Annals of Agricultural Science (2013) $82), ans UN, a ey, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University = % a < ¢ y Annals of Agricultural Science Ey Naa ear vm confactcs OF ace ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effect of herbal beverages of Foeniculum vulgare and Cymbopogon proximus on inhibition of calcium oxalate renal crystals formation in rats Faten Y. Ibrahim *, A.Y. E-Khateeb ?* * Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Bi © Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt Received 15 March 2013; accepted 26 March 2013 Available enline 6 September 2013 KEYWORDS Abstract This study wascaredoutto produce new herb beverages fom Foe vlgare nd Cy Foencuu vulgare; pagan proxinus sing for inhibiting or preventing cakium oxalate cytes formation, The preiminary Cymbopogon praxis, chemical composition ind phytochemical ess of F. vulgare and C. proxbmushavebsen exsmined. Alo, oa CCaloiam onsite; polyphenols end total Havonoids contents were determined. Our ress illusated that .vugare ad C Kidney stone _proxiras contained average values of 9.5 and 1225 mg GAElg for total polyphenols, respectively, wale Hyperoxeuria ‘theconoentation of otal Mavonoids was 5.25 and 35 my QRigor F.yadgare and C. proxies, rspestively Furthermore the efficiency of formulated beverages of invetzated plants has bee studied to elucidate their tivities on oxalate induced renal ealeul formation and the associated renal injury in rats, Formulates bev rages Dand F i ratios 0.5:1,5% ane 0.020% ftom F.vdgare ans C.proxinus, espetvely, were the most effaive treatments to inhibit kidney stone formation which afford 0.83 and 0.39 mg)24 b for oxalate ‘concenraion respectively, wil calciam conten was 147 and 120-mg24 hor beverages D and E, espe lively. Ao, uranry marker enzymes suchas ALP, ACP, ead y-GT were (0.92 a4 0.86), (073 and 0.71, 3a (0.67 and 1.47) measured as (ming protein) for beverages D and E respectively Inadition, blood urea and serum creatinine wer (77 and 0.39) and (13.0 and L437) meld for beverages D and E, respectively “Malonialdehyde (MDA) levels were estimsted asthe index of ip poroidstion of kidney tisses, Finally, light mioscopic observations of urinary crystals and histological sactons of urolithiekideysremaned ike normal rats or rated rats with beveragss CD, and Fin ratosof 1 0:.0%,0.5:1.5%, and 00:2.0% fom F vulgare ad C. pron, espectively 2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier BV. on behalf of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams Universiy, ¥ Corresponding author. Tel: +20 01066304129, E-mail addres: raymanco@ yahoo.com (A.Y. ELKhatee), Introduction Peer review under responsiblity of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain-Shams Universit a Recently, interest has inereased considerably in finding nate rally occurring antioxidant for use in foods or medicinal mate- rials to replace synthetic antioxidants, which are being restricted duc to their side effects such as carcinogenicity iter | Production and hosting by Elsevi (0570-1783 @ 2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier BLV_on behalf of Faculty of Ay pf rg 1106 a0as. 2013 07.006, ure, Ain Sharas University22 EY. Ibrahim, A.Y. El-Khateeb (Zheng and Wang, 2001). The use of medicinal plants to treat human diseases has its roots in prebistorical times. Medicinal plants are used by 80% of the world population as the only available medicines especially in developing countries. In Sue ‘dan, the percentage of people dependant on medicinal plants for health care is estimated over 90%. These plants and de- ved products play an important role in the primary health ‘are of Sudan (UNIDO, 1996). Half bar, the common name of Cymbopogon proxinus, is & common weed with strong aro- atic odor grows in southern Egypt and Northern parts ofS an (Boulos, 1999). In Egypt, this plant is widely used in the folk medicine as an effective renal antispasmodic and divretic (Batanouny et al, 1999), Cymbopogon ciiratu is a pant of considerable economic importance which forms the bedrock farming systems in Unik ted States of America and some part of Asia where they are cultivated for commercial purpose as industrial raw materials to.cosmetic and insecticide factories. Its used as scent in many product including soap, perfume, candle, mosquito, and other insect repellent (Praditvarn and’ Samhandbarakss, 1980), C. citratusis commonly known as lemon grass oil, and it sa trop- ical plant from Southeast Asia, which is often sold in stem form, Is eaves are use to make tea, which can relieve stomach and gut problems, Itean also act as an antidepressant and 3s 8 ‘mood enhancer, It thrives in warmer temperate regions and aot hardy to frost, In Brazilian folk medicine, it is believed to have anxiolytic, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant properties, Dut at least one study has found no effect in humans. It is abundant in the Philippines and said to have 65-85% citral ‘composition. C. citratus contains active ingrediomts like myr- ‘ene, an anti-bacterial and pain reliever, citronella, and get iol (Bianco et al., 2009). A tea made from the leat of C. citravus has been used to treat fever, cold, cough, and stomach upsel, has diuretic properties, and can help in urinating dil- culties and water retention (Stehmana and Brandaw, 1995), Foeniculum vulgare commonly known as fennel is 8 tredi- sional medicinal plant of Apiaceae family. For centuries, F. vulgare fruits have been used as traditional herbal medicine in Europe and China, It is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean area (Birdane etal, 2007). Fennel (P. vulg- are Mill. Apiaceae) i a perennial hemieryptophyte that inhab- its the Mediterranean basin which is known as a medicinal aromatic herb. Is fruit is used in the remedy against digestive ‘disorders, while bitter fennel is used as food Mavor, in liqueurs and inthe perfumery industry (Tenia et al, 1996). ‘The feanel seeds, eaves, and roots can be used, but the seeds are most ac- tive medicinally and are commonly used (Sahelian, 2003), Fen- nel extracts proved to have anti-infiammatory, antispasmodic, ‘carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative, analgesic, and stimulant of gastrointestinal mobility and are used in treate ment for nervous disturbances (Choi and Hwang, 2004), The leaves and fruit are mainly used to favor fish and meat, giving them a strong aroma and taste and as an ingredient in cosmet- ies, The most frequently investigated was the essential oil Which showed antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotec- tive activity (Ruberto etal, 2000). The vascular effect of ague- fous extract of fennel leaves was tested using pentobarbital anaesthetized rats and inhibited the hypotensive effect in a dose-related manner (Abdulghani and Amin, 1988). Crystal retention could be caused by adherence of erystals to the epithelial cells lining the renal tubules (Asselman and Verkoelen, 2002). Although many investigators recognized a ‘ole for renal tubular injury in the pathophysiology of nephro- lithiasis, definite proof for this concept and the mechanisms in- volved are not yet available (Kumar et al., 1991). Most kidney stones are predominantly composed of precipitated calcium salls, the most common of which is ealeium oxalate monohy~ drate (Mandel, 1996). Many plants have been use to treat kid ney stones and showed (o be effective among them medicinal plants (Beghalia et al, 2008). ‘This study was carried out to produce and evaluate new beverages from F. vulgare and C. proximus to use in urine ow- ing for its therapeutic potential as preventive agent hindering the formation calcium oxalate crystal Materials and methods Sampling Fennel (F. vulgare Mill. Apiaceze) and half bar (C. proxims) were kindly gifts from the Central laboratory, National Research Center, Giza, Feypt Preparation of formulated plant beverages ‘Two grams of dried F mulgare or/and C. proximus were prepared as beverages alone and mixtures put on a package similar with tea package, and 100 mi of boiling distilled water was added in ccups with Sg of sugar at room temperature, Prepared formu lated beverages of investigated plants are shown in Table A. Chemical composition of investigated plants ‘Chemical composition of investigated medicinal plants that in- cluded moisture, ash, crude fiber, crude protein, and crude li pid contents was determined according to AOAC (2000), ‘hile, total carbohydrates were calculated by difference Preliminary phytochemical rests of aqueous plant extracts ‘The preliminary phytochemical tests were carried out on the aqueous plant extracts. The resullant extracts were analyzed {to detect the presence of terpenes, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, earbohydrate andjor glucosides, phenolic slucosides, and resins according to methods adopted by ‘Harborne (1988). Determination of total polyphenols and total flavonoids content Total phenolic content of F. vulgare and C. proximus was deter- ‘mined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method according to Lin and Tang (2007). Gallic acid was chosen as a standard of total phenolics for making the standard curve (0-200 mel). The Table A Prepared formulated beverages of investigated plans. Plants Fon (ed beverages ingredient (100m) a Bc OD &# Foosieslun vdgare 2013 0s 00 Combonogon proximus 0.00 $20