Está en la página 1de 24

&856'(3('$*2*,(

&RQIXQLYGU$GULDQD1,&8

1LYHOXO,
,QWURGXFHUHvQSHGDJRJLH
7HRULDLPHWRGRORJLDFXUULFXOXPXOXL
7HRULDLPHWRGRORJLDLQVWUXLULL
7HRULDLPHWRGRORJLDHYDOXULL

7HRULDLPHWRGRORJLDLQVWUXLULL
'LGDFWLFD WHRULDSURFHVXOXLGHvQYPkQW
3ULQFLSLLOHGLGDFWLFH
0HWRGHLPLMORDFHGHvQYPkQW
)RUPHGHRUJDQL]DUHDSURFHVXOXLGHvQYPkQW
3URLHFWDUHDGLGDFWLF
5HODLRQDUHLFRPXQLFDUHGLGDFWLF

0(72'(,0,-/2$&(
'(19017

'HOLPLWULFRQFHSWXDOH
6LVWHPXOPHWRGHORUGHLQVWUXLUH
'HVFULHUHDPHWRGHORUGHLQVWUXLUH
0LMORDFHGHvQYPkQW
6WUDWHJLLGLGDFWLFH

0HWRGDGLGDFWLF
3URFHGHXOGLGDFWLF
0HWRGDGLGDFWLFVHUHIHUODGUXPXOVDX
FDOHD GH XUPDW vQ DFWLYLWDWHD FRPXQ D
SURIHVRUXOXL L HOHYLORU vQ YHGHUHD
UHDOL]ULLRELHFWLYHORULQVWUXLULL
(WLPRORJLHPHWKRGRV JU 

PHWKD VSUHFWUH
RGRV GUXPFDOH

3URFHGHXOGLGDFWLFLUDSRUWXOFX
PHWRGDGHvQYPkQW
3URFHGHXOGLGDFWLFHVWHRFRPSRQHQWDPHWRGHL
RWHKQLFPDLOLPLWDWGHDFLXQHXQHOHPHQWGH
VSULMLQ VDX XQ PRG FRQFUHW GH YDORULILFDUH D
PHWRGHL
5DSRUWXO GLQWUH PHWRG L SURFHGHX GLGDFWLF
HVWHGLDOHFWLFGHFRPSOHPHQWDULWDWH

vQWUR OHFLH vQ FDUH SUHGRPLQ H[SXQHUHD


SURIHVRUXOXL HIHFWXDUHD XQXL H[SHULPHQW
SRDWHLQWHUYHQLFDSURFHGHXGHPRQVWUDWLY

6LVWHPXOPHWRGHORUGHLQVWUXLUH

)XQFLLOHPHWRGHORUGLGDFWLFH
&RPXQLFDWLYGHWUDQVPLWHUHDQRLFXQRWLQHDELOLWLDWLWXGLQL
&RJQLWLYGHGREkQGLUHGHQRLFXQRWLQHDELOLWLDWLWXGLQL
1RUPDWLY GH RUJDQL]DUH GLULMDUH L FRUHFWDUH FRQWLQX D
SURFHVXOXLGHLQVWUXLUH
0RWLYDLRQDO GH D VWkUQL L PHQLQH LQWHUHVXO HOHYXOXL
FXULR]LWDWHDGRULQDGHFXQRDWHUHLDFLXQH
2SHUDLRQDOLQVWUXPHQWDO FD LQWHUPHGLDU vQWUH HOHY L XQLWDWHD
GHFRQLQXW352)(6258/HVWHXQUHSUH]HQWDQWDOWLLQHLFDUH
PHGLD]SULQLQWHUPHGLXOPHWRGHORUDFFHVXOODFXQRDWHUH
)RUPDWLYHGXFDWLYGHH[HUVDUHLGH]YROWDUHDSURFHVHORUSVLKLFH
L PRWRULL VLPXOWDQ FX vQVXLUHD FXQRWLQHORU IRUPDUHD
GHSULQGHULORUGH]YROWDUHDDSWLWXGLQLORURSLQLLORUFRQYLQJHULORU
VHQWLPHQWHORULFDOLWLORUPRUDOH

0HWRGHGHFRPXQLFDUHRUDO
PHWRGHH[SR]LWLYH
([SOLFDLD 
   

 
 

  




  

  
  
    

    

3RYHVWLUHD   
   
  
  


 
'HVFULHUHD
  
 





 


3UHOHJHUHD    


 
  

   


0HWRGHGHFRPXQLFDUHRUDO
PHWRGHFRQYHUVDWLYH
&RQYHUVDLD GLDORJ GLGDFWLF UHDOL]DW SULQWUR
VXFFHVLXQHGHvQWUHEULLUVSXQVXUL

WLSXULGHFRQYHUVDLLLQWURGXFWLYGHUHDFWXDOL]DUHL
IL[DUHGHYHULILFDUHFDWHKHWLFHXULVWLFFRQYHUVDLD
MRFHWF
WLSRORJLD vQWUHEULORU UHSURGXFWLYH VWLPXODWLYH
DSOLFDWLYHHYDOXDWLYHGLUHFWHLQYHUVDWHUHWXUQDWHGH
UHOHXHWF
FHULQH
SUHFL]LH
FRQFL]LXQH
FRUHFWLWXGLQH
JUDPDWLFDO L WLLQLILF DFFHVLELOH QX VROLFLW
UVSXQVPRQRVLODELFQXLQFOXGUVSXQVXODWHSWDW

0HWRGHGHFRPXQLFDUHRUDO
PHWRGHFRQYHUVDWLYH
'H]EDWHUHDVFKLPERUJDQL]DWGHLGHLLRSLQLL

YDULDQWH GLVFXLD GH JUXS PDVD URWXQG


EUDLQVWRUPLQJGLVFXLD3KLOOLSVGLVFXLDSDQHO

3UREOHPDWL]DUHD SUH]HQWDUHD XQRU VLWXDLL


SUREOHP FX PDL PXOWH DOWHUQDWLYH GH UH]ROYDUH
FDUH JHQHUHD] HOHYLORU vQGRLDO LQFHUWLWXGLQH
FXULR]LWDWH L GRULQD GH GHVFRSHULUH D VROXLHL
VROXLLORU

SUREOHP VLWXDLHSUREOHP

([HUFLLLUHIOH[LYH

&XPYH[SOLFDLFUHSHWLLLOHSUHDGHVHDOHXQXLWH[W
vQYDWSRWVIDYRUL]H]HXLWDUHD"
3VLKRORJLH
'DFRDPHQLLWUHEXLHVVHVXSXQDXWRULWLLGLYLQHvQFH
PVXU PDL VXQW OLEHUL" 0DL VXQW UVSXQ]WRUL GH IDSWHOH
ORU"
1HQDWHPRDPHQLVDXGHYHQLPRDPHQL"

)LORVRILH
&XPVHH[SOLFIDSWXOFVDUHDGHEXFWULHQXFRQGXFH
FXUHQWXOHOHFWULFvQVWDUHVROLGGDUvOFRQGXFHvQVROXLH"
&KLPLH
(WDSH DOH SUREOHPDWL]ULL SHUFHSHUHD H[SORUDUHD L
UHVWUXFWXUDUHD GDWHORU FXWDUHD VROXLLORU DOHJHUHD VROXLHL
RSWLPH

0HWRGHGHH[SORUDUHGLUHFWDUHDOLWLL
2EVHUYDLD

XUPULUHD
L
vQUHJLVWUDUHD
VLVWHPDWLF D GDWHORU GHVSUH RELHFWH L IHQRPHQH vQ
VFRSXOFXQRDWHULLORU

)RUPH GLULMDW LQGHSHQGHQW VSRQWDQ GH VFXUW


OXQJGXUDWHWF

([SHULPHQWXO SURYRFDUHD LQWHQLRQDW D XQXL


IHQRPHQvQVFRSXOVWXGLHULLDFHVWXLD

7LSXUL GHPRQVWUDWLY DSOLFDWLY GH ODERUDWRU


QDWXUDOLQGLYLGXDOHFKLSHWF

0HWRGHGHH[SORUDUHGLUHFWDUHDOLWLL
6WXGLXO GH FD] SUHVXSXQH FRQIUXQWDUHD HOHYXOXL FX R
VLWXDLH GLQ YLDD UHDO FD]  FX VFRSXO GH D REVHUYD
vQHOHJH LQWHUSUHWD VDX FKLDU VROXLRQD 8Q FD] UHIOHFW R
VLWXDLHWLSLFUHSUH]HQWDWLYLVHPQLILFDWLYSHQWUXDQXPLWH
VWULGHOXFUXUL

&HULQHVROLFLWDWH

DXWHQWLFLWDWH
LPSOLFRVLWXDLHSUREOHPFDUHFHUHXQGLDJQRVWLFVDXR
GHFL]LH
FRPSOHWLUHOHYDQWvQUDSRUWFXRELHFWLYHOHIL[DWH
VWLPXODWLYSHQWUXHOHYL

([HUFLLXUHIOH[LY
5H]ROYDLvQVFULVXUPWRUXOVWXGLXGHFD]

6XQWHLGLULJLQWHOHFODVHLvQFDUHvQYD$QGUHL$FHVWDHVWHXQELDW
LQWHOLJHQW GDU IRDUWH WLPLG L QX UHXHWH V UVSXQG OD RUH 'DF
SURIHVRUXO vL SXQH R vQWUHEDUH VH LQKLE VH EkOEkLH L VH vQURHWH
LPHGLDW 9RUEHWH VWLQV UDU L DUH R SULYLUH H]LWDQW /D HGLQD FX
SULQLL DL REVHUYDW F PDPD OXL $QGUHL HVWH IRDUWH YROXELO
DXWRULWDULDUHWHQGLQDVUH]ROYHWRDWHSUREOHPHOH&kQG$QGUHLD
IRVW DVFXOWDW XQ DOW SURIHVRU LD VSXV 5VSXQGH OD OHFLH L QX WH
PDLEkOEkLLDUFDGDWDWUHFXW

&XPDSUHFLDLUHPDUFDSURIHVRUXOXL"
&HLDLILVSXVGYV"
&XP YDL FRPSRUWD FX $QGUHL FD VO DMXWDL VL GHSHDVF
SUREOHPHOH"
&R]UHVFX0 WHIDQ /

0HWRGHGHH[SORUDUHLQGLUHFWDUHDOLWLL

'HPRQVWUDLD SUH]HQWDUHD RELHFWHORU L IHQRPHQHORU


UHDOH VDX VXEVWLWXWH DOH DFHVWRUD SH ED]D XQXL VXSRUW
PDWHULDO QDWXUDOILJXUDWLYVDXVLPEROLF 
IRUPHGHPRQVWUDLDFXDMXWRUXORELHFWHORUQDWXUDOH

FX VXEVWLWXWH EL  WULGLPHQVLRQDOH VLPEROLFH   FX


DMXWRUXO PLMORDFHORU WHKQLFH DXGLRYLGHR 
GHPRQVWUDLDORJLF

0RGHODUHD XWLOL]DUHDPRGHOHORUSULQ FDUH VH UHSUH]LQW


VLPSOLILFDW GDU HVHQLDO FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH RELHFWHORU L
IHQRPHQHORUGLILFLOGHSHUFHSXWLFHUFHWDWvQPRGGLUHFW

0HWRGHGHDFLXQHUHDODVXSUDUHDOLWLL
([HUFLLXO

H[HFXWDUHD UHSHWDW FRQWLHQW L


VLVWHPDWLFDXQRUDFLXQLRSHUDLLVDXSURFHGHHvQVFRSXO
IRUPULL GHSULQGHULORU SUDFWLFH L LQWHOHFWXDOH VDX D
vPEXQWLULLXQHLSHUIRUPDQH

7LSXUL LQWURGXFWLYH FXUHQWH GH FRQVROLGDUH GH YHULILFDUH


LQGLYLGXDOHGHJUXSGLULMDWHVHPLGLULMDWHFUHDWLYH

3URLHFWXO

FHUFHWDUH RULHQWDW VSUH XQ VFRS ELQH


SUHFL]DW FDUH HVWH UHDOL]DW SULQ vPELQDUHD FXQRWLQHORU
WHRUHWLFHFXDFWLYLWDWHDSUDFWLFILQDOL]DWHFXXQSURGXV

([HUFLLXUHIOH[LY

 

 
 




   
 

'DF QX FkQW R VLQJXU ]L FRQVHFLQHOH OH VLPW
QXPDLHXGDFQXH[HUVH]GRX]LOHDFHVWOXFUX
HVWHUHPDUFDWGHFROHJLLPHLLDUGDFQXH[HUVH]
WUHL ]LOH GH DFHDVWD vL G VHDPD L SXEOLFXO GLQ
VDO


0HWRGHGHDFLXQHILFWLY VLPXODW 
DVXSUDUHDOLWLL
-RFXO GLGDFWLF vPELQ HOHPHQWHOH LQVWUXFWLYH L
IRUPDWLYHFXHOHPHQWHGLVWUDFWLYHLSRWILXWLOL]DWHvQ
SUHGDUHDGLIHULWHORUGLVFLSOLQHGHvQYPkQW

7LSXUL
MRFXUL
VHQ]RULDOHORJLFRPDWHPDWLFHGH
RULHQWDUHGH FUHDLHGH UROGH vQGHPkQDUH PRWULFH
SUDFWLFHHWF 

QYDUHD SH VLPXODWRDUH XWLOL]DUHD XQRU


VLVWHPHWHKQLFHDUWLILFLDOHFRQVWUXLWHSULQDQDORJLHFX
FHOHRULJLQDOH

0HWRGHSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHD
JkQGLULLFULWLFH
3UHOHJHUHDLQWHQVLILFDW
WLX9UHDXVWLX$PvQYDW
6,1(/* 6LVWHPXO,QWHUDFWLYGH1RWDUH
SHQWUX(ILFLHQWL]DUHD/HFWXULLLD*kQGLULL
-XUQDOXOGXEOX
2UJDQL]DWRUXOJUDILF
&XEXO
&YLQWHWXO
*KLGXOGHDQWLFLSDLH

&RQFHSWXOGHJkQGLUHFULWLF

*kQGLUHDFULWLF
DELOLWDWHFRJQLWLYVXSHULRDU

3UHOHJHUHDLQWHQVLILFDW

     




  

   
 


  LQWHURJDUH  LQWHUSUHWDUH   GH
UHIOHFLH

(YRFDUH

 
   
 

!

    
 
  
   ! 
 

   "
     



! 

 

   

(WDSHOH
SUHOHJHULL
LQWHQVLILFDWH

5HDOL]DUHD

VHQVXOXL

  

  
 

 #$%&$'()    
   
 
 
  

* 

5HIOHFLD    
 

  
        #


 *  
* 
  
 

)! !     
 HVHX GH FLQFL
PLQXWH #
    
  

 
 
   
     
 
)

WLX9UHDXVWLX$PvQYDW
WLX

9UHDXVWLX

$PvQYDW

,QIRUPDLLSH
FDUHHOHYLLOH
GHLQFXSULYLUH
ODWHPDFH
XUPHD]VILH
DERUGDW

QWUHEULSHFDUH
HOHYLLOHDXvQ
OHJWXUFXWHPD
UHVSHFWLY

,QIRUPDLL
GREkQGLWHGXS
DFWLYLWDWHDGH
vQYDUH

6,1(/*
6ROLFLWFLWLUHDDWHQWDXQXLWH[WPDUFkQGSHPDUJLQHD
DFHVWXLDVHPQHVSHFLILFHGXSFXPXUPHD]
 LQIRUPDLHFXQRVFXW
  LQIRUPDLHQRX
  LQIRUPDLHFRQWUDGLFWRULHGLIHULWGHFHDFXQRVFXW
DQWHULRU
" LQIRUPDLHQHFODUVROLFLWH[SOLFDLLVXSOLPHQWDUH

0HWRGD6,1(/*DVLJXUPHQLQHUHDLPSOLFULLDFWLYHD
JkQGLULL HOHYLORU vQ FLWLUHD XQXL WH[W L PRQLWRUL]HD]
JUDGXOGHvQHOHJHUHDXQXLFRQLQXWGHLGHL

-XUQDOXOGXEOX
3DVDMHGLQWH[WFXLPSDFW
QWUHEULFRPHQWDULL
DVXSUDFLWLWRUXOXL
UHIOHFLLDQDOL]HLQWHUSUHWUL


  


 !
 
!
   !
  


   

 


 
!
 

+   


 
 ,
+ 
&  

 ,
-  
&  
.  ,
   

  
     ,
& 

 ,

 



 
 

 ,

2UJDQL]DWRUXOJUDILF

/ 
    
*0        "
 
 
    
   

1
      

 


 
'DYLG$XVXEHO

 
    
 
 -RVHSK ' 1RYDN   . 


23%  4

   541

       

 

  #  

 "

  ) 
  

 
    






*
 

&ULWHULL     


  
 

 

       
  
!
       
 
  


!
  
  !

  
$%&$'    
 !
 
 
 
 
 


 



&XEXO

3$
5

(1
7(
$=

*8
0

&2
0

(
&5,
'(6

$5

$62
&,$=

$3/,&

6  76  


#$89%)    
 

     


   
 .&
      

:
  
   
 
     

 .  



 

 

($=
=
,
/
$1$

&YLQWHW
3ROXDUHD
3RH]LH vQFLQFLYHUVXULFXXUPWRDUHDVWUXFWXU
5HDGLVWUXJWRDUH
SULPXOYHUV
,QIHFWHD]VWULFGXQHD]
FXYkQWFDUHSUHFL]HD]VXELHFWXO
8FLGHWRWPHGLXOvQFRQMXUWRU
1RFLY
DO,,OHDYHUV
FXYLQWHFDUHGHVFULXVXELHFWXO
&DUWHD
DO,,,OHDYHUV
/LQLWLWvQGU]QHD
FXYLQWHFDUHH[SULPDFLXQL
QYDHPRLRQHD]EXFXU
DO,9OHDYHUV
8QSULHWHQDORPXOXL
8WLO
SURSR]LLHIRUPDWGLQSDWUXFXYLQWHFDUH
H[SULPRLGHHRGHILQLLHVDXVHQWLPHQWHIDGH
VXELHFW
$HUXO
,QFRORUJD]RV
DO9OHDYHUV
,QVSLULH[SLULWULHWL
FXYkQWFDUHH[SULPHVHQD VXELHFWXOXL
)RORVLWGHWRDWHYLHXLWRDUHOH
1HFHVDU

*KLGXOGHDQWLFLSDLH
;     <&=   
   


      #1)  #:)



   


     
>  
 
  
 
     "
  
  


. &     

-  
   

*  
       
   
  
  
  
   







 

  

0HWRGHGHvQYDUHSULQFRRSHUDUH

*kQGLL/XFUDLvQSHUHFKL&RPXQLFDL
3UHGDUHDUHFLSURF
0R]DLF
5HHDXDGHGLVFXLL
/LQLDYDORULORU
7XUXOJDOHULHL8QXOVWDWUHLFLUFXO

*kQGLL/XFUDLvQSHUHFKL&RPXQLFDL

*kQGLL


   
     
   

      
   

/XFUDL vQ SHUHFKL 

 
  
 


 

        
       
     

 


&RPXQLFDL ? 
    


#  
  <&= 
)      
   
  


3UHGDUHDUHFLSURF



      


     

  
  
 



  .  
&  
 


 .       
          
  

HOHYLL FLWHVF XQ SDUDJUDI vQ JkQG QXPUXO SDUDJUDIHORU
WUHEXLHVFRUHVSXQGFXQXPUXOHOHYLORUGLQJUXS 
HOHYXOFDUHMRDFUROXOSURIHVRUXOXLUH]XPFHHDFHWRFPDL
VD FLWLW IRUPXOHD] R vQWUHEDUH SHQWUX FROHJL H[SOLF
HOHPHQWHOH QHFODUH DQWLFLSHD] GHVSUH FH YD IL YRUED vQ
XUPWRUXO SDUDJUDI L vQ ILQDO SUHFL]HD] FDUH HVWH
XUPWRUXOSDUDJUDIFDUHWUHEXLHFLWLW
HWDSHOH VH UHSHW SkQ FkQG WRL HOHYLL DX H[SHULPHQWDW
UROXOGHSURIHVRU
;  
 


  
 


 
    
<&=


5HHDXDGHGLVFXLL

@        



       "
      

  
    
  


 
    

    
@   
  
  
 
 
 
    

  


  






;       
 # 
 

 
)
$U WUHEXL LQWHU]LV vQ WRWDOLWDWH SROXDUHD DWPRVIHUHL vQFHSkQG FKLDU GH
PkLQH" 

 

   
  .
      


       


        
  

 
    .  
  
      .  
 
    


  



1
 


    
 

RIHULUHDGHDUJXPHQWHFODUHLVROLGH
FRQFHQWUDUHD SH GHPRQWDUHD DUJXPHQWHORU SR]LLHL DGYHUVH L QX
SHDWDFXOODSHUVRDQ
SRVLELOLWDWHD VFKLPEULL SR]LLHL HOHYLORU GDF DUJXPHQWHOH
FROHJLORUDXUHXLWVLFRQYLQJ
A 
       
 &
 
   
 

 
  
  .
 
 

0R]DLF#B
 6)

@   
 

   
  
    
 #    

       
     
  ) 
       
 
  
<&'

@      
  
VH IRUPHD] JUXSXUL GH  HOHYL QXPLWH JUXSXUL GH EDWLQ
SURIHVRUXO vPSDUWH WH[WXO GH VWXGLDW vQWUXQ QXPU GH SUL HJDO FX
QXPUXOGHJUXSXULFRQVWLWXLWH 
VHFRQVWLWXLHJUXSXULOHGHH[SHUL SULQQXPUDUH GH OD OD VDX 
DVWIHO HOHYLL FX QXPUXO  IRUPHD] JUXSXO QXPUXO  FHL FX
QXPUXODOGRLOHDJUXSHWF )LHFDUHJUXSGHH[SHULVWXGLD]WLSGH
GHPLQXWHSDUWHDGLQWH[WUHSDUWL]DWGHSURIHVRULGHQWLILFkQG
LGHLOHSULQFLSDOHLPRGXOFXPYRUSUHGDDFHVWHLGHLFROHJLORU
HOHYLL UHYLQ OD JUXSXULOH GH EDWLQ L SH UkQG SUHGDX FRQLQXWXO vQ
FDUH VXQW H[SHUL Q FD]XO XQRU QHOPXULUL HOHYLL SRW FHUH
FODULILFUL FROHJXOXL H[SHUW vQ IUDJPHQWXO GH XQGH SURYLQH
SUREOHPD/DVIkULWXORUHLHOHYLLWUHEXLHVFXQRDVFvQWUHJXOWH[WGH
VWXGLDW
; 

    
    



   
  
 
  
  
 
   
 
 

    A

      .
 


   
 
#
 

  

   
 
 
)

/LQLDYDORULORU
;      
 
    
 

  
 # * )


      
   #       




) 
         
 
   





     
 


'$

,QGHFLL

18

5 


        

  



7XUXOJDOHULHL
A   
  C&< 

           
       

  &     
 # 
     "      
  


   " )
;   
         
 


  
 .    &D 
E


  
        


 

   



+     "
     

 

 
    



 

  
     
 
 




  


$QDOL]FRPSDUDWLY

PHWRGHWUDGLLRQDOH PHWRGHPRGHUQH
PHWRGHWUDGLLRQDOH
FHQWUDWHSHSURIHVRU
FHQWUDWHSHSUHGDUHSH

WUDQVPLWHUHDGHFXQRWLQH
GRPLQDQWYHUEDOLVWH
LQGXFSDVLYLVP
VROLFLWUHSURGXFHUHD
LQIRUPDLLORU
FDUDFWHUDSOLFDWLYUHGXV
SURPRYHD]FRPSHWLLD
FRQGXFHUHULJLGDLQVWUXLULL

PHWRGHPRGHUQH
FHQWUDWHSHHOHY
D[DWHSHvQYDUHSH

H[SORUDUHFHUFHWDUH
DFLXQH
DFWLYSDUWLFLSDWLYH
vQFXUDMHD]JkQGLUHDL
FUHDWLYLWDWHDHOHYLORU
SURPRYHD]FRRSHUDUHD
UHODLLGHFRQGXFHUH
GHPRFUDWLFH

>

F
3URIHVRUXO FDUH QX SHUPLWH L QX vQFXUDMHD]
GLYHUVLWDWHDRSHUDLLORUvQWUDWDUHDSUREOHPHORU
SXQH RFKHODUL GH FDO LQWHOHFWXOXL HOHYLORU
UHVWUkQJkQGXOH YL]LXQHD GRDU vQ GLUHFLD vQ
FDUH PLQWHD SURIHVRUXOXL HVWH vQWkPSOWRU GH
DFRUG
-'HZH\

0LMORDFHOHGHvQYPkQW
  
   
 
      "
     

    
   
  

   

   
 
   

   

 
 &  &  

)XQFLLOHPLMORDFHORUGHvQYPkQW
VWLPXODWLY  GH GH]YROWDUH D PRWLYDLHL HOHYLORU SHQWUX
VWXGLX GH VWLPXODUH D FXULR]LWLL L LQWHUHVXOXL SHQWUX
FXQRDWHUH
GHFRPXQLFDUH  GHWUDQVPLWHUHGHLQIRUPDLL
LOXVWUDWLYGHPRQVWUDWLY  GH IRUPDUH OD HOHYL D
UHSUH]HQWULORU GH vQVXLUH GH QRL FXQRWLQH GH IL[DUH
LVLVWHPDWL]DUHHWF
IRUPDWLYHGXFDWLY  H[HUVDUH L GH]YROWDUH D RSHUDLLORU
JkQGLULLIRUPDUHDGHSULQGHULORULQWHOHFWXDOHLSUDFWLFH
HUJRQRPLF  GHUDLRQDOL]DUHDHIRUWXULORUSURIHVRUXOXLL
HOHYLORUvQDFWLYLWDWHDGHSUHGDUHvQYDUH
HVWHWLF  GH FXOWLYDUH D FDSDFLWLL GH UHFHSWDUH L
DSUHFLHUHDIUXPRVXOXL
GH HYDOXDUH  GH GLDJQR] L DSUHFLHUH D SURJUHVHORU
HOHYLORU

&ODVLILFDUHD
PLMORDFHORUGHvQYPkQW
0LMORDFHGH
vQYPkQW
  
   

([HPSOH
 

     

   
  
   




  &  

   "

 
    




  &  "       

 




 




 


 
  "   
   
 
        
       

,PSRUWDQDPLMORDFHORUGHvQYPkQW

@
   . 
 

    

     

     &   

  


 
 


G     
 
 
  
  
.        
 
     



     



   &   



 
  
 

 
& 
 



@
  .
   


 

 
  




!

 
 
!
 
 

.



  


6WUDWHJLLOHGLGDFWLFH

  
  
   
  
 
 

 
 
    
 .!
        
   

 
   
 
  
 
   !



 
* 
     

 
  

*
  



$SOLFDLL
>  
     
 
 


1X H[LVW PHWRGH EXQH VDX UHOH FL PHWRGH
DGHFYDWHELQHVDXSURVWXWLOL]DWH #,RDQ&HUJKLW

> 
 
  
 .  
 

@H/+1

1

 .
 
&
 . 
  .

5HIOHFLD]LOHL
1
   III
1

&  


1
  

1

&    
1
&  
I
1
&   I
1
&  

1
 II

%LEOLRJUDILH







%RFR 0   ,QVWUXLUH LQWHUDFWLY (GLWXUD 3UHVD


8QLYHUVLWDU&OXMHDQ&OXM1DSRFD
&HUJKLW ,    0HWRGH GH vQYPkQW (GLLD D ,,,D
(GLWXUD'LGDFWLFL3HGDJRJLF%XFXUHWL
&XFR&  3HGDJRJLH(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DL
,RQHVFX 0   'HPHUVXUL FUHDWLYH vQ SUHGDUH L
vQYDUH(GLWXUD3UHVD8QLYHUVLWDU&OXMHDQ&OXM1DSRFD
,RQHVFX 0 &KL 9   6WUDWHJLL GH SUHGDUH L
vQYDUH(GLWXUDWLLQLILF%XFXUHWL
1LFX $   6WUDWHJLL GH IRUPDUH D JkQGLULL FULWLFH
(GLWXUD'LGDFWLFL3HGDJRJLF%XFXUHWL

También podría gustarte