Isa 400 eT | Power coupling filter for the example, Re(¥)} must be nonnegative, since we are limited to passive fil ters consisting of passive elements, so the magnitude of the real part is minimized by setting Re{¥;} = 0. ‘The imaginary part can be set to zero by selecting Iin{¥;} = 0.00236 S. Thus the best ¥, = j0.00236 8, or Z) = —j423.7 & This is a capacitor of value I cas 0.376 uF )(1000)423.7) ‘To complete the design, we must specify L, and C,, the ¢ the 60-Hz series resonant subeircuit. While any pair of values that resonate at 60 Hz will yield zero impedance at 60 Hz. as required the impedance at other frequencies will rise more steeply with in creasing value of L,. This can be seen by noting that the Q value of a series RLC circuit increases with L for any fixed R. The steeper the increase, the less power will be delivered to the load at the har: ‘monic frequencies. Thus the largest practical value of L, should be selected. Factors that limit the practical value may inelude weight, size, cost, and the inerease of series resistance, which accompanies the increase in inductance as the number of turns is increased, AS- suming that the largest practical inductor avaiable is L, = 15 mH the matching capacitor is, ements of = 469 EF @W.015;(12079° ‘This large value of capacitance is most conveniently attained by con= necting several smaller capacitors in parallel. The power coupling filter is shown in Fig. 18.4 I8.1.1, Using LC subeircuits with 1-H inductors, complete the filer de an shown, H(s) = Va/¥1 should be a filter with thr atc» = 10%, 10°, and 108 rads. What isthe g Which notch has the greatest bandit? stopands centered nat these three frequencies Parallel LC cireuits with C= 001 aE, 1 pF. LF Gain is zero at the center af each notch. The notch at 10 rads has the greatest bandwidth 751 and spur I 6118.1.2. Design a ransformeriess coupling circuit so tht the Vz at 1 KH has magnitude 100 tines thi of the source V — 4) 7 -—-— : oo Es eel with = 796 4H, C= 308 uF 18.2 ACTIVE FILTERS The transfer function H(s) of a stable linear eitcuit, or equivalently its frequency resp function H(jo). tells us what the circuit “does.” It describes how the eincit will y any frequency component or combination of frequency components present in its in For a given His) we may sketch a Bock in plot and sce if the transfer funetion yie the desired circuit behavior for the filter task at hand, The size andl location of the pw and stopbands, the gains in these bands. and the slopes between them ate determine by H(s). These filter properties can be modified by adjustment of the poles, zer0s. «i constant factor in Hs) Once we have selected a transfer function His) that 1 s the needs of ou task, we are faced with the realization problem: find a circuit whose transfer function H(s). In this section we develop 2 general design procedure for solving the realiza problem using only resistors, capacitors, and op amps. that is, a procedure leadin an induetorless active filter realization. Inductors have disadvantages as circuit elemner within modem miniaturized electronic designs, and we use op ainps because the bili to multiply transfer functions of op amp two-ports connected in cascade makes itt filter design generally simpler than passive de: We will have need for the building-block circuits introduced in Chapter 3. The circuit diagrams and voltage transfer equations are included in Table 18.1. The summers shown may. of course, have more than two inputs. in whieh case the voltae, ‘wansfer equation has the corresponding additional terms.18.2.1. Design a circuit with bilinear transfer function His) = (5-5). Make the largest resistance 100 k9. (ia ae — “lige oe (te " fF ets Lat oT I . op up summer (2,1) EXERCISE 18.2.4 182.2, Design a circuit with biquadratic transfer function Hs) = 7/45? ++ 1), Make 10 KO the smallest resistance. What kind of circuit is this? lnsier Unity gain high-pass [wae one ‘our | Lae al] 3 | —— rier | J | EXERCISE 18.2.2 18.23. Design a circuit with the third-order transfer function Hs 100/s%. IF the input to tis circuit was a unit step and all initial conditions were zero, what would the output be? 762‘uyswrer Output would be v2(e) = {4u(r), the unit cubic sing larity function. one Re ke EXERCISE 18.2.3 18.3 CLASSICAL FILTERS Ideal filters are characterized by a constant gain of unity in their passband and dis continuous jump 10 zero gain everywhere outside their passband, Although osc idealization, such pure binary frequency-domain behavior eannot be realized in practice Filters designed with linar limped elements such as those described inthis book tie Lc elements, op amps, and finear controlled sources). for instance, have rational teeter fonctions H(s), and any rational transfer function with p poles has & maximum rll off of —20p dBidecade, The gain for ral filters with rational transfer functions vies smoothly and continuously with frequency’ and is neither exactly constant in the passband nor exactly equal to zero everywhere else Since real fiters cannot behave ideally, a performance metic by which real fl ters iay be judged and compared is needed. "In practice, there ave several coer Ieasures by which the deviation of areal fiter H(s) from the idea! can be ansencea Each measures a diferent feature of the filter's deviation from the idea. and the wel ative importance of each depends upon the application at hand. Consider the gain plot of atypical real lowpass filter shown in Fig. 1815. If this were an ied! Rie the deviation of gin {Hens ~ [HUlai in the passband, oF paschand ripple. would be zero since the gain Is everywhere constant at unity in the ideal er eee band For an ideal fiter the passband slope would be 0 dBidecade throughout the pass- band. The rollff, or maximum transition band slope, would be infinite end there wendd bbe mo stopband ripple. In contest to ideal fiers, real filers HL) take on finite nonper Yale foreach of these measures. In addition, the Behavior ofthe liters phase response (e) = /H4je) is important in assessing filter performance. A phase shill pion wad corresponds 10 6()/27 periods, or a time shit time advance) of a) shea Fk 763‘The gain at the bottom of each notch should be less thaa 20 dB and the quality factor Q = 10 for all thee notches: The gains at all frequencies at least 1/2 decade away from the notch minima 1 kHz, 10 kHz, and 100 kHz should be within 1 dB of 0B. 18.9. (a) Show that this cicuit, called nvin-Tyilrer, acts as «2 banustop (notch) filter satisfying |V3(jao)/V1(jen)| = 0 con = WRC () Note that this circuit assumes exactly matched Suppose the R/2 ure is re placed by one with resistance (1-+ p)(R/2) & Sketch a ih showing the depth of the notch in dB as a function of the mismatch parameter p. Note that for = 0 there is 1 mismatch and the notch is infinitely deep cin dB). and SPICE 1 help the larger |p) the greater the mismatch. Us generate this curve [GE 18.10. Design a passive circuie which will drive a display containing three light emitting diodes (LEDs) which show the dominant frequency range ofthe input signal, The input to the circuit is an ac steady state 1 mA RMS current. IP ‘more than half the power in the input is in frequencies in the range 20 Hz-SO0 Hz the LED marked “bass” should ight up. if more than hal is inthe range $00 Hz~2 kHz the LED marked “midrange” should light up. 2 kHz-20 kHz the LED denoted “treble Assume that the LED's light up when the voltage across them reaches 5 V RMS. 788 Except where otherwise noted, the following design rules apply to all active circuit designs: 1. All resistors should be in the range 1 k® to 1Ma: 2. Do not use any inductors; 3. Use the op amp model of Fig. 34 with R, IMO, Ry = 309, and A = 100,000 for all SPICE [fp] 181. Replace the resistors in the noninverting amplifier ‘of Table 18.1 by impedances. and use the resulting non: inventing filer to design a circuit with uncorrected Bode plot shown, 048 / > 200 ale) 18.12. Repeat 18.11 for the voltage transfer function ood Hoy = tor ara 18.13. Replace the resistors of the noninverting summer of Table 18.1 by impedances, and use the resulting build ing block eireuit to design a circuit with voltage transfer equation Vos) = 1/3V\0s) + 2/8 +) dummy input may be necessary 18.14, by impedances and use the resulting buildin to design to the desired wiple-pole volt ). Note that a Replace the resistors of the circuits of Te 18 block circuits transfer function18.15. Replace the resistors of the circuits of Table 18.1 by impedances and use the resulting building block circuits 'o design a circuit with the uncorrected Bode plot shown smn 4 | fae log scale lore 00H goo toe Design a aie circuit with voltage transfer Function 100s? bs 4 107 Ho) = 200 What kind of iter is this? Jostity = 1817. Design a circuit with voltage transfer function = 305+ SP 305 + 300 Hi) What kind of Biter is this? Justify = 18.18. Design a cirevit with voltage transfer function RIT x 10° Hg) = Do not use any building block circuit with absolute value of gain exceeding 10 on any of its inputs 3|18.19. Design an audio amplifier with 40 dB /decade tol off in the uncorrected Bode plot in both the hith and low frequencies, lower break frequency 100 Hz and upper break frequency 10 kHz, damping factor ¢ = 1/4 for all poles and +100 dB gain in the center of the passband. {Ga 1820. Design a bandpass circuit whose passband is sur- founded by guard bands in which the gain is required to be very low, as shown in the accompanying figure. The sain rust be +10 dB or higher at 4 KH, the gains one octave away at 2 KHz and 8 kHz must be —10 dB or lower, and the gain in the very low and very high frequencies must tend to 0d 1 dB. soa | f\ | ia | 1] ouB | ——— | | \}\{ | Wy 7] #821. IF the harmonies comprising period signal are ibitrarily phase-shifted, the shape ofthe signal will be dis torted, This may be caused by frequeney-dependent time delays as the signal propagates through air. water or some other medium. Design a ciruit called an adjustable phase- shifter which introduces a selectable phase shift at a se lectable frequency while leaving all other phases, and all ain. relatively unchanged. The phase shift should be ad- sustable £90" in the frequency range 1 kHz-l0 kHz. The gain should be 0 dB 1.5 dB at all frequencies. and the phase shift one octave or more away from the selected fr quency should be less than 6°. Using SPICE, show the ain and phase shift curves when phase-shifting +30” at 2 KHz and —45° at § kHz. What circuit elements need to be made adjustable? (Him: consider complex poles and zeros with the same break frequency but whose real parts have opposite signs.) 18.22, A limb-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) has three inputs: body surface voltages measured on the lett arm ‘Lal, right arm (Ra), and left leg (Ll) all relative to the Tight leg (RI) voltuge common ground as shown. De. sign an ECG amp so that its output 2g is proportional te ths ~ OS(s + uu). ay is referred 10 as aVL. the ‘augmented left arm lead voltage.” The constant of pro: ortionality should be such that when via = 1 mV and Yes = 14 = 0. we have ty = 1 V within the pass band (0.1 Hz to 20 Hz). ‘The output should roll off at 40 dB decade on either side of these frequency limits. Use ‘4 mutti-op amp design so that no gain on any input exceeds 10 in magnitude for any single op amp, 789