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CPZ[UWXRjl] XRUY

x(oQ-X_V[pUWj\d&[UWj\] oYQjl]CQUWVYX_]C^ [\X_]CfCCUj\VnC[UW[
FUYVWX_]C^o`C[\]on UYCQj\UYCQVj\]CQ[l"Q-]oS-jpnpQnd&[\SCX_]CQzX_]oUWVYaS%
UWXRjl]ozx(oQX_]oFUYVWoS%UWXRjl]oM[\VYQ9S-[\VYVWXRQTn/j\pU#UYjfCVWjpSQW"UWCQ
X_]CfCCU/FUYVWXR]o^FQTCQ-]UYXZ[P_P_\oj\V Q[\SoXU/XR]UYCQ8XR]ofCpU
FUYVWX_]C^ jl]CQ=oXUXZ VWXRUFUYQ]X_]UYj UYCQ9j\CUYfCpUFUYVWXR]o^o`Fj/[P_P
FUYVWX_]C^l"a[\Q#UYCQY[\d9QP_Q-]o^UY oPUWQ-V0S-j\]onCXUWXRjl]X_[\fp
foPRX_QnUYj/[\jlX_nFQPVYQfCP_X_S[UYX_j\]jyFUYVWX_]C^l`[]onUYCQ&[\PRPR
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UWQ-VWX_YQn/c[]Q-pfCPRjlVW[UYX_j\]/fCo[lFQ XUWCX_^\,npX_\QVWYXRU j\
UWCQUWVYX_]C^X_]UYCQ/fgj\fCCPZ[UWXRjl]2` o]lUWXRP(UcfCXZS-[\PRP_[8Fd&[P_P
]cCdaQV!jFUYVWXR]C^!YonCnpQ]CPRVYXZYQ&X_].UYCQXRV fajlfCCPZ[UYX_j\]
]cCdaQV[]onU[\QT#j\Q-V#UWCQ&fajlfCCPZ[UWXRjl]2&Cj\VQ-C[dvfCP_Q\`
[\]![pUWjpS-[U[P_UYXZS"FQ-U3jQ-X_^\UkFUYVWXR]o^l o[l gQ-Q-]&VWQ-fgj\VYUYQTn`
oQ-VWQ#[\PRP;VWQ[\SUYX_j\]okj[]c9U j9j2UWCQ#Q-X_^\U(FUYVWX_]C^lyfCVWj
nCoSQ[]Cj\UYCQVFUYVWXR]C^j"UYoQ YQUqcX_d9X_PZ[V[\pUYjpS[UW[\PRUWX_S
YQUv[VWQQpfgQSUYQnoYXR]C^UYCQgjjlPRQT[]]CQU j\VWp-` CQVYQ
YCjlVFUWQ-V=FUYVWXR]o^,PRQ]C^UWo=[\PRP_j FQT[VSCX_]C^/XR]UWCQVWQ[lS%UWXRjl]
^lVW[\fCo
x(CQ9]CQcUFQTS%UWXRjl],XR]UWVYjpnpoS-Q0UYCQv[VYUYXRaS-X_[\PSCQdvX_FUYVW
XRUYajcj\P_Q[\]v]CQU j\VWp-ibe]!FX_d=CPZ[UWXRjl]o UWCQ"oPRUYQVkS-j\]onpXR
UWXRjl]X_2[\VYX_Qn2x(CQ-]zjlPRP_j [(^\V[fopa[\YQnM^\P_j\o[\PFQT[VS
jlVUYCQ"fgjlWFX_CP_Q"U[CP_QyYQU-` CX_S9XZd9jlVYQyQ !S-XRQ]lUUWo[]
UWCQYXRdCP_[UYX_j\]o

B CL#L @ D <L\ BM@  E5 K ( D  @ K


K ! 3B#" 
x(oQvYX_d=CPZ[UWXRjl]YcFUYQdSjl]oFXZFUW#jk[fgj\fCoP_[UYX_j\]j\kCXR
]a[VW.FUYVWXR]o^l[\]on[d&[lSCXR]oQ,UYa[UUWVW[\]oFj\VWdvUWVYX_]C^l`
X_dvfCP_Q-dvQ-]UYX_]C^8[VYQT[\SUYX_j\]WSCQ-dvQiX_^okT gjcj\P_Q[]
]oQU j\VWX_aFQTn[l#UYCQ&d&[\SoXR]CQl`2j\VX_]jUWCQ-V j\VnCMUYj
X_dvfCP_Q-dvQ-]U0[vVWQ[\SUYX_j\]YSCQdvQzj\V(UYoQfajlfCCPZ[UYX_j\]/j\CXR
]a[VWUWVYX_]C^-
XR^aMXRP_P_oUWVW[UYQT!UWCQVWQ[lS%UYjlV [\PR^lj\VWXUWCddvQ]lUWXRjl]CQn
X_]UYoQ,XR]UWVYjpnpoSUYX_j\]2 UQ\Q-VWUWXRdvQFUYQfU jFUYVWX_]C^l
[\VYQ9SCjlYQ-]VW[\]onpjld9P_ XRUY8VYQfCPZ[\SX_]C^c"VWj\dGUWCQvfajlfCp
PZ[UWXRjl]2`l[\]on9oYQnvcUWCQ"d&[\SCX_]CQ\`lXR]vUWCXZ S-[lFQ"[zgjcj\P_Q[]
]oQU j\VWXR^aiu\
$M]CQ&jkUYCQ!FUYVWXR]o^lz[\SUW[lMX_]CfCCUUYj
UWCQd&[\SoXR]CQl`UWCQ"jUWCQ-V3XZ3aFQTn=UWjFfgQS-X9fo[\VW[\d9Q-UYQVWj\
UWCQ9dv[lSCX_]CQXRUWYQ-PR`2lQ-VW doSP_XRlQ9YQUYUYX_]C^ UYCQ Q-X_^\UW
j\ [FUW[\]onC[Vn/]CQCVW[\P]CQ-U jlVY;Mqpj!UYoQ=d&[\SCX_]CQ9S-[]gQ
nCX;Q-VWQ-]U!X_]Q-\QVYUYX_d9Q,FUYQf2t VYjpS-QWFX_]C^8j[]XR]ofCpU
FUYVWX_]C^^\X_\Qv[\].jlpUYfopUUWVYX_]C^ CXZSXZ&fCCU!o[\SX_]UYj
UWCQ=fgj\foCP_[UYX_j\]XR XU#fo[\WFQT[voPRUYQV(b UWCQ=FUYVWXR]C^X_0fCpU
a[\S;`XRU VYQfCPZ[\SQT []Cj\UYCQV3V[]onpjldvPR=SojlYQ-]&UWVYX_]C^ax(CXZ
XZ=UYCQj\]CP_j\fgQ-V[UWXRjl]UYo[UvSa[]C^lQUWCQfajlfCCPZ[UYX_j\]XR]
UWCQSoVYVWQ-]UFX_d=oP_[UYX_j\]o
x(CQMoPRUYQ-V"X_] X_^o;zS-[] fCVWj\CX_CXRU(S-Q-VYUW[X_] FUYVWX_]C^l VYjld
gQ-X_]C^fCpUa[\S;,QVYQl`iUWCQ!aPUWQ-V9X_SCjlYQ-][lfCpUYUYX_]C^
a[\SUWCQFUYVWXR]C^ XUW[fCVYjlo[oXRP_XUUYo[UnpQ-fgQ-]ono!j\]
Yj\dvQfCVWj\fgQ-VYU!j\iUWCQ=FUYVWXR]C^a`CQ\ ^oCUYCQ]cCdaQVj&
%Z  (XR]

replace a randomly chosen string


01011

Population
of
strings

Filter

10011
01011
10010
01100

output
10101

random choice

random choice

memory
string
data
string

machine built
from string
input string

iX_^\oVYQ "Q[lS%UYjlV [\PR^lj\VWXUWCd XRUYt[fajlfCCPZ[UWXRjl]A[]on


dv[lSCX_]CQ\zx(CQ'% dvQ-dvjlVYFUYVWXR]C^ gYQU0fa[V[dvQUWQ-Vj UYCQ
dv[lSCX_]CQ\` CXZSX_[9gjcj\P_Q[]]CQ-U jlVY;
XUTx(CQYQ=fCVWj\a[CX_PRXRUYX_Q#[VWQ=^lXRlQ-]8npXRVWQSUYP_/XR]8[P_jcj\of
UW[oPRQl qpoS[aPUWQ-Vyo[\yFX_dvXRPZ[VyQ;QSUWyj\]!UYCQznpc]o[dvXZS-
[\ycXR]CQ-UYXZSzVW[UYQSjl]oFUW[]U(XR]SCQd9XZS-[\PdvjcnCQ-PZ-
MQU[X_P_jpUYoQ d&[\SCX_]CQ [\VYQ3YCj ]X_]=XR^aTuCix(CQVYQ [\VYQ
[\d&[]c8[]onCj\d S-S-QW=Qdvj\VWXRQT! ,[\UYCQVYQ
[VWQMCXRUWXR]UYoQUWVYX_]C^l O [lS a[\yUYoQY[\d9Qz]cCd9
aQ)
V (j\yV[]anpj\d/`opUCpQn`Sjl]C]CQTS%UYX_j\]azUYj/UWCQ&XR]ofCpU
UWVYX_]C^oGx(CQCXRUW,S-j\]c\Q\QTncUYCQS-j\]C]oQS%UWXRjl]o j\VWd
[CXUY j\VnUYo[U[lnCnpVWQWFQT![dvQ-dvj\VWP_jpS-[UYX_j\]XR]UYCQ
x(oQ(S-j\]UYQ]Uj\oQ[lS GSj\dvQTVWj\d UYCQ(dvQ-d9
j\VWUWVYX_]C^[\vX_]XR^akupbe].UYoQ,[\WFX_^\]CdvQ]lUvVWj\d'UYCQ
d9Qdvj\VW/FUYVWX_]C^UWjUWCQ&+u *dvQ-dvjlVYX_Q#X_]Q[lS `Q-
Q-VW8oXUvX_oYQnFQ\Q-V[P UYX_dvQ` [^[X_]XR].[V[]onCj\d CpU
CpQn [l
x(CQS-j\]C]CQTS%UWXRjl]o&[]onUWCQ,UWVYX_]C^\UWjd9Qdvj\VW[\WFX_^\]p
d9Q]Uy[VWQ"UWCQ0ocQTn&fo[\VW[\d9Q-UYQVW j\UYCQ#gjjlPRQT[]&]CQ-U jlVY;`
CXRP_Q9XU#C]oS%UWXRjl]So[]C^lQ XUWUWCQvdvQ-dvj\VW,UWVYX_]C^/[U
Q-\QVYUYX_dvQ FUYQf2x(CQjlpUYfCCUWjM[\PRP( [\VYQSj\d9
CXR]oQn UYjvUWCQj\pUWfCpUMFUYVWX_]C^o`o[\]on X XRU0X_fo[\WFQTn!UWCVWj\C^l
UYCQ#oPRUYQV`CXRUXZ"fCpUo[lS!X_]lUWj9UYCQfgj\fCoP_[UYX_j\]2

, L 

J DF@ pL K
U UWCQgQ-^lXR]o]CXR]o^j\[YXRdCPZ[UYX_j\]`UYoQfgj\fCoP_[UYX_j\]AXZ
XR]CXRUYXZ[P_XZFQTn XRUYV[]anpj\d UWVYX_]C^lx(CQ]UYCQVYQT[\S%UWj\V[\P
^\j\VWXRUYCd5XZ#VYC]9qcjld9QvQ-p[\dvfCPRQT#jkVWQ[lS%UWXRjl]oVWj\dUYCQ
oVWFUFX_d=oP_[UYX_j\]o"[\VYQzFoj ] X_]xi[\CPRQvl
x(CQ P_[lU2UWCVWQ-Q VWQ[lS%UWXRjl]oX_]=xi[\CP_Q3QpQd9foPRXRzCj UYCQ
[P_P []an![P_PMFUYVWX_]C^lk[VWQ0fCVWjpnpoSQTnvVWj\d<jUWCQ-V(UWVYX_]C^-
x(CQ#[\PRPR#FUYVWXR]o^Q\Q-]UWo[P_PRvU[lQyj\QV UWCQ Cj\P_Q#fajlfCp
P_[UYX_j\]2`CYjvXU % XR]a pX_]UYCXZ(oVU0YX_d=CPZ[UWXRjl]8FQQzX_^oo%
rCQ]UYoQ CjlPRQfajlfCCPZ[UWXRjl]o[\Sjl]c\Q-VW^\QTnUYjUYCQ
Y[\d9Q&FUYVWXR]o^o`]ojd9jlVYQ!Sa[]C^lQS-[\]o[fCfgQ-] x(CQ![\PRPR
[]on[P_PRWFUYVWXR]C^&[VWQUYVWXRcXZ[P`kgQS[oYQ/UYCQ.[\VYQ/VWQ-fCVWj

String
to Memory
Assignment

Memory String 0 1 1 0 1

RAM 1

RAM 2

RAM 3

RAM 3

RAM 3

0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1

1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1

0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0

1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0

0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1

Output

Memory

Random connections
Data String

Input

X_^\CVWQ#u  wkjcjlPRQT[]!]CQ-U jlVY9UWo[U(XRdvfCP_Q-dvQ]lUkUYCQzd&[\SCX_]CQ XUW fo[\VW[\dvQUYQVW3UW[\\Q-]!VYjld<UYCQzdvQ-dvj\VW&UWVYX_]C^aoj\V(Q[lS


jlpUYfopUMCXRU0UWCQ-VWQ=XZ#[&VW[\]onpjld)[lS-SQTYd9Qdvj\VW8 `;XR]UWCXZ0Q-p[\dvfCPRQ9 XRUY (Sjl]C]CQTS%UYX_j\]aQ[lS2O [lS,
a[\M!u */dvQ-dvj\VWP_jpS-[UWXRjl]o"UWo[Uz[VWQoP_PRQTn XRUY,CXRUW0VWj\d UYCQd9Qdvj\VWFUYVWXR]o^oXpQTnfo[V[dvQ-UYQ-V[\VYQUWCQ=V[]anpj\d CpU
ocQTn/Sj\]o]CQSUYX_j\]o`C[]onUYoQUWXR]C^\UWjdvQ-dvj\VW![\WFX_^\]od9Q]U` CQ-VWQzQ[lS CXRUXZ"oYQnFQ\Q-V[PgUWXRdvQ


























x[oPRQ ="Q[lS%UWXRjl]ozVWj\d [aVWFU=FX_d=oP_[UYX_j\]2x(oQ&oVU


FUYVWX_]C^,XZUYoQdvQ-dvj\VWUWVYX_]C^o`UWCQYQSjl]onXZUWCQX_]CfCpUT
x(oQgjcj\P_Q[\]]CQ-U jlVYo[lo\Q/ XUW.8Sjl]C]CQTS%
UWXRjl]o(Q[lS2
nCoSQTnXR]anpQ-fgQ-]onCQ-]UYP_j(UYoQS-j\]C]CQTS%UWXRjl]o=[\]ondvQ-dvj\VW
[lYYX_^\]CdvQ-]U jaUYCQ"gjcj\P_Q[\]9]oQU j\VWgij d=oS9o[\UWCQ
YpUWQ-dUYjgQMSa[]C^lQn9XR]j\VnpQ-V UWj=FUW[oXRP_X_YQ0[Uy[]cjUYoQ-V
j\ UYCQv+u *uXR]UWCXZMS[\YQ= "UWVYX_]C^W $0UYCQVM[CUYCjlVW
a[\Q!npXZY[\PRP_j Qn8[]c8YQ-PRVYQfCPRXZS-[UYX_j\]2`[]on8UWCQ S-VYQT[UWXRjl]
j\(UYCQ[P_P UWVYX_]C^,[\PUWj\^\Q-UYCQV/QVYQ [dvj\VWQ&d9jpnpQVW[UYQ
aPUWQ-V0S-j\]onpXRUYX_j\]o[l(aQQ-]j\C]anY !SX_Q-]UT

   
" !#
 $% #!#

x oQjlPRP_j X_]C^dvQUWCjpnYCj MUYa[UzUYCQ9UWVYX_cX_[\Pfa[UFUWQ-VW]o


(
a[\Q[ d=aSCX_^\CQVSo[]oS-Q=UWj gQvfCVWjcnCoSQTnVWj\d5V[]p
nCj\dX_]CXUWX_[\PpSj\]anpXUWXRjl]o'
&#P_j\o[\PRP_SjlC]UYX_]C^0UWCQyVYQTFCPRUWj\
[\PRPfgjlWYXRCP_QzVYQT[\SUYX_j\]oyVWQ-\QT[PZ-`lUYa[U"j\V(UWCQSCjlYQ-] CpQn
fa[V[dUWQ-V=Sj\]o]CQSUYX_j\]o`;d9Qdvj\VW,[\WFX_^\]CdvQ]lU%(UWCQ-VWQXZ
[,d=oSoXR^lCQ-V]od=gQ-V=j\VYQT[\SUYX_j\]ozUWo[U9fCVWjcnCoSQ&UWCQ
UWVYX_cX_[\P3UWVYX_]C^#UYo[\]8j\UYCQVWvbe]fo[VYUYXZSCPZ[VT`[\PRP3fa[X_V XZFQ

22
11111

20
18
16
14

Population number

 


 




 
 




 












12
00000
10
8
6
4
2
0

50

100

150

200

250
300
Time step

350

400

450

500

550

iX_^\oVYQ 9jlfCCPZ[UWXRjl]8j\"UYCQUWVYX_]C^   [\]on\l\l


XR]UWCQ!aVWFUYXRdCP_[UYX_j\]28 [\]onSjl]C]CQSUYX_j\]o9[\=XR]
xi[\CPRQvlx(oQfajlfCCPZ[UYX_j\]/YXRQX_uC
Sj\dCX_]o[UWXRjl]ovj[P_P0fgjlWYXRCP_QFUYVWXR]o^l![\VYQfCVWQYQ-]UWQnUYj
UYCQajcjlPRQT[]]oQU j\VWg`3[\]onUWCQjcSSCVWVWQ-]oS-Qj0QT[\Sj\
UYCQfajYYXRoPRQjlpUYfopU#fa[UFUWQ-VW]o0[\VYQSj\o]lUWQn#x(CQ-],UYCQTFQ
[VWQ![\Q-V[^lQn,j\V=[\PRPyUWVYX_]C^l XUWUYCQ Y[\d9Q&]cCdaQV=j\
%_  `CFQQiX_^o) (a
x(CQyCXZUWj\^lVW[\dYCj UYCQ"[lQ-V[^\Q3UYX_d9QT [MFUYVWX_]C^ XRUY
[!^\X_\Q],]cCd=gQ-V#j

%_  MX_MfCVWjpnpoSQTn,jlQ-VUWCQ Cj\P_Q=VWQ
[\S%UWXRjl]WSCQ-dvQ\zx(CQ9CX_^\CQV0]cCd=gQ-Vzj\3fCVYjpnpaSX_]C^ [\PRPR

Expected frequency

100

50

2
3
number of ones

X_^\CVWQ ( &XZUWj\^\V[d j 0UYCQ ]od=gQ-V9j)%Z -` [lQ-V[^\QTn


jlQ-VyUYoQ   UWVYX_]C^l XRYU UWCQY[\dvQ#]cCdaQV"j %_  
[\]onz[P_P3FUYVWXR]C^;o[\2aQQ-]zj\o]on#UcfCX_S[PjlV2gjjlPRQT[]z]CQ-UF
\j VWp XRUY9npX;Q-VWQ-]UVW[\]onpj\dSjl]C]CQTS%UYX_j\]ai[\]onFUYVWXR]C^\UWj
dvQd9jlVY[\WFX_^\]CdvQ]lU- YYCdvXR]o^,[]8Q-\Q]8nCX_FUYVWXRopUYX_j\]
X_]UWCQ/XR]oXUWX_[\PUWVYX_]C^fgj\foCP_[UYX_j\]2`3UYCQ/CXZUWj\^lVW[\dYCj
UWCQ/CXZ[\UYj [VnCfCVYjpnpaSX_]C^,UWCQUYVWXRcXZ[P"UWVYX_]C^9[UUWCQ
gQ-^lXR]o]CXR]o^&j[vYXRdCPZ[UYX_j\]
 

#    #  
 #

be].Sjl]lUWVW[lU=UYj,aPUWQ-VWXR]C^8j\CU=UYVWX_XZ[P(FUYVWXR]C^S-j\dvfCP_QUWQ-P_\`
oQ-VWQ[fCVWj\o[\CXRP_XRUPRX_\Q/[V[UWQ jlV9CUY]CQTYvXZv[fCfoPRX_QnUYj
oQUYoQ-VfCCUFUYX_]C^,a[\S[FUYVWXR]o^XR]UYj/UWCQ&fgj\fCCPZ[UWXRjl]j\V
]ojU"oj\VQT[\SUWVYX_]C^vUWo[U0XZjlpUYfopUVWj\d UYCQd&[lSCXR]oQ\`
UWCQz]cCd=gQ-Vyjjl]CQyXZ(Sj\o]lUWQn`p[\]on&UWCQ#oPUWQ-V(fCVWj\o[\CX_P
XRUXZ(P_jjl\QTnCf/X_]x[oPRQ=uC
CdaQVjj\]CQT
[UWQvfCVWj\o[\CXRP_XRUp

x[oPRQu /jpnpXRoQnoPRUYQ-V!S-j\]onCXUWXRjl]fCVYjlo[oXRP_XUj\0VWQ
foP_[lSX_]C^Cj\V&YXRdvfCP_XZSXRU\`3jl]CPRUWCQoPRUYQ-VvV[UWQ!j\V&[\PRPR
[\]on[P_Pzfo[UYUYQ-VW]o
XZSCjFQ]!UYj&gQ[VWX_[\CP_Q\
x(CQ0oPUWQ-V(V[UY
Q o[l gQ-Q][VWX_Qn&X_] YXRdCPZ[UYX_j\]a-`c[]on
Y CVWfCVWX_YXR]o^\P_XU=XZ]Cj\U]CQS-QWY[\VY/UWj/CP_PR]CQ-pUWVW[\PRXZYQUWCQ
oX_[l(XR]/XR^a)(o Q-VWQ-P_!cSo[\]C^\X_]C^ /VYjld#UYj C lXR]
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