ESPECIE

G (cal/mol)

Pb

PbO

-45,050

Pb3O4

-147,600

Pb2O3

-98,417

PbO2

-52,340

Pb2+

-5,810

Pb4+

72,300

H2O

-56,690

REACCIONES DE PRODUCTO Pb

PbO + 2H+ + 2e- = Pb + H2O

G (-56,690) (-45,050) = -11,640 cal/mol
E=

(
( )(

)
)

= 0.25 V

Pb3O4 + 8H+ + 8e- = 3Pb + 4H2O

G [(4)(-56,690)] (-147,600) = -79,160 cal/mol
E=

(
( )(

)
)

= 0.42 V

Pb2O3 + 6H+ + 6e- = 2Pb + 3H2O

G [(3)(-56,690)] (-98,417) = -117,730 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 0.85 V

PbO2 + 4H+ + 4e- = Pb + 2H2O

G [(2)(-56,690)] - (-52,340) = -61,040 cal/mol
E=

(
( )(

)
)

= 0.66 V

E= E - 0.059pH
E= 0.25 0.059pH
Graficar Pb / PbO
pH

14

0.25 V

-0.57 V

REACCIONES DE PRODUCTO PbO

Pb3O4 + 2H+ + 2e- = 3PbO + H2O

G [(3)(-45,050) + (-56,690)] (-147,600) = -44,240 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 0.95 V

Pb2O3 + 2H+ + 2e- = 2PbO + H2O

G [(2)(-45,050) + (-56,690)] (-98,417) = -48,373 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 1.04 V

PbO2 + 2H+ + 2e- = PbO + H2O

G [(-45,050) + (-56,690)] (-52,340)= -49,400 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 1.07 V

E= E - 0.059pH
E= 0.95 0.059pH
Graficar PbO / Pb3O4
pH

14

0.95 V

0.12 V

REACCIONES DE PRODUCTO Pb3O4

3Pb2O3 + 2H+ + 2e- = 2Pb3O4 + H2O

G [(2)(- 147,600) + (-56,690)] [(3)(-98,417)] = -56,639 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 1.22 V

3PbO2 + 4H+ + 4e- = Pb3O4+ 2H2O

G [(-147,600) + (2)(-56,690)] [(3)(-52,340)] = -103,390 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 1.12 V

E= E - 0.059pH
E= 1.12 0.059pH
Graficar Pb3O4 / Pb2O3
pH

14

1.12 V

0.30 V

LINEAS HORIZONTALES

[
[

]
]

Concentracin de iones [x] | concentracin elemento puro [1]

Pb+4 / Pb+2
Pb+4 + 2e- = Pb+2
G (-5,810) (72,300) = -78,110 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 1.6 V

GRAFICAR Pb+4 / Pb+2

E=

( )

= 1.6 V

Pb+2 / Pb0

[
[

]
]

Concentracin de iones [x] | concentracin elemento puro [1]

Pb+2 + 2e- = Pb0
G (0) (-5,810) = -5,810 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= -0.12 V

GRAFICAR Pb+2 / Pb0

E=

[ ]
( )

= -0.23 V

LINEAS VERTICALES

)|

]| [

|
[

]
]

Pb+4 + 2H2O = PbO2 + 4H+

G (-52,340) [(72,300) + (2)(-56690)] = -11,260 cal/mol
(
(

)
)

)(

= 194016151.6

] [

] [

GRAFICAR CONCENTRACIN [10-4]

pH = 1.07

Pb+2 + H2O = PbO + 2H+

)|

]| [

|
[

]
]

G (--45,050) [(-5,810) + (-56690)] = 17,450 cal/mol

(
(

)
)(

= 1.43 x10-13

] [

][

]
]

GRAFICAR CONCENTRACIN [10-4]

pH = 8

LINEAS OBLICUAS

[
[

]
|
]

( )

]|

PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e- = Pb+2 + 2H2O

G [(-56,690) + (72,300)] - (-52,340) = -66,850 cal/mol
E=

( )(

E=

= 1.44 V

( )

][

][

E=
Graficar
pH

14

1.55 V

-0.10 V

E=

( )

( )

( )

ESPECIE

G (cal/mol)

Cu

Cu2O

-34,950

CuO

-30,400

H2CuO

-61,420

Cu+

12,000

Cu2+

15,630

H2O

-56,690

REACCIONES DE PRODUCTO Cu

Cu2O + 2H+ + 2e- = 2Cu + H2O

G (-56,690) (-34,650) = -21,740 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 0.47 V

CuO + 2H+ + 2e- = Cu + H2O

G (-56,690) (-30,400) = -26,290 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 0.57 V

E= E - 0.059pH
E= 0.45 0.059pH
Graficar Cu / Cu2O
pH

14

0.45 V

-0.35 V

REACCIONES DE PRODUCTO Cu2O

2CuO + 2H+ + 2e- = Cu2O + H2O

G [(-34,950) + (-56,690)] [(2)(-30,400)] = -30,840 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 0.66 V

E= E - 0.059pH
E= 0.66 0.059pH
Graficar Cu2O / CuO
pH

14

0.66 V

-0.16 V

LINEAS HORIZONTALES
Cu+2 / Cu0

[
[

]
]

Concentracin de iones [x] | concentracin elemento puro [1]

Cu+2 + 2e- = Cu0
G (0) (15,630) = -15,630 cal/mol
E=

( )(

= 0.33 V

GRAFICAR Cu+2 / Cu0

E=

[ ]
( )

= 0.271 V

LINEAS VERTICALES

)|
[

]| [

|
[

]
]

Cu+2 + H2O = CuO + 2H+

G (-30,400) [(15,630) + (-56690)] = -10,660 cal/mol
(
(

[
[

)(

)
)

] [

= 1.424 x10-8

] [

[
]

]
]

GRAFICAR CONCENTRACIN [10-2]

pH = 4.9

ESPECIE

G (Kcal/mol)

Fe

FeO

-58.4

Fe(OH)2

-115.57

Fe3O4

-242.4

Fe2O3

-177.1

Fe(OH)3

-166.0

FeOOH

116.98

Fe3+

-2.52

Fe2+

-20.30

H2O

-56.69

REACCIONES DE PRODUCTO Fe

FeO + 2H+ + 2e- = Fe + H2O

G (-56.69) (-58.4) = 1.71 Kcal/mol
E=

( )(

= -0.037 V

Fe(OH)2 + 2H+ + 2e- = Fe + 2H2O

G [(2)(-56.69)] (-115.57) = 2.19 Kcal/mol
E=

( )(

= -0.047 V

Fe3O4 + 6H+ + 6e- = 3Fe + 4H2O

G [(4)(-56.69)] (-242.4) = 15.64 Kcal/mol
E=

(
( )(

)
)

= -0.084 V

Fe2O3 + 6H+ + 6e- = 2Fe + 3H2O

G [(3)(-56.69)] (-177.1) = 7.03 Kcal/mol

E=

( )(

= -0.050 V

Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3e- = Fe + 3H2O

G [(3)(-56.69)] (-166.0) = -4.07 Kcal/mol
E=

( )(

= 0.058 V

FeOOH + 3H+ + 3e- = Fe + 2H2O

G [(2)(-56.69)] (-116.98) = 3.6 Kcal/mol
E=

( )(

= -0.052 V

E= E - 0.059pH
E= -0.084 0.059pH
Graficar Fe / FeO
pH

14

-0.084 V

-0.91 V

REACCIONES DE PRODUCTO Fe3O4

3Fe2O3 + 2H+ + 2e- = 2Fe3O4 + H2O

G [(2)(-242.4) + (-56.69)] [(3)(-177.1)] = -10.19 Kcal/mol
E=

(
( )(

)
)

= 0.22 V

3Fe(OH)3 + 1H+ + 1e- = Fe3O4 + 5H2O

G [(-242.4) + (5)(-56.69)] [(3)(-166)] = -27.85 Kcal/mol
E=

(
( )(

)
)

= 1.20 V

3FeOOH + 1H+ + 1e- = Fe3O4 + 2H2O

G= [(-242.4) + (2)(-56.69)] [(3)(-116.98)] = -4.84 Kcal/mol
E=

(
( )(

)
)

= 0.20 V

E= E - 0.059pH
E= 0.20 0.059pH
Graficar FeO / Fe3O4
pH

14

0.20 V

-0.626 V

REACCIONES DE PRODUCTO FeOOH

Fe3O4 + 3H+ + 3e- + O2 = 3FeOOH

G [(3)(- 116.98)] (-242.4) = -108.54 Kcal/mol
E=

( )(

= 1.56 V

Fe2O3 + 2H+ + 2e- + O2 = 2FeOOH

G [(2)(- 116.98)] (-177.1) = -56.86 Kcal/mol
E=

( )(

= 1.23 V

E= E - 0.059pH
E= 1.23 0.059pH
Graficar Fe3O4 / FeOOH
pH

14

1.23 V

0.40 V

Sobrante Fe2O3

LINEAS HORIZONTALES

[
[

]
]

Concentracin de iones [x] | concentracin elemento puro [1]

Fe+3 / Fe+2
Fe+3 + 1e- = Fe+2
G (-20.30) (-2.52) = -17.78 Kcal/mol
E=

( )(

= 0.77 V

GRAFICAR Fe+3 / Fe+2

E=

( )

= 0.77 V

Fe+2 / Fe0

[
[

]
]

Concentracin de iones [x] | concentracin elemento puro [1]

Fe+2 + 2e- = Fe0
G (0) (-20.30) = 20.30 Kcal/mol
E=

( )(

= -0.44 V

GRAFICAR Fe+2 / Fe0

E=

[ ]
( )

= -0.499 V

LINEAS VERTICALES

)|

]| [

|
[

]
]

2Fe+3 + 3H2O = Fe2O3 + 6H+

G (-177.1) [(2)(-2.52) + (3)(-56.69)] = -1.99 Kcal/mol
(
(

)
)(

= 29.155

] [

] [

GRAFICAR CONCENTRACIN [10-3]

pH = 0.422

3Fe+2 + 4H2O = Fe3O4 + 8H+

)|
[

]| [

|
[

]
]

G (-242.4) [(3)(20.30) + (4)(-56.69)] = 45.26 Kcal/mol

(
(

[
[

)
)(

] [

] [

= 4.86 x10-34
[
[

GRAFICAR CONCENTRACIN [10-2]

pH = 3.4

]
]

LINEAS OBLICUAS

[
[

]
|
]

( )

]|

FeOOH + 3H+ + 1e- = Fe+2 + 2H2O

G [(2)(-56.69) + (-20.30)] - (-116.98) = -16.7 Kcal/mol
E=

( )(

= 0.724 V
[

E=

( )

E=
Graficar
pH

14

0.488 V

-1.636 V

][

]
][

E=

( )

( )

( )