Modeling and T es t ing ofa Digit al Dis t anc e Relay Us ing

MAT LAB/SIMULINK
Li- C h eng W u , C h ih - W en Liu , Senior
Mem b er , j E E E ,
C h ing- Sh an C h en, Mem b er , IE E E
Dep ar t m ent ofE lec t r ic al E ngineer ing, Nat ional T aiw an Univ er s it y, T aip ei, T aiw an
Ab s t r ac t T h is p ap er des c r ib es m odelling and t es t ing of a
digit al dis t anc e r elay for t r ans m is s ion line p r ot ec t ion u s ing
MAT LAB/SIMULINK. SIMULINK's Pow er Sys t em Bloc k s et
( PSB) is u s ed for det ailed m odelling of a p ow er s ys t em
net w or k and fau lt s im u lat ion. MAT LABis u s ed t o im p lem ent
p r ogr am s of digit al dis t anc e r elaying algor it h m s and t o s er v e
as m ain s oft w ar e env ir onm ent . T h e t ec h niq u e is an
int er ac t iv e s im u lat ion env ir onm ent for r elaying algor it h m
des ign and ev alu at ion. T h e b as ic p r inc ip les of a digit al
dis t anc e r elay and s om e r elat ed filt er ing t ec h niq u es ar e als o
des c r ib ed in t h is p ap er . A3 4 5 k V , 1 0 0 k m t r ans m is s ion line
and a MHO t yp e dis t anc e r elay ar e s elec t ed as ex am p les for
fau lt s im u lat ion and r elay t es t ing. Som e s im u lat ion r es u lt s
ar e giv en.
Index T er m s - Digit al r elay
-
Digit al dis t anc e r elay
-
E lec t r om agnet ic T r ans ient Pr ogr am ( E MT P) Au t om at ic
t es t
analys is t ool [ 4 ] . T h is t ool w as m odelled b y u s ing a
gr ap h ic ally Ob j ec t - Or ient ed env ir onm ent ap p r oac h
int egr at ed w it h t h e digit al c alc u lat e t ec h nology t h at giv es
m or e flex ib ilit y t o c r eat e s im u lat ion s ys t em ; t h er efor e, w e
c an q u ic k ly dev elop a p r ogr am of p r ot ec t iv e r elay
algor it h m s , and a m odel ofp r ot ec t ion r elays . Bec au s e t h ey
c om m only ex is t in t h e s am e env ir onm ent t h at inv olv es
c om m u nic at ion ab ilit y, it is v er y eas y t o dev elop a
c onv enient gr ap h ic al t ool for b u ilding int er ac t iv e r elay t es t
s ys t em .
T h e ab ov e- m ent ioned ex c ellent adv ant ages t h at
MAT LAB/SIMULINKh as m ak e MAT LAB/SIMULINKa
c onv enient and int er ac t iv e t ool for b ot h nu m er ou s analys is
and dir ec t c om m u nic at ions w it h r elay's t es t p r ogr am . T h is
p ap er des c r ib es h ow t o u s e MAT LAB/SIMULINK for
au t om at ic , int er ac t iv e, and h igh p er for m anc e t es t ing r elay
s ys t em . Som e ex am p les and s im u lat ion r es u lt s ar e als o
p r ov ided in t h e p ap er .
I. INT RODUC T ION
F or t r ans m is s ion lines p r ot ec t ion, c h oos ing a s u it ab le
r elay t yp e or r elay's s et t ing is es s ent ial. G ener ally
s p eak ing, w e m ay m ak e t h e fau lt analys is and t h e t es t b y
t h e s im u lat ion s oft w ar e, and ac c or ding t o t h e ac t u al
s ys t em r eq u ir em ent , c h oos e t h e s u it ab le p r ot ec t iv e r elay,
b u t for r eliab ilit y and s ec u r it y c ons ider at ions , t h e
m as s iv e s im u lat ions t es t s ar e u s u ally u nder t ak en. T h is is a
q u it e nu m er ou s and div er s e j ob ; t h er efor e, h av ing a
s u p er ior s im u lat ed env ir onm ent is im p or t ant .
T h e E MT P [ 1 ] ( E lec t r om agnet ic T r ans ient Pr ogr am )
is t h e s im u lat ion t ool t h at is u s ed t o s im u lat e t h e
elec t r om agnet ic t r ans ient p h enom enon, and p ow er s ys t em
fau lt s analys is , and it is one of t h e m os t w idely u s ed
p r ogr am s in t h e elec t r ic u t ilit y s inc e 1 9 7 0 . G ener ally
s p eak ing, Pr ot ec t iv e r elay p er for m anc e h as b een t es t ed
w it h t h e w av efor m s ignals gener at ed b y t h e non r eal- t im e
s im u lat or lik e E MT P. T h is ap p r oac h h as t h e dis adv ant age
t h at it 's diffic u lt t o p r ov ide r eal- t im e t es t for t h e r elay
algor it h m dynam ic ally. In addit ion, w e c an't finis h ed m os t
t es t t as k s at t h e s am e t im e w it h t h e t ool.
In s c h ool and indu s t r y, s im u lat ion t ools b as ed on
MAT LAB/SIMULINK [ 2 ] ar e b ec om ing p op u lar for
engineer ing ap p lic at ions . T h e MAT LAB inv olv es m any
h igh ins t r u c t ions and t ools for s om e s ys t em s des igning
ap p lic at ions and dev elop ing algor it h m s and t h e
SIMULINK p r ov ides ex c ellent G UI ( G r ap h ic al Us er
Int er fac e) int er fac e and b loc k m odu le t h at w ill allow t h e
u s er s t o r ap idly and eas ily b u ild and s im u lat e s ys t em
m odels and ex ec u t iv e m as s iv e s im u lat ion t es t s at t h e s am e
t im e. F u r t h er m or e, s inc e t h e MAT LAB/SIMULINK
c ont ain Pow er Sys t em Bloc k Set T oolb ox [ 3 ] , t h e s oft w ar e
t u m int o a p ow er fu l p ow er s ys t em s s im u lat ion and
II. ALG ORIT HM OF DIG IT ALDIST ANC E RE LAY
Digit al dis t anc e p r ot ec t ion is a u niv er s al s h or t - c ir c u it
p r ot ec t ion. It 's m ode of op er at ion is b as ed on t h e
m eas u r em ent and ev alu at ion of t h e s h or t - c ir c u it
im p edanc e, w h ic h is nam ed b y t h e algor it h m of digit al
dis t anc e r elay. T h is algor it h m is u s ed t o inp u t s ignals t o
DSP b y dis c r et e v olt age and dis c r et e c u r r ent t o j u dge
w h et h er fau lt s oc c u r or not . How ev er , t h is m et h od is j u s t a
p r ogr am . MAT LAB h as t h e adv ant age of c ondu c t ing
m as s iv e c alc u lat ion fu nc t ions and it s p r ogr am c an b e
eas ily dev elop ed. T h er efor e, it is a v er y s u it ab le t ool of
p r ot ec t iv e r elay des igns and ap p lic at ions for p r ot ec t ion
engineer s .
It c an't b e denied t h at gr ap h ic s r eac h ou t t o p eop le
b et t er t h an t ex t s do. In addit ion, w e foc u s not only on t h e
c or r ec t ion of r elay op er at ions , b u t als o on t h e dynam ic
c h ar ac t er is t ic s of r elay. T h er efor e, if w e c an u s e gr ap h ic s
t o s h ow t h e v ar ianc e of im p edanc es t r ac e, t h en t h e
s oft w ar e of int er fac e w ill b ec om e m or e u s er - fr iendly and
c onv enient . MAT LAB inc lu des ex c ellent gr ap h ic s
c ap ac it y and m u lt i- dim ens ion ofgr ap h ic fu nc t ion, and c an
c h ange gr ap h ic s p ar am et er s at t h e s am e t im e. T h er efor e,
m any gr ap h s c an b e s h ow n on t h e s am e w indow t o m ak e
c om p ar is on w it h one anot h er . T h is p ap er foc u s es on t h e
m odel and t es t of digit al dis t anc e r elay. T h er efor e, t h e
p r inc ip les and r elat ing t ec h niq u es oft h e dis t anc e r elay w ill
b e dis c u s s ed fir s t , follow ed b y t h e des c r ip t ion of t h e
dis t anc e r elay p r ac t ic e b y MAT LAB.
Dis t anc e r elays ar e als o nam ed im p edanc e r elays .
T h ey ar e u s ed t o c alc u lat e line im p edanc e b y m eas u r em ent
of v olt ages and c u r r ent s on one s ingle end. F or ex am p le,
for MHO t yp e dis t anc e r elays , t h e r elays c om p ar e t h e
0 - 7 8 0 3 - 9 2 5 5 - 8 /0 5 /$ 2 0 .0 0 2 0 0 5 IE E E
2 5 3
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s et t ing im p edanc e w it h t h e m eas u r em ent im p edanc e t o
det er m ine if t h e fau lt is ins ide or ou t s ide t h e p r ot ec t ed
z one. T h ey im m ediat ely r eleas e a t r ip s ignal w h en t h e
im p edanc e v alu e is ins ide t h e z one 1 im p edanc e c ir c le of
dis t anc e r elay. F or s ec u r it y p r ot ec t ion c ons ider at ion, t h e
c onfir m at ion of a fau lt oc c u r r enc e w ill not b e m ade u nt il
s u c c es s iv e t r ip s ignals ar e r eleas ed in one s eas on.
Differ ent for m u las s h ou ld b e adop t ed w h en
c alc u lat ing t h e fau lt im p edanc e du e t o differ ent fau lt t yp es .
T ab le 1 indic at es c alc u lat ion for m u la for all of t h e fau lt
t yp es [ 5 ] . Any t h r ee- p h as e fau lt s c an b e det ec t ed fr om
ev er y for m u la in T ab le 1 . In or der t o r edu c e c alc u lat ion
b u r den, w e des ign a fau lt det ec t or and fau lt t yp e s elec t or .
T h e fau lt det ec t or c an j u dge w h ic h fau lt t yp e it is and t h en
c alc u lat e fau lt im p edanc e b y s elec t ing a s u it ab le for m u la
fr om T ab le 1 . If w e don't u s e fau lt t yp e j u dgm ent fir s t ,
t h en t h e dis t anc e r elay ofp r ogr am s m u s t b e c alc u lat ed b y
all t h e s ix for m u las in t ab le 1 at t h e s am e t im e, w h ic h
c au s es m u c h c alc u lat ion b u r den.
'Iab le I fau lt im p edanc e c alc u lat ion for m u la oni diffier en1 c e fau lt s
F au lt T yp e F or m u la
AG
V A/( 1 A+ 3 k ] o)
BG V B/( IB+ 3 k Io)
C G V c /( Ic + 3 k Io)
ABor ABG ( V A- V B) /( IA- IB)
BC or BC G ( V B- V c ) /( IB- IC )
C Aor C AG ( V c - V A) /( IC - IA)
W h er e A
-
Band C indic at es nu m b er of p h as e, G is gr ou nd
fau lt , V and I ar e p h as or ofv olt age and c u r r ent , k = ( Z o- Z 1 ) /Z 1 ' Z o
and Z 1 ar e line of im p edanc e z er o- s eq u enc e, p os it iv e- s eq u enc e
r es p ec t iv ely. lo is z er o- s eq u enc e c u r r ent .
W h en t h e dis t anc e r elays r ec eiv e dis c r et e v olt age and
c u r r ent s ignal, it h as t o c onv er t t h em t o p h as or . T h e
Dis c r et e F ou r ier T r ans for m ( DF T ) is t h e m os t p op u lar
m et h od t o es t im at e fu ndam ent al p h as or s for digit al
r elaying. T h e fu ll- c yc le DF T is des c r ib ed as follow ing
eq u at ion ( 1 ) :
N- 1
X- -
2
Xk e ij 2 ( 1 )
Nk N(
W h er e Xis c om p lex p h as or , Xk is t h e s am p le dis c r et e
dat a of t h e s ignal, and Nis t h e nu m b er of s am p les p er
c yc le.
E q u at ion ( 1 ) is t h e for m u la offu ll- c yc le DF T . W h en a
s ignal is s am p led w it h 3 2 s am p les p er c yc le, as an
ex am p le, t h en MAT LABDF T p r ogr am c an b e w r it t en as
follow s :
In addit ion, w h en a fau lt oc c u r s on t r ans m is s ion lines ,
t h e v olt age and c u r r ent s ignals ar e s ev er ely dis t or t ed.
T h es e s ignals m ay c ont ain dec aying dc c om p onent s ,
s u b s ys t em fr eq u enc y t r ans ient s , h igh fr eq u enc y os c illat ion
q u ant it ies , and et c . T h e h igh er fr eq u enc y c om p onent s c an
b e elim inat ed u s ing low p as s ant i- alias ing filt er s w it h
ap p r op r iat e c u t - off fr eq u enc y, b u t t h e ant i- alias ing filt er s
c annot r em ov e dec aying dc c om p onent s and r ej ec t low
fr eq u enc y c om p onent s . T h is m ak es t h e p h as or s v er y
diffic u lt t o b e q u ic k ly es t im at ed and affec t s t h e
p er for m anc e of digit al r elaying. T h er efor e, w e u s u ally u s e
t h e m im ic filt er t o r em ov ed t h e dc - offs et c om p onent s [ 6 ] .
T h e m im ic filt er c an b e dev elop ed b y digit al m et h od. Her e,
w e w ant t o p as s t h e fu ndam ent al fr eq u enc y s ignal ( 6 0 Hz )
b y t h e filt er . T h en, as s u m ing t h e gain Keq u als I and t h e
s am p les fr eq u enc y is f5 ( f5
= I IT ) , finally, w e ob t ain a
for m u la
( 2 )
| K( 1 J T f5 )
-
KlT f
c os
T ,
+
j Kt fs
s in T = 1 ( 2 )
W h er e o = 2 * n * 6 0 , T is t im e c ons t ant for u s er
definit ion.
T o s olv e eq u at ion ( 2 ) c an get t h e gain K
K=
s q r t (
I
W h er e
M = 1 +
T f5 -
t fs
c os ( )
fs
2 * n* 6 0
N= c f s in( )
.fs
( 3 )
( 4 - 1 )
( 4 - 2 )
W h en w e u s e m im ic filt er t o r em ov e t h e dc - offs et
c om p onent s , MAT LABp r ogr am is des c r ib ed as follow s :
t = 2 * 1 /6 0 ; % as s u m ed t im e c ons t ant = 2
c yc les
fs
= 3 2 * 6 0 ; %s am p lingfr eq u enc y
M= 1 + t * fs - t * fs * c os ( 2 * p i * 6 0 /fs ) ;
N= t * fs * s in( 2 * p i * 6 0 /fs ) ;
K= s q r t ( l/( M^ 2 + N^ 2 ) ) ;
b = [ K* ( l+ t * fs ) - K* t * fs ] ;
a= [ ] ] ;
ia m f= filt er ( b , a, ia) ;
As s h ow n in t h e ab ov e eq u at ion, t h e c u r r ent ia is
t h r ou gh t h e m im ic filt er in or der t o r em ov e t h e dc - offs et
c om p onent s . F inally, w e get a fu ndam ent al fr eq u enc y
w av e ia
m f.
F r om t h e ab ov e dis c u s s ion, w e k now t h at MAT LAB
c an eas ily finis h all of algor it h m s for p r ot ec t iv e r elays .
W it h t h e adv ant age t h at SIMULINKc an eas ily s im u lat e
p ow er s ys t em fau lt s , t h e des ign and t h e t es t of p r ot ec t iv e
r elays c an b e ac h iev ed w it h eas e. It s m aj or c h ar ac t er is t ic
of int egr at ing s ys t em fau lt s im u lat ion and p r ot ec t ion r elay
algor it h m s in a s oft w ar e s ys t em c an enh anc e t h e effic ienc y
ofp r ot ec t ion r elay t es t .
III. POW E R SYST E M E ST ABLISHME NT AND
SIMULAT ION
In or der t o get ex ac t s im u lat ion r es u lt s , w e m u s t
es t ab lis h ac c u r at e net w or k m odel. SIMULINK/Pow er
Sys t em Bloc k s et ( PSB) is u s ed t o c r eat e p ow er s ys t em
m odel for s im u lat ion. W it h t h e u p dat ed v er s ions of
MAT LAB/SIMULINK, t h e m odel dev elop m ent of p ow er
s ys t em c om p onent s is onw ar d t o p er fec t ion. Du e t o t h e
2 5 4
N= 3 2 ;
X= 0 ;
for k I: N
X= X+
x ( k ) * ex p ( j
* 2 * p i/3 2 * ( k - 1 ) ) ;
end
X= X* 2 /N;
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fas t dev elop m ent of new t ec h nologies , w h ic h im p r ov e t h e
p ow er t r ans fer effic ienc y and t h e op t im u m u t iliz at ion of
s ys t em c ap ab ilit y, p ow er elec t r onic eq u ip m ent lik e
T C SC
-
UPF C
-
ST AT C OM... and s o on m ay b e w idely
u s ed in p ow er s ys t em s In t h e fu t u r e. T h u s , t h e s elec t ion
and t h e s et t ing ofp r ot ec t iv e r elay s h ou ld b e ev alu at ed and
t es t ed t h or ou gh ly [ 7 ] . Her e, SIMULINKinc lu des v ar iant
b as ic p ow er c om p onent s , w h ic h c an b e u s ed alone or in
c om b inat iv e u s e t o finis h all k inds of p ow er s ys t em
net w or k s im u lat ions .
It is v er y eas y t o c r eat e p ow er s ys t em in SIMULINK
env ir onm ent , w h ic h allow s u s er s t o b u ild a m odel b y
s im p le " c lic k and dr ag" p r oc edu r es . Bec au s e all of t h e
elec t r ic al p ar t s of t h e s im u lat ion int er ac t w it h t h e
SIMLLINK'S ex t ens iv e m odelling lib r ar y, it is not j u s t
p os s ib le t o eas ily dr aw t h e p ow er s ys t em net w or k , b u t als o
t o inc lu de it s int er ac t ions w it h ev er y elec t r ic al
c om p onent .
In addit ion, t h e s im u lat ion s ys t em ofb loc k c om p onent c an
s et r elat ion elec t r ic al p ar am et er s fr om MAT LAB
c om m ands .
One
t h ing s h ou ld b e not ed is t h at SIMULINKis m or e
s u it ab le for a s m all s ys t em for s im u lat ed t es t s . E x ec u t ion
s p eed of t h e s im u lat ion s ys t em w ill b ec om e s low w h en
s im u lat ing s ys t em is lar ge. Lu c k ily, t h e p r ot ec t iv e r elays
ar e for p r ot ec t ion ofone ar t ic le ofelec t r ic al eq u ip m ent , s o
w e j u s t foc u s on p r ot ec t ed eq u ip m ent . Ot h er c om p onent s
c an b e m ade in eq u iv alent v alu e. T h er efor e, b y r edu c ing
t h e c om p lex it y of t h e s im u lat ion s ys t em , t h e s im u lat ion
s ys t em r es u lt w ill b e in h igh p er for m anc e.
Z s Z R '
Ls
r elay
F ig. 1 . One- line diagr am ofs im u lat ion s ys t em
F ig. 2 . SIMULINK/Pow er Sys t em Bloc k c ons t r u c t s t h e s im u lat ion s ys t em s diagr am
2 5 5
v s _
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Su b s yb m Im es k )
Pa * :
dis le
1 3 0
fa- t _ lt _ m
1 3 1 6 0
- l
II
- _ m
fig
i6 o; - - - - - - -
F ig. 3 . Main w indow and p ar am et er int er fac e for s im u lat ion s ys t em s
T h is s ec t ion des c r ib es t h e p er for m anc e t es t and
v er ific at ion of t r ans m is s ion line p r ot ec t ion of dis t anc e
r elays u s ing MAT LAB/SIMULINK. How t o u s e
SIMULINK of t h e PSB t o b u ild t r ans m is s ion lines
s ys t em s m odel w ill b e dis c u s s ed as follow s . W it h
r efer enc e t o F ig. I One- line diagr am ofs im u lat ion s ys t em ,
w e c an es t ab lis h t h e s im u lat ion s ys t em diagr am in F ig. 2 .
T h e s im u lat ion s ys t em of eac h end s ou r c e c an b e r ep lac ed
b y t h e T h e'v enin eq u iv alent c ir c u it s . How ev er , w e c an
c om p let ely finis h all oft h e t es t c ir c u it s w it h t h e u s e of t h e
s ou r c e and t h e m odel of c ou p ling c om p onent . E ac h
elem ent v alu e oft h e t es t s ys t em c an b e s et b y p ow er flow
dat a and s h or t - c ir c u it c ap ac it y dat a. G ener ally s p eak ing,
w e need t o get v olt ages and c u r r ent s ignal dat a b y c u r r ent
t r ans for m er ( C T ) and v olt age t r ans for m er ( V T ) as s h ow n
in F ig.2 C T S and V T S r es p ec t iv ely b ec au s e dis t anc e
r elays need t h r ee- p h as e v olt ages and t h r ee- p h as e c u r r ent s
for t h e im p edanc e c alc u lat ion. T h e des ign of digit al
dis t anc e r elays of algor it h m is b as ed on t h e c om p onent of
fu ndam ent al fr eq u enc y ( 6 0 Hz ) . W h en p ow er s ys t em s fau lt
oc c u r s , t h e s ignals m ay c ont ain h igh fr eq u enc y
c om p onent s . T h es e h igh er fr eq u enc y c om p onent s m u s t b e
elim inat ed, s o w e adop t analogu e low p as s filt er s of b loc k
in t h e s im u lat ion s ys t em s in SIMULINK. T h is b loc k c an
b e defined as filt er of t yp es ( Low p as s , Band p as s , and
High p as s ) , or der , and c u t - off fr eq u enc y et c . b y u s er .
T h es e ar e ex c ellent c h ar ac t er is t ic s . In addit ion,
SIMULINKp r ov ides s om e op t ions lik e r eal- t im e dis p lay,
s t or ing dat a in W ORKSPAC E and h ar d dis k aft er t h e
s ignals dat a is r eleas ed b y filt er . As s h ow n in F ig.2 , w e
c ap t u r e s ignals and s t or e t h em in W ORKSPAC E fr om t h e
s im u lat ion s ys t em s , w h ic h is p r ov ided for u s ing inp u t of
dis t anc e r elay algor it h m . Ab ou t t r ans m is s ion lines m odel,
SIMULINKp r ov ides Pi and dis t r ib u t ion m odel, w h ic h c an
s et s p ar am et er s as nu m b er s ofp h as e, fr eq u enc y, r es is t anc e,
indu c t anc e, c ap ac it or , and line lengt h et c . T h is p ap er u s es
dis t r ib u t ion m odel for t r ans m is s ion line m odel of t h e
p ow er s ys t em s s im u lat ion. In F ig. 2 , t h e b loc k for fau lt
t yp e s elec t ion and fau lt r es is t anc es s et t ing ar e loc at ed
b elow t w o dis t r ib u t ion m odel b loc k s .
Her e, w e h av e finis h ed t h e p ow er s ys t em s im u lat ion
m odel as s h ow n in F ig.2 , b u t t h e gr ap h ic s h ow n in
w indow is a b it m es s y. T h u s t h e SUBSYST E M b loc k is
u s ed b y c ov er ing all of b loc k s t o p r odu c e a s ingle b loc k ,
as s h ow n in F ig. 3 . F au lt s im u lat ion b loc k . If w e dou b le
c lic k t h e b loc k , t h e int er ac t iv e int er fac e w indow on r igh t
s ide ofF ig. 3 . w ill b e s h ow n again, in w h ic h t h e int er fac e
w indow c an r enew s om e p ar am et er s for nex t t im e
s im u lat ion w h en t h e s im u lat ion is finis h ed. In addit ion, w e
c an s im u lat e m any c as es at t h e s am e t im e. As dis c u s s ed
ab ov e, t h e p r ot ec t iv e r elay s im u lat ion s ys t em h as b ec om e
a s ys t em ofeas y u s e and w it h effic ienc y.
4 3 7
MAT LAB
W ORKSPAC E
I
F ig. 4 . Pr ot ec t iv e r elay t es t s ys t em s b as ed on MAT LAB/SIMULINK
Her e, w h en w e c om p ar e MAT LAB/SIMULINK w it h
E MT P/AT P, w e w ill s ee w h ic h one is b et t er for t h e
p r ot ec t iv e r elay s im u lat ion s ys t em s . T h e follow ing it em s
s u m m ar iz e t h eir m os t im p or t ant differ enc es in p r ot ec t ion
s ys t em s s im u lat ion:
1 . T h e E MT P/ AT P is s p ec ific s oft w ar e t o s im u lat e
p ow er s ys t em t r ans ient p r ob lem , w h er eas t h e
MAT LAB/SIMULINKc an b e u s ed t o s im u lat e p ow er
s ys t em fau lt s and p r ot ec t iv e r elay algor it h m at t h e
s am e t im e.
2 . AT P/E MT P is des igned t o s im u lat e t h e p h ys ic al
p r oc es s es of t r ans m is s ion lines and t r ans for m er s
q u ic k ly and in a c onv enient w ay b u t
2 5 6
MAT LAB
Pow er Sys t em s of F au lt
Sim u lat ion of Main Pr ogr am s
SIMUJ LINK- Bas ed
Sim u lat ion Sys t em s
.'n= -
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MAT LAB/SIMULINK offer s m or e p os s ib ilit ies in
p ow er elec t r onic s , s ignal p r oc es s ing and c ont r ol.
3 . Us er s c an eas ily c r eat e new r elay m odel w it h
MAT LAB/SIMULINK, w h er eas E MT P/AT P does n't
h av e s u c h c ap ac it y.
4 . MAT LAB/SIMULINK enc om p as s es b et t er gr ap h ic
fu nc t ion t ools t h an E MT P/AT P ofPC PLOT , PLOT XY
and s o on.
T h er efor e, t h is p ap er s elec t s MAT LAB/SIMULINK for
int er ac t iv e au t om at ic r elay t es t s ys t em s .
IV . INT E RAC T IV E RE LAY T E ST SYST E MS
Bas ed on t h e dis c u s s ion m ade in t h e p r ev iou s t w o
s ec t ions , w e c an es t ab lis h int er ac t iv e r elay t es t s ys t em s
b as ed on MAT LAB/SIMULINKas s h ow n in F ig. 4 . W e
c an u s e MAT LABt o w r it e m ain p r ogr am for p r ot ec t iv e
r elay t es t . T h e m ain p r ogr am c an not only s t ar t fau lt
s im u lat ion s ys t em s w it h SIMULINK b u t als o giv e
c om m ands and p ar am et er s t o r enew s im u lat ion s ys t em s at
t h e s am e t im e. As indic at ed in F ig. 3 , w e c an c h ange
p ar am et er s ofs im u lat ion s ys t em s inc lu ding fau lt loc at ions ,
fau lt r es is t anc es , fau lt t im e, and fau lt t yp es et c ., and t h en
t h e m ain p r ogr am w ill ex ec u t e s et t ing and c h ange v alu e.
F inally t h e m ain p r ogr am c ont r ols SIMULINKex ec u t ion
dynam ic of s im u lat ion as s h ow n on F ig. 2 . Aft er t h e
s im u lat ion is finis h ed, t h e s im u lat ion r es u lt dat a w ill b e
s t or ed in W ORKSPAC E or h ar d dis k , and it s w av efor m
c an b e s h ow n dir ec t ly on s c r een t h r ou gh u s er 's c om m and.
So far w e h av e finis h ed fau lt s im u lat ion t as k , and t h en got
r elat ed inp u t dat a for p r ot ec t iv e r elay algor it h m . As far as
t h e dis t anc e r elays in t h is p ap er ar e c onc em ed, w e need t o
get t h r ee- p h as e v olt ages and t h r ee- p h as e c u r r ent s fr om S
t er m inal ( F ig. 1 .) .
In t h e nex t s t ep , inp u t t h e s im u lat ion r es u lt dat a t o
p r ot ec t iv e r elay algor it h m b y MAT LABt o dis t ingu is h
w h et h er t h e c ir c u it b r eak er ( C .B.) ac t ion oc c u r s or not
fr om p lan logic . W h en t h e fau lt im p edanc e is c alc u lat ed
and it is s at is fied in t h e p r ot ec t ion z one 1 , t h e p r ot ec t iv e
r elay op er at ion t h en r eleas es t r ip s ignal t o C .B. w it h ou t
addit ional delay. Her e, MAT LAB c an eas ily s h ow
im p edanc e t r ac e on s c r een for u s er 's v er ific at ion, and s t or e
t h e t es t r ec or ds . So far w e h av e only finis h ed one fau lt
c as e for v er ific at ion r elay ac t ion. Aft er t h is t es t is finis h ed,
t h e m ain p r ogr am c an au t om at ic ally c h ange p ar am et er s
again t o ex ec u t e s im u lat ions , t es t s , and r ec or ds c ont inu ally.
W it h t h e inc lu s ion of t h e loop fu nc t ion and t h e
m odific at ion of s ys t em p ar am et er s , t h e m ain p r ogr am c an
finis h h u ndr eds and t h ou s ands of c as e t es t s at t h e s am e
t im e t o m eet t h e p u r p os e of h av ing au t om at ic t es t s for
p r ot ec t iv e r elays . T h e r eas on w h y t h is fu nc t ion is s o
p ow er fu l is t h at w e int egr at e MAT LAB/SIMULINKint o
one s ingle env ir onm ent and m ak e u s e of it s eas y
c om m u nic at ion fu nc t ion.
In addit ion t o t h e ab ov e- m ent ioned adv ant age of
au t om at ic p r ot ec t iv e r elay t es t s , MAT LABc an em p ow er
u s t o m odify and adj u s t t h e p r ob lem s t h at t h e init ial r elay
des ign m ay h av e. W it h t h e p ow er fu l gr ap h ic fu nc t ion b y
MAT LABw e c an u s e t h e p r ogr am t o ob t ain eas ily ou t p u t
s ignal v alu es and w av efor m s for r elay algor it h m s
v enr fic at ion. If t h e r elay algor it h m is b ad, t h en m odify it
im m ediat ely. It is v er y c onv enient for des igning p r ot ec t iv e
r elay as w ell as for c h ec k ing w h et h er t h e s et t ing of t h e
int er ac t iv e r elay t es t env ir onm ent is ap p r op r iat e.
V . E XAMPLE
Now t h at t h e t h eor y and t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e
int er ac t iv e r elay t es t s ys t em ar e p r es c r ib ed, t h e follow ing
b egins w it h an ex am p le of a p ow er t r ans m is s ion line of
fau lt s im u lat ion t o t es t r elay op er at ion. F ig. 1 dep ic t s t h e
3 4 5 k V , 6 0 Hz s im u lat ed s ys t em one- line diagr am . F ig. 2
is t h e s im u lat ed s ys t em m odel b y SIMULINK. T h e ot h er
r elat ed p ar am et er s of t h e s im u lat ed s ys t em ar e s h ow n in
T ab le 2 . Z one 1 is s et t ing 8 0 % oft h e t ot al line lengt h . T h is
ex am p le u s es MHO t yp e t o ex p lain t h e r elay op er at ion
p er for m anc e. T h e m im ic filt er s w it h t im e c ons t ant 2 c yc les ,
t h e p h as e differ enc e b et w een E S and E R is 1 5 degr ees ,
and t h e s am p ling fr eq u enc y is 1 9 2 0 Hz . T h e t r ans m is s ion
line lengt h is 1 0 0 k m . T h e p h as or is es t im at ed b y
fu ll- c yc le DF T .
T ab le 2 T h e p ar am et er s oft h e s im u lat ion t r ans m is s ion s ys t em
F ir s t , In or der t o p r ov e digit al dis t anc e r elay of
p er for m anc e, an int em al fau lt is ap p lied t o t h e p ow er
s ys t em w it h t h e p h as e A t o gr ou nd fau lt , t h e fau lt
r es is t anc e is 1 oh m , t h e fau lt angle is z er o degr ee ( r efer t o
St er m inal ofp h as e Av olt ages w av efor m ) , and t h e fau lt is
loc at ed s ix t y k ilom et er s for m S t er m inal. T h er efor e, t h e
fau lt c u r r ent s w ill inc lu de dc - offs et c om p onent s .
F ig. 5 s h ow s t h e p h as e Ac u r r ent w av efor m , t h e
p h as e Av olt age w av efor m , and t h e im p edanc e t r ac e for
t h e s ingle p h as e t o gr ou nd fau lt . J u dging fr om F ig. 5 - ( a)
and ( b ) , filt er s c an b e elim inat ed h igh fr eq u enc y
c om p onent s for m t h e fau lt w av efor m , b u t r es u lt in s ignals
t im e delay. T h er efor e, t h e c u t off h igh fr eq u enc y c an't b e
s et t oo low , ot h er w is e, t h e r elay op er at ion t im e c an b e
affec t ed. As s h ow n in F ig. 5 t h e m im ic filt er c an
effec t iv ely r em ov e t h e dec aying dc c om p onent . If t h e filt er
is no u s e in t h e r elay algor it h m , t h en t h e c u r r ent p h as or
r es u lt s in u ns t ab le p h enom enon and t h e im p edanc e t r ac e
w ill b e os c illat ed. T h e r elay m ay m alfu nc t ion w h en s om e
2 5 7
V olt age Rat ing: 3 4 5 k V
Sys t em fr eq u enc y: 6 0 Hz
E q u iv alent V olt age Per Unit :
E S= 1 /Z 5 ( p .u .) , E R = 1 Z 0 ( p .u .)
E q u iv alent Sou r c e Im p edanc e:
z s i
= 0 .2 3 8 + 5 .7 2 ( Q ) , Z s o
= 2 .7 3 8 + 1 0 ( Q )
Z RI= 0 .2 3 8 + 6 .1 9 ( Q ) , Z R0 = 0 .8 3 3 + 5 .1 2 ( Q )
Lengt h ofT r ans m is s ion Line: 1 0 0 k m
Line C ons t ant :
Ro = 0 .2 7 5 ( Q ) , Lo = 3 .7 2 5 ( m H) , C 0 = 6 .7 1 l( nF )
RI
= 0 .0 2 7 5 ( Q ) ,
LI
= 1 .3 4 5 ( m H) , C l = 9 .4 8 3 ( nF )
F ilt er :
2 Or der of Bu t t er w or t h Low Pas s F ilt er High C u t - Off
F r eq u enc y 3 6 0 ( Hz )
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fau lt s oc c u r in near p r ot ec t ion z one m ar gin. In ot h er w or ds ,
t h is is m ain r eas on w h y w e w ant t o r em ov e t h e dec aying
dc c om p onent .
X 1 .,
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
lim e ( m s )
.^ 4 4 } ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a
0 1 0 2 0 3 0
t ife
5 1 0 (
3
2 .2 5 X
5 1 2
( a
0 1 0 2 C 3 0
t im e
6 0 0 0 1
I~ ~ ~ ~
_ z
. 4 O.-
- - a
.F 2 0 0 0 - .
0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0
t ir
t 4 2
X ,
- 2 0 0 2 0
4 0 5 0 6 0
adop t s fu ll- c yc le DF T algor it h m . F inally, t h e z one 1 fau lt
of
im p edanc e t r ac e is s h ow n in F ig. 5 - ( e) . Du e t o t h e
diagr am w e c an find t h e im p edanc e t r ac e inc lu ded b y z one
1 ; t h er efor e, t h e r elay r eleas es a t r ip s ignal t o C .Bb ec au s e
t h e r elay det ec t s t h e fau lt b elonging t o z one 1 .
Below is a p h as e A- B fau lt t es t c as e. T h e fau lt
loc at ion, ninet y k ilom et er s for m S t er m inal, is in z one
2 ,
s o it w on't affec t t h e p r ot ec t iv e r elay. T h e z one 2 u s u ally
giv es a t im e delay ab ou t t w ent y c yc les as T PC 's
( T w ain
Pow er C om p any) p ow er net w or k s . T h e F ig. 6 s h ow s t h e
im p edanc e t r ac e ex c lu ded in z one 1 , s o t h e r elay op er at ed
w it h a t im e delay. T h e ab ov e t w o c as es ar e illu s t r at ed t o
ex p lain p r ot ec t iv e r elays of op er at ion and t es t b y
MAT LAB/SIMULINK. In fac t , w e c an ap p ly au t om at ic
m ode for m or e
p r ot ec t iv e r elay
t es t .
V I. C ONC LUSION
( m s ) T h is p ap er des c r ib es t h e au t om at ed p r ot ec t iv e r elay t es t
s ys t em
b as ed on
MAT LAB/SIMULINK.
T h e
s ys t em
c om b ines MAT LAB w it h SIMULINK for t h e u s e of
MAT LABfor m ain c ont r ol p r ogr am s and c ar r y ou t r elay
algor it h m s , and t h e u s e of SIMULINKofPSBfor p ow er
- - - - - - 1 - 1
s ys t em c ons t r u c t ed t ools . Du e t o t h at fac t t h at b ot h
MAT LABand SIMULINKar e in t h e s am e env ir onm ent ,
Z 5 0 6 0
c om m u nic at ions and c onv enient t es t s c an b e m ade
eas ily.
( Ms ) E s p ec ially s inc e t h e MAT LABh as p ow er fu l c ap ab ilit ies
it )
for nu m er ic al r ob u s t and gr ap h ic fu nc t ion. In addit ion, t h e
SIMULINKh as p ow er fu l c ap ab ilit ies for G UI int er fac e
and m or e and m or e m odelling for t h e
gener at ion,
t r ans m is s ion, and dis t r ib u t ion of elec t r ic al p ow er et c ...
T h es e adv ant ages c an h elp p r ot ec t ion engineer effec t iv ely
enh anc e t h e p er for m anc e of t h e digit al p r ot ec t iv e r elay
v > w
des ign, s elec t ion, and elec t
s et t ing.
It s
ab ilit y
of m as s iv e
4 0 5 0 6 0
( m e) t es t s and r es u lt r ec or ds is ex c ellent and c onv enient for
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
s av ing t im e and c os t s .
4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0
Res is t anc e ( oh m )
( e)
F ig. 5 . T h e v olt ages
-
t h e c u r r ent and t h e im p edanc e t r ac e in int er nal
fau lt
- 2 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0
Res is t anc e ( oh m )
F i1 , . 6 . T h e im p edanc e t r ac e in z one 2 fau lt
T h e F ig. 5 - ( c ) and ( d) indic at e t h e p h as or es t im at ion
r es u lt s u s ing c onv ent ional fu ll- c yc le DF T aft er t h e v olt age
and t h e c u r r ent s ignals p as s filt er s . Ifw e w ant t o get b et t er
ac c u r ac y for t h e p h as or v alu es , at leas t one c yc le of t h e
c om p u t at ion t im e s h ou ld b e adop t ed b ec au s e t h is p ap er
V II. RE F E RE NC E S
[ 1 ] " Alt em at iv e T r ans ient Pr ogr am Ru le Book " , E u r op ean E MT P
C ent er , 1 9 8 7 .
[ 2 ] T h e Mat h W or k s , Inc ., " Us ing MAT LAB" . 1 9 9 9 .
[ 3 ] T h e Mat h W or k s , Inc ., " Pow er Sys t em Bloc k s et Us er 's G u ide" ,
1 9 9 9 .
[ 4 ] G . Syb ille and L.- H. Hoang, " Digit al Sim u lat ion ofPow er Sys t em s
and Pow er E lec t r onic s u s ing t h e MAT LAB/SIMULINK Pow er
Sys t em Bloc k s et " , IE E E /PE S W int er Meet ing, 2 0 0 0 , p p .
2 9 7 3 - 2 9 8 2 .
[ 5 ] T . S. Sidh u , D. S. G h ot r a, and M. S. Sac h dev , " AF as t Dis t anc e
Relay Us ing Adap t iv e Dat a W indow F ilt er s " , IE E E /PE SSu m m er
Meet ing, J u ly 2 0 0 0 , p p . 1 4 0 7 - 1 4 1 2 .
[ 6 ] G . Benm ou yal, " Rem ov al of Dec aying DC in C u r r ent W av efor m s
Us ing Digit al Mim ic F ilt er ing" , IE E E T r ans . on Pow er Deliv er y,
V ol. 1 0 , No. 2 , Ap r il 1 9 9 5 , p p . 6 2 1 - 6 3 0 .
[ 7 ] K. E l- Ar r ou di. G . J oos , and D. T . Mc G illis , " 'Op er at ion of
Im p edanc e Pr ot ec t ion Relays W it h t h e ST AT C OM" , IE E E T r ans .
on Pow er Deliv er y, V ol. 1 7 , No. 2 , Ap r il 2 0 0 2 , p p . 3 8 1 - 3 8 7 .
Li- C h eng W u r ec eiv ed h is B.S and M.S. degr ees in
elec t r ic al engineer ing fr om Nat ional T aiw an Univ er s it y of
Sc ienc e and T ec h nology, T aip ei, T aiw an, in 1 9 9 7 and 1 9 9 9 ,
r es p ec t iv ely. He is c u r r ent ly p u r s u ing t h e Ph .D. degr ee at
Nat ional T aiw an Univ er s it y, T aip ei, T aiw an. Bet w een 1 9 9 7
t o 2 0 0 2 h e w or k ed as an elec t r ic al engineer in t h e
Dep ar t m ent ofr elay, T aiw an Pow er C om p any.
2 5 8
V .
~ 0 0
0
.1 / \ . 1 ' /
. .. . a
'1 1 .." \
t o
8 0
E 6 0
8 4 0
: t .1 2 0
0
Authorized licensed use limited to: Kansas State University. Downloaded on April 24,2010 at 09:35:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
His m ain r es ear c h int er es t s ar e p ow er elec t r onic s , h igh
v olt age t es t and p ow er s ys t em p r ot ec t ion.
C h ih - W en Liu ( S'9 3 - M'9 6 - SM'0 2 ) w as b om in T aiw an,
in 1 9 6 4 . He r ec eiv ed t h e B.S. degr ee in elec t r ic al
engineer ing fr om Nat ional T aiw an Univ er s it y ( NT U) ,
T aip ei, T aiw an, and t h e M.S. and Ph .D. degr ees in
elec t r ic al engineer ing fr om C om ell Univ er s it y, It h ac a, NY,
in 1 9 8 7 , 1 9 9 2 , and 1 9 9 4 , r es p ec t iv ely.
Sinc e 1 9 9 4 , h e h as b een w it h NT U, w h er e h e is a
Pr ofes s or of elec t r ic al engineer ing. His m ain r es ear c h
int er es t s inc lu de ap p lic at ion of c om p u t er t ec h nology t o
p ow er s ys t em m onit or ing, p r ot ec t ion, and c ont r ol. His
ot h er r es ear c h int er es t s inc lu de m ot or c ont r ol and p ow er
elec t r onic s .
C h ing- Sh an C h en w as b om in T aic h u ng, T aiw an, in
1 9 7 6 . He r ec eiv ed t h e B.S. degr ee in elec t r ic al engineer ing
fr om Nat ional T aiw an Univ er s it y of Sc ienc e and
T ec h nology, T aip ei, T aiw an, and t h e M.S. and Ph .D.
degr ees in elec t r ic al engineer ing fr om Nat ional T aiw an
Univ er s it y, T aip ei, T aiw an, in 1 9 9 8 , 2 0 0 0 , and 2 0 0 3 ,
r es p ec t iv ely.
At
p r es ent ,
h e w or k s at Indu s t r ial T ec h nology Res ear c h
Ins t it u t e and h is r es ear c h int er es t s inc lu de dis t r ib u t ed
gener at ion s ys t em s and c om p u t er r elaying.
2 5 9
Authorized licensed use limited to: Kansas State University. Downloaded on April 24,2010 at 09:35:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.