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Graphical representation of data

Compiled by Pedup Dukpa


(For third year Paro College of Education
students)
Now, Let’s get it started
What do we mean by graphs?
Who invented this versatile device
called graphs?
Why are graphs important?
When do we use/apply graphs?
How do we know what kinds of
graphs to use?
Where do we usually see graphs?
My personal definition of
graphs:

I believe graphs to be a universal


language that speaks volumes in
terms of visual representation of
data; that can be easily read and
understood by everyone.
Inventor of graphs:
William Playfair (1759-1823),
Scottish engineer and political
economist, is the principal inventor
of statistical graphs.

In 1786, he published “Commercial


and Political Atlas” that contained
44 charts.
He invented three of the four
basic forms of graph:

The statistical line graph


The bar graph
The pie graph
Different forms/types of
Graphical representation of
data:

Pictograph
Line graph
Bar graph
Histogram
Dots
Scatter diagram
Pie Chart
Dendrogram
Contd’
Frequency polygon
Ogive
Stem and leaf
Box and whisker
Directed and undirected graphs
Polar coordinate graphs
Three dimensional graphs etc.
Choosing the right graphs
As discussed in the previous
class…
Skills and techniques required…
are….????
Pictograph/ Pictorial
graph:
 A pictograph or
pictorial graph involves
categories and counts
of the number of
people or things in a
category (frequency).
The layout of the
graph can be
horizontal or vertical.
Purpose of Pictograph:
To simply and clearly illustrate a
mathematical relation.
No attempt is made to show data
points or errors on such a graph.
Here, we have two types of graphs:
Concrete Object Graph
Symbolic Graph
Bar Graphs:
 Bar graph is a pictorial representation  Notice that all data does not fall
of frequency distribution of ungroup evenly on a multiple of 20, in
data by a number of bars (rectangles)
of uniform width erected either fact, the bar is in between two
vertically or horizontally with equal grid lines.
spacing between them.
 Bar graphs are useful to get an
 For example: overall idea of trends in

responses

Activity #

Visit W/Friends 175

Talk on Phone 168

Play Sports 120

Earn Money 120

Use Computers 65
Example 1: The number of trees planted by Paro College of Education
students in different years on June 2 is given below:

Years 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Total

# of trees 400 450 700 750 900 1500 4700


planted
For the class to do:

Problem 1:
The data below shows the number of students present in different
classes on a particular day:

Represent/draw the above data as bar graph.


Solution:
Homework Question 1:

The data regarding causes of accidents in factories are given below:

Draw a bar graph to represent the data given above.


Interpretation/Reading of
bar graphs:
Referring to Example 1: Read the bar
graph and answer the following
questions:
 In which year was the maximum number
of trees planted by the Paro College of
Education students?
 What trend does the number of trees
planted show?
 In which years, the number of trees
planted differ by 50 only?
Homework questions on
reading/interpretation of bar graph:

Referring to homework question 1:


Answer the following questions:
 Which cause is responsible for the
maximum number of accidents in
factories? Which cause is the minimum?
 Can you think of one of the “other”
causes?
 How many percent of accident could
have been avoided by timely action?
Histogram and frequency
polygon:
Histogram is a graphical representation of a
continuous frequency distribution (i.e. grouped
frequency distribution with no space between the
rectangles/bars. Traditionally, class-intervals are
taken along the horizontal axis while the
respective class frequencies are taken along the
vertical axis.

 Note: The areas of the rectangles are proportional to


the frequencies.

Frequency polygon is formed by the joining of the


mid-points of the tops of the adjoining rectangles
in a histogram
For example:
Consider the following frequency distribution of weights of 30 students of class
third year math-physic/IT students.

C.I. (in kgs) 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 Total

Frequency 3 7 12 5 3 30

Draw a histogram and a frequency polygon based on the above data.


Example of constructing the
frequency polygon without the help
of histogram:

If we were to draw a frequency polygon for the amount of pocket


allowance that a student in third year math-physic/IT gets (remember,
this is just arbitrary) provided the following data:

Pocket 0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300


money

# of 16 25 13 26 15 5
students
For the class to do:
Problem 2: The daily earnings of 100 shopkeepers in Paro Valley are
given below:

Daily 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800 800-900


earning
(in Nu.)

# of 3 12 15 30 25 12 3
shops
Draw a histogram and a frequency polygon to represent the above
data.
Solution:
Stem and Leaf Plot:
A stem and leaf plot is a graphical data analysis
technique for summarizing the distributional
information of a variable. It is similar to a
histogram, but it preserves the original numeric
values in the data. As such, it is an effective
alternative to the histogram for small to
moderate size data sets. However, it is not
recommended for large data sets.

 In a stem-and-leaf plot each data value is split into a


"stem" and a "leaf".  The "leaf" is usually the last digit
of the number and the other digits to the left of the
"leaf" form the "stem".  The number 123 would be split
as:
Stem Leaf
12 3
Constructing a stem and
leaf plot:
The Math test scores out of 50 marks are as follows: 
35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 42, 44, 45, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 50, 50.

Solution: The stem and leaf plot should look like,

Math Test Scores


(out of 50 pts)

Stem Leaf

3 568

4 022455 789

5 000

A stem-and-leaf plot shows the shape and distribution of data. It can be clearly seen in the diagram
above that the data clusters around the row with a stem of 4.
Points to remember:
 Leaf is the digit in the place farthest to
the right in the number, and the stem is
the digit, or digits, in the number that
remain when the leaf is dropped.
 To show a one-digit number (such as 7)
using a stem-and-leaf plot, use a stem of
0 and a leaf of 7.
 To find the median in a stem-and-leaf
plot, count off half the total number of
leaves.
For comparing two sets of
data:
We use back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot.
For example: The numbers 40, 42, and 43 are from Data Set A & the
numbers 41, 45, 46, and 47 are from Data Set B.
Construct a back-to-back stem- and-leaf plot.
Solution:

Data Set A Data Set B

Leaf Stem Leaf

320 4 1567
Advantage of stem and
leaf plot:

The stem-and-leaf plot over the


histogram is that the stem-and-leaf
plot displays not only the
frequency for each interval, but
also displays all of the individual
values within that interval.
Moreover, the median and mode
are easily readable.
Home-Work on stem and
leaf plot:

Construct a stem and leaf plot, find the median and mode of
the data using the plot created.
Special Case: (when the one of
the stem and leaf values are
missing)
For example, take the following data set:
10, 11, 20, 21, 24, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 31, 33, 33,
33, 33, 33, 39, 53
(Notice here, 40’s are missing)
The stem and leaf plot would then be:

1|01
2|01477788999
3|1333339
4|
5|3
Even though the peak corresponds with the 20s cohort, it's
clear that the most frequently occurring value is 33, and
hence the mode, is 33.
BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOT / 5 NUMBER
SUMMARY:

They allow people to explore data and to draw informal


conclusions when two or more variables are present. It
shows only certain statistics rather than all the data.
Five-number summary is another name for the visual
representations of the box-and-whisker plot. The five-
number summary consists of the median, the
quartiles, and the smallest and greatest values in
the distribution. Immediate visuals of a box-and-
whisker plot are the center, the spread, and the overall
range of distribution.

There are two types of box and whisker plot:


 Traditional box and whisker plot
 Modified version of the box and whisker plot.
Traditional box and whisker/
The 5 Number Summary
 The five number summary is another name for the
visual representation of the box and whisker plot.

 The five number summary consist of :


 The median ( 2nd quartile)
 The 1st quartile
 The 3rd quartile
 The maximum value in a data set
 The minimum value in a data set
Review on The Median
The median is the middle value of a set of data once
the data has been ordered.

Example 1. Ugyen hits 11 balls at T/phu driving


range. The recorded distances of his drives, measured
in yards, are given below. Find the median distance for
his/her drives.
85, 125, 130, 65, 100, 70, 75, 50, 140, 95, 70

50, 65, 70, 70, 75, 85, 95, 100, 125, 130, 140

Single middle value Ordered data

Median drive = 85 yards


Review on The Median
The median is the middle value of a set of data once
the data has been ordered.

Example 2. Rinzin hit 12 balls at T/phu driving range.


The recorded distances of his drives, measured in yards,
are given below. Find the median distance for his/her
drives.
85, 125, 130, 65, 100, 70, 75, 50, 140, 135, 95, 70

50, 65, 70, 70, 75, 85, 95, 100, 125, 130, 135, 140

Two middle values so Ordered data


take the mean.
Median drive = 90 yards
Finding the median, quartiles and inter-quartile range.
Example 3: Find the median and quartiles for the data below.
12, 6, 4, 9, 8, 4, 9, 8, 5, 9, 8, 10
Order the data
Q1 Q2 Q3

4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 12

Lower Upper
Median
Quartile Quartile
= 8
= 5½ = 9

Inter- Quartile Range = 9 - 5½ = 3½


Finding the median, quartiles and inter-quartile range.

Example 4: Find the median and quartiles for the data below.
6, 3, 9, 8, 4, 10, 8, 4, 15, 8, 10
Order the data
Q1 Q2 Q3

3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 15,

Lower Upper
Quartile Median Quartile
= 4 = 8 = 10

Inter- Quartile Range = 10 - 4 = 6


Anatomy of a Box and Whisker Diagram.

Lowest Lower Upper Highest


Value Quartile Median Quartile Value
Whisker Whisker
Box

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Note: plotting the median, lower quartile and upper quartile i.e. the box portion
shows the range of middle 50% of the members with the median being the mid-
point.
Drawing a Box Plot.
Example 5: Draw a Box plot for the data below

Q1 Q2 Q3

4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 12

Lower Upper
Median
Quartile Quartile
= 8
= 5½ = 9

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Drawing a Box Plot.
Example 6: Draw a Box plot for the data below

Q1 Q2 Q3

3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 15,

Lower Upper
Quartile Median Quartile
= 4 = 8 = 10

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Drawing a Box Plot.
Question: Sonam recorded the heights in cm of boys in his
class as shown below. Draw a box plot for this data.
QL Q2 Qu

137, 148, 155, 158, 165, 166, 166, 171, 171, 173, 175, 180, 184, 186, 186

Lower Upper
Quartile Median Quartile
= 158 = 171 = 180

130 140 150 160 170 180 cm 190


Drawing a Box Plot.
Question: Tashi recorded the heights in cm of girls in the same class and
constructed a box plot from the data. The box plots for both boys and girls
are shown below. Use the box plots to choose some correct statements
comparing heights of boys and girls in the class. Justify your answers.

Boys

130 140 150 160 170 180 cm 190

Girls
1. The girls are taller on average. 2. The boys are taller on average.

3. The girls show less variability in height. 5. The smallest person is a girl

4. The boys show less variability in height. 6. The tallest person is a boy
Problem for the class to
do:
Suppose you caught 13 fish, during the after-math of the Paro Flood along the
river side and you measured the length of the fish to be: (in cms)

12, 13,5,8,9,20,16,14,14,6,9,12,12
Draw a box and whisker plot based on medians.
Solution:
Step 1: Rewrite the data in order, from smallest length to largest:

5,6,8,9,9,12,12,12,13,14,14,16,20
Step 2: Now find the median of all the numbers. Notice that since there are 13
numbers, the middle one will be the seventh number:
i.e. 12
This must be the median (middle number) because there are six numbers on
each side.
Step 3: Is to find the lower quartile. This is the middle of the lower six numbers.
The exact centre is half-way between 8 and 9 ... which would be 8.5

Step 4: Now find the upper quartile. This is the middle of the upper six numbers.
The exact centre is half-way between 14 and 14 ... which must be 14

Now we are ready to start drawing the actual box and whisker diagram

Step 5: Draw an ordinary number line that extends far enough in both
directions to include all the numbers in your data: locate the 5
number…

5 10 15 20
Final box and whisker plot:
Modified version of the box and
whisker plot

 They do not typical contain the median and the quartiles


though they do show the range of the data.
 It is easier to compute the maximum, minimum, mean and
the standard deviation of the data than it is to bin the data to
compute the other variables. Especially, when the data has a
probability density function (PDF) which is similar to that of
the normal distribution.
 The diagram normally includes the range, the mean, and
value one standard deviation about the mean. These
diagrams clearly show the location of 66% of the values by
the range of the box. Recall in the traditional box and whisker
diagram the bars show 50% of the data about the median.
Short-comings of this plot:
 This method of display fails to show if the data
does not have a near normal PDF.
 For example:
 Highly skewed and bimodal data are more
difficult to discern using this data display
method. The median and the traditional box-
and-whisker diagram are often more
representative when the data is bimodal.
Homework:
Investigate the Modified Box and
whisker plot
Find out the difference between the
two types of box and whisker plot
When and where should be use
traditional and the modified box and
whisker plot?
The End
(Tashi Delek & Have
a Great Day)

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