, , ,

1.

Def:

, , ,

121,7

1,076

116,6

1,33

, , ,

2.

C2 H4

C3 H6

C4 H8

C5H10

C6H12

C7H14

.
.
.

- o
CnH2n n = 2,3,4,

, , ,

(IUPAC)

-
-
-

,

, . . -



-

, , ,



H3C

CH3

CH3

-
, -




.

H3C

4
5

6
3

5
4
2
7

6
3
2
8
CH3
1

7
2
2

8
1
CH3

- ,
-

4- -3-

, , ,

1.

:
2,4,5--3-
2.

H3C

C 2 H5

CH3

CH3
CH3

, , ,

:
:
2,4,5--3-

H3C

CH3

CH3 CH3

H3C

C 2 H5

CH3

5,6--7--3-

CH3
CH3

, , ,

3.

-

.
- -


-

, , ,


H3C

H3C

-1- -1-

-2- -1-

CH3
H2C

H2C

H2C

, , ,

4.

( )
-

( ),

-1-

2-

(
)

-1-
-2-

, , ,

CH3
H2C

-1-

CH3

H2C
CH3
2-

H2C

-1-

CH3

H3C

-2-

, , ,


(cis-trans)


-

H

R
H

trans -

cis -

, , ,

H3C

CH3

cis--2-

CH3

H3C

H
trans--2-

, , ,

:

?
H2C

H3C

H3C

2
-1-

-2-

-3 -

CH3

3 ()

CH3

CH3

-2-
-3-

, , ,

H3C

C 3H7

H 5C 2

cis--2-

C 3H 7

H 5C 2

cis--3-

trans--2-

C 2H 5

H3C

C 2H 5
trans--3-

, , ,

3:

?


.

, , ,

:

H2C

CH3

CH3

-1
H3C

-2-
H3C

-3-

H3C

CH3

C4H9

cis- -2-
H5C2

C3H7

cis- -3-

C4 H9
trans- -2-
H5 C2

H3C

C3 H7
trans- -3-

, , ,

:
-
-
.57 / : 2 , ,
/
3 ,
/
6 ,
/
7 , ,

1.

2.

, ,

,
H

- XZ
X

) ()
:

CH3

1:

( 3-)

- 2 -

H2

CH3

H2

,
) ()

Br

Br

2,3 -

Zn
R

CH3

Zn

X2

-2 -

2:
1,2-

CH3

Br 2

,
) ()
H

Br

KOH
R

3 -

CH3

KOH

-2 -

3:
3-

HX

CH3

HBr

,
) ()
:

OH

OH

3 -

CH3

H2SO 4

H2SO 4

-2 -

4:
4-

H2 O

CH3

H2O

3.

(
)

is trans


(. , .)

( )

:

,
a)

-.

.

XZ

:
1:

2:
( H+

.

,
:

H2C

CH2

Cl

+
CH 3CH 2

Cl

(1)

l
+
CH 3CH 2

Cl

CH 3CH 2

(2)

,

,

(. F2, Br2, Cl2, I2, H2)

H3C

- 2 -

CH3 + Br Br

H3C

Br

Br

2,3 -

CH3

,

:
H3C

CH3 + H

- 2 -

H3C

CH3

(. HF, HBr, HCl, HI, H2O)

,

( -
)


,
.
.,

H-Z
,
- .

,
:

3 2

CHCH 2CH 3

+ HBr

3 2

-3-

2 3

Br

3-

:

H2C

2 3

HBr

Br 2

2 2 3

1-

-1-

H2C

-1-

2 3

HBr

H3C

2 2 3

Br

2-

,

H2C

CH 2CH 3

H OH

CH 3CHCH 2CH 3

-2-

5:
-2-?

,
:

CHCH 2CH 2CH 3 +

H OH

CH 3CHCH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3 + CH 3CH 2CHCH 2CH 2CH 3

-2-

-3-

-2-
-2- -1-.
?

,

,

.

( ).
-
.

,
.

6:
-1-

,
)


.
,
.

.
KMnO4
( )
.
, KMnO4 ,
MnO4-
MnO2 .

.

,
H2C
CH2

KMnO 4
NaOH / H 2O

OH OH

,
)

H2O, CO2 .

:
rH < 0

C6H12 +

9 O2

7:

6 CO 2

6 H 2O

,
:
-
-
-
.67 / : 2, 4, 5, 6

)

,



.


,
.

,
:

,
( , , )

.


( H2O, NH3 .),

.

,

,
:

:








()

,

:

( , ,
.)

.


.

( ):
(
)

-

.

n H2C

CH2

.
,
.

n H2C

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

, ,
..

PVC

()
n H2C

Cl

( )

Cl

Cl

( )
PVC

Cl
n

, ,
, .

n F 2C

CF 2

F 2C

CF 2 CF 2 CF 2

( )

.

, ,
.

:

( )