ACTIVE OPTICAL NETWORK (AON)

AONs utilize intelligent switching and routing to direct and manage data
flow within a network. The emergence of the Ethernet architecture, protocols
and topologies in the transportation and the Intelligent Transportation
systems (ITS) arena occurred around 1999, and is rooted in traditional,
switched Ethernet networks that date back over 35 years.
Advantages
Active Optical Networks have been successfully utilized for Transportation
and ITS networks for more than 10 years, and currently represent the industry
standard.
AONs provide a framework and architecture that enables physical route
redundancies, which provides protection against fiber cuts and enables
optimized data management strategies.
Adding new devices to AON networks is simple plug and play, with littleto-no network reconfiguration required.
AONs provide the ability to deploy equipment and protocols that are
standardized within the telecommunications industry.
AON hardware is ubiquitous, with plenty of hardware vendors available, thus
minimizing specific hardware/software/vendor dependencies.
An AON ring architecture allows for simplified network reconfiguration,
implementation of additional head-ends, or the relocation of head-end by
simply connecting to the nearest point on the nearest ring.
AONs are fully bi-directional with equal upstream and downstream
transmission rates.

Disadvantages
Edge switches cost more than PON cabinet devices Optical Network
Terminals (ONTs).
Fully redundant core switch with optics cost more than the fully redundant
PONs OLTs.
Requires the installation of additional conduit and cable runs to achieve
physical redundancies.

CHNG 2. CC GII PHP TRIN KHAI MNG FTTH

3.2.1. Cng ngh AON:
- Khi nim AON: phn phi v x l tn hiu, ti cc nt mng AON s dng cc thit
b chuyn mch c s dng ngun in nh Ethernet Switch, multiplexer. Tn hiu c
chuyn mch point to point v c hn ch xung nh b nh m ca cc thit b
chuyn mch
- M hnh mng truy nhp quang FTTx trn nn AON

Hnh 5 :M hnh mng truy nhp quang FTTX trn nn AON

- u nhc im ca cng ngh AON :

u im:

Khong cch phc v c th p ng ti a l 50km.

Trin khai nhanh.

p ng c hu ht cc im c nhu cu

Nhc im:

Tn cp v kt ni im - im cho tng khch hng (P2P).

Phi xy dng tng i, trm tp trung.

Phi xy dng h thng ngun in cho cc thit b chuyn mch.

o
Cc thit b chuyn mch phi chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh in phn tch
ri chuyn i nn hn ch tc truyn dn

Cng ngh AON p dng trong trng hp: Ni c mt thu bao thp.

2.1 Mng th ng PON

2.1.1 Khi nim mng quang th ng

Mng quang th ng PON l mt mng quang khng c cc phn t in ph hay

thit b quang in t. PON l cng ngh s dng cc b chia quang (Splitter) ni ti
rt nhiu thit b u cui mng quang. Nh vy, trong PON s bao gm: Si quang, cc
b chia, b kt hp, b ghp nh hng, thu knh, b lc, chnh nh vo cu trc nh
th m PON c nhng u im c trng nh:
- Khng yu cu cung cp ngun in nn khng nh hng ca li ngun.
- To thnh ng truyn thng sut gia tng i v thu bao. Lm cho cu trc
mm do hn v n ch ph thuc vo dng tn hiu. V vic s dng linh kin th
ng s lm tng tin cy ca h thng.
- Chi ph cho khai thc vn hnh v bo dng nh.
- i vi cu trc mng PON, cng sut quang s quyt nh s b chia quang. Tn
hiu c bng tn cng ln, cng sut quang cng nh th mc thu gim, v vy kh
nng chia knh s b gim so vi trng hp tn hiu bng hp. Cho nn tng
bng tn h thng phi p dng cc cng ngh truyn dn tin tin nh k thut thu
kt hp hay k thut ghp bc sng.
2.1.2 c im chnh ca h thng
c trng ca h thng PON l thit b th ng phn phi si quang n tng
nh thu bao s dng b chia splitter c th ln ti 1:128.
PON h tr giao thc ATM, Ethernet.
PON h tr cc dch v voice, data v video tc cao.
Kh nng cung cp bng thng cao.
Trong h thng PON bng thng c chia s cho nhiu khch hng iu ny s
lm gim chi ph cho khch hng s dng.
Kh nng tn dng cng ngh WDM, ghp knh phn chia theo di tn v cung
cp bng thng ng gim thiu s lng cp quang cn thit kt ni gia OLT v
splitter.
PON thc hin truyn dn 2 chiu trn 2 si quang hay 2 chiu trn cng 1 si
quang.
PON c th h tr topo hnh cy, sao, bus v ring.

2.1.3Kin trc mng quang th ng PON

Cu trc mng PON c bn gm cc thnh phn l OLT, splitter quang,
ONU/ONT. OLT chnh l thit b u cui pha nh sn xut, c nhim v kt ni tt c
cc loi dch v li v truyn tn hiu thng qua si cp quang. Tn hiu t OLT s n
cc splitter quang. Splitter quang c s dng phn chia cng sut t mt si duy
nht n x ngi s dng (x c th l 32, 64 hoc 128, iu ph thuc vo h s chia
ca splitter) trn mt khong cch ti a l 20 km. thu c tn hiu t OLT, ti pha
ngi s dng cn c cc b ONU/ONT.

Hnh 2.1: M hnh chung ca mng quang th ng PON

T m hnh chung trn, mng PON cn c trin khai di cc dng kin trc
nh sau:

Hnh 2.2: Cc dng kin trc ca PON

Trong s trn, cc thnh phn chnh ca mt mng PON l:
OLT: y l thit b kt cui knh quang t ti Center Office. N l thnh phn
quan trng nht trong h thng GPON, cung cp cc giao din truy nhp PON cho
thit b ONU pha ngi s dng v cc giao din khc cho tn hiu pha ng
ln.
ONU: y l thit b lp t ti pha khch hng. N l im cui ca mng quang
FTTH. ONU c nhim v chuyn tn hiu quang t giao din PON thnh cc
chun tn hiu cho cc thit b mng, tn hiu truyn hnh, tn hiu thoi c s
dng ti thu bao.
ONT: y l thit b u cui pha ngi s dng, l im cui cng ca ODN.

 ODN: H thng phn phi cp quang tnh t sau OLT n ONU/ONT. C th, h
thng phn phi quang ODN bao gm cc thnh phn sau y:
- Mng xng quang
- Dy nhy quang
- Hp phi quang ODF
- Splitter (b chia/ghp quang). y b chia/ghp quang chnh l b chia cng
sut quang. Dng chia mt tn hiu quang u vo thnh nhiu tn hiu u
ra. Cc h s chia thng thng l 1:4, 1:8 y l b chia th ng tc l khng
phi cp ngun. Suy hao trong b chia ph thuc vo h s chia. H s chia cng
ln th suy hao cng ln. Vi h s chia l 1:2 th suy hao khong 3 dB, vi h s
chia l 1:32 th suy hao ti thiu l 15dB. Suy hao ny chnh l suy hao xen to ra
bi s cha hon ho trong qu trnh x l. Hnh 2.3 cho bit nguyn l chung ca
b chia cng sut quang. Gi s ti u vo c 3 bc sng 1 ng xung, 2,
3 ng ln, vi b chia cng sut c h s chia l 1:2 th u ra c 2 ca ra,
mt ca c bc sng vo l 2v bc sng ra l 1, mt ca khc li c bc
sng vo l 3v bc sng ra l 1.

Hnh 2.3: B chia cng sut quang

2.1.4 Cc chun PON
ITU-TG983
APON (ATM Pasive Optical Network) Mng quang th ng ATM. y l chun
mng quang th ng u tin.Tng c s dng ch yu cho cc ng dng thng mi
trn nn ATM.

BPON( Broadband PON) l chun trn nn APON. c b xung h tr cho

WDM ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng, cp pht bng thng ng ln rng v ln
hn, tnh chn lc cao. ng thi to ra giao din qun l chun gi l OMCI, gia OLT
v ONU/ONT, cho php cc mng cung cp hn hp, c th :
G983.1 : Nm 1998, trnh by v lp vt l ca h thng APON/BPON.
G983.2 : Nm 1999, c tnh ca giao din iu kin v qun l ONT.
G983.3 : Thng quan nm 2001, c tnh m rng cung cp nhng dch v thng
qua phn b bc sng.
G983.4 : Thng qua nm 2001, m t nhng c ch cn thit h tr phan b
bng tn ng trong cc ONT ca cng mt mng PON.
G983.5 : Thng qua nm 2002, xc nh nhng c ch chuyn mch bo v cho
BPON.
G983.6 : Thng qua nm 2002, nh ngha nhng m rng cho giao din iu
kin cn thit cho qun l nhng chc nng chuyn mch ti ONT.
G983.7 : Thng qua nm 2001, nh ngha nhng m rng cho giao din iu
kin cn thit cho qun l nhng chc nng DBA ti ONT.
ITU-T984
GPON ( Gigabit PON) l mt s pht trin ca chun BPON. N h tr tc cao hn,
tng cng bo mt v chn lp giao thc ( ATM, GEM, Ethrenrt)
G 984.1 : m t nhng c tnh chung ca h thng GPON nh l kin trc, tc
bt, bo v v bo mt
G984.2 : Xc nh nhng thng s ca GPON ti tc ln l ( 155Mb/s,
622Mb/s, 1,5 Gb/s, 2,5Gb/s), xung l (1,5Gb/s v 2,5Gb/s)
G983.4 : M t nhng c tnh v khung hi t truyn dn ca GPON, bn tin,
phng php xc nh khong, hot ng, gim st, nhng chc nng bo dng v bo
mt.
IEEE 802.3ah
EPON hay GEPON ( Ethernet PON) l mt chun IEEE s dng Ethernet cho
d liu gi.
Trong cc gii php mng PON, gii php EPON c h tr v pht trin nhanh
nht. Nhiu nh cung cp dch v chn gii php ny lm mng truy nhp v truyn

ti lu lng Metro (MEN) cung cp a dch v. Tuy nhin c ch duy tr v phc hi

mng ca gii php EPON cn chm nn ch c th p dng cho mng c quy m va v
nh.
2.1.5So snh mng PON v AON
Mng quang ch ng AON (Active Optical Network) l kin trc mng im im. Thng thng mi thu bao c mt ng cp quang ring chy t thit b trung
tm (Access Node) n thu bao.
C rt nhiu yu t so snh u im v nhc im ca hai k thut PON v
AON. Tuy nhin, y chng ta s xem xt mt s thng s quan trng nh bng thng,
kh nng iu khin lung, khong cch
V bng thng
Ngy cng c nhiu dch v vin thng yu cu tc cao nh IPTV, VOD,
Conference meeting Do bng thng l mt vn v cng quan trng. Bng 2.1
di y s cho ta ci nhn khi qut hn v bng thng p ng c gia 2 cng ngh
ny.
AON

nh gi

PON
Bng thng ti a cho mt thu bao

Rng

Hp l

AON u th hn

Vi mi mt thu bao
s dng ring mt
ng cp quang th
bng thng c th nm
trong
khong
t

Cc chun ca mng PON

c nghin cu rng ri
cho php bng thng cp
pht n cc port ti OLT
l ging nhau.

Cng ngh AON tt hn, bng

thng ti a ca mi thu bao l
ln hn. Bi v i vi cc
doanh nghip th bng thng
thng ln hn cc thu bao

100Mbps n 1Gbps
(i vi h gia nh
hoc mt cng ty).

ca h gia nh, nu s dng

PON th khng th iu khin
s khc nhau ny.
iu chnh bng thng

n gin

Kh khn

AON tt hn

Khi mt node truy iu chnh bng thng Cng ngh mng AON tt hn
nhp c cu to t ca mt thu bao th rt bi v n d dng nng cp hn.
cc module th ngi kh v n ph thuc vo
ta c th nng cp cu trc ca mng PON.
c bng thng cho iu ny c th c ci
mt thu bao no tin trong tng lai nu
bng cch can thip cu trc mng PON c cu
vo phn cng.

hnh d phng n +1.

Bng 2.1: Bng so snh AON v PON v bng thng

V lu lng
AON

PON

nh gi

S pht trin bng thng hin thi

n gin

Kh khn

C th iu tit lu lng
ti cc node truy nhp
thng qua cc switch di
s qun l ca h thng

V mng PON ti pha nh

cung cp dch v s dng
cng ngh ghp knh theo
bc sng v trong qu

iu khin mng.

trnh truyn nhn li s

dng cc splitter cho nn
vic iu khin bng
thng l kh khn.

AON chim u th

Cc hin tng tr, jitter v cc nhiu khc trong qu trnh truyn

Thp

Thp

Nh nhau

u s dng si quang
nn nhng hin tng ny
l khng ng k.
S xung t ti cc node truy nhp
Thp

AON t xung t hn

Cao

Thu bao ti mt node Ti OLT, mt splitter S lng thu bao s

truy nhp, s dng giao quang
din quang v mt thu
bao ti cc card giao din
tng i thp so vi
OLT s dng trong mng
PON nn khi c s c
xy ra th cc thu bao b
nh hng t hn.

chia

giao

din dng mng AON chu

ngi dng ra lm 32 hay nh hng ca s c

64 tn hiu. Mt subrack ng truyn t hn so
thng cung cp nhiu vi mng PON.
giao din thu bao nn khi
xy ra s c th thng c
nhiu thu bao chu nh
hng.

Bng 2.2: Bng so snh AON v PON v vic iu khin lu lng

2.1.6Cc chun mng PON
Cc chun mng PON c th chia thnh 2 nhm: Nhm 1 bao gm cc chun theo
phng thc ghp knh TDM PON nh l APON, BPON, EPON, GPON; Nhm 2 bao
gm chun theo cc phng thc truy nhp khc nh: WDM-PON v CDMA-PON.
2.1.6.1 BPON
Mng quang th ng bng rng BPON c chun ha trong chui cc khuyn
ngh G.938 ca ITU-T. Cc khuyn ngh ny a ra cc tiu chun v cc khi chc nng
ONT v OLT, khun dng v tc khung ca lung d liu ng ln v ng xung,
giao thc truy nhp ng ln TDMA, cc giao tip vt l, cc giao tip qun l v iu
khin ONT v DBA.

Trong mng BPON, d liu c ng khung theo cu trc ca cc t bo ATM.

Mt khung ng xung c tc 155Mbit/s hoc 622 Mbit/s v mt t bo qun l vn
hnh bo dng lp vt l OAM c chn vo c mi 28 t bo trong knh. PLOAM c
mt bt nhn dng cc t bo PLOAM. Ngoi ra cc t bo PLOAM c kh nng lp
trnh c v cha thng tin nh l bng thng ng ln v cc bn tin OAM.
Cn c vo cc thng tin v m s nhn dng knh o v nhn dng ng o
(VPI/VCI) trong cu trc ATM, cc ONT nhn bit v tch d liu ng xung ca
mnh. Mi mt knh gm c mt t bo ATM/PLOAM v 24 bit t mo u. T mo u
mang thng tin v thi gian bo v, mo u cho php ng b v khi phc tn hiu ti
OLT, v thng tin nhn dng im kt thc ca t mo u. Chiu di ca t mo u v
cc thng tin cha trong c lp trnh bi OLT. Cc ONT thc hin gi cc t bo
PLOAM khi chng nhn c yu cu t OLT. BPON s dng giao thc DBA cho
php OLT nhn bit lng bng thng cn thit cp cho cc ONT. OLT c th gim hoc
tng bng thng cho cc ONT da vo gi cc t bo ATM ri hoc lm y tt c ng
ln bi d liu ca ONT. OLT dng nh k vic truyn ng ln do vy n c kh
nng mi bt k ONT mi no tham gia vo hot ng h thng. Cc ONT mi pht mt
bn tin phc hi trong ca s ny vi thi gian tr ngu nhin trnh xung t khi m
c nhiu ONT mi mun tham gia. OLT xc nh khong cch ti mi ONT mi bng
vic gi ti ONT mt bn tin o c ly v xc nh thi gian bao lu thu c bn tin
phc p. Sau OLT gi ti ONT mt gi tr tr, gi tr ny c s dng xc nh
thi gian bo v ng vi cc ONT.

2.1.6.2 EPON
EPON c chun ha bi IEEE 802.3. Trong EPON d liu ng xung c
ng khung theo khun dng Ethernet. Cc khung EPON c cu trc tng t nh cc
lin kt Gigabit Ethernet im ti im ngoi tr t mo u v thng tin xc nh im
bt u ca khung c thay i mang trng nhn dng knh logic nhm xc nh
duy nht mt ONU MAC. Trong ng ln, cc ONU pht cc khung Ethernet trong cc
khe thi gian c phn b. ONU s dng giao thc iu khin a im PDU gi
cc bn tin Report yu cu bng thng, trong khi OLT gi bn tin Gate cp pht
bng thng cho cc ONU. Cc bn tin Gate bao gm thng tin v thi gian bt u v

khong thi gian cho php truyn d liu i vi ONU. OLT cng nh k gi cc bn
tin Gate ti cc ONU hi xem chng c yu cu bng thng hay khng. Cc ONU cng
c th gi Report cng vi d liu c pht trong ng ln. Ngoi ra, giao thc
DBA cng c th c s dng trong EPON thc hin c ch iu khin phn b
bng thng. Do khng c cu trc khung thng nht i vi ng xung v ng ln,
do vy trong cu trc ca EPON, cc khe thi gian v giao thc xc nh c ly l khc so
vi BPON v GPON. OLT v cc ONU duy tr cc b m cc b ring v tng thm 1
sau mi 16ns. Mi mt MPCPDU mang theo mt thi gian mu, mu ny l gi tr ca
b m cc b ca ONU tng ng. Tc truyn d liu EPON c th t ti 1Gbit/s.
2.1.6.3 GPON
GPON c xy dng da trn BPON v EPON. Mc d GPON h tr truyn ti
tin ATM, nhng n cng a vo mt c ch thch nghi ti tin mi m c ti u ha
cho truyn ti cc khung Ethernet c gi l phng thc ng gi GPON. GEM l
phng thc da trn th tc ng khung chung trong khuyn ngh G.701 ngoi tr vic
GEM ti u ha t mo u phc v cho ng dng ca PON, cho php sp xp cc d
liu Ethernet vo ti tin GEM v h tr sp xp TDM.
GPON s dng cu trc khung GTC cho c hai ng xung v ng ln. Khung
ng xung bt u vi mt t mo u PLOAM, tip sau l vng ti tin GEM
v/hoc cc t bo ATM. PLOAM gm c thng tin cu trc khung v sp t bng
thng cho ONT gi d liu trong khung ng ln tip theo. Khung ng ln bao gm
cc nhm khung gi t cc ONT. Mi mt nhm c bt u vi t mo u lp vt l
m c chc nng tng t trong BPON, nhng cng bao hm tng hp cc yu cu bng
thng ca cc ONT. Ngoi ra, cc PLOAM v cc yu cu bng thng chi tit hn c
gi i km vi cc nhm ng ln khi c yu cu t OLT.

c tnh
T chc chun ha

Tc d liu
T l
chia(ONUs/PON)
M ng truyn
S lng si quang
Bc sng
C ly ti aOLTONU
Chuyn mch bo
v

B-PON
FSAN v ITU-T
SG 15
(G.983 series)
155.52 Mbit/s
hng ln 155,52
hoc 622,08Mbit/s
hng xung

G-PON
FSAN v ITU-T
SG 15
(G.983 series)

1:64

1:64

1:64**

Scramble NRZ
1 hoc 2
1310nm c 2 hng
hoc 1490nm
xung & 1310nm
ln

Scramble NRZ
1 hoc 2
1310nm c 2 hng
hoc 1490nm
xung & 1310nm
ln

8B/10B
1

20km

(10-20) km

(10-20) km

C h tr

C h tr

Khng h tr

GEM v ATM

Khng( s dng
trc tip cc khung
Ethernet)

Khun dng d liu ATM

E-PON
IEEE 802.3
(802.3ah)

Ln ti 2,488 Gbit/s
1 Gbit/s c 2 hng
c 2 hng

1490nm xung &

1310nm ln

H tr TDM

Quan ATM

H tr thoi

Qua ATM

QoS
Sa li hng ti
trc FEC
M ha bo mt

C (DBA)

Trc tip( qua

GEM hoc ATM0
hoc CES
Qua TDM hoc
VoIP
C (DBA)

Khng

RS (255,239)

RS (255,239)

AES-128

OADM

PLOAM v ATM

AES-128, 192, 256

GTC v
ATM/GEM OAM

Khng
802.3ah Ethernet
OAM

CES
VoIP
C (u tin 802.1Q)

Bng 2.3: So snh cc chun cng ngh TDMA PON

2.1.6.4 GEPON
Trong thng 6 nm 2004, cng ngh Ethernet c khuyn ngh dng cho mng
truy nhp v c tn l IEEE 802.3ah. N c coi l mt h thng mng truy nhp quang
tc cao. Do y l h thng mng PON c ti u cho cng ngh Ethernet nn c tn

thng gi l EPON. Ngoi ra n cn c thm tin t G l vit tt ca Gigabit nn cn

gi l GEPON.
Mt h thng GEPON vi t l chia l 32 c th cung cp mt bng thng i
xng l trn 30 Mbps cho mi khch hng. Bng thng ny l cung cp cc dch v
yu cu bng thng ln nh cc ng dng video cng nh cc ng dng thoi v data.
Thm ch vi ng thi 3 lung video n nt cao vi dung lng mi lung l 6 n 7
Mbps (tng cng l 18 n 21Mbps) th vn cn dung lng cho VoIP v truy cp
internet. Dung lng dnh ring cho VoIP thng thng ch khong 64k trn mt knh
thoi trong khi truy cp internet tc cao thng gii hn cc mc 512kbps, 1Mbps,
2Mbps, 4Mbps. Bng thng tng cng cho c 3 dch v ch khong 25Mbps, do
GEPON l mt cng ngh mng truy nhp l tng cho vic h tr a dch v hin c v
trong tng lai.
Hin ti, chun GEPON cng ang c pht trin c th h tr bng thng ti
a ln ti 10GB v t l chia s trn mt si quang l 1:64.
GEPON c cc c im chnh sau y:
- PON topology
- Tc truyn ti a 1,25Gbps trn mt ng quang v tc ti tng user c
th thay i ty theo t l chia (trn 30Mbps/1 user khi c t l chia l 1:32)
- Tn hiu c gi v nhn bng cc khung Ethernet.
Trong h thng PON, mc ch ca vic chia s ng quang cng nh thit b ti
phng my trung tm l v l do kinh t. Thm vo , vic gi v nhn cc tn hiu bng
khung Ethernet, lm cho h thng mng tr ln n gin v gi thnh thp.
Cng sut v dng sng ca tn hiu quang c iu ch lp vt l. C 2 chun
c bn l 1000 BASE-PX10 dng truyn vi khong cch ti a 10km v 1000 BASEPX20 dng truyn vi khong cch ti a 20km. Bc sng truyn trn si quang
c quy nh da trn khuyn ngh ITU-T G.983.3 l 1490nm cho ng xung v
1310nm cho ng ln, v ta c th cung cp thm dch v truyn hnh qung b trn
bc sng 1550nm. S lng u chia ti a khng c quy nh trong IEEE 802.3ah v
n ph thuc vo suy hao ca tn hiu quang trn thc t, v thng thng s lng u
chia l 32. GEPON cung cp 2 octet (16 bit) cho thnh phn nh danh lin kt logic

(LLID - Link logic ID) v 15 bit dnh cho mi mt a ch MAC. V vy c th c hn

30.000 b ONU c s dng trong mt mng PON. c im chnh ca GEPON l
d liu c truyn nhn bng cc khung Ethernet c kch thc thay i ti 1518 octets.
Vi d liu downstream, OLT s broadcast khung Ethernet n tt c cc ONU trong mt
mng PON.
Tuy nhin phn LLID bao gm thng tin a ch nh ch c ONU c nh
a ch mi tip nhn khung d liu c a ch MAC ca n, cc ONU s loi b nhng
khung m khng nh a ch tng ng vi chng. Ngoi ra vic truyn d liu
upstream da trn cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) trnh
xung t d liu gia cc ONU. OLT phn phi mt ca s truyn dn c gi l cng
ng vi mt ONU. Khi mt ONU nhn c mt khung cng, n s truyn cc khung d
liu vi tc 1 Gbit/s trong sut khe thi gian c ng k bi cng. Giao thc iu
khin a im (MPCP) qun l cc cng c cp cho mi ONU, cng c yu cu t
ONU v c dng pht hin v ng k cc ONU vi mng PON. Do mi ONU
ch c th nhn tn hiu c a ch ng vi a ch duy nht ca n nn mt thnh phn
nh danh s c gi km u khung Ethernet.
2.1.6.5 WDM-PON
WDM-PON l mng quang th ng s dng phng thc a ghp knh phn
chia theo bc sng thay v theo thi gian nh trong phng thc TDM. OLT s dng
mt bc sng ring r thng tin vi mi ONT theo dng P2P. Mi mt ONU c mt
b lc quang la chn bc sng tng thch vi n, OLT cng c mt b lc cho mi
ONU.
Nhiu phng thc khc nhau c tm hiu to ra cc bc sng ONU nh
l:
S dng cc khi quang c th lp t ti ch la chn cc bc sng ONU.
Dng cc laser iu chnh c.
Ct ph tn hiu
Cc phng thc th ng m theo OLT cung cp tn hiu sng mang ti cc
ONU.

S dng tn hiu ng xung iu chnh bc sng u ra ca laser ONU

Cu trc ca WDM-PON c m t nh hnh 2.1. Trong WDM-PON c th
c s dng nhiu ng dng khc nhau nh l FTTx, cc ng dng VDSL v cc im
truy nhp v tuyn t xa. Cc b thu WDM-PON s dng k thut lc quang mng ng
dn sng (AWG). Mt AWG c th c t mi trng trong nh hoc ngoi tri.

Hnh 2.4: Cu trc ca WDM-PON.

u im chnh ca WDM-PON l n kh nng cung cp cc dch v d liu theo
cc cu trc khc nhau (DS1/E1/DS3, 10/100/1000Base Ethernet) ty theo yu cu v
bng thng ca khch hng. Tuy nhin, nhc im chnh ca WDM-PON l chi ph kh
ln cho cc linh kin quang sn xut b lc nhng bc sng khc nhau.
2.1.6.6 CDMA-PON
Cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA cng c th trin khai trong
cc ng dng PON. Cng ging nh WDM-PON, CMDA-PON cho php mi ONU s
dng khun dng v tc d liu khc nhau tng ng vi cc nhu cu ca khch hng.
CDMA PON cng c th kt hp vi WDM tng dung lng bng thng. CDMA
PON truyn ti cc tn hiu khch hng vi nhiu ph tn truyn dn tri trn cng mt
knh thng tin. Cc k hiu t cc tn hiu khc nhau c m ha v nhn dng thng
qua b gii m. Phn ln cng ngh ng dng trong gii m. Phn ln cng ngh ng
dng trong CDMA PON tun theo phng thc tri ph chui trc tip. Trong phng
thc ny mi k hiu 0, 1 (tng ng vi mi tn hiu) c m ha thnh chui k t
di hn v c tc cao hn.

Mi ONU s dng tr s chui khc nhau cho k t ca n. khi phc li d

liu, OLT chia nh tn hiu quang thu c sau gi ti cc b lc nhiu x tch ly
tn hiu ca mi ONU. u im chnh ca CDMA PON l cho php truyn ti lu lng
cao v c tnh nng bo mt ni tri so cc chun PON khc. Tuy nhin, mt tr ngi ln
trong CDMA-PON l cc b khuch i quang i hi phi c thit k sao cho m
bo tng ng vi t s tn hiu/tp m (S/N). Vi h thng CDMA-PON khng c b
khuch i quang th ty thuc vo tn hao b sung trong cc b chia, b xoay vng, cc
b lc m h s t chia ONU/OLT ch l 1:2 hoc 1:8. Trong khi vi b khuych i
quang h s ny c th t 1:32 hoc cao hn. Bn cnh cc b thu tn hiu trong
CDMA-PON l kh phc tp v gi thnh tng i cao. Chnh v nhng nhc im
ny nn hin ti CDMA-PON cha c pht trin rng ri.
2.1.7u, nhc im mng PON
u im
- S dng cc thit b th ng nn khng cn cp ngun, gi thnh r.
- Gim chi ph bo dng v vn hnh.
- Tc download v upload cao.
- Gim chi ph si quang v gim chi ph cc thit b cho php nhiu ngi dng
chia s chung mt si.
Nhc im
- Gii hn bng thng cho cc thu bao v splitter chia u bng thng.
- Gii hn vng ph sng: Ti a l 20 km, ph thuc vo s lng splitter (cng
nhiu splitter th khong cch truyn cng gim).
- Kh d on gi thnh khi c thu bao pht sinh.
- Khi c OLT mi cn lp t th gi thnh i vi mi thu bao c kt ni n OLT
s tng ln cho n khi cc port ca OLT lp y.
2.2 Gii thiu cng ngh GPON
GPON nh ngha theo chun ITU-T G.984. GPON c m rng t chun BPON
G.983 bng cch tng bng thng, nng hiu sut bng thng nh s dng gi ln, c
di thay i v tiu chun ha qun l. Thm na, chun cho php la chn tc bit ca

ng ln v ng xung. Phng thc ng gi GPON - GEM cho php ng gi lu

lng ngi dng rt hiu qu, vi s phn on khung cho php cht lng dch v QoS
cao hn phc v lu lng nhy cm nh truyn thoi v video. GPON h tr tc cao
hn, tng cng bo mt v chn giao thc lp 2 (ATM, GEM, Ethernet). iu cho
php GPON phn phi thm cc dch v ti nhiu thu bao hn vi chi ph thp hn cng
nh cho php kh nng tng thch ln hn gia cc nh cung cp thit b.
H thng GPON thng thng gm mt thit b kt cui ng dy OLT v thit
b kt cui mng ONU hay ONT c ni vi nhau qua mng phn phi quang ODN.
Quan h gia OLT v ONU l quan h mt - nhiu, mt OLT s kt ni vi nhiu ONU.

2.3 Kin trc mng GPON.

Cu trc h thng GPON bao gm OLT, cc ONU, b chia quang Splitter v cc
si quang. Si quang c kt ni vi cc OLT i ti b chia quang Splitter, ti b chia
quang chia ra cc si khc v cc si phn nhnh ny c kt ni vi ONU.
H thng GPON bao gm cc thnh phn sau y:
OLT: Thit b kt ni cp quang tch cc lp t ti pha nh cung cp dch v,
thng c t ti cc trm i.
ONT: Thit b kt ni OLT thng qua mng phn phi quang (ODN) dng cho
trng hp kt ni quang ti nh thu bao (FTTH).
ONU: Thit b kn ni OLT thng qua mng phn phi quang (ODN) dng cho
trng hp kt ni quang ti cc ta nh, ti cc va h hoc cc node (FTTB,
FTTC, FTTN).
B chia/ ghp quang th ng (Splitter): Dng chia/ghp tn hiu quang t nh
cung cp dch v n khch hng v ngc li gip tn dng hiu qu si quang
vt l. Splitter thng c t ti cc im phn phi quang (DP) v cc im
truy nhp quang (AP). B chia/ghp quang c hai loi, mt t ti nh trm vin
thng, s dng cc t kiu indoor, loi kia s l loi thit b c bc kn c th
m ra khi cn thit v t ti cc im mng xng.
FDC: T phi quang.
FDB: Hp phn phi quang loi nh.
2.3.1 Kt cui ng quang OLT

Kt cui ng quang OLT c kt ni ti mng chuyn mch thng qua cc

giao din c chun ho. OLT a ra giao din truy nhp quang tng ng vi cc
chun GPON nh tc bit, qu cng sut, jitter, OLT bao gm ba phn chnh: Chc
nng giao din cng dch v; chc nng kt ni cho v giao din mng phn tn quang.
Cc khi OLT chnh c m t trong hnh 2.5.
Khi li PON
Chc nng
giao din ODN

Khi kt ni cho

Khi dch v
Dch v
thch nghi

Chc nng
PON TC
Chc nng
kt ni cho

Chc nng
giao din ODN

Chc nng
PON TC

Dch v
thch nghi

Hnh 2.5: Cc khi chc nng trong OLT

Khi li PON (PON core shell): Khi ny gm hai phn, phn giao din ODN v
chc nng PON TC. Chc nng ca PON TC bao gm to khung, iu khin truy
nhp phng tin, OAM, DBA v qun l ONU. Mi PON TC c th la chn
hot ng theo mt ch ATM, GEM v Dual.
Khi kt ni cho (Cross-connect shell): Cung cp ng truyn thng gia khi
li PON v phn dch v. Cc cng ngh s dng cho ng ny ph thuc vo
cc dch v, kin trc bn trong ca OLT v cc yu t khc. OLT cung cp chc
nng kt ni cho tng ng vi cc ch c la chn (ATM, GEM hoc
Dual).
Khi dch v (Service shell): Phn ny h tr chuyn i gia cc giao din dch
v v giao din khung TC ca phn PON.
2.3.2 Thit b u cui mng ONU/ONT
Hu ht cc khi chc nng ca ONU/ONT tng t nh cc khi chc nng ca
OLT. Do ONU hot ng vi mt giao din PON (hoc ti a 2 giao din khi hot ng
ch bo v), chc nng u ni cho c th c b qua. Thay vo l chc nng
ghp v tch knh dch v (MUX v DMUX) x l lu lng. Cu hnh tiu biu ca

ONU c th hin trong hnh 2.6. S cc khi chc nng ONU. Mi PON TC s la
chn mt ch truyn dn ATM, GEM hoc c hai.

Khi li PON

La chn

Khi dch v

Chc nng
giao din ODN

Chc nng
PON TC

Dch v
thch nghi

Chc nng
giao din ODN

Chc nng
PON TC

Dch v
thch nghi
Ghp v gii
ghp dch v

Hnh 2.6: Cc khi chc nng ca ONU

2.3.3 Mng phn phi quang ODN

Mng phn phi quang kt ni gia mt OLT vi mt hoc nhiu ONU s dng
thit b tch/ghp quang v mng cp quang thu bao.

Hnh 2.7: Cu trc c bn mng cp quang thu bao

B tch/ghp quang: Mng GPON s dng thit b th ng chia tn hiu quang
t mt si truyn i trn nhiu si v ngc li kt hp cc tn hiu quang t
nhiu si thnh tn hiu trn mt si. Thit b ny c gi l b tch/ghp quang.
Cc b tch/ghp c c trng bng cc tham s sau y:
- Suy hao chia: L t l gia cng sut u ra v cng sut u vo ca b ghp tnh
theo dB.
- Suy hao xen: y l cng sut b tn hao do qu trnh sn xut, gi tr ny thng
thng khong 0.1dB n 1dB.
- Suyn m: y l mc cng sut o c u vo b r t mt u vo khc.
Vi nhng b tch/ghp l thit b c kh nng nh hng cao th tham s iu
hng khong t 40 n 50 dB.
Mng cp quang thu bao: c xc nh trong phm vi ranh gii t giao tip si
quang gia thit b OLT n thit ONU/ONT. Mng cp quang thu bao c cu
thnh bi cc thnh phn chnh nh sau:

- Cp quang gc (Feeder Cable): Xut pht t pha nh cung cp dch v (hay cn

gi chung l CO) ti im phn phi c gi l DP (Distribution Point).
- im phn phi si quang (DP): L im kt thc ca on cp gc. Trn thc t
trin khai, im phn phi si quang thng l mng xng quang, hoc cc t cp
quang phi.
- Cp phi quang (Distribution Optical Cable): Xut pht t im phi quang (DP)
ti cc im truy nhp mng AP (Access Point) hay t cc t phi quang ti cc
tp im quang.
- Cp quang thu bao (Drop Cable): Xut pht t cc im truy nhp mng (AP)
hay l t cc tp im quang n thu bao.
- im qun l quang FMP (Fiber Management Point): c s dng cho x l s
c v pht hin t ng.
2.4Cc tiu chun k thut
2.4.1 Tc bit
Tc truyn dn:
- 1244,16 Mbps ng xung / 155,52 Mbps ng ln.
- 1244,16 Mbps ng xung / 622,08 Mbps ng ln.
- 1244,16 Mbps ng xung / 1244,16 Mbps ng ln.
- 2488,32 Mbps ng xung / 155,52 Mbps ng ln.
- 2488,32 Mbps ng xung / 622,08 Mbps ng ln.
- 2488,32 Mbps ng xung / 1244,16 Mbps ng ln.
- 2488,32 Mbps ng xung / 2488,32 Mbps ng ln.
Cc thng s k thut khc:
- Bc sng: 1480 - 1500nm ng xung v 1260 - 1360nm ng ln.
- a truy nhp ng ln: TDMA.
- Cp pht bng thng ng DBA (Dynamic Bandwith Allocation).
- Loi lu lng: D liu s.
- Khung truyn dn: GEM.
- Dch v: Dch v y (Ethernet, TDM, POTS).
- T l chia ca b chia th ng: Ti a 1:128

- Gi tr BER ln nht: 10-12

- Phm vi cng sut s dng lung xung: -3 n +2 dBm (10km ODN) hoc +2
n +7dBm (20km ODN).
- Phm vi cng sut s dng lung ln: -1 n +4 dBm (10km v 20km ODN).
- Loi cp: tiu chun ITU-T Rec. G.652.
- Suy hao ti a gia cc ONU:15dB.
- C ly cp ti a: 20Km vi DFB laser lung ln, 10Km vi Fabry-Perot.
2.4.2 Khong cch
Khong cch logic: L khong cch ln nht gia ONU/ONT v OLT ngoi tr
khong vt l. Trong mng GPON, khong cch logic ln nht l 60 km.
Khong cch vt l: L khong cch vt l ln nht gia ONU/ONT v OLT.
Trong mng GPON, c hai ty chn cho khong cch vt l v 10 km v 20 km.
2.4.3 T l chia
i vi nh khai thc mng th t l chia cng ln cng tt. Tuy nhin t l chia ln
th i hi cng sut quang pht cao hn h tr khong cch vt l ln hn. T l chia
1:64 l t l l tng cho lp vt l vi cng ngh hin nay. Tuy nhin trong cc bc
pht trin tip theo th t l 1:128 c th c s dng.
2.5K thut truy nhp v phng thc ghp knh trong mng GPON
2.5.1 K thut truy nhp

Hnh 2.8: S dng TDMA trn GPON hnh cy

K thut truy nhp c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng GPON hin nay l
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA). TDMA l k thut phn chia bng tn
truyn dn thnh nhng khe thi gian k tip nhau. Nhng khe thi gian ny c th c
n nh trc cho mi khch hng hoc c th phn theo yu cu tu thuc vo phng
thc chuyn giao ang s dng. Hnh 2.8 l mt v d v vic s dng TDMA trn
GPON hnh cy. Mi thu bao c php gi s liu ng ln trong khe thi gian ring
bit. B tch knh sp xp s liu n theo v tr khe thi gian ca n hoc thng tin c
gi trong bn thn khe thi gian. S liu ng xung cng c gi trong nhng khe
thi gian xc nh.
Mng GPON s dng k thut TDMA c u im rt ln l cc ONU c th
hot ng trn cng mt bc sng v OLT hon ton c kh nng phn bit c lu
lng ca tng ONU. OLT cng ch cn mt b thu, iu ny s d dng cho vic trin
khai thit b, gim c chi ph cho cc qu trnh thit k, sn xut, hot ng v bo
dng. Ngoi ra, vic s dng k thut ny cn c mt u im l c th lp t d dng
thm cc ONU nu c nhu cu nng cp mng.
Mt c tnh quan trng ca GPON s dng TDMA l yu cu bt buc v ng
b ca lu lng ng ln trnh xung t s liu. Xung t ny s xy ra nu hai hay
nhiu gi d liu t nhng thu bao khc nhau n b ghp cng mt thi im. Tn hiu
ny ln tn hiu kia v to thnh tn hiu ghp. Pha u xa khng th nhn dng c
chnh xc tn hiu ti, kt qu l sinh ra mt lot li bit v suy gim thng tin ng ln,
nh hng n cht lng ca mng. Tuy nhin cc vn trn u c khc phc vi
c ch nh c v phn nh bng thng ng ca GPON.
2.5.2 Phng thc ghp knh
Phng thc ghp knh trong GPON l ghp knh song hng. Cc h thng
GPON hin nay s dng phng thc ghp knh phn chia khng gian. y l gii php
n gin nht i vi truyn dn song hng. N c thc hin nh s dng nhng si
ring bit cho truyn dn ng ln v xung. S phn cch vt l ca cc hng truyn
dn trnh c nh hng phn x quang trong mng v cng loi b vn kt hp v
phn tch hai hng truyn dn. iu ny cho php tng c qu cng sut trong mng.
Vic s dng hai si quang lm cho vic thit k mng mm do hn v lm tng kh

dng bi v chng ta c th m rng mng bng cch s dng nhng b ghp knh theo
bc sng trn mt hoc hai si. Kh nng m rng ny cho php pht trin dn dn
nhng dch v mi trong tng lai. H thng ny s s dng cng bc sng, cng b
pht v b thu nh nhau cho hai hng nn chi ph cho nhng phn t quang - in s
gim.
Nhc im chnh ca phng thc ny l cn gp i s lng si, mi hn v
connector v trong GPON hnh cy th s lng b ghp quang cng cn gp i. Tuy
nhin chi ph v si quang, phn t th ng v k thut hn ni vn ang gim v trong
tng lai n ch chim t l nh trong ton b chi ph h thng.

2.6 Cu trc phn lp ca mng quang GPON

Lp hi t truyn dn

Phn lp tng thch hi t truyn dn

(TC adaption sub- layer)

(Transmission convergence)
Phn lp ng khung GTC
(GTC framing sub- layer)
Lp ph thuc phng tin vt l (Physical Media Dependence)
Hnh 2.9:Cu trc phn lp mng GPON.
2.6.1 Lp ph thuc phng tin vt l PMD.
Lp ph thuc phng tin vt l qun l cc thng tin v tc , phng tin vt l v
phng thc truyn cng nh m ha ng dy v bc sng hot ng.
Tc tn hiu: Tc ng truyn l cc tc bi s ca 8 kHz. H thng
c chun ha s c cc tc (ng xung/ng ln) nh sau:
- 1244,16 Mbps / 155,52 Mbps.
- 1244,16 Mbps / 622,08 Mbps.
- 1244,16 Mbps / 1244,16 Mbps.
- 2488,32 Mbps / 155,52 Mbps.

- 2488,32 Mbps / 622,08 Mbps.

- 2488,32 Mbps / 1244,16 Mbps.
- 2488,32 Mbps / 2488,32 Mbps.
Cc thng s ny tng ng vi vi cc thng s trong mng quang t c
t l li bit BER 10-10 trong trng hp iu kin suy hao v tn sc ng truyn ln
nht do nh hng bi mi trng v yu t thi gian.
Phng tin vt l v phng thc truyn.
Tn hiu c truyn c ng ln v ng xung bng phng tin truyn
dn. Vic truyn dn song hng c thc hin bng cch ghp knh theo bc sng
WDM truyn trn mt si quang hoc truyn n hng trn hai si quang.
Tc bit.
Tc ng xung: Tc bit tn hiu t OLT ti ONU l 1244,16 Mbps hoc
2488.32 Mbps. Khi OLT v u xa ang hot ng tc danh nh (ng ln/ ng
xung) ca n th tc ny c theo di bi mt ng h lp 1 vi chnh xc 1
1011. Khi u xa hot ng ch t do, tc ca tn hiu ng xung c theo di
bi ng h lp 3 vi chnh xc 4.6 106. Khi OLT hot ng ch t do, tc
ca tn hiu ng xung c theo di bi ng h lp 3 vi chnh xc 3.2 105.
Tc ng ln: Tc bit tn hiu t ONU ti OLT l 155,52 Mbps, 622,08
Mbps, 1244,16 Mbps hoc 2488,32 Mbps. Khi ang trng thi hot ng v c cp
quyn, ONU s pht tn hiu vi chnh xc bng chnh xc ca tn hiu thu c
ng xung. ONU s khng pht tn hiu khi khng ang trng thi hot ng hoc
khng c cp quyn.
M ha ng dy.
M ha ng ln v ng xung s dng m NRZ. Phng thc ngu nhin
ha khng c nh ngha trong lp ph thuc vt l. Quy nh s dng mc logic
quang l: Pht mc cao cho bit 1, pht mc thp cho bit 0.
Bc sng hot ng.

- ng xung: Di bc sng hot ng cho ng xung trong h thng s dng

mt si quang l 1480-1500 nm. Di bc sng hot ng cho ng xung trong
h thng s dng hai si quang l 1260nm - 1360 nm.
- ng ln: Di bc sng hot ng cho ng ln l 1260nm -1360 nm.
2.6.2 Lp hi t truyn dn GTC
Lp GTC bao gm hai phn lp: Phn lp ng khung GTC v phn lp tng
tch hi t truyn dn. Trong Hnh 2.10, phn ATM, GEM, OAM v PLOAM trong phn
lp ng khung GTC c phn bit theo v tr trong mt khung tn hiu GTC. Ch c
phn OAM mang thng tin vn hnh, qun l v bo dng c kt cui ti phn lp
ng khung GTC ly cc thng tin iu khin cho phn lp ny v thng tin trong
phn OAM c gn trc tip vo tiu ca khung GTC. Thng tin vn hnh, qun l
v bo dng lp vt l PLOAM c x l ti khi PLOAM trong phn lp ny. Cc
gi tin dch v SDU trong phn ATM v GEM c chuyn thnh t gi tin giao thc
PDU ca phn ATM v GEM ti mi phn lp thch ng hi t tng ng. Ngoi ra cc
PDU cn bao gm d liu knh OMCI, c xem xt phn lp hi t ny v c trao
i vi thc th giao din iu khin v qun l ONU.
Khi iu khin cp pht bng tn ng (DBA control) l khi chc nng chung,
c trch nhim cp pht bng tn ng cho ton b cc ONU.

Hnh 2.10: Ngn xp giao thc h thng GTC

Trong lp hi t GTC, OLT v ONU khng cn thit phi c c 2 ch h tr
giao thc ATM hay GEM. Vic nhn dng ch no ang c yu cu ngay khi ci
t h thng. ONU thng bo ch lm vic ATM hay GEM thng qua bn tin
Serial_Number. Nu OLT c th giao tip vi mt trong s cc ch m ONU a ra
th n s tin hnh thit lp knh giao din iu khin v qun l ONU (OMCI) v thit
b ONU s xut hin trong mng. Nu OLT khng h tr ch hot ng m ONU a
ra th ONU s c xp vo hng i nhng s c thng bo khng tng thch vi h
thng ang hot ng.
OAM v PLOAM: qun l cc chc nng ph thuc phng tin vt l PMD v
cc lp GTC.
OMCI: cung cp h thng qun l ng b cc lp cao hn (lp dch v)
Knh PLOAM bao gm cc thng tin c dnh ring ch trong khung GTC.
Knh ny c dng cho tt c cc thng tin qun l GTC v PMD khc khng c gi
qua knh OAM.
Knh OMCI c dng qun l cc lp dch v nm trn lp GTC. GTC cung
cp 2 la chn v giao din truyn ti cho lu lng qun l ny l ATM v GEM. Chc

nng GTC cung cp phng tin cu hnh cc knh ty chn ny sao cho p ng
c kh nng ca thit b bao gm nhn dng lung giao thc truyn ti (VPI/VCI hoc
Port-ID).
2.6.2.1 Cc chc nng chnh h thng GTC
Hai chc nng chnh ca lp hi t truyn dn mng GPON (GTC) chnh l iu
khin truy nhp phng tin v ng k ONU.
iu khin truy nhp phng tin.
Lp GTC thc hin iu khin truy nhp cho lu lng ng ln. V c bn cc
khung d liu ng ln s ch ra v tr lu lng ng ln s c php truyn trong
cc khung ng ln c ng b vi cc khung ng xung.

Hnh 2.11: iu khin phng tin trong h thng GTC

Khi nim iu khin truy nhp phng tin trong h thng GTC c minh ha
trong hnh 2.11, OLT gn cc con tr (pointer) vo khi iu khin vt l ng xung
PCBd, con tr ny cho bit thi gian ONU bt u v kt thc vic truyn d liu. Vi
cch ny, ch mt ONU c th truy nhp phng tin ti thi im bt k, khng c xung
t trong qu trnh truyn. Cc con tr trong cc byte thng tin cho php OLT iu khin

phng tin hiu qu ti bng tn c nh 64 kbit/s. Tuy nhin mt s OLT c th chn

cch thit lp cc gi tr cho con tr ti cc tc ln hn v thc hin iu khin bng
tn bng c ch ng.
ng k ONU.
Vic ng k ONU c thc hin trong th tc discovery t ng. C hai phng
thc ng k ONU. Trong phng thc A, s serial ca ONU c ng k ti OLT qua
h thng qun l (NMS hoc EMS). Trong phng thc B, s serial ca ONU khng
c ng k ti OLT qua h thng qun l.
2.6.2.2 Cc chc nng ca cc phn lp trong h thng GTC
Phn lp ng khung GTC thc hin ba chc nng sau:
Ghp knh v phn knh: Cc thnh phn PLOAM, ATM v GEM c ghp
knh vo khung TC ng xung ty theo thng tin v ranh gii trong tiu ca
khung. Mi thnh phn c trch ra t mt ng ln ty theo ch th trong tiu
.
To tiu v gii m: Tiu khung TC c to v nh dng trong khung
ng xung. Tiu trong khung ng ln c gii m.
Chc nng nh tuyn ni b da trn Alloc-ID: nh tuyn da trn Alloc-ID
c thc hin i vi d liu n t b thch ng hi t truyn dn ATM v
GEM.
2.6.2.3 Phn lp thch ng GTC v giao din vi cc thc th lp trn
Phn lp thch ng bao gm 3 b thch ng phn lp hi t: B thch ng hi t
truyn dn ATM (ATM TC adapter), b thch ng hi t truyn dn GEM (GEM TC
adapter) v b thch ng giao din iu khin qun l ONU (OMCI adapter). Cc b
thch ng hi t ATM v GEM xem xt cc PDU ca phn ATM v GEM trong phn
lp ng khung GTC v nh x cc PDU vo tng phn. Cc b thch ng cung cp giao
din sau y cho cc thc th lp trn:
Giao din ATM.
Phn lp ng khung GTC v b thch ng hi t truyn dn ATM lin kt vi
n cung cp cc giao din ATM chun theo tiu chun ITU-T Rec. I.432.1 cho cc dch
v ATM. Cc thc th lp ATM thng c th c s dng nh l cc ATM client.

 Giao din GEM.

B thch ng hi t truyn dn GEM c th c cu hnh tng thch cc
khung vo nhiu loi giao din truyn khung khc nhau. Cc b thch ng cn nhn dng
cc knh OMCI theo tn knh o/tn ng o (VPI/VCI) i vi ATM v theo Port-ID
i vi GEM. B thch ng OMCI c th trao i d liu knh OMCI cho cc b thch
ng ATM TC v GEM TC. B thch ng OMCI nhn d liu t cc b thch ng TC ny
v truyn n ti thc th OMCI v chuyn d liu t thc th OMCI ti cc b thch ng
TC ny.

2.6.3 Cu trc khung GTC

Cu trc khung ng xung.

Hnh 2.12: Cu trc khung ng xung hi t truyn dn lp GTC.

Khung c chiu di 125s cho c tc d liu 1244,16 Mbps v 2488,32 Mbps do
khung di 19440 byte trong h thng tc 1244,16 Mbps v di 38880 byte trong h
thng tc . Chiu di ca PCB ng xung l nh nhau cho c hai tc v ph
thuc vo s lng cu trc cp pht i vi mi khung.
Cu trc khung ng ln.

Hnh 2.13: Cu trc khung ng ln GTC

 di khung bng di ca khung ng xung i vi cc loi tc . Mi

khung bao gm cc truyn dn cho mt hoc nhiu ONU. BWmap (nh x bng tn) thc
hin sp xp cc truyn dn ny. Trong qu trnh cp pht bng tn theo s iu khin
ca OLT, ONU c th pht t 1 ti 4 loi tiu PON v d liu ngi dng. Cc loi
tiu nh sau:
- Tiu lp vt l ng ln (PLOu).
- Qun l vn hnh v bo dng lp vt l ng ln (PLOAMu).
- Chui nh mc cng sut ng ln (PLSu).
- Bo co bng tn ng ng ln (DBRu).
- Tiu khung ng ln GTC ch ra chi tit ni dung ca cc tiu ny.

2.7 Phng thc ng gi d liu

GPON nh ngha hai phng thc ng gi ATM v GEM. Cc ONU v OLT c
th h tr c T-CONT nn ATM hoc GEM.
Phng thc ng gi d liu GPON s dng ng gi d liu qua mng
GPON. GEM cung cp kh nng thng tin kt ni nh hng tng t ATM. GPON cho
php h tr nhiu loi hnh dch v khch hng khc nhau. Khch hng ATM c sp
xp trong sut vo khung GEM trn c hai ng ln v xung. Khch hng TDM c
sp xp vo khung GEM s dng th tc ng gi GEM. Cc gi d liu bao gm c cc
khung Ethernet cng c sp xp s dng th tc ng gi GEM. GEM cng h tr
vic phn mnh hoc chia nh cc khung ln thnh cc phn mnh nh v ghp li u
thu nhm gim tr cho cc lu lng. Lu lng d liu bao gm cc khung Ethernet,
cc gi tin IP, IPTV, VoIP v cc loi khc gip cho truyn dn khung GEM hiu qu v
n gin. GPON s dng GEM mang li hiu qu cao trong truyn dn ti tin IP nh s
dng ti 95% bng thng cho php trn knh truyn dn.
2.7.1 Cu trc t bo ATM
Theo khuyn ngh ca I.113 chun ITU-T th t bo c hiu nh sau: T bo l
mt khi thng tin c chiu di c nh. Mi t bo c xc nh bi mt nhn ng vi
lp ATM.

Hnh 2.14: Cu trc t bo ATM

T bo ATM c phn mo u di 5 byte cn li phn ti tin di 48 byte. Tng
cng chiu di ca t bo ATM l 53byte. Ty theo vai tr chc nng cng nh d liu
lu tr trong phn ti tin ca t bo ATM m n c chia ra thnh nhiu loi khc nhau.
- T bo rng (idle cell): T bo ny dng chn/tch bi lp vt l v ch xut
hin trong lp vt l. N xut hin ti min bin gia lp ATM v lp vt l, n
c nhim v m bo tng thch gia lung tc t bo vi tc truyn dn
vt l.
- T bo hp l (valid cell): L cc t bo c phn mo u hp l, khng b li hoc
c khc phc li do thng qua c ch kim sot li mo u HEC.
- T bo li (invalid cell): L cc t bo c phn mo u b li hoc khng th khc
phc li bi c ch HEC. N s b hy ti lp vy l.
- T bo dch v (assigned cell): L t bo c s dng cung cp dch v cho
cc ng dng ca lp ATM.
- T bo v nh (unassigned cell): L cc t bo khng phi l t bo dch v. T
bo dch v v t bo cha gn c truyn t lp vt l ln trn lp ATM.
y, t bo c cp l t bo c s dng trong lp ATM. Cu trc t bo
ti giao tip UNI khc vi cu trc t bo ti giao tip NNI trong vic s dng 4 bit t bit
5 n bit 8 ca octet th nht phn mo u. Ti giao tip NNI, cc bit ny l mt phn
ca trng VPI, trong khi ti giao tip UNI nhm bit ny to nn mt trng mi c
lp gi l trng GFC. Hnh 2.15 di y m t cu trc t bo tng ng vi hai giao
tip UNI v NNI.

Hnh 2.15: Cu trc t bo ATM ti giao din UNI (a) v NNI (b)
GFC (iu khin lung chung).
Gm 4 bit thc hin chc nng iu khin cch truy nhp vt l do tn ti cc thit
b truyn dn khc nhau ca mi trng truyn dn nh cp quang, cp ng trc, cp
ng mi loi mi trng truyn dn phi c cc th tc truy nhp khc nhau thch
hp. i vi mng ATM, gi tr GFC khng p dng cho giao tip NNI nn n ch c
ngha logic i vi im cui ATM, ngha l thc hin vic kim sot u cui kt ni
vo mng.
Gi tr nhn dng ng o knh o VPI v VCI.
Hai gi tr ny quan trng v c ngha nht trong phn mo u ca t bo. C
hai gi tr ny gip xc nh ng truyn cho chng k tip ca t bo. Cc gi tr ny c
th b thay i. C s khc bit v gi tr nhn dng ng o VPI ca t bo ti 2 giao
tip NNI v UNI. Ti giao tip NNI, gi tr VPI c chiu di tng cng l 12 bit cn ti
giao tip UNI, gi tr VPI c chiu di 8bit (4bit trc dnh cho GFC).
- VCI: L knh o v knh ch tn ti vy l trong thi gian thc s truyn cc t
bo ATM.
- VPI: M phng chm knh o.
- PT: Loi ti tin, gm 3 bit dng phn bit cc t bo ATM cng truyn trn mt
knh o, phn bit cc loi thng tin khc nhau.
- CLP: u tin tn tht t bo (CLP =1 u tin thp, CLP =0 u tin cao).

- HEC: iu khin li mo u. Sa sai cho phn mo u ca t bo ATM theo

phng php CRC.
2.7.2 Cu trc khung GEM.
ng xung, cc khung c truyn t OLT ti ONU s dng cc phn vng
GEM. ng ln, cc khung c truyn t ONU ti OLT s dng thi gian phn b
GEM c cu hnh. Giao thc GEM c hai chc nng: H tr to cc khung d liu
ngi dng v cung cp s hiu cng ghp knh.
Ch rng thut ng khung d liu ngi dng biu th cc khung n t v i
ti cc ngi dng. Cc chc nng ny c h tr bi phn tiu GEM nh trn. Hnh
2.16 cu trc khung v mo u ca GEM. Tiu GEM cha cc trng ch th di
ti tin, Port ID, trng ch th loi ti tin v 13bit trng iu khin li tiu .

Hnh 2.16: Cu trc khung v mo u GEM

PLI ch th di L, tnh theo byte ca phn ti tin theo sau tiu . PLI c s
dng tm tiu k tip trong dng d liu. Kch thc 12 bit ca trng ny cho
php cc phn mnh c di ti 4095 byte. Nu cc khung d liu ngi s dng ln
hn gi tr ny, cc khung s c phn mnh nh hn 4095 byte.
Gi tr Port ID cung cp 4096 gi tr ch s lu lng duy nht trong GPON
thc hin ghp knh.
Trng PTI ch th ni dung ca ti tin c phn mnh v cch thc x l thch
hp. M ho ca 3 bit ny ging vi tiu ATM. Ch rng v truyn ti GEM ch din
ra trn cc phn on GPON, ch khng s dng cho mc ch OAM t u cui n
u cui. c im ny c th thay i trong tng lai.
2.8 Bo v i vi phn mng quang th ng
2.8.1 Chuyn mch bo v

i vi ngi qun tr mng truy nhp, kin trc bo v ca mng GPON cn thit
trong vic tng cng tin cy cho mng truy nhp. Tuy nhin, vic trin khai mng
bo v cn c xem xt nh mt c ch ty chn v vic ny ph thuc vo iu kin
kinh t ca tng nh khai thc mng. Mc ny a ra mt s cu hnh mng bo v kp
c th s dng cho h thng GPON.

Cc dng chuyn mch bo v.

C hai loi chuyn mch bo v tng t vi chuyn mch bo v trong h thng
SDH:
- Chuyn mch t ng c kch thch khi pht hin ra cc li nh mt tn hiu,
mt khung, gim tn hiu (t l li bit BER thp hn mc ngng quy nh) ...
- Chuyn mch bt buc c kch hot trong qu trnh qun tr mng nh nh
tuyn li tuyn quang, thay th si quang...
C hai loi chuyn mch ny u c th thc hin trong mng GPON nu c
yu cu, tuy y l cc chc nng ty chn. C ch chuyn mch thng c thc hin
bi chc nng OAM, do trng thng tin OAM cn c t ch trong khung OAM.
Cc yu cu i vi chuyn mch bo v:
- Chc nng chuyn mch bo v nn l chc nng ty chn.
- C chuyn mch t ng v chuyn mch bt buc c th trong h thng GPON
nu cu thit mc d y l cc chc nng ty chn.
- Mi cu hnh nu trn u c th trin khai mc d y l cc chc nng ty
chn.
- C ch chuyn mch thng c thc hin bi chc nng OAM, v vy trng
thng tin OAM phi c d tr trong khung OAM.
- Mi kt ni gia nt dch v v thit b u cui phi c gi sau khi chuyn mch.
Ty theo yu cu cui cng vic trin khai nt dch v POTS yu cu qu trnh
mt khung phi nh hn 120ms. Nu thi gian mt khung di hn khong thi gian ny,
nt dch v s ct kt ni v yu cu thit lp li sau khi chuyn mch bo v. Do GPON

h tr pht trin cc dch v hin ti nh POTS v ISDN, cn phi xem xt thi gian ngt
kt ni ny.
2.8.2 Bo mt trong GPON
Trong h thng PON th ng xung, d liu c truyn broadcast n tt c
ONU. Mi ONU ch c th truy nhp d liu ca mnh, nhng nu ngi dng no c
nh ph hoi th c th gi ONU ca ngi dng khc truy nhp d liu, h thng bo
mt PON s ngn chn vic ny. Ging nh cc mng khc, GPON s dng th tc mt
m ngn nga vic ly trm cc tn hiu khng mong mun. Khng ging nh truy
nhp wireless hay modem, trong mng PON, bt k ONU no cng khng th thy c
lu lng ng ln ca ONU khc. iu ny cho php lm n gin ha th tc mt
m. u tin l ch cn mt m ng truyn xung ca d liu. Th 2 l d liu
ng ln c th truyn kha mt m.
Mng GPON l loi mng im - a im nn d liu ng xung c th c
a n tt c cc ONU (ty thuc vo b Splitter: L loi Splitter chia cng sut hay l
loi chia bc sng). Cng ngh GPON s dng chun mt m tin tin AES. l mt
khi mt m m n hot ng trn mt khi d liu 16 byte (128 bit). c bit ch
m c s dng. Khi mt m gi ngu nhin 16 byte c pht ra v XOR vi d liu
ng vo to ra d liu mt m OLT. ONU, d liu c mt m ny th XOR vi
chui gi ngu nhin 16 byte tng t nh OLT to li d liu ban u. Vi ATM
ch c 48 byte c mt m, vi GEM ch c phn ti GEM c mt m. OLT khi to
vic trao i kha bng vic gi bn tin n ONU thng qua knh PLOAM. Sau ONU
s chu trch nhim to ra kha v pht ngc tr v OLT.
2.9 Kt lun chng
Trong chng 2 ny tm hiu v kin trc mng quang th ng PON v i su v
cc c tnh k thut, kin trc ca mng truy nhp quang th ng theo chun GPON.