MEMORY

Dela Cruz, Joseph

Monsanto, Ciairha
Tam, Jae

Sy 2104-2015
MEMORY AND STORAGE
MEMORY
chips that
identifies data
storage
MEMORY AND STORAGE
STORAGE
used for
memory that
exists on tapes
or disks

MEMORY IN COMPUTERS
Has certain amount of physical
memory (usually called, RAM)

Some computers use virtual
memory (expands physical
memory onto a hard disk)

STORE UNIT
Saving data and instructions
to have them available for
initial or additional
processing when required
MEMORY
TERMINOLOGY
Bit (b)
binary digit
Smallest unit of information in a computer
Represented by number 1 and 0
1 - on, yes or true
- represents a transistor with current flowing through it
(closed switch)
0 - off, no or false
- represents a transistor with no current flowing through it
(open switch)
Byte (B)
built from bits
useful quantity to store info
provides possible patterns enough
to represent the alphabet, numeric digits,
punctuation marks and some graphic symbols that
are character sized
Computers are classified by the number of bits it
can process at one time, as well as by the number
of bits used to represent addresses in their main
memory (RAM)
Kilobyte (KB)
kilo = 1000 in the
metric system
Computing terminology
means 1024 (2
10
)
since computing is based on
powers of 2
Lowercase k indicates 1000 and
uppercase K is for 1024

Megabyte (MB)
mega means 1 million
(10
6
)
Mega has a literal value of
1,048,576
Based on the binary (base-
2) numbering system
Gigabyte (GB)
1 billion bytes
Can either be 1000 megabytes
or 1024 megabytes
Considered to be 2
30

Terabyte (TB)
tera meaning 1 trillion
(10
12
)
Literal value of
1,099,511,627,776 (2
40
)
1 byte = 1 character or 8 bits patters

1 KB = 1024 bytes

1 MB = 1024 KB or 1,048,576 bytes

1 GB = 1024 MB or 1,073,741,824 bytes

1 TB = 1024GB or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
TYPES OF STORAGE
Primary
Secondary
Primary Storage (main memory)
Holds running program instructions
Fast in operation
Small capacity
Volatile
Where instructions and data are
stored while processing is done
5 types of memory in a computer
Random Access Memory
(RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Basic Input Output System
(BIOS)
Caching
Virtual Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Computer memory used to store given
instructions which can be the changed
or erased
Data being loaded or put in RAM=
writing
Date being accessed from RAM=
reading
Volatile memory
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Contains stored instructions that a
computer requires to be able to do
its basic routine operations
Read only the info or instructions
stored
Non-volatile
Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
Set of routines that closely
work with the hardware to
support the transfer of info
between elements of the
system (memory, disks and
monitor)

Caching
Storing frequently used data in
extremely fast RAM that
connects directly to the CPU
Cache = cash
Temporary storage for very
active data and instructions
during processing
Virtual Memory
Space on hard disk used
to temporarily store data
and wap it in and out of
RAM as needed
Secondary Storage
auxiliary memory
Hold and store program instructions
Hold data and info of stored jobs
Slower than primary storage
Large capacity
Without power, data retained
Used to overcome limitations of primary
storage
Used to store large volumes of data on a
permanent basis
Classification of Commonly Used Secondary Storage
Devices
Secondary
Storage
Devices
Sequential Access
Device
Magnetic Tape
Direct Access
Devices
Memory Storage
Devices
Flash Drive
Memory Card
Optical Disks
CD-ROM
WO-RM (CD-R)
CD-RW
DVD
Magnetic Disks
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
[Zip Dis, Disk
Pack, Winchester
Disk]
Sequential-Access Storage Devices
Data retrieved in the same
sequence in which it was
stored
Access time varies according to
storage location of info being
accesses
Example, magnetic tape
Direct-Access Storage Devices
Any storage location may be
slected and accessed at random
Equal access time is needed for
accessing info from any storage
locations
Example, magnetic optical and
magneto-optical disks
Disk Formatting
Process of preparing a new disk by the
computer system in which the disk is to
be used
A new unformatted disk is inserted in the
disk drive to the computer system and
the disk formatting command is initiated
TYPES:
Low-level disk formatting
OS-level disk formatting
Low-level disk formatting
Disk drive read or write head
lays down a magnetic pattern
on the disks surface
Enables disk drive to organize
and store data defined for the
disk drive of the computer
OS-level disk formatting
Created the File Allocation Table
(FAT), a table with the sector and
track locations of data
Leaves space for FAT to grow
Scans and marks bad sectors
One of the basic tasks handles by
the computers operating system

Commonly Used Mass Storage Devices
Magnetic Disks
Optical Disks
CD-ROM
WORM disk or CD-Recordable (CD-R)
CD-Read or Write (CD-RW)
Digital Video or Versatile Disk (DVD)
Memory Storage Devices
Flash Drive (Pen drive)
Memory Cards
Magnetic Disks
For applications based
on random data processing
Back up device for offline storage data
Can be sued for archiving of data (not
usual)
Transferring of data and program
from one computer to another that
are not linked together

Optical Disk
Compact disc (CD)
Coated with thin metal or a highly
reflective material
Laser beam technology (used for
reading and writing of data)
Random access medium for high
capacity secondary storage


Types of Optical Disks
CD ROM
Compact disk-read only memory
Capacity: 650-700Mb
Disk come pre-recorded and the info
stored cannot be altered
WORM disk/
CD-Recordable (CD-R)
Write Once Read Many
Same as CD-ROM and same storage
capacity
Allow users to create their own CD-ROM
disks by using CD-recordable(CD-R)
drive

Types of Optical Disks
CD-Read or Write (CD-RW)

Same as CD-R and same storage
capacity
BUT can be erased and written

Types of Optical Disks
Types of Optical Disks
Digital Video or Versatile Disk
(DVD)

Capacity 4.7-8.5Gb
Store and distribute
movies
Storage of large data

Memory Storage Devices
Flash Drive (Pen Drive)

Secondary storage device
based on flash memory
Various size and shapes
Plug and play device that is simply plugged in
a USB port
Treated as a removable drive
Memory Storage Devices
Memory Cards

SD/MMC/CF/MSD
Similar to flash drive but card in shape
Useful in electronic devices