Muhammad Nadeem

School of Electrical Engineering &Computer Sciences

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
ma F =
Oscillations-II

= +

2
2
hf E =
2
mc E =
dt dB E / =
ma F =
Physics
20th Century
21st Century
t
i V
x

= +

h h
2
2
2
hf E =
o
/ = E
mv P =
P r L = h P x.
0 = B
dt dE j B /
o o o
=
P
h
=
h
G
k
o

R
c
Energy in SHM
If we stretch the spring from its equilibrium position x = 0 (U(0)=0) to some
final position x (U(x)), the potential energy stored in the mass-spring system is
x x
According to work-energy theorem
W U =
dx kx dx F U x U
x x
s

= =
0 0
) ( ) 0 ( ) (
Whether spring is stretched or compressed by displacement x, potential
energy stored in the system is
2
2
1
) ( kx x U =
0 ) 0 ( = U
2
2
1
kx
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
As we have seen, for harmonic oscillator
) cos( ) ( + = t A t x
) sin( ) ( + = t A t v
) ( cos
1
2
1
2 2
2
+ =
=
t kA
kx U
So
Potential energy is stored in
the Spring due to compression
) ( cos
2
1
2 2
+ = t kA
) ( sin
2
1
) ( sin
2
1
2
1
2 2
2 2 2
2


+ =
+ =
=
t kA
t A m
mv K
m
k
=
2

Kinetic energy is stored in

the mass due to motion
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
Both, K and U, oscillates with time and have a maximum value of
During the motion both, K and U vary between zero and maximum value.
At maximum displacement, K is zero but U has maximum value
At the equilibrium position (x = 0), potential energy is zero but the Kinetic
energy has maximum value
At other positions, sum of K and U is .
This constant is the total energy E
2
2
1
kA
2
2
1
kA
2
2
1
kA
2
2
1
kA
The total energy of the oscillator remains constant at every time
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
1
) ( cos
2
1
) ( sin
2
1
2
1
2
1
kA
t kA t kA
kx mv U K E
=
+ + + =
+ = + =

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
E
K
U
E
K
U
Energy versus time at =0 Energy versus displacement
) ( cos
2
1
2 2
+ = t kA U
) ( sin
2
1
2 2
+ = t kA K
2
2
1
kA E =
2
2
1
kx U =
2
2
1
mv K =
2
2
1
kA E =
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
Finally, we can use the principle of conservation of energy to
obtain the velocity for an arbitrary displacement by
expressing the total energy at some arbitrary position x as
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
kA kx mv
E U K
= +
= +
) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
x A x A
m
k
v = =
It substantiates the fact that the speed is a
maximum at equilibrium position x = 0
and is zero at the turning points x = A.
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
(a) When the displacement is one half the amplitude, what
fraction of the total energy is kinetic and what fraction is
Consider a simple harmonic oscillator, mass attached to a
spring with spring constant k,
fraction of the total energy is kinetic and what fraction is
potential?
(b) At what displacement is the energy half kinetic and half
potential?
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
(a) When the displacement is one half the amplitude, what fraction
of the total energy is kinetic and what fraction is potential?
2
2
1
kA E =
E kA
A
k kx U
4
1
2
1
4
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
2
2
=

= =
E E E U E K
3 1
= = =
Since
So
(b) At what displacement is the energy half kinetic and half potential?
E E E U E K
4 4
= = =
The energy is 25% potential and 75% kinetic.
A x kA kx E U
2
1
4
1
2
1
2 /
2 2
= = =
Energy will be half kinetic and half potential at 2 / A x =
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
A block of mass M= 4 kg is suspended from a spring with a
force constant k=5.38N/m. A m=50 g bullet is fired into the
block from below with a speed of V0=150m/s and comes to
rest in the block. Find the amplitude of the resulting SHM.
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
A block of mass M= 4 kg is suspended from a spring with a force
constant k=5.38N/m. A m=50 g bullet is fired into the block from
below with a speed of V0=150m/s and comes to rest in the block.
Find the amplitude of the resulting SHM.
) (
) (
M m
mV
V V M m mV
+
= + =
o
o
Let block/bullet system moves with speed V. By law of conservation
of linear momentum
Now amplitude can be found by conservation of energy of oscillator,
Note: This is the velocity of
system at zero displacement
Now amplitude can be found by conservation of energy of oscillator,
2 2
) (
2
1
2
1
V M m kA + =
K E =
V
k
M m
A
) ( +
=
=
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
) 4 5 . 0 )( 538 (
) 150 )( 5 . 0 (
) (
) (
) (
M m k
mV
M m
mV
k
M m
A
o o
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
A block of mass m1= 1.88 kg slides along a frictionless table
with a speed of 10.3m/s. Directly in front of it , and moving in
the same direction, is a block of mass m2=4.92kg moving at
3.27 m/s. A massless spring with a spring constant
k=11.2N/cm is attached to the back side of mass m2 as
shown. When the blocks collide, what is the maximum
compression in the spring? compression in the spring?
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
1
v
2
v
k
1
m
2
m
A block of mass m1= 1.88 kg slides along a frictionless table with a
speed of 10.3m/s. Directly in front of it , and moving in the same
direction, is a block of mass m2=4.92kg moving at 3.27 m/s. A
massless spring with a spring constant k=11.2N/cm is attached to
the back side of mass m2 as shown. When the blocks collide, what
is the maximum compression in the spring?
1
v
2
v
k
1
m
2
m
At the moment of maximum
compression, the two block will
move as one. Let their speed is V
So by law of conservation of mom. So by law of conservation of mom.
s m
m m
v m v m
V v m v m V m m / 21 . 5 ) (
2 1
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1 2 1
=
+
+
= + = +
Loss in Kinetic energy is
J v m v m V m m K 7 . 33
2
1
2
1
) (
2
1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
2 1
= + =
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
By law of conservation of energy
J kx
K U U
K U
i f
7 . 33
2
1
2
=
=
=
2
2
1
0
kx U
U
f
i
=
=
So maximum compression is So maximum compression is
m
m N
J
k
J
x 24 . 0
/ 1120
) 7 . 33 ( 2 ) 7 . 33 ( 2
= = =
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
A 7.94 kg mass is resting on a spring. The spring is
compressed by 10.2cm by the mass.
(a) Calculate the force constant of the spring.
(b) The mass is pushed down an additional 28.6cm and
released. How much potential energy is stored in the spring
(b) The mass is pushed down an additional 28.6cm and
released. How much potential energy is stored in the spring
just before mass is released?
(c)How high above this new (lowest) position will the mass
rise?
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
A 7.94 kg mass is resting on a spring. The spring is compressed by
10.2cm by the mass. (a) Calculate the force constant of the spring
(b) The mass is pushed down an additional 28.6cm and released. How
much potential energy is stored in the spring just before mass is
released? (c)How high above this new (lowest) position will the mass rise?
( )
m N
x
mg
k
mg kx
/ 764
102 . 0
) 8 . 9 ( 94 . 7
= = =
=
(a)
x 102 . 0
(b)
( ) J U
kx U
5 . 57 ) 102 . 0 286 . 0 ( 764
2
1
2
1
2
2
= + =
=
Maximum compression in the spring is
x= 10.2cm+28.6cm so potential energy
stored in the spring will be
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
(c) By law of conservation of energy
i i f f
U K U K + = +
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
1
) 0 ( ) 0 (
2
1
) 0 (
2
1
) 0 (
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
i
i i i f f f
kx mg m k mgh m
kx mgy mv kx mgy mv
+ + = + +
+ + = + +
2
2
1
i
kx mgh =
m x
mg
k
h
i
73 . 0 ) 102 . 0 286 . 0 (
) 81 . 9 )( 94 . 7 ( 2
764
2
2 2
= + = =
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk
FIZIX IS FUN
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk