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Universidad Cristbal Coln

Direccin General Acadmica


Programa para el fortalecimiento del
proceso
de enseanza-aprendizaje-evaluacin de las
matemticas
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UNIVERSIDAD CRISTBAL COLN


- PROGRAMA DE ESTUDIO -

1. NOMBRE DEL CURSO:


APLICACIONES DEL SOFTWARE MATLAB EN LA ENSEANZA DE LAS
MATEMTICAS
2. CICLO:

3. CLAVE:
MDULO BSICO

4. OBJETIVO (S) GENERAL (ES) DE LA ASIGNATURA:


Al trmino del curso el docente conocer las herramientas y aplicaciones que ofrece el
software MatLab para la enseanza-aprendizaje de las matemticas.
5. TEMAS Y SUBTEMAS:
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Introduccin al uso del MatLab


Instalacin del programa
Entorno de trabajo
Instrucciones de entrada y salida
Ayuda

2. Clculos bsicos en MatLab


a. Clculos aritmticos
- Operandos
- Operadores
- Formatos numricos
b. Variables
- Numricas
- De cadena:
Operaciones con cadenas
c. Funciones matemticas predefinidas
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

lgebra bsica
Variables simblicas
Creacin de polinomios
Resolucin de productos notables y factorizacin
Resolucin de ecuaciones de primero y segundo grado
Resolucin de sistemas de ecuaciones de primer grado

5. TEMAS Y SUBTEMAS:
4. Trigonometra
a. Funciones Trigonomtricas
b. Teorema de Pitgoras

5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Clculo diferencial e integral


Resolucin de lmites
Resolucin de derivadas (primera, segunda derivada)
Resolucin de integrales (simples y dobles)
Resolucin de integrales definidas
Clculo del rea bajo la curva

6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Geometra analtica
La recta
Tringulos
Circunferencia
Parbola
Hiprbola

7.
a.
-

Estadstica descriptiva e inferencial


Datos agrupados
Tabla de frecuencias
Fronteras, lmites y marcas de clase
Medidas de tendencia central
Ojivas de frecuencia
b. Distribucin normal
Parmetros de la distribucin normal
Media y desviacin estndar
Representacin grfica de la distribucin normal

8.
a.
b.
c.
d.

lgebra lineal
Matrices
Vectores
Producto escalar y vectorial
Sistema de ecuaciones simultneas

9. Clculo Avanzado
a. Series
b. Resolucin de ecuaciones diferenciales
10. Grficas y funciones
a. Grficas en dos dimensiones
Grficas de funciones
2

5. TEMAS Y SUBTEMAS:
Grficas Polares
Histograma
Polgono de frecuencia
Grficas circulares
b. Grficas de tres dimensiones
Grficas de malla
De superficie

6. ACTIVIDADES DE APRENDIZAJE:
CON DOCENTE:

Exposicin dialogada
Discusin grupal
Ejercicios de aplicacin

INDEPENDIENTE:

Resolucin de ejercicios de acuerdo con cada tema

7. CRITERIOS Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE EVALUACIN Y ACREDITACIN:


80% de asistencia
20% bitcora de ejercicios

8. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS:
Bez, Lpez David (2006) MATLAB con aplicaciones ala Ingeniera, Fsica y Finanzas.
Mxico: Alfaomega.
The Math Works, Inc (2006) MATLAB Help. EUA: The Math Works, Inc







































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