(BS 8110: 1997)For a worldwide and up-to-date literature search on any aspect of concrete design or construction and related topics, contact the BCA\s Cenire for Concrete Information on 01344 762676, 443.501 First published 1973 Published by Second edition 1986 British Cement Association Thitd edition 1998; Century House, Telford Avenue ISBN 0 7210 1541 7 Crovthoene, Berks ROSS 6YS. Price Group E Tol: 01344 762676. Fax: O1344 761214 © British Cement Association 1998 Website: www.hes.ore.uk All advice or information from the British Cement Association is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations ofits ‘contents und take responsibilty for its use and application. No lability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting trom such advice oF information is accepted. Readers should note that all BCA publications are subjeet to revision from time to time und should therefore ensure that they’ are in possession ofthe latest versio,Designed and detailed (BS 8110 : 1997) J. B. Higgins and B. R. Rogers Ma Contents 2 Introduction 3° BS 8110 and limit state design 6 Design information 7 Structural summary sheet 8 Floor slab 10. First-floor main beam 16 Edge beam 18 Columns 22 Foundation 24 Shear wall 26 Staircase 28 Column design chart 29 Further information ng, MICE Foreword This third edition of Designed and detailed has been revised to BS 8110 : Part 1: 1997, and the amendment dated 15 September 1998. Although there have been several amendments to the code since 1985, the latest and most significant change has been the reduction in the partial safety factor for reinforcement Ym from 1-15 to 1.05. With higher stresses, less stee! is required. However, the total saving may not be fully realised because there are other considerations such as choosing a practical arrangement of bars, and the deflection in the case of shallower members. ‘The calculations have also been revised for the loading requirements of BS 6399 : Part 1: 1996 and Part 2: 1995. Design charts in BS 8110: Part 3: 1985 may sill be used w provide a conservative solution, and one ofthese charts has been included for the design of columns. Lap lengths for these members have also been taken from BS 8110, Table 3.27, but adjusted forthe design stress of 0871. ‘The tie reinforcement for robustness is designed at its characteristic strength. If the characteristic bond stress is used for calculating laps and anchorage lengths, then the values in Table 3.27 may be multiplied by 1-05/1-4. This publication takes a conservative practical approach and uses directly the values given in Table 3.27. Observant users of previous editions will appreciate the skill that is evident in the setting out of the calculations and the drawings. This is the work of the late Jim Higgins, whose care in the production of the original artwork was meticulous. Sadly, he never saw the second edition in print. I hope that my amendments to this third edition will not detract from his fine workmanship. Special thanks are due to Tony Threlfall for his advice and suggestions for this edition, Railton RogersIntroduction ‘The purpose of this publication is to apply the principles of limit state design given in BS 8110 by means of a simple worked example for a reinforced concrete building frame. The calculations and details are presented! in a form suitable for design office purposes and are generally in accordance with the following publications. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Structural use of concrete. Part 1. Code of practice for design and construction, Mitton Keyoes, BSI. 1997. 120 pp. BS 8110: Part 1: 1997. HM STATIONERY OFFICE. Building and buildings: The Building Regulations 199) (Amended 1994). HMSO, London. 21 pp. Statutory Instruments No, 2768. [BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Loading for buildings. Part 1. Code of practice for dead and imposed loads. Milton Keynes, BSI. 1996. 10 pp. BS 6399 : Part | 1996. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Loading for buildings. Part 2. Code of practice {for wind loads. Milton Keynes, BSI. 1995, 2 pp. BS 6399 : Part 2: 1995, BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Loading for buildings. Part 3. Code of practice for imposed roof toads. Milton Keynes, BSI. 1988. 23 pp. BS 6399 : Part 3: 1988. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Specification for scheduling, dimensioning, bending and cutting steel reinforcement for concrete, Milton Keynes, BSI. 1989. 20 pp. BS 4466 : 1989. ‘THE CONCRETE SOCIETY. Model procedure for the presentation of calculations. London (now Slough). 1981. Technical Report 5, second edition. 18 pp. ‘THE CONCRETE SOCIETY AND THE INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS. Standard method of detailing structural concrete. London, The Institution, 1989, 138 pp.BS 8110 and limit state design Objective Characteristic values To serve its purpose, a structure must be safe against collapse and be serviceable in use. Calculations alone do not produce safe, serviceable and durable structures. Equally important are the suitability of the materials, quality control and supervision of the workmanship. Limit state design admits that a structure may become unsatisfactory through a number of ways which all have to be considered independently against defined limits of satisfactory behaviour. It admits that there is an inherent variability in loads, materials and methods of design and construction which makes it impossible to achieve complete safety against any possible shortcoming. By providing sufficient margins of safety, the aim of limit state design is to provide an acceptable probability that the structure will perform satisfactorily during its intended life. Limit states can be classified into two main groups (1) the ultimate limit state, which is concerned with the provision of adequate safety; (2) the serviceability limit states, which are essentially concerned with durability. Generally, in practice, there are three limit states which are normally considered for reinforced concrete and these are given in the Table below. Serviceability limit states Ultimate Timit state Deflection Cracking Cracking should Structure should | Cracking shou Provision of | not deflect so as objective Provision af | ot defies 0 3 | cara shes of structure jrloshersse) impaleege Loading regime [sion oimate Design sevice oad Detection shoud] Crack with structure should [rot eyeced | shoul not erotics att not fail specified exceed 0-3 mm limits ‘generally For the testing of materials, a statistical approach can be applied to the variations within materials which occur in practice. A normal or Gaussian distribution curve is assumed to represent the results of the tests and a value known as the characteristic value can be chosen below which not more than 5% of the test results may be expected to lie. The characteristic strength is given by the equation: Characteristic strength = Mean or Average strength ~ 1-64 Standard deviation {deally, a characteristic load should be similarly defined, as a load with a 5% probability of being exceeded during the lifetime of the structure. However, it is not yet possible to-express loading in statistical terms, so the Code uses the loads defined in BS 6399: Parts 1, 2 and 3.Design loads Design strengths Robustness “The design load is given by the equation: Design load = Characteristic load 34 where yr is a partial safety factor for loading. This factor takes into account the possibility that the loads acting on the structure may be greater than the characteristic values. It also takes into account the assumptions made in the method of analysis, and the seriousness of failure to meet the design criteria for a particular limit state. The consequence of collapse is much more serious than exceeding the serviceability limits and so this is reflected in the higher values of the partial safety factors. Components of load have to be considered in their most unfavourable combinations, so sets of values of 7 for minimum and maximum design loads are required. For example, the worst situation for a structure being checked for overturning under the action of wind load will be where the maximum wind load is combined with the minimum vertical dead Joad. Lower values of are used for the combination of wind, imposed and dead loads than for the combinations of wind and dead, and dead and imposed loads, as the probability of three independent design loads achieving their maximum value at the same time is less. The table below gives the partial load factors for the ultimate limit state. Partial safety factor to be applied to dead load imposed load Combination e wind ooaue) when effect of load is load | adverse | beneficial adverse [beneficial 1 Dead and imposed | 1-4 10 16 0 2 Dead and wind 14 10 : - ba 3 Dead and wind 12 12 12 12 12 with imposed ‘The design strength is given by the equation: Characterist erength Design strength where jn is a partial safety factor on the material strength, This factor takes into account the variation in workmanship and quality control that may normally be expected to occur in the manufacture of the materials. The values of yj 10 be used for the two materials when designing for the ultimate limit state are given below: Values of yn for the ultimate limit state Reinforcement 1.05 Concrete Flexure or axial load 15 Shear strength without shear reinforcement 125 Bond strength 14 Others (e.g. bearing stress) Brs In addition to providing a structure that is capable of carrying the design loads, the layout should be such that damage to small areas of a structure or failure of single elements will not lead to a major collapse, ‘The Code requires that in all buildings the structural members should be linked together in the following manner: (a) by effectively continuous peripheral ties at each floor and roof level;Durability and fire resistance Application (b) by internal ties in two directions approximately at right-angles, effectively continuous throughout their length and anchored to the peripheral ties at each end (unless continuing as horizontal ties to columns or walls); (©) by external column and wall ties anchored or tied horizontally into the structure at each floor and roof level; (@) by continuous vertical ties from foundation to the roof level in all columns and walls carrying vertical loads, In the design of the ties, the reinforcement may be assumed to be acting at its characteristic strength with no other forces present but the tie forces. Reinforcement provided for other purposes can often be used to form part or the whole of these ties, so that in the design process, when the required reinforcement for the usual dead, imposed and wind loading has been found, a check can be made to see whether modifications or additions to the reinforcement are requited to fulfil the tie requirements. At the commencement of the design, the following should be considered: ~ the climate and environmental conditions to which the concrete will be exposed; ~ the conerete quality; ~ the cover to the reinforcement. It should also be noted that the quality of the construction process and the first hours after casting of the concrete have a major influence upon the subsequent durability of the structure. ‘The cover for protection against corrosion may not be sufficient for fire protection, so this should be considered at the onset of the design, and also the dimensions of the members. ‘The Code gives maximum water/cement ratios, minimum cement contents and minimum characteristic strengths for concretes suitable for use in various environments with specified covers and using 20 mm nominal maximum size aggregate. The minimum grades will generally ensure that the limits on free water/cement ratio and cement content will be met without further checking, Durability and fire resistance requirements are considered at the onset of the design process because this determines the grade of concrete, the cover, and the size of the members. Usually, for most structures, Part I of the Code will be used in which it is assumed that the ultimate limit state will be the most critical limit state. Design will therefore be carried out at this limit state, followed by checks to ensure that the serviceability limit states of deflection and cracking are not reached. In special circumstances, other limit states, such as vibration or the effects of fatigue, may require consideration. Should it be necessary to calculate deflections and crack widths, methods are given in Part 2 of the Code. The serviceability limit state of deflection may be the limiting requirement for floor slabs with large span/effective-depth ratios. ‘This can be checked before the reinforcement is determined, although some engineers may prefer to follow the procedure where the check is made after the reinforcement has been found. Simplified detailing requirements for the curtailment of the reinforcement may be used for beams and slabs which fulfil certain design conditions. However, for other situations, the curtailments should be taken from a bending moment envelope and be in accordance with the general recommendations of the Code.Design information National Company ple chem London e/u/soq Buicing Reguiatonautnor| Date of submission Relevant Building 1. The Building Requlations 1894 Design Cases 2. BSB The Structural Use of Concrete, Pat 1 1997 oe 3. BSG399 Part 1 199G, Part 2 1995,and Park (968 Roof - waposed Ve Hawes Y Froors - ose (3-0) and partitions (1-0)= 4-0kN/m® Stairs Trove ‘ = Ae KA /ye = fimishes to Floors amd Stairs = 065 kM External? Cladding = 5-0 kN/m. ‘Speed Wind losing conditions fects Sgz 105 Spe 1-71, Su= 0, S*10, Spr to Cy 20°84, Ci. = FO-BGront) , Cygs “O-S((ear), C-0°02S Severe (external) and MU (intemal) (BS8i0 Table 3.3] ° Subs conditions Stiff clay —no sulphates Allowable’ bearing pressure = 200 N/m RE facings to columns and walls en Grade 4O with 20mm. max, aggregate (@s@u10 Table 3.3) Characteristic strengtly - mainbars, AON mot . “tm — banks fy = 250 N/raud Self weight of Concrete = 24 -OkN/m? [Other relevant information All dimensions shown on drawings are Uv millimetres (mm)Structural summary sheet XPICAL_CROSS~ SECTION. Note: Internal col. ftys, 2750x2750x@00 Notes! 4. All cols 300x300 2, Main beams 500x300 3. Edge beams 250x300 or ay oeeaee wind direction. WIND RESISTANCE Notes: L N+ S wind force resisted by end shear wails. 2. Lateral bracing in EW clirection rovided by staircase, and Lnfill masoncy parals, on grid {/H-T, ant grid aa. pa Peripheral tie. Tnt.~ Internal tle c- Gama etal te W- Wall 2403 TE PROVISION - horizental ties 312.3-4.2 = (2044n,) = 10416 = 36< GOLN,Floor slab interior-span solid slab CALCULATIONS DURABILITY and FIRE RESISTANCE Nomina cover for mild conditions of exposure = cover = ZOmm Max. fire resistance of 176 stab with Zocover = fire resistomce of Loapina Self weight OTS x 24 Finiohes (page ) Os Characteristic dead load ASTIN) " lmposid Cpage > Designload = (4x 4.74 Ox 4)x 5-0 ULTIMATE _B.M's Interior mid-span 0.063 FL = 0,068x649x 5-0 amd supports ReintoRcemeNT Interior wid-span pM 2 Zord x toe and supports, ke gipa? * doxtobx aa * = 140(0S+ |(o75- 25922) _ 145 (but $0.95x149= IS) Tope Bottom T12@300 = M = 2OAxIOe 2 Math, ioe Osh © 3.95 xAGOnHS Boma | (27 mma) Check for Shear! DEWest INTeRNALTI Ft = 3GKN/muidl Lap 300mm @suprorts Tie force = Ree = 26(4E44)8 = 41 5hinw> Fy TS 75 TS 75 Bolom. Mi ez AVBK10. otant/ gee 9435. =85¢4500mw.| TIZe300 MinAreor = SUBIC". ataat/, Lape MBS 28:56 45000, we){ST10-G-300T2! 4710-7-300TL 45742-83001 5110-41 300 150. ST10-5 179 Alt, 5110-5; 300 | BT10-3, TT10-2. Stio-ara we, {5110 - 6 -300T2! - 30061 PLAN (grid 2 onitted for clarity) 45 Alt 25 Alt, | =e = B-B cover toouter tars= 20 Seale: 1:50-— Commentary on bar arrangement BS 8110 ret Bar marks ‘Table 3.25, 12.1127 3234 ‘Table 3.25 2811 BAS ‘Table 3.25 3.12.03 ovee of Notes All bars are labeled in the form described in the Standard method of devaling structural concrete eg. 45T12-1-300B1 means that in the bottom outer layer there are 45 Grade 460 Type 2 deformed. 12 mm nominal size bars at 300 mm centres and the bar mark is =I The bars are numbered in the likely sequence of fixings the positions ofthe frst and ast bars ina stringare indicated in plan and section. Intermediate bars have been omitted for clarity Minimum area of tension reinforcement = 0-0013 X 1000 X 175 = 228 mm?/m, Maximum clear spacing of tension bars = lesser of 750 mm or 3d, ie. 3d= 3 149 = 447 mm. J+ 200, therefore no further check on spacing Main tension bars T12 @ 300, 4, = 377 mm > minimum 228 mm*/m.~ OK, If curtailed, 4, = 377/2 = 189 mm? < minimum 228 mm?/m - not OK. Bars lapped 300 mm at bottom support to provide continuous te, Secondary bars ~ use T10 @ 300 (262 mm*/m), Minimum lap = 300 mm > 15 X 10 130 mm. Lapping reduces bar lengths for easier handling on site. Laps are shown staggered for effective crack contro Minimum transverse reinforcement is placed across the full flange width of the edge beam (minimum width = 650 mm, see page 16). Minimum area = O-0015 % 1000 % 175 = 263 mm'/m - use TIO @ 300 (262 mm*/m). Main tension bars over support T12 @ 300 as bar mark 1 (One curtailment shown at 0-3 effective span from face of support. Further curtailments prevented by ‘minimum area and spacing requirements similar to mark 1 9First-floor main beam two-span flanged beam i CA CAATIONS SopeRAMe ANAUYS!: A Urear elastic analysis either produced by hand or by computer program is used to obtain the moments and ees, For the first Floor beams the columnsabove are assumed to be fixed ond those below planed at foundation level. The foundation will net provide rotational restraint, Lateral wind {oads are taken by the end shear walls. DuRaBleity and FIRE RESISTANCE Minion cover Nominal cover for mild conditions of exposure to Links Nominal cover for 300mm wide beam for tt porled 20 wm, LOADING Dead load from {75slab (page). = SxA- , Self-welght (0+5-0-475) 0-3 x 24 . Characteristic dead load’ on laam BEN/ em, ” imposed » os 9 (p.B)= 5x4 = 20-0kN/m,| Maximum design oad = bAgy + oq), 312 + 32 = OB2EN/ee| tb bgy, Mintimuin 4 w VO aq = 05-8 kN/m [+1 Gy + 402 |- 346 case Ty Cooding Beam moments Upper Clann at, lower on Shear (Hil) CASE TIT foashing Bean moment's = 52] Upper Glumn mts, 24 +9 = 34] loner Siveoae (KN 33 Tables, 33,34 Benpine Moments (kine) Sign convention used: = 260REDISTRIBUTION case I Reduce 179 to 155 (see 1) non 5 402 » 282 (-30%) I » 493» 155 (-20%) wow 349 » 282 (see Ll) «TT No redistribution. {2 IL clastic 155 Lwin Toip Caste Te TL redistributed Enve' — Moments in kN. fn BENDING MomeNT ENVELOPE T+ Redisteiuled « Envelope Reactions im kil. Beco SHEAR Force ENVELOPEMAIN BEAM, I FLOOR (contmmed) Tntecnal Support: From BM, envelope , page tt, B= 27402 = 0-7, oO. dot {Ocde 0-4)-0 18 (0-7-0 aye 282x108 i > en Foxdo0xsaor * % 1aL_|> Oued Comp. vernfercement cogs d=50, =0-38 > 0-37 see FWM0.45, 6 Waa se O-hb x 023, = 0-865 late fowar= oriod) x do x 300x880 Tg) yt S* "0195 460% (440-50) : bras Cheek minima All = 0-2 (300™ 50° Yoo = 300 met (2822) . O14 «40 x 300 x 440% 1685 wm? | ___ compression As* 998 x déoxo- Bed xaa0 + 232 = 1685 mm a Bm mid-s) From BM. envelope , page it, M =, 326 KNm S420 Eff flange wit = bs (0:2x0-7L) = 3004014 %8000 2 1420 mm. gd pa BB ac 10 = 0.074 ie 5 ao (420% A504 = os4o-25-2 370-98. 2248298) = Some, 426 ‘| s Fpge)eo- a7 0-88 DAS “Ac ingflange) a 7 x26 x 10' 2 ds = 955K 460 x 0-95 x450 Lem From B.M, envelope, eth, M = 455 Nu B= MAe3 tet Sac o-4 . eee ba 4 x 300% 450" “H = (05+]0-5-298)= 0.92 a i 10° : = Hse x tot As 095x 4G0 x 0-92 450 778 x 0:95 x ded x49) 75x10 ‘ae 5% as) i {90x 10°(1+ "Aas) Ine. berdradiusr= 120x204 eins) Check force Inbar Gi. end-su From BM. envelope, page 11, faba? 2 035, A. 7 86 x 10% ‘Ss 0-95xAG0x 0'95x450 Gry wid -§ From 8.M.bnvelopt, page i, 153 KN Eff. fig with | 3004 0114x Go00 1180 mame 0-017, 0-95. 6 = a 0 2 As 095% 460 20:95 x450 Bis oe Check. for raininaim. reinforcement in flanged, lean Wee Ww tension 0.0018 x300x500 =, 270 me of ein Wonsion over Supports .0.0026%300%500= 3CAC ATIONS SHEAR REINFORCEMENT A= 450mm Min. effective tension reinft. 2725 (982 mut) took, , 100x982 _ 9. $9 (22%8 = 0-66 Nut Bae = Boe aED = 0°78, Ve = 0-STEEYS = 0-668) Min.tinks = Aov = BxOd 5 200x0-4 - 9.5; o O5fyy ” 0:95 250 Max. sy 20-75 x 450 = 336, say 300mm. TryR120300 as min. Ay . 26 | 5 107504, 1 sp -- 3% 2095 a (ve%)= 2252045 0.59 Mn Select Aw Sv] 300 | 15 _] t80] 125 Uke | 226 wet BZ, | ons [428 | £50 Pt KN eff From support face. | weWia N/ant Links Bm, Had 216 {ro ]o-Ml i193] Ri2@ 175 + Rls 259 492 |4e]t-59] Rize 125 SmLK » 2 1156 [090] t14 | 2129@ 175 + Ra, 39 03 [937 |fos1] R12 @ 300 Vis 168-75 kN t+ R12@ 300 DEFLECTION _ basic Yaratio= 20-8mx, ($°< 03) Mn 228108 4g f , BxABORTSEDG oper 4 A bd? {420% 4507 ~ * ana Ts “Bx 1960 328 230 2N /men Modification factor = 155, :,Alounblel/.r0.extSs 32.24 i Actual by = $202 47.8 ™ Tension veinf. | redistr. ay mm Yo \reewat Taltowet factaat] t t Bm. external support T -20 foo < 125 - - 1 md-spanGgsige +18 | 40 < 203 | 35 < tors Internal support. T 30 | foo < tio | Gm. mid-span(f= 256) B 0 10 < 184 | 35 < 92 external support TO joo < 155 | Leceack, widths Of TIE PROWISION Fy = 3GlN/m width (see page 7) Ja. Tafernal (NS) tie force br Bm. Span = 3g ( 4:1¢4.0)8 = (defn) br 2 ng(42tA0) 8 ; ; y Minn dren continuity rene 66-8x 5 x'%eq Cover to lapped bars aps Canter Spacing better adja 006 (x28) ram ai 28x 226 2 20S mm, flaps "49 *25x 88 2 20 2725 (282 mm?) Use bottona. bars olreaau proviaea but made onkmnons vSing tooo laps Use U-oar ancrorages ab axternal columns. & External Column (N»S) tie force. + 0.03 x10 a 40:2< 47944 Wm arma, of continuity ef, = 47-9 1% = 104 metoot en pis Danna fet wad Rotivastg a ro wT aces oye nowy > 9 © roe srs —osy" p te wires ccwysaar peng soars] cone fa Set wyascaitw'sco= WE ‘oar=4 8 adopiag prouoy bapog “ose #p (rere) ba 8y Fico = Ww. Gre 296) stz few emeens pal set enon 8 watts ALI W'RI6-O= PB ‘ogg sa doy soot wal eietieg-1] «© Sant ral Ta sear [0 Fo aay S010] pene PRATT ves eile Be os oor ay coe ehhEdge beam interior-span flanged beam DoRABILITY and Fige RESISTANCE Nominal cover for severe conditions of txposuce Minimum cover © BOOwide bean for Lhr period ] tolinks =Aomm Loapina Dead load from slab(1250strip, plo) = 23-Sxt25 = 29-4 Sel weight (035-0478) x 0-3 «24x 5 = 63 @ 5ili/mw (page) = 5«5 225-0 characte athe ealved = 20-JIN.| Gy = 60-7 Kal " imposed n from slab(p.it)e 20x28 = 25-0KN.] Qe = 25-0KN Design load = 4G 41OQ, = 85440 = 125:0kKN.] F =125-0kN, Uttmare @.M's Tnkerlor supports: M20-08F = 0:08x125xS= 50-OkNm Mids int span: M2007 FE = 0.07% I95x52 43-8 kh Rempoacement | iw Interior supports: | fib? = (o- % 9 es ¥ = O54 {Cos 35,460; 03576200 Mid-ist. spam: eff. flange width = 3004975000 M, 43-8210 02, 32095) Ags 42 (OF feud? 4oxesox290" dk? 5c 4600954290 — Shear force =0-5SFx 125=68°75KN. Eff. tension reinf for shear ‘s 2720. Design shearforce = G8:75~(0-I5+0-28) 25 = SBEN. looks = 100x628 _ SOTBN/2 vz SBxIO 2 ou Ea °|* Soon taa = O'75s- Ne AN * “30 0-636), VE OGHO-4) 4 use min links, 28 Eetee = 0°51 Mase. Sy = 0.751280, 2Omm A 50x 10% ox 300280 Sv Degvection taste YA 220m, (%p= 046703) M. 43-B x10". og fy = 22420034 aya, bat” SS0xz90%,~ 9°87 R402 = ATEN ne 1s Modification factor = 153 Allonble ope ff dep ratio Actual 12 x 553 2 Bb7 2e08 2 172 290 CRACKING Bottom cars f, = 278N/mmt (Gee defiection) Allowable clear spacing * ae =\G9 7168, side cover Sac Top vacs fy * 2X4GOx Ae © 213 W/hune "cover? 50, check cotner| flowable cen? SSzE a #2005 + 280 corner ditence 007 Tle PROVISION feriphersl tle, Fra 3GkN. Ag= SES = 7B mu?| Use@T12. Mintap= 38x12 x7%ae = 195 < BOOmm|50 -2T20-4 [Top cover eo the Is secaver 15 } *d ELEVATION Sceafe,4:50 Cover to links - 40 Commentary on bar arrangement BS 8110 ref Bar marks Notes 3I2RAT Horizontal bars in this member provide the peripheral te. Minimum Tap = 300 mam, 1 ‘The two tension bars are stopped 50-mm from the column face to avoid clashing with the column bars shown in section A-A, 12.102 2 ‘Separate splice bars are fixed inside vertical column bars. igure 3.24 ‘Minimum area = 308 As migapan = 0'3 x 364 = 109 mm. Use 212 = 226 mv, Table 32 Lap = 35 x 12 x 109/226 = 203 mm > 15 > 12 = 180 mm < 300 mm, Use 300 mm lap. 312102 3 Link hanger bars also provide support for slab top reinforcement. Figure 324 Minimum area = 20% A. syppon = 0-2 * 436 = 87 mm’. Use 2712 = 226 mm 312102 4 ‘Tension reinforcement over suppor is fixed inside vertical column bars, Figure 324 Bars are curtailed at 0-25 span from face of support = 0-25 x 5000 = 1250 mm > 45 x 20 = 900 mm 5 5 (Closed links are shape code 6.Columns slender and short columns 5000 3000 6000 7 Sis Pave ANGIE Rp Saba ge] | qabies] DURABILITY and EiRe RESISTANCE Mininawon cover BB Nominal cover for mild conditions of exposure = ZO rm | fm (aks Ls . Severe Ba 1» 800x200 column for hr period = _ TnteRNAL Couumn (Foundation -» Roof ) AXIAL LOADING and MOMENTS from ANALYSIS: Beamioars} CoLuMN Desian Loans |cou.MomenTs en te Now Forel | imposep_ | dea] ToP_[sottom beae lt] [a4 2 [4 a(t ]2 [ule Prax. 5 max: Tecec0 Teooo Loap CAsed 3 8000 | e000 Loap Case 2 (Foundation + ist. Floor) Effective height le= Blo N3S 2 = 0:9 (EAA condition: top 1, bottom 3) 4:05 oS = 0:25 (End condition: top2, wottom>) Leye 0.95% 4825 = 458m 4:9 15-26 >15 SLENDER COLUMNBs ano CALCULATIONS ourpuT REEGNAL COLUMN (Foundablon > ist.Fl) confined Load Case 4 Imposed = 100+0°8%773 718 Dead 1273 N 1990 EN. 0, Mg= 19, O-dMg 7.6 Kw 0-4 Mi+0-@Ms = 0+0-6x 19 WA > 7G Wh bey? 03x15 tooo (Gh) = PRESPABPS Sadi, Wie, tccomtcicitey = Cpa = 0105x300 = 1S mm Max. deg moment will be qreabest of Max.design Me, @ My $2Kdlm (©) Mi+ Mead, 16 + 544 5 65-8 KNw CSB km MeN = JB x 1991 = 299 kN, 4090 woot M GS:Bx106_ 221, : bE = goo? = 244 = B00-40-13 = LAT mw. 2082, IAs 2 aa, Nees Tozount | use a 0.8 (hack page 28) 0625 x 4Ox 300 x 247 x 10> = T4tkN Bs eu0 NY Ngai tey 4T2S (1260mm2) Part 3: \98S = (045% 40(200% 1960)+0-87x 460x1960)xi0 = 2369 All Design Moment ed 4023x544 = 13-9< 29-9 kNm. Spe = 25, 22:1 (as betore) From chart, rae (6, ae bh M ; = 432 > 29-9klim, Check considering: load case L above 1% floor, and foad case 2 and moment ak Imposed = looroaSitis7). O21 Dead = (90¢ +289) —_1255 18 76KN. My: 0, My Miz 040.6 «34 = 187x544 Madd = 4294 Design Moment = 20-4 40-3 « 513 ee foose . M pe 208, Epes tl8, oe = M254 > 35-8 kdlm TIE PROVISION Load = os (21g +!6Y3)= 281 KN AS 28 1X 101/460 * C10 wakd (96Omel ok,oncoarions EXTERNAL COLUMN (Foundation > Roo! AxtAL LOADING and MoMENT from AwaLysis FAN Lats COLUMN DESIGN Loads — {CoL.MoMENTS : i ToTaL | TMPoseD DEAD a fa} oa 2 4 a 1 at} @ 43 |iSo 454 tdge 25 | | 2 3 9 258] 262 rau, ledge bn edge. dns, 369] 402 (Foundation > 1* floor ) Effective height lee blo N2S B= 0:9 (end Condition: toot lcs 09x55 = Btbm % box 45 e3 = 105 E>W B= 0-9 (end condition ; font, bottem3) loys 0:9 365.2 8-285 fy RUE. loge <4 HORT Column : ba $0.95 C45 Si Ls Design using load case 2 Just above 1'Floor, N = 800443+09x140= 1059 | KN. i 4477 ken N 1oS9xi0” yg Ma IIxlo® : bh got NB cae Fy Be Assume d 2300-50-13 = 237mm, eo op 9 A. r WeAse . 4.5 | Aces 207Omm? (4728 = 1960nm*) Below Il. fins, N= 1050443~o8nas9= 1389 kN | | Ms 76 kNnw. o0Ase 15 Age 2 3S Oo mm N M i ia Ben hhINTERNAL COLUMN F2 EXTERNAL CoLuMN Fi Vertical bars] Section Lines [Vertical bars AGRE- 2- 300 4775-4 2+12 R8B-5-300 4.4 COVER to links =30 COVER, to links = 40 HH __ppDlatlers, See page 13. ‘Commentary on bar arrangement BS 8110 ref 31253 ‘Table 3.27 3.12.8:13b ‘Table 327 312.814 Bar marks 1 Notes ‘The presentation shown above is schematic. This tabular method adapts readily to element repetition. ‘The sections are shown in their relative positions adjacent to the vertical reinforcement Main bars, area > minimum 04% bh. Slope of crank at lower end = 1:10 maximum. Crank offset = 50 + 10% = 55 mm. Minimum crank length = 350 mm (140), Length of short projection beyond crank = compression lap +, say, 75 mm for tolerance. Reinforcement area at laps < 10% bh. Bars project above first-floor slab level to provide a compression lap above the kicker. Bar projection = 35 x 087/095 x 25 mm +75 mm for kicker = 875 mm, ie. compression lap = $00 mm, {A single link is provided, since each vertical bar is restrained by a comer ‘Minimum size = 25/4, use 8 ram, Maximum spacing = 12x25 = 300 mm. (R8 @ 300.) Cover to vertical bar = 40 mm > 1-5 x 25 = 37-5 mm. Links extend to underside of floor slab Normally, starter bars are detailed with the footing, as column F2. It can be economic to detail starters, with the column above as shown, In this case its advisable to schedule the starter bars so that they ean be processed together with the footing. Note with this detail thatthe section at mid-height also applies tothe Starter bar arrangement, The starter bars would be shown dotted on the footing detail together with a suitable cross-reference. Bars project above the top of the base to provide a compression lap above the kicker = 35 x 087/095 x 25 + 75 = 875 mm, ie. lap = 800 mm. ‘As bar mark 1, but bars provide a tension lap above Ist floor kicker. Cover = 50 mm, Clear distance between adjacent laps = 100 mm < 6 x 25 mm: i. use factor 14 Projection = 1-4 x 35 x 0:87/0-95 x 25 +75 = 1195 mm, say 1200 mm, Le. tension lap = 1125 mm, ‘Sum of bar sizes af tension lap = 4 x 25 = 100 mm. 100/300 x 100 = 33% < 40% ~ OK. ‘This detail provides the maximum lever arm and isthe preferred detail for column/beam intersections. ‘Similar to mark 2 links, but extending to underside of main beam. Cover to vertical bars = SO mm. ‘These U-bars are provided to restrain the vertical bars in the external face of the column, 21,-«| Foundation reinforced pad footing ground S200 DURABILITY, _ Min.nomimal cover, moderate axposure = 30 mm] Nominal cover Use nominal dom, cover aapinst blinding , 4omm.blin, 15mm ted Toapiue ~ £2 (see page 19) Dead Imposed _|Tot kA, 718 Ho =449 Allow S0l/n2 ptm over sol dinate by soncratt and for gndf loading, 5 Pad aren, roquiced $59/C 200-10) 2 TSW Adopt 275 x 2:75 4008 thi ft, area. provided = 75> 7S mt there ULL.S, "Beslan: pressue= 8Ya.752 263 kN} REINFORCEMENT Ae d = 535bm, Moment. ot Face of column 203 x 275 i Average Goo- 40-25 Lf 543x 10% 3 ro 4ox 2750x535? : SP = —543x 10% = a) 872083508. Ew. O-9Sx4G0 x 0.95% 535, ] Uctmate SHEAR Minimum vy, © 0°34 (40/25) = 0-4 Wha] Ropdition 1:1, 1991 y /1375- 150-545) Shear force V ea fromeol ue = '2Pt x (127S-60°855) . Sook nw (Sles$ Vw www x SOORI% O-SAN fun X2y 760535 4 Shear force V @'td fom ear = 1201 4 (BPS-ISO-2888). 912 4 112 x10 stress ane QSOns3S OB fra, € Parking shear, usally the more critical) 1991" (4x 300x535 4(300+3 x 535) ©:343%0-535)# 263(2-757 2-63) 1084 x jo” 7620 x 535, 342127] CRACKING — clear disiawe = 330 < 750 mm toa = $00 x 2445 ‘od “q750x 535 Qe = 05x 2750 = 13756 0.25(Ser Md)- 0.25(3x30049x535)= 1429. - Space bars uniformiy across section, soy@ >S0ers. cach wary, Jerack widths ole,3.12.81 Table 327 3314 ‘Table 3.27 BT 20 -1- 35082 Straight bars extend full width of base, ess end covers. Bars should project a minimum tension bond length beyond the column face = 35 x 20 = 700 mm < 1150 mm - OK, ‘The underside of base is concrete blinded, cover = 40 mm. Column starter bars are wired to bottom mat. Minimum projection above the top of base is a compression lap + kicker = 35 x 0-87/0:95 x 25 + 75 = 875 mm, i. lap = 800 mm (see p. 21). Links are provided to stabilize and locate the starter bars during construction. These are the same size as the column links above 2BShear wall external plain concrete wall ourpuT Design as draced plain concrete wall te 3380 T7Swm Dace EPR fda att. Ue 20:875x9625 = 3350mm, Go = ye = !F2> 12 |, StenDeR WALL DVRABILITY and FIRE RESISTANCE external tover = 40mm, Nominal cover! (@) severe exposuce= orm. (K)mild = Lomm. | internal vo Ome] Fire resistance of 175 plain wall td LRour ]\, the fire resistance of oADING © top of foundations Dead ipod from TAS“ El+ roof = 0.5(2«23S+ 28:8) = 49-Skln Self weight 2 ONTBX24x15-5 ao GSH Charecteristie dead Load 14-6 kN lm. + imposed « (Sbbs) = 25 (4543x4208) = 27-8 kn, Wind LoaDING = Vg#V,Sar 22mybee , Ver VeS,2 37: 7m/ae Dynamic Pressure Ge 7 O-CISVY;?= OCIS 37-7415? = O-BTEN A? Tora wind load = 0°85 Ca Cretront ~ Spe. ceae) 45 l4C-) A + 0:85 0-8 (0-8 + 0-3)x0-87x1:025*403*15S =423'k. & a+ 43m M end wall 2 0.5x475-4x8-0 = 1694 Nm, mae Nol Caroee Cad) VERTICAL LOADING INTENSITY (uLL.5, Design Loads) Load Comleinations. fj x th xh +1 x 278 = 204-9kNn « " Bfpa bbe N46 + tbe 48-7 BO x 1G = 44 x49-7 et 3 Re £2 «(14-64 27-84497) exo, eas Wisco, 2 (> Wasoe)h pyres © 98(R- PES 0-2 ThE nS 03(b-' Br 2018) fA 6 09h Actua, UiS Design loads Cry im both cases eu SHEAR Horigpntal design stear Sece Vx tr 9384 206.4 bil Min.vertial «load "Ns HOxlM-GxlA3. 1639 KN. V Bea _ 9. Vo _ 2964 x10? 12.€0:8Nfmet = Bet = onecoas, N= BEMIS «0:12 C0-dS Ninel The Provision © 4st. Floor = b 718.5 wm?) Peripheral te: As, “460. ATIO. eternal Ua foce: Bbx2Ol4 14), 12 = po94N, hy . PERO” T10 e200 EF Homie Hor’ reinforcement in wall O:5m above and below slab odequite. C393 maa /an ee ts 4 ino) Walle: ty = S525" ¢ 2p puty o.0d<2049il, As = 479210- todmnll ose adjacent slab rei. | BS goog 1.3.0.4 Foot, Max pressure dive dead tlmep s wind = 114:6427-844957 59 Th Joo wide, pressure = orp = 213 KNf < 1.25190 Mz 230-5 2728 TS kiln, Age cee SAE West Internal Te Min, area conbounity relaf. = Simnd/em (08 floor slab, pb) }. Total area eeqid for width of ae = Ks en 3 we Provide 2712 te bars arch side In adjacent slab Lar, as Floor slab, pO Ne ToP TIQe 125 05 maton) Bottom Tire 150 (754 mm /on) ok, Spacing 3d. ok50. - 125 ,olternate SoS i ( f Grie-3 +OTI2-34 , = | JOT 12- 12-150 307 42-48- FLIGHT ‘“B | cover to Guter bars = 20 Seale 1:50 3110-2-300 isd SMA-BAGTI2-4 + | 125 alternate & 1 Sy Qn “ok 44 A 4OT12-5-150 / he. FLIGHT A lroti2-4-350 Commentary on bar arrangement BS 8110 ret Bar marks Notes Tuble327 156 “Main tension reinforcement. Lap legis and anchorage bond lengths = 35 x 12 = 420 mm, say 450 tom. Laps are located to facilitate likely conszuction sequences, Similar for bar marks 12,13 and IS. Table325 2,89 Secondary reinforeement. Minimum area = (0013 x 1000 x 175 = 228 mn, Use T10 @ 300 = 262 mmm. Fig325 34 ‘Main tension reinforcement over support, 50% curtailed at 03 span, remainder at 015 span, both measured from face of support. Similar for bat mark 14 at 7 U-hars provide 50% mid-span reinforcement in both top ad bottom at end support = 0:5 571 = 286 mv, Use T10 @ 150 = 524 mnv/in to match spacing of span bars. Laps, say 450 mm. ‘Table 325 10,11 Optional reinforcement. Minimum area = 228 mm’. Similar for bar mack 16. 2Column design chart = é e a 8 ny a ny 8 N/bh — N/mm? 224 a i eS Rectangular columns fou 40 fy 460 d/h 0°80 8Information from the Reinforced Concrete Council Spreadsheets Many of the design principles used in this publication will be covered by spreadsheets for reinforced concrete design now being developed by the Reinforced Concrete Council. Versions for both BS 8110 and EC2 are in preparation. For details write to the RCC at Century House, Telford Avenue, Crowthorne, Berks RG4S 6YS. Buildability and whole building economics It should be stressed that the structural solution presented in this publication has been chosen for the purposes of illustrating analysis, design and reinforcement detailing principles. A typical building frame accounts for only 10% of the whole construction cost, but affects foundations, cladding and service provision. The choice and details of a building's structure should reflect both buildability and overall building economics. Analysis of these factors, using a structural optimisation program* or charts from a publication** suggests that a flat slab alternative may save around 2% of overall building casts and ten days’ construction time, Similarly, rationalisation and simplification of reinforcement will normally speed construction and hence reduce ‘overall construction costs and programme time. Excessive curtailment and tailoring of reinforcement to save material at the expense of rationalisation will prove counter-productive. These aspects are currently being investigated at the European Concrete Building Project at Cardington, and will result in the publication of best practice guidance. With increasing emphasis on the cost in use of buildings, there isa trend towards the use of exposed soffits for passive cooling. This move to whole life costs will modify the optimum solution, and deep ribbed or coffered slabs are a favoured option to meet daylighting, thermal mass, ventilation and acoustic requirements. Concept - a computer program that allows the rapid semi-automated choice of concrete frame while considering, costs. Produced by the Reinforced Conerete Council. Available from the RCC on 01344 725733. ** Economic concrete frame elements - a pre-scheme design handbook, based on BS 8110, that helps designers ‘choose the most viable concrete options. Produced by the Reinforced Concrete Council. Available from the BCA on 01344 725704, whole builDesigned and detailed (BS 8110 : 1997) J.B. Higgins and B. R. Rogers BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION PUBLICATION 43.501 conéreté cvste 4 (28) ,_ 44 _, (K) UDG 624.073.33.012.45: 624.04.001.3