TextCalendar 189, 190
textChanged() 497, 502

textColor() 504
textCursor() 508, 596
TextDontClip 565
TextEditaie 491, 502
textEdited() 498
TextEditorlnteraction 491, 502
TextExpandTabs 565
TextHideMnemonic 565
Textlnput 619, 620
TextSelectaleByKeyboard 491, 502
TextSelectaieByMouse 491, 502
TextShowMnemonic 565
TextSingleLine 565
textValue() 620
textValueChanged() 620
textValueSelected() 620
textWidth() 596
TextWordWrap 565
TextWrapAnywhere 565
Threading 395
Thursday 517
THURSDA 190
TicksAbove 521
Ticks8e1ow 521
TicksBothSides 521
TicksLeft 521
TicksRight 521
ti1eSubWindows() 661
Time 173, 175, 177, 178, 11!2-184,
186-188, 194,216,217,379,514,515
time() 173, 187,515
timeChanged() 515
TimeCriticaiPriority 382
timede1ta 178, 179
timegm() 194
timeit() 173, 195, 196
timeout() 440
Timer 195, 443
timerEvent() 439
timerld() 439, 441
timetup1e() 182, 187
timetz() 187
tip() 651
title() 98, 637, 647
titleBarWidget() 657
tobytes() 276
toCmyk() 555
today() 180, 185
toggle() 493, 548, 652
ToggleCurrent 548
toggled() 479, 493-495, 652
696
toggleViewAction() 655, 657

toHsl() 555
toHsv() 555
toHtml() 501, 505, 51 , 596
tolmage() 571
tolist() 276
1400
tooiarArea()
641
642
tooiarBreak()
TooiuttonFollowStyle
641, 655
641, 655
tooiuttonStyle() 641, 655, 656
TooiuttonTextesidelcon 641, 655
Too\uttonTextOnly 641, 655
TooiButtonTextUnderlcon 641, 655
tooiTip() 400, 424, 650, 663
TooiTipRole 524, 527
toordinal() 181, 182, 186, 188
top() 412
TopDockWidgetArea 642, 643, 657
toPiainText() 500, 505, 51 , 596
topLeft() 4 13
TopLeftCorner 643
topLeveiChanged() 655, 658
topLevelltem() 591
topRight() 413
TopRightCorner 643
TopToBottom 472,519,540
TopTooiBarArea 641, 654
toPyDate() 514
toPyDateTime() 514
toPyObject() 378
toPyTime() 514
toRgb() 555
total_ seconds() 179
traceback 249
transform() 591
transformed() 572, 573, 576
translate() 101,412,568,587,590
translated() 412
Transparent 552
transpose() 409
Triangular 483, 643, 661
trigger() 652, 664
triggered() 645, 648, 652, 653, 656
True 38,55
truncate() 268, 275
try 248
tryLock() 392
Tuesday 190, 517
tuple() 38, 46, 151
type() 39, 43, 443
TooiuttonlconOnly
TypeError96, 146, 151,256,379

typeNan.1e() 379
tzinfo 178, 183-187
tzname() 184, 188
u
Uic 373
UliPad 14
UnboundLocaiError 211, 256
Unchecked 494, 528, 535
underline() 561
undo()497,501,505,510
UndoAndRedoStacks 506
undoA vailaie() 502, 507
undoCommandAdded() 507
UndoStack 506
unescape() 348
ungrabKeyboard() 590, 601
ungrabMouse() 590, 602
UNICODE 115, 119
UnicodeDecodeError 45, 78, 256
UnicodeEncodeError 105, 109,256
uniform() 74
union() 168, 172
UniqueConnection 430
unite() 414
united() 414
Universa\Detector 358
Unknown 664
unlink() 279
unlock() 392, 394
Unpickler 287
unquote() 346
unquote_plus() 346
unquote_ to_ bytes() 346
unsetCursor() 459, 590
Up 508
UpArrow 656
UpArrowCursor 458
update() 112, 166, 168,289,447,448,551,
584,592,598
updateScene() 588
updateSceneRect() 588
UpDownArrows 512
upper() 98
urlencode() 344
urljoin() 347
urllib.parse ~40, 343-345, 347
urllib.request 340, 354
urlopen() 354, 356
urlparse() 340-342
urls() 462
urlsplit() 342
urlunparse() 342
urlunsplit() 343
URL-apec 340
UseListViewForComboBoxltems 620
User 444
User-Agent 353
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UserRole 528
usleep() 384
UTC 515
utcfromtimestamp() 185
utcnow() 185
utcoffset() 184, 188
utctimetuple() 187
utime() 281
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validatePage() 639
value() 513, 518-520, 554, 633
valueChanged() 513,519-521
ValueError65,99, 100,111,146,147,153,
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vafuef() 555
values() 164, 288, 352
vars() 213
VERBOSE 115
Version 351
Vertica1458,486,519, 520,522,532,545,
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verticaiHeaderltem() 532
verticaiScrol\Bar() 488
VerticaiTabs 643
viewMode() 661
viewport() 488, 567
viewportEntered() 539
views() 583
visibllityChanged() 655, 658
visitedPages() 634
visuallndex() 546
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wait() 386
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Warning 337,613,664
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Wednesday 190,517
weekday() 182, 188, 194
Weeks 179
weight() 560
West 482, 643, 661
whatsThis() 424, 650
W.hatsThisCursor 458
WhatsThisRole 527
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whee\Event() 457, 602
Wheelfocus 450
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White 396, 552
Widget 399
widget() 476, 483, 485, 487, 657, 662
widgetForAction() 654, 655
widgetRemoved() 476,477
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WidgetWidth 503
WidgetWithChildrenShortcut 452, 650
width()402,405,408,412,561,571,574,579
Window 399, 420, 567
WindowActivate 443
WindowActive 415
WindowBiocked 444
WindowCioseButtonHint 401
WindowContextHelpButtonHint 401
WindowDeactivate 443
windowflags() 401
WindowFul\Screen 415
WindowMaximizeButtonHint 400
WindowMaximized 41 5
WindowMinimizeButtonHint 400
WindowMinimized 415
WindowMinMaxButtonsHint 401
WindowModal417, 418,'609
windowModality() 417, 609
WindowNoState 415
windowOpacity() 417
WindowsError 279-281
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windowState() 415
WindowStateChange 444, 445
windowStateChanged() 663
WindowStaysOnBottomHint 401
WindowStaysOnTopHint 396,401
WindowSystemMenuHint 400
698
WindowText 420
WindowTitleHint 400
windowType() 400
WindowUn\ocked 444
winld() 572
WinPanel 480
with 252-254, 339, 394, 395
wizard() 637
WordLeft 508
WordRight 509
WordUnderCursor 51
WordWrap 503
WrapAI\Rows 475
WrapAnywhere 503
WrapAtWordBoundaryOrAnywhere 503
WrapLongRows 475
write() 3\, 265,,272, 273
writelines() 266, 274
xml.sax.saxutils 347
xOffset() 598
()404,407,412,455,458,589,648
\()
558
558
Year \81, \86
YearSection 515
yearShown() 5 \6
Yel\ow 552, 554
yellowF() 554
Yes 6\0,6\3
YesRole 6\1,612,614
YesToAI\610, 6\3
Yield 206
yOffset() 599
2()
()404,407,412,455,458,589,648
278
xl() 558
2() 558
XButton 1 456
XButton2 456
ZeroDivisionError 249, 255, 256

zfill() 89
zip() 142, 143, 160
zip_Iongest() 157
zoomln() 501
zoomOut() 501
zValue() 589
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Python 3 .

Python 3 PyQt. .--:- .:

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