Redes 03

3 EL NIVEL DE RED EN INTERNET
Autor: Rogelio Montaana

3 EL NIVEL DE RED EN INTERNET................................................................................................3-1
3.1 INTRODUCCIN......................................................................................................................3-2
3.2 EL DATAGRAMA IP.................................................................................................................3-2
3.2.1 Fragmentac!n....................................................................................................................3-"
3.3 DIRECCIONE# IP.....................................................................................................................3-$
3.3.1 #%&re'e(............................................................................................................................3-11
3.3.2 #%)erre'e(* R+%tng c,a((,e(( -CIDR..............................................................................3-1"
3./ PROTOCOLO# DE CONTROL DE INTERNET...................................................................3-10
3./.1 ICMP -Internet C+ntr+, Me((age Pr+t+c+,......................................................................3-10
3./.2 Re(+,%c!n 'e 'recc+ne(* ARP......................................................................................3-11
3./.3 Re(+,%c!n n2er(a 'e 'recc+ne(...................................................................................3-21
3./.3.1 RARP............................................................................................................................3-21
3./.3.2 3OOTP.........................................................................................................................3-21
3./.3.3 D4CP...........................................................................................................................3-22
3." PROTOCOLO# DE ROUTING...............................................................................................3-23
3.".1 #(tema A%t!n+m+...........................................................................................................3-23
3.".2 Pr+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng ntern+ -IGP..................................................................................3-2/
3.".2.1 RIP 5 RIP22..................................................................................................................3-2/
3.".2.2 IGRP 5 EIGRP..............................................................................................................3-2"
3.".2.3 O#PF............................................................................................................................3-2"
3.".2./ I#-I#..............................................................................................................................3-26
3.".3 Pr+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng e7tern+..........................................................................................3-20
3."./ P%nt+( ne%tr+( 'e nterc+ne7!n......................................................................................3-20
3."." R+%tng M%,tca(t.............................................................................................................3-21
3.6 IPV6..........................................................................................................................................3-2$
3.6.1 Drecc+ne( en IP26.........................................................................................................3-31
3.6.2 La ca&ecera 'e IP26.........................................................................................................3-32
3.6.3 Ca&ecera( e7ten''a(.......................................................................................................3-33
3.0 E8ERCICIO#............................................................................................................................3-3/
3.1 #OLUCIONE#.........................................................................................................................3-/1
Re'e( 'e Or'ena'+re(
3.1 INTRODUCCIN
La Internet e( %n c+m)en'+ 'e re'e( '9erente( :%e c+m)arten %na ),a 'e )r+t+c+,+( c+m%ne(. Ca'a
%na 'e e(ta( re'e( e( a'mn(tra'a )+r %na ent'a' '9erente* %n2er('a'e(; re'e( aca'<mca(
nac+na,e(; )r+2ee'+re( c+merca,e( tam&<n ,,ama'+( I#P( -Internet #er2ce Pr+2'er(.; +)era'+re(;
em)re(a( m%,tnac+na,e(; etc. C+m+ c+n(ec%enca 'e e(t+ ,a( )+,=tca( 'e %(+ (+n m%5 2ara'a(.
T<cncamente a n2e, 'e re' ,a Internet )%e'e 'e9nr(e c+m+ %n c+n>%nt+ 'e re'e( + sistemas
autnomos
1
c+necta'+( entre (= :%e %t,?an e, )r+t+c+,+ 'e re' IP.
IP e( %na re' 'e 'atagrama(; n+ +renta'a a c+ne7!n; c+n (er2c+ @&e(t e99+rt@; e( 'ecr n+ +9rece ca,'a'
'e (er2c+ + A+# -A%a,t5 +9 #er2ce.
2
. La entrega 'e ,+( )a:%ete( n+ e(tB garant?a'a 5a :%e en
m+ment+( 'e c+nge(t!n <(t+( )%e'en (er 'e(carta'+( (n )re2+ a2(+ )+r ,+( r+%ter( :%e (e enc%entren
en e, tra5ect+.
3.2 EL DATARAMA I!
En %na re' IP a&(+,%tamente t+'a ,a n9+rmac!n 2a>a en 'atagrama( IP. E(t+ nc,%5e tant+ ,a
ntercam&a'a a n2e, 'e tran()+rte )+r TCP 5 UDP c+m+ c%a,:%er n9+rmac!n 'e c+ntr+, :%e tenga
:%e ntercam&ar(e; )+r e>em),+ )ara r+%tng 'nBmc+; men(a>e( 'e err+r; etc.
E, 'atagrama IP tene '+( )arte(* ca&ecera 5 te7t+C ,a ca&ecera tene %na )arte 9>a 'e 2D &5te( 5 %na
+)c+na, 'e entre D 5 /D &5te(. La ,+ngt%' t+ta, 'e ,a ca&ecera (em)re e( mE,t),+ 'e /C e(t+ garant?a
%n )r+ce(+ e9cente )+r )arte 'e e:%)+( -F+(t( + r+%ter(. c%5a ar:%tect%ra +)tm?a e, acce(+ a
'recc+ne( 'e mem+ra :%e e(t<n en 9r+ntera 'e 32 &t(. La e(tr%ct%ra 'e ,a ca&ecera IP e( ,a :%e (e
m%e(tra en ,a ta&,a 3.1.
Ca"#o Longitu$ %&it'(
Ver(!n /
I4L -Internet 4ea'er LengtF. /
D# -D99erentate' #er2ce(. 1
L+ngt%' t+ta, 16
I'ent9cac!n 16
Re(er2a'+ 1
DF -D+n@t Fragment. 1
MF -M+re Fragment(. 1
Fragment +99(et 13
TTL -Tme T+ L2e. 1
Pr+t+c+,+ -'e tran()+rte. 1
CFecG(%m -'e ca&ecera. 16
Drecc!n 'e +rgen 32
Drecc!n 'e 'e(tn+ 32
O)c+ne( D-32D
Ta&la 3.1.) E'tru*tura $e la *a&e*era $e un $atagra"a I!
E, cam)+ +er'i,n )ermte :%e c+e7(tan en ,a m(ma re' (n am&gHe'a' )a:%ete( 'e '(tnta( 2er(+ne(
'e IPC ,a 2er(!n act%a,mente %t,?a'a -:%e c+rrre()+n'e a ,a e(tr%ct%ra 'e 'atagrama :%e e(tam+(
2en'+. e( ,a /. C+m+ 2erem+( ma( tar'e; (e em)e?a a e7ten'er e, %(+ 'e %na n%e2a 2er(!n -,a 6. c+n
%na e(tr%ct%ra 'e 'atagrama '9erente.
1
MB( tar'e 'e9nrem+( e, (gn9ca'+ 'e, t<rmn+ sistema autnomo.
2
E(ta a9rmac!n e( nc+rrecta e(trctamente Fa&,an'+; 5a :%e recentemente (e Fan nc+r)+ra'+ %na (ere 'e me>+ra( 5 m+'9cac+ne(
:%e )ermten '()+ner 'e Ca,'a' 'e #er2c+ en %na re' IP.
2
E, N2e, 'e Re' en Internet
E, cam)+ I-L e()ec9ca ,a ,+ngt%' 'e ,a ca&ecera; 5a :%e <(ta )%e'e 2arar 'e&'+ a ,a )re(enca 'e
cam)+( +)c+na,e(. #e e()ec9ca en )a,a&ra( 'e 32 &t(. La ,+ngt%' m=nma e( " 5 ,a mB7ma 1"; :%e
e:%2a,e a /D &5te( 'e n9+rmac!n +)c+na,. La ,+ngt%' 'e ,a ca&ecera (em)re Fa 'e (er %n nEmer+
enter+ 'e )a,a&ra( 'e 32 &t(; )+r ,+ :%e ( ,a ,+ngt%' 'e ,+( cam)+( +)c+na,e( n+ e( %n mE,t),+ e7act+
'e 32 &t( (e aIa'e %n re,,en+ a, 9na, 'e ,a ca&ecera.
E, cam)+ Di..erentiate$ /er+i*e' Fa (%(tt%'+ recentemente a, ante( 'en+mna'+ t)+ 'e (er2c+. #%
9na,'a' e( m),ementar Ca,'a' 'e #er2c+ en re'e( IP me'ante ,a ar:%tect%ra 'en+mna'a
#er2c+( D9erenca'+( + D99(er2. La 'e(cr)c!n 'e e(te cam)+ 5 (% 9%nc+nament+ ,a Farem+( mB(
a'e,ante a, Fa&,ar 'e Ca,'a' 'e #er2c+.
E, cam)+ longitu$ total e()ec9ca ,a ,+ngt%' 'e, 'atagrama c+m),et+ -ca&ecera nc,%'a. en &5te(. E,
2a,+r mB7m+ e( 6""3" &5te(. E(te cam)+ (r2e )ara (a&er '+n'e termna e, 'atagrama n9+rmac!n :%e
e( rea,mente nece(ara (!,+ en m%5 )+c+( ca(+(; 5a :%e en ,a ma5+r=a 'e (t%ac+ne( )%e'e 'e'%cr(e a
)artr 'e ,a n9+rmac!n :%e )+(ee e, n2e, 'e en,ace. P+r e>em),+ en PPP; ATM + LAN( n+ EtFernet e,
n2e, 'e en,ace (a&e + )%e'e 'e'%cr 9Bc,mente ,a ,+ngt%' 'e, 'atagramaC e, Enc+ ca(+ en EtFernet
'+n'e e( )rec(+ n'car ,a ,+ngt%' 'e, 'atagrama e( c%an'+ (e %t,?a enca)(%,a'+ DIJ -'+n'e e,
cam)+ ,+ngt%' (e Fa reem),a?a'+ )+r e, cam)+ EtFert5)e. 5 (e en2=a %na trama :%e n+ ,,ega a 6/ &5te(C
en e(te ca(+ ,a trama c+nten'rB re,,en+ 5 ,a Enca 9+rma 'e a2erg%ar '+n'e em)e?a <(te e( a )artr 'e
,a ,+ngt%' t+ta, n'ca'a en ,a ca&ecera IP.
L+( c%atr+ cam)+( (g%ente( -I'ent9cac!n; DF; MF 5 Fragment O99(et. e(tBn re,ac+na'+( c+n ,a
9ragmentac!n 'e 'atagrama( :%e e7),carem+( mB( a'e,ante.
E, cam)+ TTL -Tme T+ L2e. (r2e )ara 'e(cartar %n 'atagrama c%an'+ Fa 'a'+ %n nEmer+ e7ce(2+
'e (a,t+( + Fa )a(a'+ %n tem)+ e7ce(2+ 2a>an'+ )+r ,a re' 5 e( )re(%m&,emente nEt,. #e trata 'e %n
c+nta'+r regre(2+ :%e n'ca e, tem)+ 'e 2'a re(tante 'e, 'atagrama me''+ en (eg%n'+(; 'e 9+rma
:%e ( ,,ega a 2a,er cer+ e, 'atagrama 'e&e (er 'e(carta'+. A'emB( ca'a r+%ter )+r e, :%e )a(a 'cF+
'atagrama e(tB +&,ga'+ a re(tar %n+ 'e, TTL; n'e)en'entemente 'e, tem)+ :%e tar'e en reen2ar,+.
E(t+ e2ta :%e )+r a,gEn )r+&,ema en ,a( r%ta( (e )r+'%?can &%c,e( 5 %n 'atagrama )ermane?ca
@9,+tan'+@ n'e9n'amente en ,a re'. Para me'r e, tem)+ :%e %n 'atagrama em),ea en )a(ar 'e %n
r+%ter a +tr+ (er=a )rec(+ :%e ,+( re,+>e( 'e am&+( e(t%2eran (ncr+n?a'+(C c+m+ e(t+ n+ (em)re
+c%rre en ,a )rBctca e, tem)+ en trBn(t+ (e gn+ra 5 e, TTL (e c+n2erte (m),emente en %n c+nta'+r
'e (a,t+(C en m%cFa( m),ementac+ne( n (:%era c%an'+ e, 'atagrama e(ta ma( 'e %n (eg%n'+
e()eran'+ en %n r+%ter (e '(mn%5e )+r e,,+ e, 2a,+r 'e, TTL; a%n:%e e(t+ +c%rre raramente. En e, ca(+
)artc%,ar 'e )r+'%cr(e 9ragmentac!n e, F+(t rece)t+r (= )%e'e retener 'atagrama( '%rante 2ar+(
(eg%n'+(; mentra( e()era a rec&r t+'+( ,+( 9ragment+(C en e(te ca(+ e, F+(t (= '(mn%rB e, 2a,+r 'e,
TTL en %n+ )+r ca'a (eg%n'+ 'e e()era; )%'en'+ ,,egar a 'e(cartar 'atagrama( )+r e(te m+t2+; c+m+
2erem+( mB( a'e,ante. E( Fa&t%a, %t,?ar )ara e, TTL ,+( 2a,+re( 6/ + 2"". E, c+man'+ 'e )r%e&a )ng
)ermte 9>ar e, 2a,+r nca, 'e, TTL en ,+( 'atagrama( 'e )r%e&a en2a'+(C )+r e>em),+ en ,+( ((tema(
+)erat2+( Kn'+K( (e %t,?a )ara e(te 9n ,a +)c!n i 'e, c+man'+ )ng.
E, cam)+ #roto*olo e()ec9ca a :%e )r+t+c+,+ 'e, n2e, 'e tran()+rte c+rre()+n'e e, 'atagrama. La
ta&,a 'e )r+t+c+,+( 2B,'+( 5 (%( c+rre()+n'ente( nEmer+( (+n c+ntr+,a'+( )+r e, IANA -Internet
A((gne' N%m&er A%tF+rt5. 5 )%e'en c+n(%,tar(e en (% Ke&; KKK.ana.+rgLn%m&er(.Ftm,. La ta&,a 3.2
m%e(tra a t=t%,+ 'e e>em),+ a,g%n+( 'e ,+( )+(&,e( 2a,+re( 'e e(te cam)+.
3
Valor !roto*olo De'*ri#*i,n
D Re(er2a'+
1 ICMP Internet C+ntr+, Me((age Pr+t+c+,
2 IGMP Internet Gr+%) Management Pr+t+c+,
3 GGP GateKa5-t+-GateKa5 Pr+t+c+,
/ IP IP en IP -enca)(%,a'+.
" #T #tream
6 TCP Tran(m((+n C+ntr+, Pr+t+c+,
1 EGP E7ter+r GateKa5 Pr+t+c+,
10 UDP U(er Datagram Pr+t+c+,
2$ I#O-TP/ I#O Tran()+rt Pr+t+c+, C,a(e /
31 IDRP-CMTP IDRP C+ntr+, Me((age Tran()+rt Pr+t+c+,
1D I#O-IP I#O Internet Pr+t+c+, -CLNP.
11 IGRP Inter+r GateKa5 R+%tng Pr+t+c+, -C(c+.
1$ O#PF O)en #F+rte(t PatF Fr(t
2"" Re(er2a'+
Ta&la 3.2.) E0e"#lo $e +alore' 1 'igni.i*a$o' $el *a"#o #roto*olo en un $atagra"a
Merece ,a )ena ,,amar ,a atenc!n (+&re e, 2a,+r / 'e, cam)+ )r+t+c+,+; :%e e(tB re(er2a'+ )ara e, %(+
'e IP )ara tran()+rtar IP; e( 'ecr a, enca)(%,a'+ 'e %n 'atagrama IP 'entr+ 'e +tr+. E(ta t<cnca )ermte
rea,?ar %n encamnament+ 'e('e e, +rgen 'e ,+( )a:%ete( enca)(%,an'+ e, 'atagrama en +tr+ 'rg'+
a, n+'+ nterme'+ )+r e, :%e :%erem+( )a(ar. E(t+ e( c+m+ ( )ara en2ar %na carta a #e2,,a 2=a
Ma'r' met<ram+( e, (+&re 'rg'+ a #e2,,a en +tr+ :%e ,,e2e %na 'recc!n 'e Ma'r'C ,a carta
,,egar=a a Ma'r' 5 'e a,,= (e en2ar=a a #e2,,a.
E, cam)+ *2e*3'u" (r2e )ara 'etectar err+re( )r+'%c'+( en ,a ca&ecera 'e, 'atagramaC n+ e( %n CRC
(n+ e, c+m),ement+ a %n+ en 16 &t( 'e ,a (%ma c+m),ement+ a %n+ 'e t+'a ,a ca&ecera t+ma'a en
cam)+( 'e 16 &t( -nc,%'+( ,+( cam)+( +)c+na,e( ( ,+( Fa5.. Para e, cB,c%,+ e, cam)+ cFecG(%m (e
)+ne a (= m(m+ a cer+(. E, cFecG(%m )ermte (a,2ag%ar'ar a, 'atagrama 'e %na a,terac!n en a,g%n+ 'e
,+( cam)+( 'e ,a ca&ecera :%e )%'era )r+'%cr(e )+r e>em),+ )+r %n )r+&,ema Far'Kare en %n r+%ter.
O&(<r2e(e :%e e, cFecG(%m (+,+ c%&re ,a ca&ecera 'e, 'atagrama; n+ ,+( 'at+(. E, cam)+ cFecG(%m (e Fa
'e reca,c%,ar en ca'a (a,t+; 5a :%e a, men+( e, TTL cam&a. En r+%ter( c+n m%cF+ trB9c+ e, recB,c%,+
'e, cFecG(%m (%)+ne %n nc+n2enente 'e('e e, )%nt+ 'e 2(ta 'e ren'ment+.
L+( cam)+( $ire**i,n $e origen 5 $ire**i,n $e $e'tino c+rre()+n'en a 'recc+ne( IP 'e c%atr+ &5te(
(egEn e, 9+rmat+ :%e 2erem+( ,%eg+.
L+( cam)+( +)c+na,e( 'e ,a ca&ecera n+ (em)re e(tBn (+)+rta'+( en ,+( r+%ter( 5 (e %t,?an m%5
raramente. Ca'a cam)+ +)c+na, e(tB c+m)%e(t+ )+r %na et:%eta; (eg%'a +)c+na,mente 'e
n9+rmac!n a'c+na,. L+( mB( m)+rtante( (+n ,+( (g%ente(*
o Record route (registrar la ruta)* E(ta +)c!n (+,cta a ,+( r+%ter( )+r ,+( :%e )a(a :%e an+ten
(% 'recc!n en ,a ca&ecera 'e, 'atagrama; c+n ,+ :%e a, 9na, 'e, tra5ect+ (e '()+ne 'e %na
tra?a 'e ,a r%ta (eg%'a )ara 9ne( 'e )r%e&a + 'agn!(tc+ 'e )r+&,ema(. E(t+ e( c+m+ ( ca'a
r+%ter e(tam)ara (% (e,,+ en e, 'atagrama ante( 'e reen2ar,+. E, mB7m+ 'e 'recc+ne( :%e
)%e'e reg(trar(e e( 'e $; 5a :%e ( (e reg(traran 1D (e +c%)ar=an ,+( /D &5te( 'e +)c+ne( 5 n+
:%e'ar=a (t+ )ara ,a )r+)a +)c!n rec+r' r+%te. E, c+man'+ 'e )r%e&a )ng )ermte (+,ctar
e, %(+ 'e e(te cam)+ )ara reg(trar ,a r%taC )+r e>em),+ en ,+( ((tema( +)erat2+( Kn'+K( (e
%t,?a )ara e(te 9n ,a +)c!n r 'e, c+man'+ )ng.
o Timestamp (marca de tiempos)* e(ta +)c!n actEa 'e manera (m,ar a rec+r' r+%te; )er+ e,
r+%ter en ,%gar 'e an+tar (% 'recc!n an+ta e, n(tante -tem)+ 'e('e ,a me'an+cFe en
m,(eg%n'+(. en e, :%e e, 'atagrama )a(a )+r <,C e( %n cam)+ enter+ 'e 32 &t(. Tam&<n
)%e'e ac+m)aIar(e e, tme(tam) 'e ,a 'recc!n IP 'e, r+%terC en e(te ca(+ ca'a an+tac!n
+c%)a +cF+ &5te( 5 (+,+ )%e'en )r+'%cr(e c%atr+ 5a :%e ,a :%nta (%)erar=a e, tamaI+ mB7m+
'e, cam)+ +)c+ne( -,a )r+)a n'cac!n 'e :%e (e trata 'e %n cam)+ tme(tam) 5a +c%)a
c%atr+ &5te(.. E, c+man'+ 'e )r%e&a )ng )ermte (+,ctar e, %(+ 'e e(te cam)+ )ara reg(trar
,a r%ta 5 F+raC )+r e>em),+ en ,+( ((tema( +)erat2+( Kn'+K( (e %t,?a )ara e(te 9n ,a +)c!n
-s 'e, c+man'+ )ng.
/
o Source routing (encaminamiento desde el origen)* )ermte a, em(+r e()ec9car ,a r%ta :%e
'e&e (eg%r e, 'atagrama Fa(ta ,,egar a (% 'e(tn+. E7(ten '+( 2arante(* strict source routing
(encaminamiento estricto desde el origen) e()ec9ca ,a r%ta e7acta (a,t+ a (a,t+; 'e m+'+ :%e (
en a,gEn ca(+ ,a r%ta marca'a n+ e( 9act&,e (e )r+'%crB %n err+r -%na r%ta n+ e( 9act&,e
c%an'+ e, r+%ter (g%ente en ,a (ec%enca n+ e( acce(&,e 'rectamente; e( 'ecr a n2e, 'e
en,ace; 'e('e e, r+%ter act%a,.. E, 9%nc+nament+ 'e e(ta +)c!n e( e:%2a,ente a, 'e ,+(
)%ente( c+n encamnament+ 'e('e e, +rgen. La +)c!n loose source routing (encaminamiento
aproximado desde el origen) n'ca %na (ere 'e r+%ter( )+r ,+( :%e 'e&e )a(ar %n 'atagrama;
)er+ 'e>a ,a )+(&,'a' 'e )a(ar )+r +tr+( n+ e()ec9ca'+( )ara ,,egar a, (g%ente r+%ter
marca'+ en ,a (ec%enca. La ,mtac!n en ,a ,+ngt%' 'e ,a( +)c+ne( m)+ne tam&<n a:%= %n
,=mte mB7m+ en e, nEmer+ 'e (a,t+( :%e )%e'en e()ec9car(e en e(ta( +)c+ne(; )+r ,+ :%e a
men%'+ (e %t,?a en (% ,%gar ,a t<cnca ante( 'e(crta 'e enca)(%,a'+ IP en IP. Am&a( 2arante(
actEan tam&<n c+m+ rec+r' r+%te; )%e( ,a (ec%enca n+ (e 2a &+rran'+ a me''a :%e (e %t,?a
c+n ,+ :%e a, 9na, 'e, tra5ect+ e, cam)+ +)c+ne( c+ntene ,a r%ta :%e (e Fa %t,?a'+. E,
c+man'+ 'e )r%e&a )ng )ermte (+,ctar e, %(+ 'e e(t+( cam)+ )ara e()ec9car ,a r%taC )+r
e>em),+ en ,+( ((tema( +)erat2+( Kn'+K( (e %t,?an ,a( +)c+ne( j 5 k )ara n'car ,++(e
(+%rce r+%tng 5 (trct (+%rce r+%tng; re()ect2amente.
E, %(+ 'e ,+( cam)+( +)c+na,e( 'e ,a ca&ecera IP tene genera,mente )r+&,ema( 'e ren'ment+; 5a :%e
,a( m),ementac+ne( 'e ,+( r+%ter( +)tm?an e, c!'g+ )ara ,a( (t%ac+ne( n+rma,e(; e( 'ecr )ara
'atagrama( (n cam)+( +)c+na,e(. A%n en e, ca(+ 'e :%e ,a( +)c+ne( e(t<n m),ementa'a( ,+ FarBn
genera,mente 'e 9+rma )+c+ e9cente; 5a :%e en e, '(eI+ 'e, e:%)+ n+ (e Fa FecF+ <n9a(( en (%
+)tm?ac!n. P+r tant+ (+,+ 'e&en %t,?ar(e en (t%ac+ne( 'e )r%e&a + 'agn!(tc+ 'e err+re(; n%nca en
ent+rn+( en )r+'%cc!n.
3.2.1 4rag"enta*i,n
E, tamaI+ 'e %n 'atagrama IP (e e()ec9ca en %n cam)+ 'e '+( &5te( en ,a ca&ecera; )+r ,+ :%e (% 2a,+r
mB7m+ e( 'e 6""3" &5te(; )er+ m%5 )+c+( )r+t+c+,+( + tecn+,+g=a( a n2e, 'e en,ace a'mten en2ar
trama( 'e (eme>ante tamaI+. N+rma,mente e, n2e, 'e en,ace n+ 9ragmenta
3
; )+r ,+ :%e ten'rB :%e (er
IP e, :%e a'a)te e, tamaI+ 'e ,+( 'atagrama( )ara :%e :%e)an en ,a( trama( 'e, n2e, 'e en,aceC )+r
tant+ en ,a )rBctca e, tamaI+ mB7m+ 'e, 'atagrama 2ene 'etermna'+ )+r e, tamaI+ mB7m+ 'e
trama caracter=(tc+ 'e ,a re' %t,?a'a. E(te tamaI+ mB7m+ 'e 'atagrama (e c+n+ce c+m+ MTU
-Ma7m%m Tran(9er Unt.. La ta&,a 3.3 m%e(tra a,g%n+( e>em),+( 'e 2a,+re( 'e MTU caracter=(tc+( 'e
,a( re'e( mB( Fa&t%a,e(.
!roto*olo a ni+el $e enla*e MTU %&1te'(
PPP -2a,+r )+r 'e9ect+. 1"DD
PPP -&a>+ retar'+. 2$6
#LIP 1DD6 -,=mte +rgna,.
J.2" 16DD -RFC 13"6.
Frame re,a5 16DD n+rma,mente -'e)en'e 'e ,a re'.
#MD# $23"
EtFernet DIJ 1"DD
EtFernet LLC-#NAP 1/$2
IEEE 1D2./L1D2.2 1166
T+Gen Rng 16 M&L( 10$/D -t+Gen F+,'ng tme 1 m(.
T+Gen Rng / M&L( ///D -t+Gen F+,'ng tme 1 m(.
FDDI /3"2
45)ercFanne, 6""3"
C,a((ca, IP +2er ATM $11D
Ta&la 3.3.) Valor $e MTU #ara lo' #roto*olo' "5' *o"une' a ni+el $e enla*e.
3
E7(ten a,g%na( e7ce)c+ne( a e(t+; (en'+ ,a( mB( c+n+c'a( J.2" 5 ATM. J.2" %t,?a n+rma,mente )a:%ete( 'e 121 &5te( 5 ATM
em),ea ce,'a( 'e /1 &5te(. En am&+( ca(+( e, n2e, 'e Men,aceN -J.2" + ATM. '()+ne 'e mecan(m+( 'e 9ragmentac!n )r+)+( 'e
9+rma :%e e, tamaI+ :%e IP )erc&e e( ma5+r -Fa(ta 16DD &5te( en e, ca(+ 'e J.2" 5 Fa(ta $11D en e, 'e ATM..
"
P+'em+( '(tng%r '+( (t%ac+ne( en ,a( :%e (e )r+'%ce 9ragmentac!n. La )rmera; :%e )+'em+(
'en+mnar fragmentacin en ruta; (e )r+'%ce c%an'+ %n 'atagrama e( crea'+ )+r %n F+(t en %na re'
c+n %n 2a,+r 'etermna'+ 'e MTU 5 en (% camn+ Faca e, F+(t 'e 'e(tn+ Fa 'e )a(ar )+r +tra re' c+n
%na MTU men+r. P+r e>em),+ %n 'atagrama crea'+ en %na T+Gen Rng c+n MTU 'e ///D &5te( 'rg'+
a %na EtFernet c+n MTU 'e 1"DD &5te(. En e(t+( ca(+( e, r+%ter :%e Face ,a tran(c!n a ,a re' 'e MTU
men+r Fa 'e 9ragmentar ,+( 'atagrama( )ara :%e n+ e7ce'an e, tamaI+ 'e ,a n%e2a re'.
La (eg%n'a; :%e )+'em+( ,,amar fragmentacin en origen; (e )r+'%ce c+m+ c+n(ec%enca 'e, '(eI+ 'e
,a a),cac!n. P+r e>em),+ m%cFa( m),ementac+ne( 'e NF# generan 'atagrama( 'e 1 O&5te( 'e 'at+(
-1212 &5te( c+n ,a ca&ecera IP.. Un F+(t en %na re' EtFernet :%e %t,ce NF# ten'rB :%e 9ragmentar
ca'a 'atagrama en (e( 9ragment+( ante( 'e en2ar,+; a%n c%an'+ e, F+(t 'e +rgen 5 'e(tn+ (e
enc%entren am&+( en e, m(m+ c+ncentra'+r 'e EtFernet. C+m+ )+'em+( 2er en ,a ta&,a 3.3 (+,+ %na
mn+r=a 'e ,a( re'e( e7(tente (+)+rta 'atagrama( NF# (n 9ragmentar.
E7(te %na 9%erte )+,<mca (+&re ,a c+n2enenca 'e :%e rea,ce ,a 9ragmentac!n en r%ta; 5a :%e e(t+
)er>%'ca (eramente ,a e9cenca 'e ,+( r+%ter( )+r ,a carga 'e CPU :%e (%)+ne 5 ,a 'e ,a re' 5a :%e ,a
)r+&a&,'a' 'e )er'er a,gEn 9rament+ e( ma5+r 5 en e(e ca(+ e( )rec(+ reen2ar t+'+( ,+( 9ragment+(.
En genera, (e c+n('era )re9er&,e rea,?ar ,a 9ragmentac!n en +rgen (em)re :%e e(t+ (ea )+(&,e. Una
9+rma 9Bc, 'e c+n(eg%r,+ e( %t,?ar %n MTU 'e 1"DD; 2a,+r :%e e( (+)+rta'+ )+r ,a ma5+r=a 'e ,a(
re'e( e7(tente(; c+n ,+ :%e (e mnm?an ,+( ca(+( en :%e ,+( r+%ter( Fan 'e rec%rrr a ,a 9ragmentac!n.
Otra 9+rma 'e e2tar ,a 9ragmentac!n e( em),ear ,a t<cnca 'e 'e(c%&rment+ 'e ,a MTU 'e, tra5ect+
:%e 'e(cr&rem+( mB( tar'e.
La 9ragmentac!n (e Face c+rtan'+ ,a )arte 'e 'at+( 'e, 'atagrama en tr+?+( ta,e( :%e ca'a 9ragment+
c+n (% ca&ecera :%e)a en ,a MTU 'e ,a n%e2a re' -re'+n'ea'+ )+r a&a>+ )ara :%e ,a cant'a' 'e 'at+(
(ea mE,t),+ 'e +cF+ &5te( .. T+'+( ,+( cam)+( 'e ,a ca&ecera 'e, 'atagrama +rgna, (e re),can en ,+(
9ragment+( e7ce)t+ a:%e,,+( :%e (e em),ean )ara '(tng%r ,+( 9ragment+( 5 :%e 'e(cr&rem+( a
c+ntn%ac!n. Una 2e? 9ragmenta'+ %n 'atagrama n+ (e reen(am&,a Fa(ta :%e ,,eg%e a, F+(t 'e 'e(tn+;
a%n c%an'+ en e, tra5ect+ )a(e a re'e( :%e a'mtan %na MTU ma5+r. L+( e(tBn'are( Internet
rec+men'an :%e t+'a( ,a( re'e( :%e (+)+rten TCPLIP tengan %na MTU 'e a, men+( "06 &5te( 5 e(ta
c+n'c!n ,a c%m),en ,a ma5+r=a 'e ,a( re'e(; a%n:%e n+ t+'a(. La MTU m=nma m)re(cn'&,e )ara
9%nc+nar en TCPLIP e( 'e 61 &5te(; 2a,+r :%e c+rre()+n'e a 6D &5te( 'e ca&ecera -e, mB7m+ c+n t+'+(
,+( cam)+( +)c+na,e(. 5 1 &5te( 'e 'at+(; :%e e( e, 9ragment+ m=nm+ 'e 'at+( :%e )%e'e Facer(e.
E, cam)+ I$enti.i*a*i,n 'e ,a ca&ecera IP ,+ %(a e, em(+r )ara marcar en +rgen ca'a 'atagrama
emt'+C 'e e(ta 9+rma en ca(+ 'e :%e (e )r+'%?ca 9ragmentac!n e, rece)t+r )+'rB rec+n+cer ,a( )arte(
:%e c+rre()+n'en a, m(m+ 'atagrama +rgna,; 5a :%e t+'a( rBn ac+m)aIa'a( 'e ,a m(ma
'ent9cac!n.
E, &t D4 -D+n@t Fragment. c%an'+ e(tB a 1 n'ca a ,+( r+%ter( :%e e(te 'atagrama n+ 'e&e
9ragmentar(e. N+rma,mente e(t+ (e Face )+r %n+ 'e ,+( '+( m+t2+( (g%ente(*
a. E, rece)t+r n+ e(tB ca)acta'+ )ara reen(am&,ar ,+( 9ragment+(. P+r e>em),+ c%an'+ %n
+r'ena'+r arranca (% ((tema +)erat2+ a tra2<( 'e ,a re' n+rma,mente e, (+9tKare :%e tene
)ara ncar e, )r+ce(+ e( m%5 (enc,,+ 5 n+ (+)+rta e, reen(am&,a'+. En e(te ca(+ e, +r'ena'+r
(+,ctarB :%e e, e>ec%ta&,e c+rre()+n'ente (e ,e en2=e c+m+ %n Enc+ 'atagrama.
E2'entemente )ara :%e e(t+ (ea )+(&,e (erB nece(ar+ :%e e, tra5ect+ c+m),et+ )+r e, :%e Fa
'e tran(tar e(e 'atagrama (+)+rte e, tamaI+ 'e MTU c+rre()+n'ente.
&. C%an'+ (e a),ca ,a t<cnca 'e 'e(c%&rment+ 'e ,a MTU 'e, tra5ect+ + M)atF MTU '(c+2er5N
)ara a2erg%ar ,a MTU 'e %na r%ta. E(ta t<cnca c+n((te en :%e e, F+(t 'e +rgen en2=a %n
'atagrama 'e, tamaI+ mB7m+ a, F+(t 'e 'e(tn+ c+n e, &t DF )%e(t+C ( e, 'atagrama n+
)%e'e )a(ar en a,gEn )%nt+ 'e, tra5ect+ e, r+%ter c+rre()+n'ente genera %n men(a>e 'e err+r
:%e e( 'e2%e,t+ a, F+(t em(+rC ent+nce( e(te en2=a +tr+ 'atagrama ma( )e:%eI+; tam&<n c+n e,
&t DF a 1 5 a(= (%ce(2amente; Fa(ta :%e c+n(g%e :%e a,gEn 'atagrama )a(e (n 9ragmentar a,
F+(t 'e 'e(tn+C tantean'+ 'e e(ta 9+rma c+n(g%e a2erg%ar c%a, e( ,a mB7ma MTU 'e ,a r%ta
5 a )artr 'e aF= %t,?a e(te c+m+ 2a,+r mB7m+ )ara t+'+( ,+( 'atagrama(
/
. Para ace,erar e,
)r+ce(+ 'e tante+ a,g%n+( r+%ter( nc+r)+ran en ,+( men(a>e( 'e err+r n9+rmac!n (+&re ,a
MTU mB7ma :%e )%e'e a'mtr ,a re' :%e Fa )r+2+ca'+ e, recFa?+.
/
E(ta t<cnca (%)+ne :%e ,a r%ta n+ (e m+'9carB '%rante ,a (e(!n; c+(a :%e n+ (em)re e( certa. A,g%na( m),ementac+ne( re2(an ,a
MTU 'e, tra5ect+ )er!'camente '%rante ,a (e(!n )ara a(eg%rar(e 'e :%e (e e(tB %t,?an'+ e, 2a,+r !)tm+ en ca'a m+ment+ -2er e,
e>ercc+ nEmer+ 1/..
6
E, c+man'+ 'e )r%e&a )ng )ermte e()ec9car ,a n+ 9ragmentac!n. P+r e>em),+ en ,+( ((tema(
+)erat2+( Kn'+K( (e %t,?a )ara e(te 9n ,a +)c!n f. E(t+ c+m&na'+ c+n ,a e()ec9cac!n 'e %n
'termna'+ tamaI+ 'e )a:%ete -+)c!n l en Kn'+K(. )ermte Facer (+n'e+( man%a,e( 'e ,a MTU 'e
%n tra5ect+; ,+ c%a, re(%,ta m%5 Et, en ,a re(+,%c!n 'e )r+&,ema( + en )r%e&a( 'e ren'ment+.
E, &t M4 -M+re Fragment(. )%e(t+ a 1 e()ec9ca :%e e(te 'atagrama e( rea,mente %n 9ragment+ 'e %n
'atagrama ma5+r; 5 :%e n+ e( e, E,tm+. # e(tB a D n'ca :%e e(te e( e, E,tm+ 9ragment+ + &en :%e e,
'atagrama n+ Fa ('+ 9ragmenta'+.
E, cam)+ 4rag"ent o..'et (r2e )ara n'car; en e, ca(+ 'e :%e e, 'atagrama (ea %n 9ragment+; en :%e
)+(c!n 'e, 'atagrama +rgna, (e (tEan ,+( 'at+( :%e c+ntene. L+( c+rte( (em)re (e rea,?an en
mE,t),+ 'e 1 &5te(; :%e e( ,a %n'a' e,ementa, 'e 9ragmentac!n; )+r ,+ :%e e, Fragment +99(et c%enta
,+( &5te( en gr%)+( 'e 1. Graca( a e(+ e(te c+nta'+r re:%ere Encamente 13 &t( en 2e? 'e ,+( 16 :%e
Far=an 9a,ta ( c+ntara &5te( -2
13
P11$2; 11$2 7 1 P 6""36.. De ,+( tre( &t( :%e (e ganan '+( (e %t,?an
en ,+( 9,ag( DF 5 MF 5 e, tercer+ n+ (e %t,?a.
L+( 9ragment+( 'e %n 'atagrama )%e'en ,,egar 'e(+r'ena'+( a (% 'e(tn+C e, rece)t+r )+'rB
'ent9car,+( graca( a, cam)+ I'ent9cac!n. La ,+ngt%' t+ta, 'e, 'atagrama )%e'e ca,c%,ar,a c%an'+
rec&e e, E,tm+ 9ragment+ -'ent9ca'+ )+r e, &t MF a D. a )artr 'e ,+( cam)+( L+ngt%' 5 Fragment
+99(etC ,a ,+ngt%' (erB fragment_offset* ! longitud.
C%an'+ (e 9ragmenta %n 'atagrama e, F+(t rece)t+r retene en (% &%99er ,+( 9ragment+( 5 ,+( reen(am&,a
c%an'+ ,+( Fa rec&'+ t+'+(. Mentra( mantene reten'+ %n 9ragment+ e, F+(t 2a re(tan'+ ca'a (eg%n'+
%na %n'a' a, cam)+ TTL. C%an'+ e, 2a,+r 'e TTL e( g%a, a cer+ 'e(carta e, 9ragment+. # a,g%n+ 'e
,+( 9ragment+( 'e %n 'atagrama (e )er'e e, re(t+ termnarBn 'e(a)arecen'+ a me''a :%e ag+ten (%
TTL. N+ e7(te nngEn mecan(m+ en IP :%e c+ntem),e e, reen2=+ 'e 'atagrama( + 'e 9ragment+(. # e,
)r+t+c+,+ %t,?a'+ a n2e, (%)er+r c+ntem),a reen2=+ 'e )a:%ete( )er''+( -)+r e>em),+ TCP a n2e, 'e
tran()+rte. (e )r+2+carB e, reen2=+ 'e, 'atagrama c+rre()+n'ente. N+rma,mente e, (eg%n'+ en2=+ (e
2erB (+met'+ a ,a m(ma 9ragmentac!n :%e e, )rmer+; )er+ e, (eg%n'+ n+ )+'rB en nngEn ca(+
a)r+2ecFar 9ragment+( re('%a,e( :%e )%'era Fa&er en e, F+(t rece)t+r c+rre()+n'ente( a, )rmer
en2=+; 5a :%e 'e('e e, )%nt+ 'e 2(ta 'e, n2e, IP (e trata 'e '+( 'atagrama( '(tnt+( e n'e)en'ente(
:%e rec&en 'ent9cac+ne( '9erente(.
Veam+( %n e>em),+ 'e c!m+ (e )r+'%cr=a ,a 9ragmentac!n en r%ta 'e %n 'atagrama. #%)+ngam+( :%e
generam+( en %na re' T+Gen Rng %n 'atagrama 'e /DDD &5te( 'e 'at+( -e( 'ecr /DDD &5te( mB( ,a
ca&ecera IP. :%e Fa 'e )a(ar )+r %na re' EtFernet DIJ -MTU 'e 1"DD &5te(.C e, re(%,ta'+ 'e ,a
9ragmentac!n (erB e, (g%ente*
Ca"#o' $e *a&e*era en $atagra"a I! Dato'
Datagrama
Orgna,
I' P J L P /D2D DF P D MF P D O99(et P D A3CDEF G4I8OL
MNOP
Fragment+ 1 I' P J L P 1"DD DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P D A3CDEF
Fragment+ 2 I' P J L P 1"DD DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P 11" G4I8OL
Fragment+ 3 I' P J L P 1D6D DF P D MF P D O99(et P 30D MNOP
E, )rmer 5 (eg%n'+ 9ragment+( c+nten'rBn 1/1D &5te( 'e 'at+( 5 2D 'e ca&eceraC e, tercer+ ten'rB 1D/D
'e 'at+( 5 2D 'e ca&ecera.
P%e'e (%ce'er :%e %n 'atagrama :%e Fa ('+ 9ragmenta'+ en %n )%nt+ 'etermna'+ 'e ,a r%ta tenga :%e
(er 9ragmenta'+ 'e n%e2+ mB( tar'e )+r:%e )a(e a +tra re' 'e MTU a%n men+r. #%)+ngam+( :%e ,+(
9ragment+( 2 5 3 anter+re( )a(an 'e()%<( )+r %na re' PPP c+n &a>+ retar'+ -MTU 'e 2$6 &5te(.C e,
re(%,ta'+ (erB e, (g%ente*
0
Fragment+ 2 I' P J L P 1"DD DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P 11" G4I8OL
Fragment+
2a
I' P J L P 2$2 DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P 11" G
Fragment+
2&
I' P J L P 2$2 DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P 21$ 4
Fragment+
2c
I' P J L P 2$2 DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P 2"3 I
Fragment+
2'
I' P J L P 2$2 DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P 210 8
Fragment+
2e
I' P J L P 2$2 DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P 321 O
Fragment+ 29 I' P J L P 1/D DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P 3"" L
Fragment+ 3 I' P J L P 1D6D DF P D MF P D O99(et P 30D MNOP
Fragment+
3a
I' P J L P 2$2 DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P 30D M
Fragment+
3&
I' P J L P 2$2 DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P /D/ N
Fragment+
3c
I' P J L P 2$2 DF P D MF P 1 O99(et P /31 O
Fragment+
3'
I' P J L P 2// DF P D MF P D O99(et P /02 P
A:%= ca'a 9ragment+ -e7ce)t+ e, E,tm+ 'e ca'a gr%)+. ,,e2a 202 &5te( 'e 'at+( 5 2D 'e ca&ecera.
A%n:%e ,a MTU )+(&,e e( 'e 2$6 &5te( ,+( 'atagrama( genera'+( (+n 'e 2$2 &5te( )+r:%e ,a )arte 'e
'at+( 'e ,+( 9ragment+( (em)re 'e&e (er mE,t),+ 'e 1 &5te(. O&(<r2e(e :%e 'e()%<( 'e %na
9ragmentac!n mE,t),e (+,+ e, E,tm+ 9ragment+ 'e, E,tm+ gr%)+ -e, 3' en n%e(tr+ e>em),+. tene
)%e(t+ a D e, &t MF.
E( ntere(ante ana,?ar e, c+m)+rtament+ 'e ,+( cam)+( +)c+na,e( c%an'+ (e rea,?a 9ragmentac!n.
P+r e>em),+ e, cam)+ +)c+na, #trct #+%rce R+%te (e re),ca en t+'+( ,+( 9ragment+( 5a :%e 'e ,+
c+ntrar+ n+ )%e'e a(eg%rar(e :%e t+'+( 2a5an )+r ,a r%ta n'ca'a. L+ m(m+ +c%rre c+n e, cam)+
L++(e #+%rce R+%tng. En e, ca(+ 'e ,+( cam)+( Rec+r' R+%te 5 Tme(tam) ,+( cam)+( +)c+na,e( (+,+
(e c+)an en e, )rmer 9ragment+; ,+ c%a, (%)+ne :%e ,+( 'emB( )%e'en r )+r +tra( r%ta(C )er+ (e (%)+ne
:%e en e(ta( +)c+ne( n+ (e :%ere +&,gar a %t,?ar %n tra5ect+ 'etermna'+; (n+ (m),emente (e
)reten'e +&tener n9+rmac!n (+&re ,a r%ta %t,?a'aC en e(ta( c+n'c+ne( (e Fa c+n('era'+ ra?+na&,e
(%mn(trar Encamente ,a n9+rmac!n re,at2a a, )rmer 9ragment+ 'e ,a (ec%enca; e2tan'+ a(= e,
c+(t+ :%e (%)+n'r=a e>ec%tar ,a +)c!n )ara ca'a 9ragment+; ,+ c%a, en ,a ma5+r=a 'e ,+( ca(+( 'ar=a (+,+
n9+rmac!n re'%n'ante.
3.3 DIRECCIONE/ I!
Ca'a nter9a? 'e re' 'e ca'a n+'+ -F+(t + r+%ter. en %na re' IP (e 'ent9ca me'ante a, men+( %na
'recc!n Enca 'e 32 &t(. La( 'recc+ne( IP (e (%e,en re)re(entar )+r c%atr+ nEmer+( 'ecma,e(
(e)ara'+( )+r )%nt+(; :%e e:%2a,en a, 2a,+r 'e ca'a %n+ 'e ,+( c%atr+ &5te( :%e c+m)+nen ,a 'recc!n.
P+r e>em),+ %na 'recc!n IP 2B,'a (er=a 1/0.1"6.23.2D1.
# %n n+'+ '()+ne 'e 2ara( nter9ace( 9=(ca( -c+(a Fa&t%a, en ,+( r+%ter(. ca'a %na 'e e,,a( 'e&erB
tener nece(aramente %na 'recc!n IP '(tnta ( (e 'e(ea :%e (ea acce(&,e 'e 9+rma '9erenca'a )ara
e(te )r+t+c+,+. E( )+(&,e tam&<n 5 en a,g%na( (t%ac+ne( re(%,ta Et,; 'e9nr 2ara( 'recc+ne( IP
a(+ca'a( a %na m(ma nter9a? 9=(ca.
1
C+m+ +c%rre en ,a ma5+r=a 'e ,a( re'e( ,a( 'recc+ne( IP tenen %na e(tr%ct%ra >erBr:%ca. Una )arte 'e
,a 'recc!n c+rre()+n'e a ,a re'; 5 ,a +tra a, F+(t 'entr+ 'e ,a re'. C%an'+ %n r+%ter rec&e %n
'atagrama )+r %na 'e (%( nter9ace( c+m)ara ,a )arte 'e re' 'e ,a 'recc!n c+n ,a( entra'a( c+nten'a(
en (%( ta&,a( -:%e n+rma,mente (!,+ c+ntenen 'recc+ne( 'e re'; n+ 'e F+(t. 5 en2=a e, 'atagrama )+r
,a nter9a? c+rre()+n'ente.
En e, '(eI+ nca, 'e ,a Internet (e re(er2ar+n ,+( +cF+ )rmer+( &t( )ara ,a re'; 'e>an'+ ,+( 2/
re(tante( )ara e, F+(tC (e cre=a :%e c+n 2"/ re'e( Fa&r=a (%9cente )ara ,a re' e7)ermenta, 'e %n
)r+5ect+ 'e n2e(tgac!n 'e, De)artament+ 'e De9en(a amercan+. Pr+nt+ (e 2+ :%e e(t+ re(%,ta&a
n(%9cente; )+r ,+ :%e (e re+rgan?! e, e()ac+ 'e 'recc+ne( re(er2an'+ %n+( rang+( )ara 'e9nr re'e(
mB( )e:%eIa(. E, re(%,ta'+ 'e e(a re+rgan?ac!n e( ,+ :%e F+5 c+n+cem+( c+m+ ,a( re'e( c,a(e A; 3 5
C*
o Una re' 'e c,a(e A (e caracter?a )+r tener a D e, )rmer &t 'e 'recc!nC e, cam)+ re' +c%)a
,+( 0 &t( (g%ente( 5 e, cam)+ F+(t ,+( E,tm+( 2/. P%e'e Fa&er Fa(ta 121 re'e( 'e c,a(e A c+n
16000216 'recc+ne( ca'a %na.
o Una re' 'e c,a(e 3 tene e, )rmer &t a 1 5 e, (eg%n'+ a DC e, cam)+ re' +c%)a ,+( 1/ &t(
(g%ente(; 5 e, cam)+ F+(t ,+( 16 E,tm+(. P%e'e Fa&er 1631/ re'e( c,a(e 3 c+n 6""36
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%na.
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n+tac!n 'en+mna'a "5'*ara; c+n((tente en )+ner a 1 ,+( &t( :%e c+rre()+n'en a ,a )arte 'e re' 5 a D
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AnB,+gamente 'ecm+( :%e %na re' c,a(e 3 tene %na mB(cara 2"".2"".D.D 5 %na c,a(e C %na mB(cara
2"".2"".2"".D.
La( mB(cara( )ermten e7traer 'e 9+rma (enc,,a ,a )arte 'e re' + 'e F+(t 'e %na 'recc!n. P+r e>em),+
%n r+%ter :%e Fa 'e en2ar %n 'atagrama )%e'e rea,?ar %n AND entre ,a 'recc!n 'e 'e(tn+ 5 ,a
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E7(ten a'emB( 'recc+ne( -n+ re'e(. c,a(e D c%5+( )rmer+( c%atr+ &t( 2a,en 111D. La( 'recc+ne(
c,a(e D (e %t,?an )ara 'e9nr gr%)+( m%,tca(t. E, gr%)+ :%e'a 'e9n'+ )+r ,+( 21 &t( (g%ente(.
P%e'e Fa&er Fa(ta 261/3"/"6 'recc+ne( m%,tca(t en Internet. La( 'recc+ne( c,a(e D n%nca )%e'e
a)arecer c+m+ 'recc+ne( 'e +rgen 'e %n 'atagrama.
P+r E,tm+; ,a c,a(e E; :%e c+rre()+n'e a, 2a,+r 1111 en ,+( )rmer+( c%atr+ &t(; n+ (e %t,?a 'e
m+ment+ 5 e(tB re(er2a'a )ara %(+( 9%t%r+(.
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rang+ 'e 'recc+ne( :%e c+rre()+n'e a ca'a %na 'e e,,a(. A(= )%e(; en ,a )rBctca e( 9Bc, (a&er a :%e
c,a(e )ertenece %na 'recc!n 'etermna'a (n mB( :%e +&(er2ar e, )rmer &5te 'e (% 'recc!n. La ta&,a
3./ re(%me ,a n9+rmac!n e(enca, (+&re ,a( c,a(e( 'e re'e( 'e Internet.
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La a(gnac!n 'e 'recc+ne( 2B,'a( 'e Internet ,a rea,?an ,+( NIC( -NIC P NetK+rG In9+rmat+n
Center.. A, )rnc)+ Fa&=a %n NIC )ara t+'a ,a Internet )er+ ,%eg+ (e crear+n NIC( reg+na,e(.
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)r+2ee'+re( a (% 2e? a(gnan 'recc+ne( a ,a( +rgan?ac+ne( 'e men+r tamaI+ 5 a (%( %(%ar+(.
E7(ten %na( reg,a( 5 c+n2en+( :%e a(gnan (gn9ca'+( e()eca,e( a 'etermna'a( 'recc+ne( IP :%e
e( m)+rtante c+n+cer*
1. La 'recc!n 2;;.2;;.2;;.2;; (e %t,?a )ara n'car &r+a'ca(t en ,a )r+)a re'. La %t,?ar=a )+r
e>em),+ c+m+ 'recc!n 'e 'e(tn+ %n F+(t :%e e(tB arrancan'+ en %na re' ,+ca, 5 :%e )ara
a2erg%ar ,a re' en ,a :%e (e enc%entra 5 (% )r+)a 'recc!n IP nece(ta ,+ca,?ar %n (er2'+r :%e ,e
'e ,+( )arBmetr+( 'e c+n9g%rac!n &B(c+(. #+,+ (e )%e'e %t,?ar c+m+ 'recc!n 'e 'e(tn+; n%nca
c+m+ 'recc!n 'e +rgen.
2. La 'recc!n <.<.<.< 'ent9ca a, F+(t act%a,. La %t,?ar=a e, F+(t 'e, (%)%e(t+ anter+r c+m+
'recc!n 'e +rgen 'e (%( 'atagrama(. #+,+ (e )%e'e %t,?ar c+m+ 'recc!n 'e +rgen; n+ 'e
'e(tn+.
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nngEn F+(t. #e em),ean )ara e()ec9car r%ta( 5 n%nca 'e&er=an a)arecer (+m+ 'recc+ne( 'e
+rgen + 'e(tn+ 'e %n 'atagrama. P+r e>em),+ ,a 'recc!n 1/0.1"6.D.D 'ent9ca ,a re' c,a(e 3 :%e
)ertenece a ,a Un2er('a' 'e Va,enca.
/. La 'recc!n c+n e, *a"#o 2o't to$o a uno' (e %t,?a c+m+ 'recc!n &r+a'ca(t 'entr+ 'e ,a re' 5
)+r tant+ n+ (e %t,?a )ara nngEn F+(t. #+,+ )%e'e (er %na 'recc!n 'e 'e(tn+. P+r e>em),+ )ara
en2ar %n men(a>e &r+a'ca(t a ,a re' 'e ,a Un2er('a' 'e Va,enca %t,?ar=am+( ,a 'recc!n
1/0.1"6.2"".2"".
". La 'recc!n c+n e, *a"#o re$ to$o a *ero' 'ent9ca a %n F+(t en ,a )r+)a re'; c%a,:%era :%e
e(ta (ea. #+,+ )%e'e %t,?ar(e c+m+ 'recc!n 'e +rgen a, en2ar %n )a:%ete; n%nca c+m+ 'recc!n
'e 'e(tn+.
6. La 'recc!n 12=.<.<.1 (e %t,?a )ara )r%e&a( ,++)&acGC t+'a( ,a( m),ementac+ne( 'e IP 'e2%e,2en
a ,a 'recc!n 'e +rgen ,+( 'atagrama( en2a'+( a e(ta 'recc!n (n ntentar en2ar,+( a nng%na
)arte
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0. La( re'e( 12=.<.<.<> 12?.<.<.<> 1@1.2;;.<.<> 1@2.<.<.< 5 e, rang+ 'e 29<.<.<.< en a'e,ante -c,a(e E.
e(tBn re(er2a'+( 5 n+ 'e&en %t,?ar(e.
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C. e(tBn re(er2a'a( )ara re'e( )r2a'a( -@ntranet(@. )+r e, RFC 1$11C e(t+( nEmer+( n+ (e a(gnan a
nng%na 'recc!n 2B,'a en Internet 5 )+r tant+ )%e'en %t,?ar(e )ara c+n(tr%r re'e(; )+r e>em),+
'etrB( 'e %n c+rta9%eg+; (n re(g+ 'e entrar en c+n9,ct+ 'e acce(+ c+n re'e( 2B,'a( 'e ,a Internet.
C+m+ c+n(ec%enca 'e ,a( reg,a( 3 5 / ante( menc+na'a( (em)re Fa5 '+( 'recc+ne( nEt,e( en %na
re'; ,a )rmera 5 ,a E,tma. P+r e>em),+; ( tenem+( ,a re' 2DD.2DD.2DD.D -c,a(e C. ten'rem+( :%e
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en2=+( &r+a'ca(t a t+'a ,a re'C '()+n'rem+( )%e( 'e 2"/ 'recc+ne( )ara F+(t(; n+ 'e 2"6.
3.3.1 /u&re$e'
#%)+ngam+( :%e %na em)re(a '()+ne 'e 2ara( +9cna(; ca'a %na c+n %na re' ,+ca,; t+'a( e,,a(
nterc+necta'a( entre (=; 5 :%e 'e(ea %nr,a( me'ante e, )r+t+c+,+ TCPLIPC %na 'e 'cFa( +9cna( -,a
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#egEn e, e(tBn'ar t+'a( ,a( 'recc+ne( 'e ,a re' 120.D.D.D 'e&er=an (er ,++)&acG; )er+ en m%cF+( ca(+( e(t+ (!,+ 9%nc+na )ara ,a
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)rnc)a,. '()+ne a'emB( 'e %na c+ne7!n a Internet. #%)+ngam+( tam&<n ca'a +9cna tene (%9cente
c+n 2"/ 'recc+ne( 'e F+(t(. En )rnc)+ (er=a )+(&,e a(gnar %na re' c,a(e C '9erente )ara ca'a
+9cna; )er+ e(t+ (%)+ne (+,ctar a, NIC %na re' )ara ca'a +9cna :%e (e c+necte; 5 a, (er ca'a %na
n'e)en'ente 'e ,a( 'emB( ,a ge(t!n (e c+m),caC )+r e>em),+ (er=a )rec(+ an%ncar en Internet ,a r%ta
)ara ca'a n%e2a re' )ara :%e ,a +9cna c+rre()+n'ente 9%era acce(&,e. Da'+ :%e ca'a re' (er=a en
)rnc)+ n'e)en'ente 'e ,a( 'emB( n+ Fa&r=a %na 9+rma (enc,,a 'e agr%)ar ,a( re'e( 'e ,a
+rgan?ac!n.
4a5 %n mecan(m+ :%e )ermte '2'r %na re' IP en tr+?+( + (%&re'e(; 'e 9+rma :%e ,a em)re(a 'e
n%e(tr+ e>em),+ )+'r=a (+,ctar %na c,a(e 3 5 a(gnar 9ragment+( 'e 'cFa re' a ca'a +9cna a me''a
:%e (e 9%eran nc+r)+ran'+ a ,a re'. E(t+ e:%2a,e a crear %n n2e, >erBr:%c+ nterme'+ entre ,a re' 5 e,
F+(t; )ermten'+ a(= gra'+( 2ara&,e( 'e agr%)ac!n (egEn e, n2e, en e, :%e n+( enc+ntram+(.
#%)+ngam+( :%e a ,a em)re(a 'e n%e(tr+ e>em),+ (e ,e a(gna %na re' c,a(e 3; ,a 1"6.13/.D.DC 'e ,+( 16
&t( :%e en )rnc)+ c+rre()+n'en a, F+(t )+'r=a re(er2ar ,+( )rmer+( 1 )ara ,a (%&re' 5 'e>ar ,+( 1
(g%ente( )ara e, F+(t; c+n ,+ :%e '()+n'rB 'e 2"6 (%&re'e( 'e 2"6 'recc+ne( ca'a %na. De('e 9%era
,a re' 'e ,a em)re(a (eg%rB (en'+ 1"6.13/.D.D; 5a :%e ,a e(tr%ct%ra 'e (%&re' n+ (erB 2(&,e.
La( (%&re'e( (e aIa'er+n a ,a Internet en 1$12C c+n e,,+ (e c+n(g%! %na ma5+r 9,e7&,'a' en e,
re)art+ 'e 'recc+ne( 'entr+ 'e %na re'.
Para '2'r ,a re' en (%&re'e( (e 'e9ne %na n%e2a m"scara. C+m+ (em)re ,+( &t( a 1 'e ,a mB(cara
'ent9can ,a )arte 'e re' -en e(te ca(+ ,a )arte 'e re'-(%&re'. 5 ,+( &t( a cer+ c+rre()+n'en a, F+(t. P+r
e>em),+; ,a mB(cara 2"".2"".2"".D a),ca'a (+&re %na re' c,a(e 3 ,a '2'e en 2"6 (%&re'e( 'e 2"6
'recc+ne( ca'a %na; )%e( tene )%e(t+( a 1 ,+( )rmer+( 2/ &t(C en cert+ m+'+ )+'r=am+( 'ecr :%e
e(ta mB(cara c+n2erte %na re' c,a(e 3 en 2"6 (%&re'e( c,a(e C. #e )%e'en Facer '2(+ne( :%e n+
c+rre()+n'an a &5te( enter+(; )+r e>em),+ ,a mB(cara 2"".2"".2"2.D Face (%&re'e( ma( gran'e(; re(er2a
,+( )rmer+( 6 &t( )ara ,a (%&re' 5 'e>a 1D )ara e, F+(t; c+n ,+ :%e )+'r=a Fa&er Fa(ta 6/ (%&re'e( c+n
1D2/ 'recc+ne( ca'a %na.
C%an'+ (e crean (%&re'e( Fa5 '+( 'recc+ne( en ca'a (%&re' :%e :%e'an a%t+mBtcamente re(er2a'a(*
,a( :%e c+rre()+n'en a, cam)+ F+(t t+'+ a cer+( 5 t+'+ a %n+(C e(ta( (e em),ean )ara 'e(gnar ,a (%&re'
5 )ara &r+a'ca(t 'entr+ 'e ,a (%&re'; re()ect2amente. A(= ( ,a re' 1"6.13/.D.D (e (%&'2'e c+n ,a
mB(cara 2"".2"".2"".D (e crean 2"6 (%&re'e( 'e, t)+ 1#$%1&'%su(red%)ost; ca'a %na c+n 2"6
'recc+ne(. En ca'a (%&re' Fa5 2"/ 'recc+ne( a)r+2ecFa&,e( )ara F+(t(; 5a :%e ,a )rmera 'recc!n
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e(a (%&re'. P+r tant+ e, nEmer+ 'e F+(t( 'e %na (%&re' e( (em)re '+( men+( :%e e, rang+ 'e
'recc+ne( :%e a&arca. Una c+n(ec%enca 'e ,+ anter+r e( :%e re(%,ta a&(%r'+ crear (%&re'e( c+n ,a
mB(cara 2"".2"".2"".2"/; 5a :%e e, cam)+ F+(t ten'r=a %n &t (+,amente 5 n+ :%e'ar=a nng%na
'recc!n a)r+2ecFa&,e )ara F+(t(.
De, m(m+ m+'+ :%e ,+( 2a,+re( t+'+ cer+( + t+'+ %n+( 'e, cam)+ F+(t e(tBn re(er2a'+( c+n %n
(gn9ca'+ e()eca,; ,+( 2a,+re( t+'+ cer+( 5 t+'+ %n+( 'e, cam)+ (%&re' -e( 'ecr ,a )rmera 5 ,a E,tma
(%&re'e(. tam&<n (+n e()eca,e(. E, 2a,+r t+'+ cer+( (e %t,?a )ara re)re(entar ,a (%&re' m(maC )+r
e>em),+ ( a ,a re' 1"6.13/.D.D ,e a),cam+( ,a mB(cara 2"".2"".2"".D ,a )rmera (%&re' -cam)+ (%&re'
t+'+ a cer+(. n+ 'e&er=a %t,?ar(e; )%e( re(%,tar=a am&g%+ e, (gn9ca'+ 'e ,a 'recc!n 1"6.13/.D.D;
:%e re)re(entar=a tant+ a 'cFa (%&re' c+m+ a ,a re' entera. AnB,+gamente ,a E,tma (%&re' -cam)+
(%&re' t+'+ a %n+(. tam)+c+ 'e&er=a %t,?ar(e )+r:%e ent+nce( ,a 'recc!n 1"6.13/.2"".2""
(gn9car=a tant+ &r+a'ca(t en 'cFa (%&re' c+m+ en ,a re' entera. P+r c+n(g%ente en e, cam)+ (%&re'
tam&<n (e )er'en (em)re '+( 'recc+ne(; 5 tam)+c+ ten'r=a (ent'+ crear mB(cara( c+n e, cam)+
(%&re' 'e %n &t; c+m+ (er=a e, ca(+ 'e %na mB(cara 2"".2"".121.D en e, ca(+ 'e %na re' c,a(e 3.
Mentra( :%e ,a re(trcc!n 'e ,a( 'recc+ne( t+'+ cer+( + t+'+ %n+( en e, cam)+ F+(t (e Fa 'e re()etar
(em)re; e7(ten m%cFa( (t%ac+ne( en ,a( :%e ntere(a a)r+2ecFar ,a (%&re' t+'a a cer+( + t+'a a %n+(;
2+,an'+ ,a (eg%n'a n+rma ante( menc+na'a. E(ta 2+,ac!n; )ermt'a )+r m%cFa( m),ementac+ne(;
(e c+n+ce c+m+ 'u&net)Bero 5 (e a'+)ta )ara a)r+2ecFar me>+r e, e()ac+ 'e 'recc+ne( '()+n&,eC c+n
(%&net-?er+ e( )+(&,e )+r e>em),+ '2'r %na re' c,a(e 3 )+r ,a mta' en '+( (%&re'e( me'ante ,a
mB(cara 2"".2"".121.D; c+(a :%e n+ (er=a )+(&,e ( n+ (e )ermtera e(ta )e:%eIa @n9racc!n@.
En t+'+( n%e(tr+( e>em),+( ,a )arte 'e (%&re' 'e ,a mB(cara e( c+ntg%a a ,a )arte 'e re'C en %n
)rnc)+ (e )ermt=a crear (%&re'e( c+n mB(cara( n+ c+ntg%a(; )+r e>em),+ '2'r %na c,a(e 3 c+n ,a
mB(cara 2"".2"".D.2""C en e(te ca(+ e, F+(t 2en'r=a e()ec9ca'+ )+r e, tercer &5te 5 ,a (%&re' )+r e,
c%art+. Da'+ :%e e(ta )rBctca (+,+ re(ta c,ar'a' 5 Face men+( e9cente e, )r+ce(+ 'e 'recc+ne( en ,+(
r+%ter(; act%a,mente ,a n+rma e7ge :%e ,a mB(cara (ea c+ntg%a.
11
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C ,a( )+(&,e( (%&re'e( 5 mB(cara( (+n ,a( :%e (e rec+gen en ,a ta&,a 3.6.
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gran'e( re:%eren %n nEmer+ ma5+rC )+'r=am+( )artr ,a re' en 2"6 (%&re'e( 'e 2"6 F+(t( 5 a(gnar
2ara( 'e e(a( (%&re'e( a ,a( +9cna( ma5+re(; )er+ e(t+ c+m),car=a ,a ge(t!n 5 ,a( ta&,a( 'e r%ta(. La
(+,%c!n mB( a'ec%a'a en e(te ca(+ (er=a '2'r ,a re' en (%&re'e( 'e '9erente( tamaI+( 5 a(gnar a
ca'a +9cna %na (%&re' a'ec%a'a a (%( nece('a'e(. A( en n%e(tr+ e>em),+ (e )+'r=a '2'r ,a re'
1"6.13/.D.D 'e ,a (g%ente manera*
12
16 (%&re'e( 'e 2"6 'recc+ne(*
/u&re$ M5'*ara /u&re$7&it' $e "5'*ara
1"6.13/.D.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.D.DL2/
1"6.13/.1.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.1.DL2/
1"6.13/.2.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.2.DL2/
1"6.13/.3.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.3.DL2/
1"6.13/./.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/./.DL2/
1"6.13/.".D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.".DL2/
1"6.13/.6.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.6.DL2/
1"6.13/.0.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.0.DL2/
1"6.13/.1.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.1.DL2/
1"6.13/.$.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.$.DL2/
1"6.13/.1D.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.1D.DL2/
1"6.13/.11.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.11.DL2/
1"6.13/.12.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.12.DL2/
1"6.13/.13.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.13.DL2/
1"6.13/.1/.D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.1/.DL2/
1"6.13/.1".D 2"".2"".2"".D 1"6.13/.1".DL2/
16 (%&re'e( 'e 1D2/ 'recc+ne(
1"6.13/.16.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.16.DL22
1"6.13/.2D.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.2D.DL22
1"6.13/.2/.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.2/.DL22
1"6.13/.21.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.21.DL22
1"6.13/.32.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.32.DL22
1"6.13/.36.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.36.DL22
1"6.13/./D.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/./D.DL22
1"6.13/.//.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.//.DL22
1"6.13/./1.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/./1.DL22
1"6.13/."2.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/."2.DL22
1"6.13/."6.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/."6.DL22
1"6.13/.6D.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.6D.DL22
1"6.13/.6/.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.6/.DL22
1"6.13/.61.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.61.DL22
1"6.13/.02.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.02.DL22
1"6.13/.06.D 2"".2"".2"2.D 1"6.13/.06.DL22
3 (%&re'e( 'e /D$6 'recc+ne(*
1"6.13/.1D.D 2"".2"".2/D.D 1"6.13/.1D.DL2D
1"6.13/.$6.D 2"".2"".2/D.D 1"6.13/.$6.DL2D
1"6.13/.112.D 2"".2"".2/D.D 1"6.13/.112.DL2D
Q )+r E,tm+ %na (%&re' 'e 32061 'recc+ne(*
1"6.13/.121.D 2"".2"".121.D 1"6.13/.121.DL10
La t<cnca :%e Fem+( a),ca'+ en e, e>em),+ anter+r 'e '2'r %na re' en (%&re'e( 'e '9erente(
tamaI+( (e c+n+ce c+mEnmente c+m+ "5'*ara' $e ta"ao +aria&le% O&(<r2e(e :%e en e(te e>em),+
Fem+( (eg%'+ ,a )rBctca 'e (%&net-?er+; e( 'ecr; (e Fan c+n('era'+ 2B,'a( (%&re'e( c+n e, cam)+
(%&re' t+'+ a cer+( 5 t+'+ a %n+(; 'e ,+ c+ntrar+ n+ Fa&r=a ('+ )+(&,e crear %na (%&re' c+n 32061
'recc+ne(. O&(<r2e(e en ,a c+,%mna 'e ,a 'erecFa e, %(+ 'e ,a n+tac!n su(red,(its de m"scara )ara
re)re(entar ,a( (%&re'e(C e(ta n+tac!n a&re2a'a e(tB (%(tt%5en'+ en a,g%n+( ca(+( a ,a tra'c+na, 5 (e
em),ea en ,a c+n9g%rac!n 'e a,g%n+( e:%)+(; en RFC( 5 +tr+( '+c%ment+(.
13
C%an'+ e, cam)+ (%&re' +c%)a &5te( enter+( e( tr2a, ,a 'ent9cac!n 'e (%&re'e(. La( c+(a( (e
c+m),can %n )+c+ mB( c%an'+ n+ e( a(=; )+r e>em),+ en e, ca(+ anter+r ,a )rmera (%&re' 'e 1D2/
'recc+ne( a&arca %n &,+:%e 'e c%atr+ 2a,+re( en e, tercer &5te; 'e, 16 a, 1$C ,+( &,+:%e( Fan 'e
em)e?ar en 2a,+re( mE,t),+ 'e c%atr+; ( en 2e? 'e em)e?ar en e, 16 F%&<ram+( em)e?a'+ en e, 1"
-1"; 16; 10 5 11. n+ Fa&r=a ('+ )+(&,e crear %na (%&re' )%e( ,a 'recc!n 1"6.13/.1".D n+ tene %na
mB(cara 'e 22 &t( c+mEn c+n ,a( +tra( tre(C )+r c+n(g%ente ,a( (%&re'e( 9+rma'a( c+n mB(cara 'e 22
&t( -gr%)+( 'e c%atr+ nEmer+(. nece(aramente Fan 'e em)e?ar en 2a,+re( mE,t),+( 'e c%atr+ -D; /; 1;
etc... AnB,+gamente )%e'e 'e'%cr(e :%e ,a( (%&re'e( 'e mB(cara 'e 2D &t( -/D$6 'recc+ne(. Fan 'e
em)e?ar en 2a,+re( mE,t),+( 'e 16; 5 a(= (%ce(2amente.
3.3.2 /u#erre$e': Routing *la''le'' %CIDR(
E, rB)'+ crecment+ 'e ,a Internet e(tB crean'+ 2ar+( )r+&,ema(; e, mB( m)+rtante 'e ,+( c%a,e( e( e,
ag+tament+ 'e, e()ac+ 'e 'recc+ne( IP. La ca%(a 'e e(t+ Fa ('+ en )arte ,a e7ce(2a '()ar'a' 'e
tamaI+( entre ,a( '9erente( c,a(e( 'e re'e(. 4ace 5a m%cF+ tem)+ :%e Fan 'e>a'+ 'e a(gnar(e re'e(
c,a(e A; 'e&'+ a (% e(ca(+ nEmer+ 5 tamaI+ e7ce(2+. La( +rgan?ac+ne( ten=an )%e( :%e e,egr entre
(+,ctar %na c,a(e 3 + %na c,a(e C. En m%cF+( ca(+( %na c,a(e 3 era e7ce(2a; )er+ %na C re(%,ta&a
n(%9cente; )+r ,+ :%e ,a ma5+r=a 'e ,a( +rgan?ac+ne( +)ta&an )+r (+,ctar %na c,a(e 3; a%n:%e a
men%'+ n+ nece(ta&an tanta( 'recc+ne(. A ,a 2(ta 'e, rB)'+ ag+tament+ 'e re'e( c,a(e 3 'e&'+ a
e(te m+t2+ (e )en(! en crear gr%)+( 'e c,a(e( C; 'e 9+rma :%e ,a( +rgan?ac+ne( )%'eran +)tar )+r
n2e,e( nterme'+( entre ,a( re'e( 3 5 C; mB( a'ec%a'+( a (%( nece('a'e(C )+r e>em),+ %na
+rgan?ac!n :%e nece(te 2D/1 'recc+ne( )%e'e F+5 en '=a (+,ctar %n gr%)+ 'e +cF+ re'e( c,a(e C .
De e(ta 9+rma (e re'%ce e, )r+&,ema 'e e(ca(e? 'e 'recc+ne(; )er+ (e crea %n )r+&,ema n%e2+* e,
crecment+ 'e ,a( ta&,a( 'e r%ta(. Ante(; c%an'+ a %na +rgan?ac!n :%e (e c+necta&a a Internet (e ,e
a(gna&a %na re' e(t+ (%)+n=a %na n%e2a entra'a en ,a( ta&,a( 'e r%ta( 'e Internet; )er+ a, 'ar gr%)+( 'e
c,a(e( C (e re:%ere %na entra'a '9erente )ara ca'a re' a(gna'a. E(t+ Fa&r=a )r+2+ca'+ %n crecment+
e7)+nenca, en ,a( ta&,a( 'e r%ta( 'e ,+( r+%ter( :%e 9+rman e, M&acG&+neN; c%5a( ca)ac'a'e( (e
enc%entran 5a &a(tante cerca 'e, ,=mte 'e ,a tecn+,+g=a.
E, gran tamaI+ 'e ,a( ta&,a( 'e r%ta( 'e Internet (e 'e&e tam&<n a, mecan(m+ 'e a(gnac!n 'e
'recc+ne( :%e (e Fa (eg%'+; :%e '%rante m%cF+ tem)+ Fa ('+ e(trctamente cr+n+,!gc+. A, n+ Fa&er
%na c+rre()+n'enca entre ,a %&cac!n ge+grB9ca 'e %na +rgan?ac!n + e, )r+2ee'+r :%e ,a c+necta a
Internet 5 (% rang+ 'e 'recc+ne( n+ e( )+(&,e re(%mr + M(%mar?arN ,a( ta&,a( 'e r%ta(C ,a n9+rmac!n
(e Fa 'e nc,%r en%meran'+ %na a %na t+'a( ,a( re'e( e7(tente(. E(t+ (e )+'r=a re(+,2er c+n %na
+rgan?ac!n >erBr:%ca 'e 'recc+ne( 'e ac%er'+ c+n crter+( ge+grB9c+(; c+m+ +c%rre )+r e>em),+ en
e, 'recc+nament+ 'e ,a re' te,e9!nca :%e 'ent9ca a ca'a )a=( c+n )re9>+; ca'a reg!n 'entr+ 'e %n
)a=( c+n %n (%&)re9>+; 5 a(= (%ce(2amente.
Act%a,mente Fa5 ma( 'e 1DD.DDD re'e( reg(tra'a( en ,a Internet. A'emB( 'e, c+(t+ en mem+ra RAM
:%e (%)+ne e, mantener ta&,a( e7trema'amente gran'e( en ,+( r+%ter(; ,+( a,g+rtm+( 'e &E(:%e'a (e
c+m),can 5 n+ 9%nc+nan a'ec%a'amente c+n e(a( ta&,a(; 5a :%e 9%er+n '(eIa'+( )en(an'+ en ta&,a(
c+n m%cFa( men+( entra'a(. A )rnc)+( 'e ,+( $D e, crecment+ 'e ,a Internet (e e(ta&a )r+'%cen'+ a
%n rtm+ ta, :%e e, nEmer+ 'e re'e( c+necta'a( (e '%),ca&a ca'a $ me(e(; mentra( :%e ,a tecn+,+g=a
(!,+ )ermte '%),car ,a ca)ac'a' 5 )+tenca 'e ,+( r+%ter( ca'a 11 me(e(. En e(ta (t%ac!n ,a
e7),+(!n 'e ,a( ta&,a( 'e r+%tng (e e(ta&a c+n2rten'+ en %n )r+&,ema aEn mB( gra2e :%e ,a e(ca(e?
'e 'recc+ne(. #egEn cB,c%,+( FecF+( )+r ,a IETF en 1$$3 'e (eg%r )r+'%c<n'+(e e, crecment+ a,
m(m+ rtm+ en e, nEmer+ 'e re'e( 5 r%ta( ,a Internet (e Fa&r=a c+,a)(a'+ Faca 1$$1.
L+( '+( )r+&,ema( ante( 'e(crt+(; 'e()er'c+ 'e, e()ac+ 'e 'recc+ne( 'e&'+ a ,a rg'e? en ,a
a(gnac!n 'e rang+( -re'e( c,a(e 3 + C. 5 crecment+ 'e ,a( ta&,a( 'e r%ta(; (e re(+,2er+n
c+n>%ntamente en 1$$3 c+n ,a a'+)c!n 'e %n ((tema 'en+mna'+ CIDR -C,a((,e(( InterD+man
R+%tng. 'e(crt+ en ,+( RFC( 1/66; 1"11 5 1"1$ :%e c+n((te en '+( me''a( c+m),ementara(.
La )rmera me''a c+n((te en e(ta&,ecer %na >erar:%=a en ,a a(gnac!n 'e 'recc+ne(. En 2e? 'e
%t,?ar %n crter+ )%ramente cr+n+,!gc+; :%e 'e('e ,e )%nt+ 'e 2(ta ge+grB9c+ + 'e t+)+,+g=a 'e ,a
re' e:%2a,e a %na a(gnac!n a,eat+ra; ,+( rang+( (e a(gnan )+r c+ntnente(. Inca,mente (e rea,?! ,a
a(gnac!n 'e %na )arte 'e, e()ac+ 'e c,a(e C 'e ,a (g%ente manera*
M%,t reg+na,* 1$2.D.D.D - 1$3.2"".2"".2""
E%r+)a* 1$/.D.D.D - 1$".2"".2"".2""
1/
Otr+(* 1$6.D.D.D - 1$0.2"".2"".2""
N+team<rca* 1$1.D.D.D - 1$$.2"".2"".2""
Centr+ 5 #%'am<rca* 2DD.D.D.D - 2D1.2"".2"".2""
An,,+ Pac=9c+* 2D2.D.D.D - 2D3.2"".2"".2""
Otr+(* 2D/.D.D.D - 2D".2"".2"".2""
Otr+(* 2D6.D.D.D - 2D0.2"".2"".2""
A,g%n+( 'e e(t+( gr%)+( (e Fan am),a'+ )+(ter+rmente c+n n%e2+( rang+(. A (% 2e? ca'a )r+2ee'+r
Internet (+,cta rang+( )r+)+( a, NIC :%e ,e c+rre()+n'e (egEn e, c+ntnente '+n'e (e enc%entra. C+n
e(ta '(tr&%c!n reg+na, 'e ,+( nEmer+( e( en )rnc)+ )+(&,e agr%)ar ,a( entra'a( en ,a( ta&,a( 'e
r%ta(C )+r e>em),+ %n r+%ter en 8a)!n )+'r=a tener %na (+,a entra'a en (%( ta&,a( n'can'+ :%e t+'+( ,+(
)a:%ete( 'rg'+( a ,a( re'e( 1$/.D.D.D Fa(ta 1$".2"".2"".D (e en2=en a ,a nter9a? )+r ,a c%a, acce'e a
E%r+)a; e2tan'+ a(= ,a( 131.D02 entra'a( :%e n+rma,mente Far=an 9a,ta )ara e(te rang+ 'e 'recc+ne(.
Una c+n(ec%enca c%r+(a 'e ,a a(gnac!n 'e rang+( 'e 'recc+ne( )+r )r+2ee'+r e( :%e ( %na em)re(a
cam&a 'e )r+2ee'+r n+rma,mente ten'rB :%e @'e2+,2er@ a, )rmer+ (%( 'recc+ne(; 5 (+,ctar
'recc+ne( a, n%e2+ )r+2ee'+rC )+r (%)%e(t+ ten'rB :%e m+'9car ,a c+n9g%rac!n 'e t+'a( ,a(
mB:%na( :%e t%2era %t,?an'+ 'recc+ne( 'e, )rmer+.
Para :%e ,a (%mar?ac!n 'e r%ta( -+ agr%)ament+ 'e re'e( c,a(e C. (ea )+(&,e e( )rec(+ ntr+'%cr
%na ,gera m+'9cac!n en e, (+9tKare 'e ,+( r+%ter(; 5a :%e en )rnc)+ e, (+9tKare n+ c+n('era e,
rang+ 1$/.D.D.DR1$".2"".2"".2"" c+m+ %na (+,a re' (n+ c+m+ 131.D02 re'e( c,a(e C. Para re(+,2er
e(te )r+&,ema (e Fa e7ten''+ e, c+nce)t+ 'e (%&re' en (ent'+ c+ntrar+; e( 'ecr ,a mB(cara n+ (+,+
)%e'e crecer Faca ,a 'erecFa )ara '2'r %na re' en (%&re'e( (n+ :%e )%e'e meng%ar Faca ,a
?:%er'a )ara agr%)ar 2ara( re'e( en %na ma5+r -'e aF= ,a 'en+mnac!n 'e M(%)erre'e(N.. DcF+ 'e
+tra 9+rma; ,a )arte re' 'e ,a 'recc!n 2en'rB e()ec9ca'a )+r ,a ,+ngt%' 'e ,a mB(cara Encamente; n+
tenen'+ 5a nngEn (gn9ca'+ ,a c,a(9cac!n tra'c+na, en c,a(e( A; 3 5 C 'e ac%er'+ c+n e, 2a,+r 'e
,+( )rmer+( &t(C (+,+ (e re)eta 'cF+ (gn9ca'+ en e, ca(+ 'e ,a( c,a(e( D -m%,tca(t. 5 E -re(er2a'+..
DcFa (%)re(!n 'e ,a( c,a(e( tra'c+na,e( e( ,+ :%e 'a n+m&re a e(ta t<cnca c+n+c'a c+m+
enr%tament+ entre '+mn+( 'in *la'e' + CIDR -C,a((,e(( InterD+man R+%tng..
La (eg%n'a me''a a'+)ta'a )+r CIDR e( en rea,'a' %n c+m),ement+ 'e ,a anter+r. C+n((te
(enc,,amente en 'ar a ca'a +rgan?ac!n -&en 'rectamente + a tra2<( 'e (% )r+2ee'+r c+rre()+n'ente.
,a )+(&,'a' 'e (+,ctar rang+( 'e 'recc+ne( a>%(ta'+ a (%( nece('a'e( )re2(ta(; 'Bn'+,e (em)re %n
rang+ c+ntg%+ 5 :%e tenga %na mB(cara 'e re' c+mEnC )+r e>em),+ %n rang+ 'e 2D/1 'recc+ne( (e
'ar=a a(gnan'+ ,+( )rmer+( 21 &t( 'e ,a 'recc!n 5 )+'r=a e(tar 9+rma'+ )+r e>em),+ )+r e, rang+ :%e
2a 'e, 1$/.D.1.D a, 1$/.D.1".2"".
#%)+ngam+( :%e ,a Un2er('a' 'e MB,aga (+,cta a (% )r+2ee'+r 'recc+ne( 'e re' 5 >%(t9ca ,a
)re2(!n 'e tener 12DD F+(t( en %n ),a?+ ra?+na&,eC c+m+ 1D2/ 'recc+ne( n+ (er=an (%9cente( (%
)r+2ee'+r ,e a(gna 2D/1 'recc+ne(; e:%2a,ente( a +cF+ re'e( c,a(e C. #%)+ngam+( :%e e, )r+2ee'+r
tene '()+n&,e e, rang+ 1$".1DD.D.D a 1$".1DD.2"".2"" 5 :%e Fa '+ a(gnan'+ 'recc+ne( a (%(
c,ente( )+r +r'en cr+n+,!gc+; :%e'Bn'+,e ,&re a )artr 'e ,a 1$".1DD.12.DC n+ e( )+(&,e a(gnar a ,a
Un2er('a' 'e MB,aga 'e ,a 1$".1DD.12.D a ,a 1$".1DD.1$.2"" 5a :%e a%n:%e e, rang+ e( c+ntg%+ ,a(
'recc+ne( n+ tenen %na mB(cara c+mEn -,+( )rmer+( 21 &t( n+ (+n g%a,e(.. E, )rmer rang+ 'e 2D/1
'recc+ne( c+n mB(cara c+mEn e( e, 1$".1DD.16.D-1$".1DD.23.2""; :%e e( e, :%e (e 'e&erB a(gnar. La(
'recc+ne( 1$".1DD.12.D a 1$".1DD.1".2"" :%e'ar=an ,&re( )ara +tr+( c,ente( c+n men+re(
nece('a'e(.
C+n e(ta a(gnac!n 'e 'recc+ne( 5 (n %t,?ar CIDR e, a()ect+ 'e ,a ta&,a 'e r%ta( )ara ,a Un2er('a'
'e MB,aga (er=a )+r e>em),+*
A 195.100.16.0/24 por 192.168.1.2
A 195.100.17.0/24 por 192.168.1.2
A 195.100.18.0/24 por 192.168.1.2
A 195.100.19.0/24 por 192.168.1.2
A 195.100.20.0/24 por 192.168.1.2
A 195.100.21.0/24 por 192.168.1.2
A 195.100.22.0/24 por 192.168.1.2
A 195.100.23.0/24 por 192.168.1.2
'+n'e (e (%)+ne :%e 1$2.161.1.2 e( ,a nter9a? )+r ,a :%e (e acce'er=a a ,a Un2er('a' 'e MB,aga.
1"
E, %(+ 'e CIDR )ermte (ntet?ar e(ta( +cF+ entra'a( en %na (+,a*
A 195.100.16.0/21 por 192.168.1.2
E, (+9tKare 'e F+(t( n+rma,mente n+ (+)+rta CIDR; )+r ,+ :%e <(t+( (g%en M)en(an'+N en t<rmn+( 'e
re'e( c,a(e A; 3 5 C. P+r tant+ c%an'+ '+( F+(t( 'e ,a m(ma +rgan?ac!n %&ca'+( en re'e( c,a(e C
'9erente( 'e(ean ntercam&ar trB9c+ Fan 'e Facer %(+ 'e, r+%ter )ara ncar e, 'B,+g+.
E, e()ac+ 'e re'e( c,a(e A; :%e (%)+nen ,a mta' 'e, e()ac+ t+ta,; e(tB a(gna'+ act%a,mente (!,+ en %n
"DS a)r+7ma'amente. E(tB )re2(ta ,a )+(&,'a' 'e '2'r c%an'+ (ea nece(ar+ ,a )arte n+ %t,?a'a
'e e(te rang+ 'e 'recc+ne( en re'e( 'e men+r tamaI+ )ara (% a(gnac!n me'ante CIDR; g%a, :%e (e
Face act%a,mente c+n e, rang+ 1$2.D.D.D-2D0.2"".2"".2"".
La a),cac!n 'e CIDR Fa )ermt'+ e7ten'er c+n('era&,emente ,a 2'a )re2(ta nca,mente 'e,
e()ac+ 'e 'recc+ne( 'e 32 &t( 'e IP2/.
3.9 !ROTOCOLO/ DE CONTROL DE INTERNET
Ante( Fem+( 'cF+ :%e t+'+ e, trB9c+ 'e Internet e(tB 9+rma'+ )+r 'atagrama( IP. N+rma,mente ,+(
'atagrama( tran()+rtan TPDU( -Tran()+rt Pr+t+c+, Data Unt. 'e TCP + UDP; :%e (+n ,+( '+(
)r+t+c+,+( 'e tran()+rte %t,?a'+( en Internet. T+'a( ,a( a),cac+ne( 'e nter<( )ara e, %(%ar+ 'e
Internet -c+rre+ e,ectr!nc+; tran(9erenca 'e 9cFer+(; 2'e+c+n9erenca; etc.. generan trB9c+ TCP +
UDP. #n em&arg+ c%an'+ 2m+( en ,a e(tr%ct%ra 'e ,a ca&ecera 'e %n 'atagrama e, 2a,+r 'e, cam)+
)r+t+c+,+ +&(er2am+( :%e e7(ten m%cF+( )+(&,e( (gn9ca'+( 'e, c+nten'+ 'e %n 'atagrama IP; a)arte
'e ,+( Mn+rma,e(N :%e (er=an TCP 5 UDP. A,g%n+( 'e ,+( 'at+( :%e )%e'en tran()+rtar(e en 'atagrama(
IP (+n men(a>e( 'e )r+t+c+,+( 'e c+ntr+, 'e Internet c+m+ ,+( :%e 2erem+( en e(te a)arta'+. L+(
)r+t+c+,+( 'e c+ntr+, (+n %na )arte nece(ara )ara e, c+rrect+ 9%nc+nament+ 'e ,a re'. A:%=
'e(cr&rem+( ,+( mB( %t,?a'+( :%e (+n ICMP; ARP; RARP; 3OOTP 5 D4CP.
3.9.1 ICM! %Internet Control Me''age !roto*ol(
En e, 9%nc+nament+ n+rma, 'e %na re' (e 'an a 2ece( (t%ac+ne( e7tra+r'nara( :%e re:%eren en2ar
a2(+( e()eca,e(. P+r e>em),+; ( %n 'atagrama c+n e, &t DF -D+nNt Fragment. )%e(t+ a 1 n+ )%e'e
)a(ar )+r %na 'etermna'a re' e, r+%ter '+n'e (e )r+'%ce e, )r+&,ema 'e&e 'e2+,2er %n men(a>e a, F+(t
em(+r n'cBn'+,e ,+ (%ce''+. E, mecan(m+ )ara re)+rtar t+'+( e(t+( nc'ente( en Internet e( e,
)r+t+c+,+ c+n+c'+ c+m+ ICMP; :%e 2erem+( a c+ntn%ac!n. A:%= (+,+ 'e(cr&rem+( (+meramente ,+(
mB( m)+rtante(; )ara %na 'e(cr)c!n 'eta,,a'a 'e t+'+( e,,+( (e )%e'e c+n(%,tar e, RFC 0$2.
C+n2ene rec+r'ar :%e ,+( men(a>e( ICMP 2a>an )+r ,a re' c+m+ 'atagrama( IP -c+n e, 2a,+r 1 en e,
cam)+ M)r+t+c+,+N.; (%>et+( en ,+( r+%ter( a ,a( m(ma( reg,a( :%e c%a,:%er +tr+ 'atagrama. L+(
men(a>e( ICMP (+n genera'+( )+r e, F+(t + r+%ter :%e 'etecta e, )r+&,ema + (t%ac!n e7tra+r'nara 5
'rg'+( a, F+(t + r+%ter :%e a)arece en e, cam)+ 'recc!n +rgen 'e, 'atagrama :%e ca%(! e,
)r+&,ema. Para 9ac,tar ,a 'ent9cac!n 'e, 'atagrama )+r )arte 'e, F+(t em(+r ,a ma5+r=a 'e ,+(
men(a>e( ICMP nc,%5en; a'emB( 'e, c!'g+ 'e err+r c+rre()+n'ente; ,a ca&ecera 5 ,+( )rmer+( +cF+
&5te( 'e 'at+( 'e, 'atagrama +rgna,.
A c+ntn%ac!n 'e(cr&rem+( ,+( men(a>e( ICMP mB( m)+rtante(*
DE/TINATION UNREAC-A6LE. E(te men(a>e (e )r+'%ce c%an'+ n+ (e )%e'e entregar e,
'atagrama en (% 'e(tn+ )+r '2er(a( (t%ac+ne(; entre ,a( :%e 'e(tacarem+( a m+'+ 'e
e>em),+ ,a( '+( (g%ente(* a. c%an'+ %n r+%ter (e enc%entra c+n %n 'atagrama :%e tene )%e(t+
a 1 e, &t DF -D+nNt Fragment. 5 :%e n+ ca&e en ,a MTU 'e ,a re' )+r ,a :%e Fa 'e en2ar,+; 5
&. c%an'+ %n r+%ter n+ enc%entra en (%( ta&,a( nng%na r%ta )+r ,a :%e )%e'a ,,egar a ,a
'recc!n )ara ,a :%e 2a 'rg'+ %n 'atagrama. O&(<r2e(e :%e c%an'+ %n r+%ter tene
c+n9g%ra'a r%ta )+r 'e9ect+ n%nca en2arB men(a>e( ICMP De(tnat+n UnreacFa&,e )+r e(te
(eg%n'+ m+t2+.
/OURCE EUENC-. E(te men(a>e (e cre! )ara )ermtr a ,+( r+%ter( (+,ctar %na re'%cc!n
en e, trB9c+ genera'+ )+r ,+( F+(t( en ca(+ 'e c+nge(t!n; )+r ,+ :%e act%a&an c+m+ )a:%ete(
16
'e a(97a. En ,a )rBctca (e Fa 2(t+ :%e e, %(+ 'e e(te t)+ 'e men(a>e( agra2a ,+( )r+&,ema( en
ca(+ 'e c+nge(t!n; )+r ,+ :%e ,a rec+men'ac!n act%a, e( :%e ,+( r+%ter( n+ 'e&en generar
)a:%ete( #OURCE AUENC4 en nngEn ca(+.
EC-O REEUE/T 1 EC-O RE!LF: (e %(an )ara 'etectar ( %n 'e(tn+ 'etermna'+ e(tB
+)erat2+. A, rec&r e, men(a>e e, 'e(tn+ 'e&e re()+n'er c+n e, c+man'+ ICMP EC-O
RE!LF. E, c+man'+ ping; m%5 %t,?a'+ en Internet )ara )r%e&a( 'e acce(&,'a'; %t,?a e(te
c+man'+. En ,a ma5+r=a 'e ,a( m),ementac+ne( 'e )ng e( )+(&,e e()ec9car e, tamaI+ 'e,
'atagrama a en2ar; 5 tam&<n ,a 9rec%enca 'e ,+( en2=+(; c+n ,+ :%e (e )%e'e %t,?ar )ara
generar %n trB9c+ en ,a re' 'e 9+rma c+ntr+,a'a. E, c+man'+ )ng (%mn(tra n9+rmac!n 'e,
tem)+ 'e 'a 5 2%e,ta 5 )+rcenta>e 'e 'atagrama( )er''+(; )+r ,+ :%e )ermte tener %na 'ea
&a(tante a)r+7ma'a 'e, e(ta'+ 'e ,a re'.
TIME EGCEEDED (e en2=a a, em(+r c%an'+ %n )a:%ete e( 'e(carta'+ )+r:%e (% TTL Fa
,,ega'+ a cer+. E(t+ )%e'e (e (=nt+ma 'e :%e (e Fa )r+'%c'+ a,gEn &%c,e en ,a re'; + :%e e,
2a,+r 'e, TTL %t,?a'+ e( 'ema(a'+ &a>+ )ara e, 'Bmetr+ 'e ,a re'. 4a5 %n )r+grama m%5
%t,?a'+ )ara 'agn!(tc+ 'e re'e(; 'en+mna'+ traceroute
$
; :%e a2erg%a ,a r%ta a %n 'e(tn+
'etermna'+ en2an'+ )a:%ete( c+n TTL 'e 1; 2; 3; 5 a(= (%ce(2amente. A )artr 'e ,+(
men(a>e( ICMP TIME EGCEEDED rec&'+( e, )r+grama )%e'e 'e'%cr ,a r%ta c+m),eta
Fa(ta e, 'e(tn+ e()ec9ca'+. Tracer+%te m'e a'emB( e, tem)+ 'e 'a 5 2%e,ta en ca'a ca(+; 5
)ara 'ar %na n9+rmac!n e(ta'=(tcamente mB( (gn9cat2a n+rma,mente en2=a tre( )a:%ete(
)ara ca'a 2a,+r 'e TTL 5 m%e(tra ,+( tem)+( 'e 'a 5 2%e,ta 'e ca'a %n+; 'an'+ a(=
n9+rmac!n n+ (!,+ 'e ,a r%ta (eg%'a (n+ 'e ,+( retar'+( en ca'a )arte 'e, tra5ect+.
REDIRECT (e %t,?a )ara a,ertar a, F+(t em(+r c%an'+ (e (+()ecFa :%e %n )a:%ete (e e(tB
encamnan'+ nc+rrectamente. P+r e>em),+ e(te men(a>e ,+ %t,?an ,+( r+%ter( c%an'+ rec&en
'e %n F+(t 'atagrama( :%e 2an 'rg'+( a +tr+ F+(t :%e (e enc%entra en ,a m(ma LAN.
3.9.2 Re'olu*i,n $e $ire**ione': AR!
C%an'+ (e %t,?an ,=nea( )%nt+ a )%nt+ en %na re' ,a nter9a? 9=(ca 9>a e, (g%ente n+'+ a, :%e (e
'rge e, 'atagrama; 5a :%e )ara ca'a en,ace e7(te %n Enc+ 'e(tnatar+ )+(&,e. En cam&+ c%an'+ (e
%t,?a %na re' m%,tacce(+ -)+r e>em),+ RD#I; ATM + %na LAN c%a,:%era. ,a tecn+,+g=a %t,?a'a )ara
en2ar ,+( 'atagrama( )ermte ,,egar )+r ,a m(ma nter9a? 9=(ca a mB( 'e %n 'e(tnatar+. En e(te ca(+
e( nece(ar+ a,gEn mecan(m+ :%e )ermta (a&er a c%a, 'e t+'+( ,+( 'e(tn+( )+(&,e( (e 'rgen ,+(
)a:%ete(. T+'a( ,a( re'e( m%,tacce(+ '()+nen 'e %n ((tema 'e 'recc+nament+ )r+)+; )+r e>em),+
en %na RD#I ,a( 'recc+ne( (er=an ,+( nEmer+( 'e te,<9+n+ RD#I c+n ,+( :%e :%erem+( c+nectar; en %na
LAN (er=an ,a( 'recc+ne( MAC 'e ,a( e(tac+ne(; etc. En t+'+( e(t+( ca(+( e( e, n2e, 'e re' e,
encarga'+ 'e rea,?ar ,a c+rre()+n'enca entre ,a 'recc!n en ,a tecn+,+g=a m%,tacce(+ c+rre()+n'ente
5 ,a 'recc!n 'e re'; c+rre()+n'enca :%e (e c+n+ce c+m+ re'olu*i,n $e $ire**ione'.
E7(ten mE,t),e( mecan(m+( )+(&,e( )ara rea,?ar ,a re(+,%c!n 'e 'recc+ne(. De e,,+(
c+mentarem+( a:%= a,g%n+( 'e ,+( mB( %t,?a'+(.
a. Ta&la e't5ti*a "anteni$a "anual"ente en *a$a no$o. En e(te ca(+ (e tene en ca'a n+'+ 'e
,a re' m%,tacce(+ ,a ta&,a c+m),eta 'e e:%2a,enca 'e 'recc+ne(. E(ta t<cnca (e %t,?a&a en
,a( )rmera( re'e( ,+ca,e( 5 (e %t,?a act%a,mente en RD#I; J.2"; Frame Re,a5 5 tam&<n en
ATM en a,g%n+( ca(+(. E, )rnc)a, )r+&,ema :%e tene e( ,a nece('a' 'e act%a,?ar ,a( ta&,a(
en t+'+( ,+( n+'+( 'e ,a re' ca'a 2e? :%e (e )r+'%ce a,g%na m+'9cac!n en ,a ta&,a 'e
'recc+ne(.
&. Ta&la $in5"i*a "anteni$a $e .or"a auto"5ti*a en un 'er+i$or $e la re$ *ono*i$o #or
to$o'. C%an'+ %n n+'+ :%ere en2ar %n men(a>e a %n 'e(tn+ 'etermna'+ n'ca a, (er2'+r ,a
'recc!n 'e re' :%e &%(ca 5 <(te ,e 'e2%e,2e ,a 'recc!n 'e ,a re' m%,tacce(+ c+rre()+n'ente.
C%a,:%er e:%)+ :%e 'e(ee a'Ferr(e a ,a re' 'e&erB en )rmer ,%gar reg(trar(e en e, (er2'+r
)ara :%e <(te nc,%5a ,a entra'a c+rre()+n'ente en (%( ta&,a(. E(te mecan(m+ (e %t,?a c+m+
2erem+( mB( a'e,ante en IP (+&re re'e( ATM c+m+ )arte 'e ,a t<cnca 'en+mna'a MC,a((ca,
IP +2er ATMNC en e(e ca(+ e, (er2'+r 9ac,ta ,a 'recc!n ATM :%e c+rre()+n'e a %na 'recc!n
IP 'etermna'a. L+( )rnc)a,e( )r+&,ema( 'e e(ta (+,%c!n (+n ,a nece('a' 'e, reg(tr+ )re2+
6
E(te )r+grama e(tB '()+n&,e en UNIJ c+n (% )r+)+ n+m&re 5 en Tn'+K( c+n e, n+m&re tracert.
10
5 :%e e, (er2'+r (e c+n2erte en %na )e?a c,a2e 'e ,a re' :%e )%e'e ,mtar ,a '()+n&,'a' 5
e, ren'ment+ en a,g%n+( ca(+(.
c. E'ta&le*er un "e*ani'"o tri+ial #or el Due 'e #ue$a $e$u*ir la $ire**i,n $e la re$
"ultia**e'o a #artir $e la $ire**i,n $e re$. De e(ta 9+rma c%a,:%er n+'+ )%e'e 'er2ar ,a
'recc!n 'e ,a re' m%,tacce(+ a )artr 'e ,a 'recc!n 'e re'. E(te mecan(m+ (e em),ea )+r
e>em),+ en DECNET :%e c+n(tr%5e ,a 'recc!n MAC aIa'en'+ a ,a 'recc!n 'e re' %n
)re9>+ 'etermna'+ 5 c+n+c'+ )+r t+'+( ,+( n+'+(. Para :%e e(t+ (ea )+(&,e n+ (e %t,?a ,a
'recc!n g,+&a, gra&a'a en ,a tar>eta 'e re' 5 (e rec%rre a, %(+ 'e 'recc+ne( MAC ,+ca,e( -,a(
9>a'a( )+r (+9tKare; :%e tenen a 1 e, (eg%n'+ &t. )ara )+'er m)+ner ,a 'recc!n MAC a
)artr 'e ,a 'recc!n 'e re'. E(te mecan(m+ n+ )%e'e (er %t,?a'+ (m%,tBneamente )+r ma(
'e %n )r+t+c+,+ 'e re' 5a :%e (e )r+'%cr=a c+n9,ct+ entre ,a( 'recc+ne( MAC re:%er'a( )+r
,+( '2er(+( )r+t+c+,+(. C+m+ 2erem+( mB( a'e,ante %n mecan(m+ 'e e(te t)+ (e %t,?a en IP
)ara ,a re(+,%c!n 'e 'recc+ne( m%,tca(t en EtFernet.
'. UtiliBar un "en'a0e &roa$*a't #ara lanBar a la re$ una #regunta 'oli*itan$o re'#ue'ta $el
no$o en la re$ "ultia**e'o Due #o'ee la $ire**i,n $e re$ &u'*a$a. E(ta t<cnca 'a mB7ma
9,e7&,'a' 5a :%e ,+( e:%)+( n+ nece(tan reg(trar(e 5 n+ Fa5 %n (er2'+r centra,?a'+ 'e,
:%e 'e)en'a e, 9%nc+nament+ 'e ,a re'. #n em&arg+ (+,+ e( 9act&,e en re'e( 'e nat%ra,e?a
&r+a'ca(t; c+m+ ,a( re'e( ,+ca,e(. E, )rnc)a, nc+n2enente 'e e(ta (+,%c!n e( e, %(+ 'e
)a:%ete( &r+a'ca(t :%e )r+'%ce %na 'egra'ac!n 'e, ren'ment+ 'e t+'a ,a re'
0
. E(ta t<cnca
e( ,a %t,?a'a en IP (+&re re'e( ,+ca,e( 'e t+'+ t)+.
En e(te a)arta'+ 2erem+( en 'eta,,e e, 9%nc+nament+ 'e, )r+t+c+,+ ARP -A''re(( Re(+,%t+n Pr+t+c+,.
:%e %t,?a e, mecan(m+ 'e(crt+ en E,tm+ ,%gar. Veam+( c+m+ 9%nc+na c+n %n e>em),+*
#%)+ngam+( :%e L%( tene (% PC c+necta'+ a %na re' ,+ca, EtFernet me'ante %na tar>eta c+n9g%ra'a
c+n ,a 'recc!n IP 1/0.1"6.1.2 5 ,a mB(cara 2"".2"".D.DC L%( :%ere ncar %na (e(!n 'e termna,
rem+t+ te,net c+n %n +r'ena'+r c%5a 'recc!n IP e( 1/0.1"6.1.3. En e, m+ment+ en :%e L%( tec,ea
telnet 1'-%1#$%1%& e, (+9tKare 'e, PC c+m)ara ,a 'recc!n 'e 'e(tn+ c+n ,a (%5a )r+)a 5 c+n (%
mB(cara 5 'e'%ce :%e e, +r'ena'+r 'e 'e(tn+ (e enc%entra en ,a m(ma re' ,+ca,
1
. E, PC genera
ent+nce( %n men(a>e ARP c+n ,a )reg%nta U:%<n tene ,a 'recc!n 1/0.1"6.1.3V 5 ,+ en2=a en %na trama
EtFernet :%e tene c+m+ 'recc!n MAC 'e 'e(tn+ ,a 'recc!n &r+a'ca(t -t+'+ a %n+(.C ,a trama e(
rec&'a 5 )r+ce(a'a )+r t+'a( ,a( mB:%na( 'e ,a re' :%e en e(e m+ment+ e(t<n act2a(; (en'+
retran(mt'a a tra2<( 'e ,+( c+nm%ta'+re( + )%ente( tran()arente( ,+ca,e( + rem+t+( :%e Fa5a.
E2ent%a,mente %na mB:%na -5 (+,+ %na. (e rec+n+ce )r+)etara 'e ,a 'recc!n IP (+,cta'a 5 re()+n'e
a, men(a>eC ,a re()%e(ta )%e'e (er 5 n+rma,mente (erB %na trama %nca(t )%e(t+ :%e e, +r'ena'+r 'e
'e(tn+ 5a c+n+ce ,a 'recc!n MAC 'e, PC :%e ,an?! ,a )reg%ntaC ,a re()%e(ta nc,%5e ,a 'recc!n
MAC (+,cta'a; )+r ,+ :%e a )artr 'e e(e m+ment+ am&+( +r'ena'+re( )%e'en c+m%ncar(e me'ante
trama( %nca(t; 'e 9+rma :%e ,a generac!n 'e trB9c+ &r+a'ca(t :%e'a e(trctamente ,mta'a a, )rmer
men(a>e en2a'+ )+r e, PC 'e L%(.
Ca'a +r'ena'+r 'e ,a re' ,+ca, mantene en mem+ra %na ta&,a 'en+mna'a .R/ cac)e c+n ,a( )are>a(
'e 'recc+ne( MAC-IP %t,?a'a( recentemente. P+r tant+ ( L%( termna (% (e(!n te,net )er+ +,2'!
a,gEn 'eta,,e )+'rB '%rante 2ar+( mn%t+( e(ta&,ecer +tra c+ne7!n te,net c+n e, m(m+ +r'ena'+r (n
nece('a' 'e en2ar +tr+ )a:%ete ARP &r+a'ca(t. Genera,mente c%an'+ %n +r'ena'+r en2=a %n men(a>e
ARP &%(can'+ a +tr+ todas ,a( mB:%na( 'e ,a re'; n+ (!,+ ,a 'e(tnatara 'e, men(a>e; a)r+2ecFan )ara
@9cFar@ a, em(+r; an+tBn'+,+ en (% ARP cacFe. De e(ta 9+rma ( mB( tar'e nece(tan c+ntactar c+n 'cFa
mB:%na )+'rBn Facer,+ 'rectamente; (n nece('a' 'e en2ar %n men(a>e ARP &r+a'ca(t.
La( entra'a( en ,a ARP cacFe e7)ran )a(a'+( %n+( mn%t+( (n :%e Fa5a trB9c+ c+n ,a mB:%na
c+rre()+n'ente; )ara )ermtr :%e (e )r+'%?can cam&+( en ,a ta&,a )+r e>em),+ )+r a2er=a 'e %na
tar>eta 'e re' + cam&+ 'e ,a 'recc!n IP 'e %n F+(t. E, c+man'+ arp a; '()+n&,e en UNIJ 5 en
Tn'+K(; n+( )ermte c+n+cer en c%a,:%er m+ment+ ,a ta&,a ARP cacFe '()+n&,e en %n F+(t.
En ca(+ 'e :%e en %na m(ma re' ,+ca, Fa5a )+r err+r mB( 'e %n +r'ena'+r c+n ,a m(ma 'recc!n IP (e
)%e'en )r+'%cr re(%,ta'+( ne()era'+(
$
C en e, me>+r 'e ,+( ca(+( e, )rmer+ en re()+n'er (erB e, Enc+
0
E, trB9c+ &r+a'ca(t e( a,tamente )er>%'ca, )ara e, ren'ment+ )+r '+( ra?+ne(* n+ e( a(,a'+ )+r ,+( c+nm%ta'+re( 5 a'emB( tene
:%e (er rec&'+ 5 )r+ce(a'+ )+r t+'a( ,a( e(tac+ne( 'e ,a re'; 5a :%e en )rnc)+ ,e( nc%m&e. En %na re' 'e gran tamaI+ c+n m%cF+
trB9c+ &r+a'ca(t e, c+n(%m+ en cc,+( 'e CPU 'e&'+ a e(te m+t2+ )%e'e ,,egar a (er c+n('era&,e.
1
A ,+( e9ect+( 'e, 9%nc+nament+ 'e ARP e( rre,e2ante e, FecF+ 'e :%e ,+( '+( +r'ena'+re( (e enc%entren en e, m(m+ '+mn+ 'e
c+,(+ne( + en '+( '9erente( %n'+( entre (= )+r )%ente( + c+nm%ta'+re(.
$
E(ta e( %na 9+rma e'%ca'a 'e 'ecr :%e (e )%e'en )r+'%cr ca='a( 'e ((tema +)erat2+.
11
en (er nc,%'+ en ,a ARP cacFe 'e ,+( +r'ena'+re( :%e &%(:%en e(a 'recc!n; 'e>an'+ a ,+( 'emB(
nacce(&,e(. Un ca(+ t=)c+ en :%e (e 'a e(te )r+&,ema e( c%an'+ '+( + ma( %(%ar+( c+m)arten %n
'(:%ete c+n (+9tKare 'e re' en e, c%a, e(tBn nc,%'+( a'emB( 'e, (+9tKare ,+( 9cFer+( 'e c+n9g%rac!n
:%e c+ntenen ,a 'recc!n IP -a9+rt%na'amente e(te )r+&,ema F+5 en '=a e( men+( 9rec%ente 5a :%e
n+rma,mente ,+( ((tema( +)erat2+( nc+r)+ran e, (+9tKare 'e re'.. En %na re' 'e gran'e( 'men(+ne(
e( 9%n'amenta, '()+ner 'e mecan(m+( :%e )ermtan 'etectar 5 mnm?ar e, re(g+ 'e tener
'recc+ne( '%),ca'a(.
A%n:%e ,+ Fem+( 2(t+ a),ca'+ a, ca(+ c+ncret+ 'e re(+,2er %na 'recc!n IP en %na re' ,+ca,; e,
)r+t+c+,+ ARP tene %n Bm&t+ &a(tante mB( am),+. A n2e, EtFernet ARP e( %n )r+t+c+,+ '9erente 'e
IP; c+n %n 2a,+r 'e EtFert5)e 'e 1D6 -Fe7a'ecma,.. E(t+ )ermte :%e ,+( r+%ter( n+ c+n9%n'an ,+(
)a:%ete( ARP c+n ,+( )a:%ete( IP 5 n+ ,+( )r+)ag%enC 'e e(te m+'+ ,+( )a:%ete( ARP :%e'an (em)re
c+n9na'+( en re' ,+ca, '+n'e (e )r+'%cen; e2tan'+ a(= :%e e, trB9c+ &r+a'ca(t :%e generan (e
)r+)ag%e a +tra( re'e(.
Para )+'er a'a)tar(e a c%a,:%er t)+ 'e re' &r+a'ca(t 5 a c%a,:%er )r+t+c+,+ a n2e, 'e re' e, )a:%ete
ARP )re2< e, %(+ 'e ,+ngt%'e( ar&trara( tant+ 'e ,a 'recc!n 'e re' c+m+ 'e ,a 'recc!n 'e en,ace. A
t=t%,+ 'e e>em),+ ,a ta&,a 3.0 m%e(tra e, 9+rmat+ 'e, )a:%ete ARP )ara e, ca(+ mB( Fa&t%a,; :%e
c+rre()+n'e a %na re' c+n 'recc+ne( MAC 'e 6 &5te( 5 'recc+ne( IP 'e / &5te(. L+( cam)+( (e
'e(cr&en a c+ntn%ac!n*
Cam)+ Longitu$ %61te'(
T)+ 'e Far'Kare 2
T)+ 'e )r+t+c+,+ 2
L+ng. Drecc!n Far'Kare 1
L+ng. Drecc!n re' 1
C!'g+ +)erac!n 2
Drecc!n MAC em(+r 6
Drecc!n IP em(+r /
Drecc!n MAC 'e(tn+ 6
Drecc!n IP 'e(tn+ /
Ta&la 3.=.) E'tru*tura $e un #aDuete AR! I! #ara re$e' ?<2
Ti#o $e 2ar$Hare* e()ec9ca e, t)+ 'e re' ,+ca,; )+r e>em),+ e, c!'g+ 1 'ent9ca EtFernet.
Ti#o $e #roto*olo* e()ec9ca e, )r+t+c+,+ 'e re' %t,?a'+. #e em),ean ,+( m(m+( c!'g+( :%e en e,
EtFert5)e -)+r e>em),+ 7D1DD en e, ca(+ 'e IP..
Long. Dire**i,n 2ar$Hare* (e e()ec9ca en &5te(. P+r e>em),+ en e, ca(+ 'e 'recc+ne( MAC ,a
,+ngt%' e( 'e (e( &5te(.
Long. Dire**i,n re$* tam&<n en &5te(; )+r e>em),+ c%atr+ en e, ca(+ 'e IP.
C,$igo o#era*i,n* 2a,e 1 en e, ca(+ 'e %na )reg%nta ARP -U:%<n tene ,a 'recc!n IP ta,V. 5 2 en e, 'e
%na re()%e(ta.
3.9.3 Re'olu*i,n in+er'a $e $ire**ione'
A 2ece( (e ),antea e, )r+&,ema n2er(+ a ARP; e( 'ecr Fa,,ar ,a 'recc!n IP a )artr 'e %na 'etermna'a
'recc!n LAN. P+r e>em),+ c%an'+ (e arranca %na e(tac!n 'e tra&a>+ @'(G,e((@; e( 'ecr (n '(c+; <(ta
Fa 'e cargar (% ((tema +)erat2+ 'e('e +tr+ +r'ena'+r n+rma,mente (t%a'+ en ,a m(ma re' ,+ca,; )er+
'e(c+n+ce t+'+ ,+ re,at2+ a (% c+n9g%rac!n 'e re'; nc,%'a ,a 'recc!n IPC ,+ Enc+ :%e ,a e(tac!n
c+n+ce en )rnc)+ e( (% 'recc!n MAC; :%e (e enc%entra e(crta en (% tar>eta 'e re' ,+ca,.
3.9.3.1 RAR!
1$
Para e(ta( (t%ac+ne( (e n2ent! RARP -Re2er(e A''re(( Re(+,%t+n Pr+t+c+,.; :%e 9%nc+na 'e ,a
(g%ente manera* ,a e(tac!n '(G,e(( en2=a %n men(a>e &r+a'ca(t en e, :%e n'ca (% 'recc!n MAC 5
(+,cta :%e a,g%en ,e n9+rme 'e c%a, e( ,a 'recc!n IP :%e ,e c+rre()+n'e. En ,a re' Fa&rB %n (er2'+r
RARP encarga'+ 'e aten'er e(te t)+ 'e )etc+ne( :%e c+n(%,tarB (%( ta&,a( 5 'e2+,2erB ,a 'recc!n IP
c+rre()+n'ente.
RARP %t,?a e, m(m+ 9+rmat+ 'e men(a>e :%e ARP. La Enca '9erenca e( :%e %t,?a ,+( c!'g+( 'e
+)erac!n 3 5 / )ara ,a )reg%nta 5 re()%e(ta RARP; re()ect2amente. A'emB( en 2e? 'e %t,?ar e,
EtFert5)e 7D1D6 em),ea e, 71D3"C e(t+ )ermte a ,+( F+(t( :%e n+ (+)+rtan e, )r+t+c+,+ RARP 'e(cartar
e(t+( men(a>e( rB)'amente; (n tener :%e ana,?ar (% c+nten'+.
3.9.3.2 6OOT!
RARP a)+rta 9%nc+na,'a'e( ntere(ante( )er+ tene a,g%na( ,mtac+ne( m)+rtante(. C+m+ ,a
c+n(%,ta (e rea,?a me'ante %n men(a>e &r+a'ca(t e, (er2'+r RARP Fa 'e e(tar en ,a m(ma LAN :%e
e, c,enteC )+r tant+ e( nece(ar+ )re2er %n (er2'+r RARP en ca'a LAN; 5a :%e ,+( men(a>e( &r+a'ca(t a
n2e, MAC n+ atra2e(an ,+( r+%ter(. Otra ,mtac!n e( e, FecF+ 'e :%e e, )r+t+c+,+ RARP (+,+ )re2e e,
en2=+ 'e ,a 'recc!n IP; c%an'+ (er=a ntere(ante a)r+2ecFar e, men(a>e )ara n9+rmar a, c,ente 'e t+'+
e, c+n>%nt+ 'e )arBmetr+( re,ac+na'+( c+n ,a c+n9g%rac!n 'e ,a re' -,a mB(cara; e, r+%ter )+r 'e9ect+;
etc... Para (%)erar e(ta( ,mtac+ne( 'e RARP (e n2ent! e, )r+t+c+,+ 3OOTP -3OOT(tra) Pr+t+c+,..
C%an'+ %n F+(t ,an?a %na )reg%nta 3OOTP ,+ Face en %n 'atagrama IP c+n ,a 'recc!n 'e 'e(tn+
2"".2"".2"".2"" 5 'recc!n 'e +rgen D.D.D.D. De e(ta 9+rma e, 'atagrama e( rec&'+ )+r t+'+( ,+(
F+(t( 'e ,a LAN. # a,g%n+ 'e e,,+( e( e, (er2'+r 3OOTP c+n(%,tarB (%( ta&,a( 5 'e2+,2erB ,a
n9+rmac!n re:%er'a a, (+,ctante; en +tr+ 'atagrama IP. Re(%,ta ntere(ante ana,?ar c+m+ (e en2=a
'cFa c+nte(tac!n. En )rnc)+; a, tratar(e 'e %n 'atagrama IP e, )r+ce(+ (er2'+r 3OOTP 'e&er=a
c+n(%,tar (% ta&,a ARP cacFe )ara a2erg%ar ,a 'recc!n MAC 'e, 'e(tnatar+C e( e2'ente :%e ,a ARP
cacFe n+ c+nten'rB 'cFa 'recc!n )%e(t+ :%e e, (er2'+r 3OOTP n+ Fa rea,?a'+ t+'a2=a nngEn en2=+
a, c,ente. P+r tant+ e, )a(+ (g%ente (er=a :%e e, (er2'+r en2ara %n men(a>e ARP re:%e(t )reg%nta'+
:%en tene ,a 'recc!n IP (+,cta'a; )er+ en e(te ca(+ e, c,ente n+ re()+n'er=a )%e(t+ :%e aEn
'e(c+n+ce c%a, e( (% 'recc!n IP. E(t+ e( ,+ :%e en e, RFC $"1 -:%e e()ec9ca e, )r+t+c+,+ 3OOTP. (e
'e(cr&e c+m+ e, )r+&,ema M'e, F%e2+ 5 ,a ga,,naN. E7(ten '+( )+(&,e( (+,%c+ne( a e(te )r+&,ema*
a. En2ar ,a re()%e(ta en &r+a'ca(t; e( 'ecr a ,a 'recc!n 2"".2"".2"".2"". E(ta e( ,a (+,%c!n
mB( Fa&t%a,.
&. Act%a,?ar ,a ta&,a ARP cacFe )ara nc,%r en e,,a ,a entra'a c+rre()+n'ente a, c,ente 5 )+'er
a(= en2ar e, 'atagrama a (% 'e(tn+. E(te e( %n )r+ce'ment+ rreg%,ar; 5a :%e en )rnc)+ e,
Enc+ a%t+r?a'+ a m+'9car ,a ARP cacFe 'e %n F+(t e( e, )r+ce(+ ARP. #+,+ en a,g%n+( ca(+(
e, Gerne, + ,+( 'r2er( '()+nen 'e mecan(m+( :%e )ermtan a, )r+ce(+ (er2'+r 3OOTP
rea,?ar 'cFa m+'9cac!n.
L+( men(a>e( 3OOTP (e en2=an en 'atagrama( UDPLIP. E(t+ tene ,a 2enta>a 'e )ermtr :%e e, (er2'+r
3OOTP n+ e(t< %&ca'+ en ,a m(ma LAN :%e e, c,ente; )er+ )ara :%e e(t+ 9%nc+ne e( nece(ar+
'()+ner en ,a LAN 'e, c,ente 'e %n r+%ter :%e actEe c+m+ agente 'e reen2=+ 'e men(a>e( 3OOTP.
DcF+ r+%ter (e encargarB 'e rec+ger ,+( 3OOTP re:%e(t 'e ,a LAN 5 re'rgr,+( Faca e, (er2'+r. E,
ntercam&+ 'e men(a>e( 3OOTP entre e, agente 'e reen2=+ 5 e, (er2'+r 3OOTP (e rea,?a 'e 9+rma
n+rma,; )er+ e, )r+&,ema :%e (e ),antea e( ,a entrega 'e, 3OOTP re),5 a, c,ente; :%e c+m+ 5a Fem+(
2(t+ re:%ere (eg%r %n )r+ce'ment+ e()eca, -n+rma,mente %n en2=+ &r+a'ca(t.. Para :%e :%e'e c,ar+
:%en e( e, re()+n(a&,e 'e rea,?ar 'cF+ )r+ce'ment+ M(ng%,arN en e, (ent'+ n2er(+; c%an'+ e, r+%ter
reen2=a e, 3OOTP re:%e(t an+ta en <, ,a 'recc!n IP 'e ,a nter9a? )+r ,a :%e ,+ rec&!C 'cFa
n9+rmac!n ac+m)aIarB e, 3OOTP re),5 c+rre()+n'ente 5 )ermtrB a, r+%ter rea,?ar ,a entrega (egEn
e, )r+ce'ment+ (ng%,ar. Para :%e e(te )r+ce'ment+ 9%nc+ne e( )rec(+ :%e ,a( r%ta( (ean (m<trca(;
e( 'ecr :%e e, 3OOTP re:%e(t 5 e, 3OOTP re),5 %t,cen e, m(m+ camn+.
A'emB( 'e ,a 'recc!n e, )r+t+c+,+ 3OOTP )ermte n'car e, n+m&re 'e, F+(t; ,a mB(cara 'e (%&re'; e,
r+%ter )+r 'e9ect+; (er2'+r 'e n+m&re(; etc. A%n:%e n+ (e %t,?a a men%'+ tam&<n )%e'e n'car(e e,
n+m&re 5 %&cac!n 'e, 9cFer+ 'e('e e, c%a, 'e&e Facer &++t ,a mB:%na c,ente; ( (e 'e(ea :%e
arran:%e 'e 9+rma rem+ta 'e('e +tra mB:%na. 3OOTP 9%e e, )rmer )r+t+c+,+ e(tBn'ar )ara arran:%e
a%t+mBtc+ 'e +r'ena'+re( en TCPLIP.
2D
3OOTP )ermte centra,?ar en %n+ + %n+( )+c+( (er2'+re( ,a c+n9g%rac!n 'e t+'a( ,a( mB:%na( 'e
%na re' 5 'e&'+ a (% ma5+r 9,e7&,'a' Fa 'e(),a?a'+ )rBctcamente )+r c+m),et+ a RARP. E(ta
9ac,'a' 'e c+n9g%rac!n centra,?a'a re(%,ta e()eca,mente Et, en re'e( gran'e(; 5a :%e )ermte Facer
'e manera c!m+'a cam&+( en ,a c+n9g%rac!n 'e %na re' (n tener :%e Facer ,+( cam&+( ,+ca,mente
mB:%na a mB:%na. La c+n9g%rac!n centra,?a'a a5%'a a e2tar ,a '%),c'a' 'e 'recc+ne( IP; :%e
)%e'e 'ar m%cF+( )r+&,ema( c+m+ c+mentB&am+( a, Fa&,ar 'e ARP.
3.9.3.3 D-C!
Tant+ RARP c+m+ 3OOTP re:%eren %na a(gnac!n e(tBtca &%n=2+ca entre 'recc+ne( MAC 5
'recc+ne( IPC Facen 9a,ta tanta( 'recc+ne( IP c+m+ +r'ena'+re( 2a5an a %t,?ar e, )r+t+c+,+ TCPLIP.
E7(ten (t%ac+ne( en ,a( :%e e(t+ n+ e( c+n2enente; )+r e>em),+*
o Una em)re(a c+n "DD +r'ena'+re( :%ere c+nectar(e a ,a Internet; 'e 9+rma :%e c%a,:%era 'e
e,,+( )%e'a (a,r a, e7ter+rC )ara e(t+ '()+ne 'e %na c,a(e CC (e ca,c%,a :%e n%nca Fa&rB mB(
'e 2DD +r'ena'+re( (m%,tBneamente c+necta'+( a ,a Internet; )+r ,+ :%e en )rnc)+ %na re'
c,a(e C (er=a (%9cente; )er+ ,a nece('a' 'e a(gnar %na 'recc!n IP a ca'a +r'ena'+r re:%ere
'()+ner 'e "DD 'recc+ne( IP ( (e :%ere +9recer c+nect2'a' a t+'+( e,,+(.
o En %na %n2er('a' (e '()+ne 'e %na (a,a )ara ,a c+ne7!n a Internet 'e ,+( +r'ena'+re(
)+rtBt,e( 'e ,+( a,%mn+(. N+ (e c+n+cen ,a( 'recc+ne( MAC 'e ,+( +r'ena'+re( :%e (e
%t,?arBn n c%ant+( (erBn; ,+ Enc+ :%e (e (a&e e( :%e n+ Fa&rB en nngEn m+ment+ mB( 'e "D
c+necta'+( (m%,tBneamente 5a :%e e(ta e( ,a ca)ac'a' 'e ,a (a,a.
E2'entemente en e(ta( (t%ac+ne( e( nece(ar+ %n mecan(m+ mB( 9,e7&,e 'e a(gnac!n 'e 'recc+ne(
IP :%e e, +9rec'+ )+r 3OOTP.
Para re(+,2er e(t+( )r+&,ema( e, IETF '(eI! en 1$$3 e, )r+t+c+,+ D4CP -D5namc 4+(t C+n9g%rat+n
Pr+t+c+,.; :%e e( (m,ar a 3OOTP )er+ e( mB( 2er(Bt, en ,+( mecan(m+( 'e a(gnac!n 'e 'recc+ne(
IP. En D4CP ,+( c,ente( )%e'en rec&r (%( 'recc+ne( )+r %n+ 'e ,+( tre( mecan(m+( (g%ente(*
o A(gnac!n n'e9n'a 5 e(tBtca. En e(te ca(+ ,a 'recc!n e( 9>a'a )+r e, a'mn(tra'+r. E(te
e:%2a,e a 3OOTP.
o A(gnac!n a%t+mBtca. La a(gnac!n e( tam&<n e(tBtca )er+ ,a e,ecc!n 'e ,a 'recc!n IP
c+rre()+n'ente e( t+ma'a )+r e, (er2'+r D4CP ,a )rmera 2e? :%e e, e:%)+ ,e (+,cta (%
'recc!n.
o A(gnac!n 'nBmca. En e(te ca(+ e, c,ente rec&e ,a 'recc!n IP 'e, (er2'+r '%rante %n
tem)+ ,mta'+. Pa(a'+ e(e tem)+ e, c,ente 'e&e ren+2ar (% (+,ct%' + 'e ,+ c+ntrar+ ,a
c+nce(!n e7)rarB. De e(ta 9+rma %na m(ma 'recc!n )%e'e (er re%t,?a'a )+r '9erente(
mB:%na( en m+ment+( '9erente(. E(ta m+'a,'a' e( tam&<n c+n+c'a c+m+ Ma,:%,er 'e
'recc+ne(N.
La ma5+r 9,e7&,'a' 'e D4CP ,e Fa c+n2ert'+ en e, )r+t+c+,+ )re9er'+ )ara ,a c+n9g%rac!n rem+ta
'e +r'ena'+re( en re'e( ,+ca,e(. C+n D4CP (e me>+ra n+ta&,emente ,a (eg%r'a' 5 9a&,'a' 'e %na re'C
tam&<n (e (m),9can ,a( ,a&+re( 'e a'mn(trac!n 'e ,a m(ma.
C+n ,a a(gnac!n 'nBmca 'e 'recc+ne( D4CP 'e(em)eIa en re'e( ,+ca,e( %n )a)e, (m,ar a PPP en
,a( c+ne7+ne( 'e RTC.
Un nc+n2enente 'e ,a a(gnac!n 'nBmca 'e 'recc+ne( e( :%e ( (e 'e(ea ra(trear %n )r+&,ema 5;
c+m+ e( ,+ n+rma,; (!,+ (e '()+ne 'e ,a 'recc!n IP re(%,ta mB( '9=c, -a 2ece( m)+(&,e. a2erg%ar
:%e +r'ena'+r + %(%ar+ Fa ('+ e, ca%(ante 'e, )r+&,ema. Otr+ )r+&,ema e( ,a a(+cac!n 'e 'recc+ne(
5 n+m&re( en e, DN#C c+n ,a a(gnac!n 'nBmca '9erente( mB:%na( )%e'en rec&r e, m(m+ n+m&re
en '9erente( m+ment+(.
D4CP e( ,+ mB( )arec'+ a ,a a%t+c+n9g%rac!n en IP2/.
RARP (e 'e(cr&e en e, RFC $D3. 3OOTP (e 'e(cr&e en ,+( RFC $"1; 1/$0 5 1"/2. D4CP (e 'e(cr&e
en e, RFC 1"/1.
21
3.; !ROTOCOLO/ DE ROUTIN
La Internet e(tB 9+rma'a )+r m%,tt%' 'e re'e( nterc+necta'a(; )ertenecente( a '2er(a( em)re(a( 5
+rgan?ac+ne(. T+'a( e(ta( re'e( nterc+necta'a( c+m)arten a n2e, 'e re' e, )r+t+c+,+ IP. A, margen 'e
e(ta nter+)era&,'a' e7(ten '+( a()ect+( 9%n'amenta,e( en ,+( :%e ,a( re'e( )%e'en '9err entre (*
o El #roto*olo $e routing utiliBa$o* e7(ten c+m+ 2erem+( m%,tt%' 'e )r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng
'9erente(; %n+( &a(a'+( en e, a,g+rtm+ 'e, 2ect+r '(tanca 5 +tr+( en e, 'e, e(ta'+ 'e, en,aceC
nc,%(+ %t,?an'+ e, m(m+ a,g+rtm+ (e )%e'en em),ean )r+t+c+,+( '9erente(. A%n %t,?an'+
e, m(m+ a,g+rtm+ 5 )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng '+( )r+2ee'+re( '9erente( n+rma,mente n+ :%errBn
:%e (%( r+%ter( ntercam&en entre (= ,a m(ma n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng :%e ntercam&an
nternamente.
o La #ol:ti*a $e inter*a"&io $e tr5.i*o* %n )r+2ee'+r )%e'e tener ac%er'+( &,atera,e( +
m%,t,atera,e( )ara ntercam&ar trB9c+ c+n +tr+(; )er+ n+rma,mente n+ e(tarB '()%e(t+ a (er
%t,?a'+ c+m+ 2=a 'e trBn(t+ )ara e, trB9c+ entre '+( )r+2ee'+re( ( e(t+ n+ e(tB e7)re(amente
rec+g'+ en ,+( ac%er'+(; a%n c%an'+ 'e('e e, )%nt+ 'e 2(ta 'e t+)+,+g=a 'e ,a re' )%e'a (er
e(e e, camn+ mB( c+rt+ entre am&a(.
3.;.1 /i'te"a Aut,no"o
Enten'em+( )+r #(tema A%t!n+m+ -A#; A%t+n+m+%( #5(tem. ,a (%&re' :%e e( a'mn(tra'a +
ge(t+na'a )+r %na a%t+r'a' c+mEn; :%e tene %n )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng F+m+g<ne+ me'ante e, c%a,
ntercam&a n9+rmac!n en t+'a ,a (%&re' 5 :%e )+(ee %na )+,=tca c+mEn )ara e, ntercam&+ 'e trB9c+
c+n +tra( re'e( + ((tema( a%t!n+m+(.
N+rma,mente ca'a I#P -Internet #er2ce Pr+2'er. c+n(tt%5e (% )r+)+ ((tema a%t!n+m+C )+r e>em),+
en E()aIa -c+m+ en +tr+( )a=(e(. ,a re' aca'<mca Re'IRI# -:%e a e(t+( e9ect+( e( %n I#P ma(. tene %n
((tema a%t!n+m+ )r+)+. L+( ((tema( a%t!n+m+( rec&en nEmer+( 'e '+( &5te( :%e (e reg(tran en e,
IANA 'e 9+rma anB,+ga a ,a( 'recc+ne( IPC )+r e>em),+ e, ((tema a%t!n+m+ 'e Re'IRI# tene e,
nEmer+ 066.
De ,a m(ma 9+rma :%e e7(ten %n+( rang+( 'e 'recc+ne( IP re(er2a'+( )ara re'e( )r2a'a( e7(te %n
rang+ 'e nEmer+( 'e ((tema( a%t!n+m+( re(er2a'+( )ara ((tema( a%t!n+m+( )r2a'+(; :%e (+n ,+( :%e
2an 'e, 6/"12 a, 6""3". P+r e>em),+ ,+( r+%ter( 'e ,a( Un2er('a'e( 'e Va,enca 5 P+,t<cnca 'e
Va,enca 9+rman %n ((tema a%t!n+m+ )r2a'+; 5a :%e ntercam&an n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng entre e,,+(
)er+ n+ c+n +tr+( ; )+r tant+ tenen a(gna'+ e, ((tema a%t!n+m+ 6"/32.
A(= )%e(; c+m+ m=nm+ en ,a Internet (e 'an '+( n2e,e( >erBr:%c+( 'e r+%tng; e, :%e (e rea,?a 'entr+
'e %n ((tema a%t!n+m+ -A#. 5 e, :%e (e e9ectEa entre ((tema( a%t!n+m+(. A, )rmer+ ,+ 'en+mnam+(
r+%tng ntern+; + r+%tng en e, nter+r 'e ,a )a(are,a -)a(are,a e( %na antg%a 'en+mnac!n 'e r+%ter..
A, r+%tng entre ((tema( a%t!n+m+( ,+ 'en+mnam+( r+%tng e7tern+; + tam&<n r+%tng e7ter+r a ,a
)a(are,a. Da'+ :%e ,+( re:%erment+( en %n+ 5 +tr+ ca(+ (+n m%5 '9erente(; (e %t,?an )r+t+c+,+( 'e
r+%tng '(tnt+(. L+( )r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng 'entr+ 'e, ((tema a%t!n+m+ (e 'en+mnan IGP -Inter+r
GateKa5 Pr+t+c+,.; mentra( :%e ,+( %t,?a'+( entre ((tema( a%t!n+m+( (e ,,aman EGP -E7ter+r
GateKa5 Pr+t+c+,..
3.;.2 !roto*olo' $e routing interno %I!(
En ,a Internet (e %(an act%a,mente '2er(+( )r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng ntern+. E(t+( )%e'en agr%)ar(e en
)r+t+c+,+( 'e 2ect+r '(tanca entre ,+( :%e 'e(tacam+( RIP; RIP22; IGRP 5 EIGRP; 5 )r+t+c+,+( 'e,
e(ta'+ 'e, en,ace 'e ,+( :%e ,+( mB( m)+rtante( (+n I#-I# 5 O#PF. L+( 'e(cr&rem+( (+meramente;
centrBn'+n+( en e, ca(+ 'e O#PF :%e e( e, mB( m)+rtante )+r (% ma5+r %(+ 5 (+9(tcac!n.
22
3.;.2.1 RI! 1 RI!+2
RIP -R+%tng In9+rmat+n Pr+t+c+,. e( %n+ 'e ,+( )r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng mB( antg%+( 5 'er2a 'e,
)r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng 'e JN# -Jer+7 NetK+rG #5(tem(.C RIP (%9re ,+( )r+&,ema( t=)c+( 'e ,+(
a,g+rtm+( &a(a'+( en e, 2ect+r '(tanca; ta,e( c+m+ ,a c%enta a n9nt+; etc. A'emB( RIP arra(tra +tr+(
)r+&,ema( :%e (+n c+n(ec%enca 'e (er %n )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng m%5 antg%+; c+m+ (+n*
o M<trca( &a(a'a( e7c,%(2amente en nEmer+ 'e (a,t+(
o N+ (+)+rta (%&re'e( n mB(cara( 'e tamaI+ 2ara&,e -( en RIP22..
o N+ )ermte %(ar mE,t),e( r%ta( (m%,tBneamente.
o #e genera %na gran cant'a' 'e n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng :%e (e ntercam&a ca'a 3D (eg%n'+(.
C+n e, )a(+ 'e, tem)+ ,+( r+%ter( ten'en a (ncr+n?ar(e 'e 9+rma :%e t+'+( aca&an en2an'+
,+( )a:%ete( a ,a 2e?C e(t+ )r+2+ca c+nge(t!n 5 )ar+ne( en ,a re' '%rante e, m+ment+ en :%e (e
ntercam&a ,a n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng.
A,g%n+( 'e e(t+( )r+&,ema( a%mentan a me''a :%e crece e, tamaI+ 'e ,+( ((tema( a%t!n+m+(; )+r ,+
:%e en ,a )rBctca n+ e( ac+n(e>a&,e %(ar RIP en nng%na re' :%e tenga ma( 'e " a 1D r+%ter(. A )e(ar 'e
t+'+( (%( nc+n2enente( RIP aEn (e %t,?a en a,g%na( )arte( 'e Internet. E7(ten '+( 2er(+ne( 'e RIP*
,a 2er(!n 1; :%e (e 'e9n! en e, RFC 1D"1 5 (e )%&,c! en 1$13 -a%n:%e (e em)e?! a %t,?ar m%cF+
ante(. (e Fa 'ec,ara'+ F(t!rca; e( 'ecr (% %(+ e(tB 'e(ac+n(e>a'+. En 2(ta 'e ,a )+)%,ar'a' 'e RIP 5
'e ,+( m%cF+( )r+&,ema( :%e )re(enta&a en 1$$3 (e )%&,c! RIP 2er(!n 2; :%e ntenta&a re(+,2er a,
men+( a,g%n+( 'e e,,+( -RFC 1311..
RIP e(tB m),ementa'+ en m%cFa( 2er(+ne( 'e UNIJ; a%n:%e 'e(graca'amente (e trata genera,mente
'e RIP21.
3.;.2.2 IR! 1 EIR!
A )e(ar 'e (%( nc+n2enente(; e, r+%tng )+r 2ect+r '(tanca tene a,g%n+( (er+( )art'ar+(. A%?B e,
mB( m)+rtante (ea ,a em)re(a C(c+; act%a,mente e, )rnc)a, 9a&rcante 'e r+%ter( en e, m%n'+. En
1$11; c%an'+ e, Enc+ )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng e(tan'ar?a'+ 5 am),amente %t,?a'+ era RIP; C(c+ +)t!
)+r crear %n )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng )r+)+ 'en+mna'+ IGRP -Inter+r GateKa5 R+%tng Pr+t+c+,. )ara
re(+,2er a,g%n+( 'e ,+( )r+&,ema( :%e )re(enta&a RIP. IGRP e(tB &a(a'+ tam&<n en e, 2ect+r '(tanca.
C(c+ (g%! -5 (g%e. a)+(tan'+ )+r ,+( )r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng &a(a'+( en e, 2ect+r '(tanca 5a :%e en
1$$3 )r+'%>+ %n n%e2+ )r+t+c+,+ 'en+mna'+ EIGRP -EnFance' IGRP. :%e ntr+'%c=a me>+ra(
m)+rtante( re()ect+ a IGRP; )er+ &a(a'+ tam&<n en e, 2ect+r '(tanca. 4a5 :%e re(a,tar :%e tant+
IGRP c+m+ EIGRP (+n )r+t+c+,+( )r+)etar+(; 5 n+ Fa5 m),ementac+ne( 'e e,,+( )ara e:%)+( 'e
+tr+( 9a&rcante(; )+r ,+ :%e e, %(+ 'e e(t+( )r+t+c+,+( re:%ere :%e t+'+( ,+( r+%ter( 'e, ((tema
a%t!n+m+ c+rre()+n'ente (ean 'e C(c+. L+( r+%ter( C(c+ tam&<n )%e'en 9%nc+nar c+n )r+t+c+,+(
e(tBn'ar; ta,e( c+m+ RIP O#PF e I#-I#.
EIGRP e( e, )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng %t,?a'+ )+r e>em),+ en e, ((tema a%t!n+m+ 'e ,a Un2er('a' 'e
Va,enca.
3.;.2.3 O/!4
La re()%e(ta 'e, IETF a ,+( )r+&,ema( 'e RIP 9%e O#PF -O)en #F+rte(t PatF Fr(t.; )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng
&a(a'+ en e, e(ta'+ 'e, en,ace. O#PF 9%e 'e(arr+,,a'+ entre 1$11 5 1$$D; 5 en 1$$1 5a (e Fa&=a
)r+'%c'+ O#PF 2er(!n 2. O#PF e(ta &a(a'+ en I#-I# 5 m%cF+( 'e ,+( c+nce)t+( :%e mane>a (+n
c+m%ne( a am&+( )r+t+c+,+(. E( %n e(tBn'ar Internet 5 e( e, )r+t+c+,+ act%a,mente rec+men'a'+ )+r e,
IA3 )ara (%(tt%r a RIP. #% c+m),e>'a' e( n+ta&,emente (%)er+r; mentra( :%e ,a 'e(cr)c!n 'e RIP
+c%)a men+( 'e 2D )Bgna( ,a e()ec9cac!n 'e O#PF em),ea mB( 'e 2DD. La e()ec9cac!n 2gente 'e
O#PF e(tB en e, RFC 2321.
Entre ,a( caracter=(tca( mB( n+ta&,e( 'e O#PF )+'em+( 'e(tacar ,a( (g%ente(*
23
o E( %n a,g+rtm+ 'nBmc+ a%t+a'a)tat2+; :%e reacc+na a ,+( cam&+( 'e manera a%t+mBtca 5
rB)'a.
o #+)+rta %na '2er('a' 'e )arBmetr+( )ara e, cB,c%,+ 'e ,a m<trca; ta,e( c+m+ ca)ac'a'
-ancF+ 'e &an'a.; retar'+; etc.
o Rea,?a &a,ance 'e carga ( e7(te mB( 'e %na r%ta Faca %n 'e(tn+ 'a'+.
o E(ta&,ece mecan(m+( 'e 2a,'ac!n 'e ,+( men(a>e( 'e r+%tng; )ara e2tar :%e %n %(%ar+
ma,ntenc+na'+ en2=e men(a>e( engaI+(+( a %n r+%ter.
o #+)+rta r%ta( 'e re'; 'e (%&re' 5 'e F+(t.
o #e c+ntem),a ,a crc%n(tanca en ,a :%e '+( r+%ter( (e c+m%n:%en 'rectamente entre (= (n
:%e Fa5a %na ,=nea 'recta entre e,,+(; )+r e>em),+ c%an'+ e(tBn c+necta'+( a tra2<( 'e %n
tEne,.
O#PF )ermte '+( n2e,e( 'e >erar:%=a crean'+ ,+ :%e (e 'en+mnan Brea( 'entr+ 'e %n ((tema
a%t!n+m+. De e(ta 9+rma %n r+%ter (!,+ nece(ta c+n+cer ,a t+)+,+g=a e n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng
c+rre()+n'ente a (% Brea; c+n ,+ :%e ,a cant'a' 'e n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng (e re'%ce. En re'e(
c+m),e>a( e(ta e( %na caracter=(tca m%5 2a,+(a.
L+( a,g+rtm+( 'e r+%tng )+r e, e(ta'+ 'e, en,ace (e a),can 'entr+ 'e ca'a Brea. En t+'+ #(tema
A%t!n+m+ -A#. Fa5 a, men+( %n Brea; e, Brea D 'en+mna'a &acG&+ne. Un r+%ter )%e'e )ertenecer
(m%,tBneamente a '+( + ma( Brea(; en c%5+ ca(+ 'e&e '()+ner 'e ,a n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng 5 e>ec%tar
,+( cB,c%,+( c+rre()+n'ente( a t+'a( e,,a(. A, men+( %n r+%ter 'e ca'a Brea 'e&e e(tar a'emB( en e,
&acG&+ne; )ara c+nectar 'cFa Brea c+n e, re(t+ 'e, #(tema A%t!n+m+. D+( Brea( (!,+ )%e'en Fa&,ar
entre (= a tra2<( 'e, &acG&+ne.
En O#PF (e c+ntem),an c%atr+ c,a(e( 'e r+%ter(*
o R+%ter( (ack(oneC (+n ,+( :%e (e enc%entran en e, Brea D ! &acG&+ne.
o R+%ter( internosC ,+( :%e )ertenecen Encamente a %n Brea.
o R+%ter( frontera de "reaC (+n ,+( :%e e(tBn en ma( 'e %n Brea; 5 )+r tant+ ,a( nterc+nectan
-%na 'e ,a( Brea( nterc+necta'a( (em)re e( nece(aramente e, &acG&+ne..
o R+%ter( frontera de Sistema .utnomoC (+n ,+( :%e ntercam&an trB9c+ c+n r+%ter( 'e +tr+(
#(tema( A%t!n+m+(. E(t+( r+%ter( )%e'en e(tar en e, &acG&+ne + en c%a,:%er +tra Brea.
E7(ten tre( t)+( 'e r%ta(* ntra-Brea; nter-Brea e nter-A#. La( r%ta( ntra-Brea (+n 'etermna'a(
'rectamente )+r c%a,:%er r+%ter; )%e( '()+ne 'e t+'a ,a n9+rmac!nC ,a( r%ta( nter-Brea (e re(%e,2en
en tre( 9a(e(* )rmer+ r%ta Faca e, &acG&+ne; 'e()%<( r%ta Faca e, Brea 'e 'e(tn+ 'entr+ 'e, &acG&+ne;
5 )+r E,tm+ r%ta Faca e, r+%ter 'e(ea'+ en e, Brea 'e 'e(tn+.
Para e, ntercam&+ 'e n9+rmac!n ca'a r+%ter en2=a c%an'+ arranca %n+( men(a>e( 'e (a,%tac!n;
'en+mna'+( 4ELLO; )+r t+'a( (%( nter9ace(. E(te 5 +tr+( men(a>e( ,+( reen2=a )er!'camente )ara
a(eg%rar(e 'e :%e ,a( ,=nea( )ermanecen +)erat2a(. C+n ,a n9+rmac!n :%e )+(ee 5 ,a reca&a'a en
re()%e(ta a (%( men(a>e( e, r+%ter ca,c%,a ,a( r%ta( !)tma( )ara ca'a 'e(tn+ en ca'a m+ment+.
C%an'+ en %na re' ,+ca, Fa5 2ar+( r+%ter( re(%,ta )+c+ e9cente :%e ca'a %n+ ntercam&e t+'a ,a
n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng :%e )+(ee c+n t+'+( ,+( 'emB(; 5a :%e m%cFa 'e ,a n9+rmac!n (er=a
re'%n'ante. En %na re' ,+ca, c+n n r+%ter( e(t+ )r+'%cr=a (n
+
-n),+ ntercam&+( 'e n9+rmac!n
'9erente(. En e(t+( ca(+( O#PF )re2< :%e %n+ 'e ,+( r+%ter( (e c+n2erta en e, router designado0 (en'+
<(te e, Enc+ :%e ntercam&arB n9+rmac!n c+n t+'+( ,+( 'emB(. De e(ta 9+rma e, nEmer+ 'e
ntercam&+( 'e n9+rmac!n (e re'%ce a n-1.
2/
3.;.2.9 I/)I/
E, )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng I#-I# -Interme'ate #5(tem-Interme'ate #5(tem. e(tB &a(a'+ en e, a,g+rtm+ 'e,
e(ta'+ 'e, en,aceC a'emB( I#-I# )ermte Facer r+%tng ntegra'+; e( 'ecr ca,c%,ar ,a( r%ta( %na 2e? 5
a),car,a( )ara t+'+( ,+( )r+t+c+,+( %t,?a'+(; )ermten'+ a(= a%t<ntc+ r+%tng m%,t)r+t+c+,+ -'e e(te
tema Fa&,arem+( en mB( 'eta,,e en e, ca)=t%,+ 'e InternetK+rGng.. #+)+rta Fa(ta +cF+ n2e,e(
>erBr:%c+(; )ara re'%cr a(= ,a cant'a' 'e n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng ntercam&a'a. I#-I# 9%e '(eIa'+
)ara e, )r+t+c+,+ DECNET -'e Dgta,. 5 a'+)ta'+ 'e()%<( )+r I#O c+m+ )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng )ara e,
)r+t+c+,+ 'e re' CLNP
1D
. Una 2arante 'e I#-I# (e %t,?a en NetKare 'e N+2e,,.
I#-I# tam&<n (e %t,?a en a,g%na( ?+na( 'e ,a Internet. E, )r+t+c+,+ I#-I# (e e()ec9ca en e, RFC 11/2.
I#-I# n+ e( %n e(tBn'ar Internet; a%n:%e (e e()ec9ca en e, RFC 11/2. Act%a,mente e( e, )r+t+c+,+
%t,?a'+ en ,a( re'e( gran'e(; )+r e>em),+ ,a gran ma5+r=a 'e ,a( re'e( 'e ,+( I#P( %t,?an I#-I# en
,%gar 'e O#PF. Act%a,mente e( e, )r+t+c+,+ %t,?a'+ )+r Re'IRI#; :%e mgr! 'e, EIGRP :%e %t,?a&a
anter+rmente.
3.;.3 !roto*olo' $e routing eIterno
T+'+( ,+( )r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng Fa(ta aF+ra 'e(crt+( (e em),ean 'entr+ 'e ((tema( a%t!n+m+(.
N+rma,mente %n ((tema a%t!n+m+ c+rre()+n'e a %na (%&re' :%e tene %na ent'a' c+mEn 'e('e e,
)%nt+ 'e 2(ta a'mn(trat2+ 5 'e ge(t!n; )%e'e (er )+r e>em),+ ,a re' 'e %na gran em)re(a; 'e %n
)r+2ee'+r 'e (er2c+( Internet + ,a re' aca'<mca 'e %n )a=( c+m+ Re'IRI#. En e(t+( ca(+( (e (%)+ne
:%e e, )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng Fa 'e &%(car ,a r%ta !)tma aten'en'+ Encamente a, crter+ 'e mnm?ar
,a M'(tancaN me''a en t<rmn+( 'e ,a m<trca e,eg'a )ara ,a re'.
La (e,ecc!n 'e r%ta( )ara e, trB9c+ entre ((tema( a%t!n+m+( ),antea %n )r+&,ema '9erente; 5a :%e ,a
c%e(t!n n+ (e re'%ce a ,a (e,ecc!n 'e ,a r%ta !)tma (n+ :%e (e 'e&e aten'er a crter+( e7tern+( :%e
+&e'e?can a ra?+ne( 'e t)+ )+,=tc+; ec+n!mc+; a'mn(trat2+; etc. -rec+r'em+( :%e (e trata 'e 'ec'r
e, r+%tng entre re'e( :%e )ertenecen a +rgan?ac+ne( '9erente(.. Un e>em),+ t=)c+ 'e e(te t)+ 'e
re(trcc+ne( e( e, ca(+ en :%e ,a r%ta !)tma entre '+( ((tema( a%t!n+m+(; J e Q; )a(a )+r %n tercer+ W
:%e n+ 'e(ea :%e (% re' (ea %t,?a'a c+m+ 2=a 'e trBn(t+. Para 'ar ca&'a a ,a %t,?ac!n 'e crter+(
e7tern+( en e, cB,c%,+ 'e ,a( r%ta( entre ((tema( a%t!n+m+( (e %t,?an en e(te ca(+ +tr+ t)+ 'e
)r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng; 'en+mna'+( )r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng e7tern+.
4a(ta 1$$D (e %t,?a&a c+m+ )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng e7tern+ en ,a Internet e, 'en+mna'+ EGP -E7ter+r
GateKa5 Pr+t+c+,.; '(eIa'+ entre 1$12 5 1$1/. C+m+ era 'e e()erar EGP n+ 9%e ca)a? 'e (+)+rtar ,a
en+rme e2+,%c!n :%e (%9r! Internet 5 c+m+ 5a era Fa&t%a, e, IETF 'e(arr+,,! %n n%e2+ )r+t+c+,+ 'e
r+%tng e7tern+; 'en+mna'+ 3GP -3+r'er GateKa5 Pr+t+c+,.. La )rmera e()ec9cac!n 'e 3GP
a)arec! en 1$1$C 'e('e ent+nce( e, IETF Fa )r+'%c'+ c%atr+ 2er(+ne( 'e 3GPC ,a( e()ec9cac+ne(
act%a,mente 2gente( 'e 3GP-/ (e enc%entran en e, RFC 1001.
L+( r+%ter( :%e %t,?an 3GP -)ertenecente( a '9erente( A#e(. 9+rman entre e,,+( %na re' e
ntercam&an n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng )ara ca,c%,ar ,a( r%ta( !)tma(C (e %t,?a e, 2ect+r '(tanca; )er+
)ara e2tar e, )r+&,ema 'e ,a c%enta a n9nt+ ,a n9+rmac!n ntercam&a'a nc,%5e; a'emB( 'e ,+(
r+%ter( acce(&,e( 5 e, c+(t+; ,a r%ta c+m),eta %t,?a'a )ara ,,egar a ca'a )+(&,e 'e(tn+C 'e e(ta 9+rma
e, r+%ter :%e rec&e ,a n9+rmac!n )%e'e 'e(cartar ,a( r%ta( :%e )a(an )+r <, m(m+ :%e (+n ,a( :%e
)+'r=an 'ar ,%gar a, )r+&,ema 'e ,a c%enta a n9nt+. La e()ec9cac!n 'e ,a r%ta c+m),eta )ermte
tam&<n a ,+( r+%ter( re2(ar ( 'cFa r%ta e( c+n9+rme c+n ,a( )+,=tca( :%e (e Fa5an e()ec9ca'+ en
c%ant+ a trBn(t+ )+r +tr+( ((tema( a%t!n+m+(.
3GP )ermte ntr+'%cr man%a,mente re(trcc+ne( + reg,a( 'e t)+ @)+,=tc+@C <(ta( (e tra'%cen en :%e
c%a,:%er r%ta :%e 2+,a ,a reg,a rec&e a%t+mBtcamente %na '(tanca 'e n9nt+.
Para (m),9car ,a ge(t!n 'e ,+( #(tema( A%t!n+m+( (e crean C+n9e'erac+ne( 'e #(tema(
A%t!n+m+(C %na c+n9e'erac!n e( 2(ta c+m+ %n Enc+ #(tema A%t!n+m+ 'e('e e, e7ter+r. E(t+
e:%2a,e a ntr+'%cr en e, )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng e7tern+ '+( n2e,e( >erBr:%c+(; c+n ,+ :%e (e re'%ce ,a
n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng 'e 9+rma anB,+ga a ,+ :%e +c%rr=a c+n ,a( Brea( 'e O#PF 'entr+ 'e %n #(tema
A%t!n+m+.
1D
CLNP -C+nnect+nLe(( NetK+rG Pr+t+c+,. e( %n )r+t+c+,+ 'e(arr+,,a'+ )+r I#O a magen 5 (eme>an?a 'e IP. #% ma5+r '9erenca
e(tr&a en e, %(+ 'e 'recc+ne( O#I 'e 2D &5te( en 2e? 'e ,a('e / &5te( 'e IP.
2"
3.;.9 !unto' neutro' $e inter*oneIi,n
C%an'+ '+( I#P( e(tBn c+necta'+( a ,a Internet en )rnc)+ (em)re e( )+(&,e e, ntercam&+ 'e
n9+rmac!n entre e,,+(. #n em&arg+ e(te ntercam&+ n+ (em)re +c%rre )+r e, camn+ !)tm+. P+r
e>em),+; ( en E()aIa '+( I#P( c+ntratan c+nect2'a' Internet; %n+ a Te,e9!nca 5 e, +tr+ a 3rt(F
Te,ec+m -3T.; (% ntercam&+ 'e trB9c+ (e rea,?arB n+rma,mente a tra2<( 'e a,gEn )%nt+ 'e
nterc+ne7!n 9%era 'e E()aIa; ,+ c%a, n+ e( !)tm+ 5a :%e c+n(%me c+(t+(+( rec%r(+( 'e ,=nea(
nternac+na,e(. La (+,%c!n a e(te )r+&,ema e( ,a rea,?ac!n 'e %n ac%er'+ &,atera, entre ,+( '+(
)r+2ee'+re( -Te,e9!nca 5 3T.; 'e 9+rma :%e (e e(ta&,e?ca %n en,ace 'rect+ entre (%( ((tema(
a%t!n+m+( en E()aIa )ara :%e )%e'an ntercam&ar trB9c+ (n nece('a' 'e (a,r 9%era. C%an'+ e,
nEmer+ 'e )r+2ee'+re( crece ,a cant'a' 'e en,ace( :%e Fa5 :%e e(ta&,ecer a%menta 'e 9+rma
)r+)+rc+na, a (n
+
-n),+ '+n'e n e( e, nEmer+ 'e )r+2ee'+re( :%e ntercam&an trB9c+
11
. Para re'%cr
e, nEmer+ 'e en,ace( (e (%e,en crear ,+( 'en+mna'+( )%nt+( ne%tr+( 'e nterc+ne7!n; c+n((tente( en
%n n+'+ n+rma,mente ge(t+na'+ )+r %na ent'a' n'e)en'ente -)ara garant?ar (% @ne%tra,'a'@. a,
c%a, (e c+nectan ,+( )r+2ee'+re( :%e 'e(ean )artc)ar. En )rnc)+ en e, Bm&t+ 'e, )%nt+ ne%tr+ e,
ntercam&+ 'e trB9c+ 'e&er=a +c%rrr (n re(trcc+ne( entre t+'+( ,+( )r+2ee'+re(C (n em&arg+ en ,a
)rBctca ,+( )r+2ee'+re( Fan 'e e(ta&,ecer ac%er'+( &,atera,e(; )+r ,+ :%e n+ (em)re '+( )r+2ee'+re(
c+necta'+( a %n m(m+ )%nt+ ne%tr+ ntercam&an trB9c+.
La m),ementac!n 'e %n )%nt+ ne%tr+ e( m%5 (enc,,a. #e trata &B(camente 'e %n c+nm%ta'+r LAN
EtFernetLFa(t EtFernet en e, :%e a ca'a )r+2ee'+r (e ,e a(gna %na LAN a ,a :%e )%e'e c+nectar (%(
r+%ter(. L+( r+%ter( 'e '9erente( )r+2ee'+re( ntercam&an n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng me'ante 3GP. Ca'a
)r+2ee'+r Fa 'e c+n(eg%r ,+( me'+( nece(ar+( )ara c+nectar (% re' a, )%nt+ ne%tr+ -,=nea( 'e'ca'a(;
etc... F=(camente ,a( n(ta,ac+ne( 'e %n )%nt+ ne%tr+ Fan 'e c%m),r %n+( re:%(t+( 'e 9a&,'a' 5
(eg%r'a' m%5 a,t+(; 5a :%e (e trata 'e %n e,ement+ cr=tc+ en e, 9%nc+nament+ 'e ,a re'.
E7(ten gran cant'a' 'e )%nt+( ne%tr+( 'e nterc+ne7!n en Internet. En E()aIa e, )rmer )%nt+ ne%tr+
'e nterc+ne7!n :%e (e cre! en 9e&er+ 'e 1$$0 9%e e, E#PANIJ -Ftt)*LLKKK.e()an7.netL. %&ca'+ en e,
Centr+ 'e Pr+ce(+ 'e Dat+( 'e 3ane(t+; en Ma'r'. Da'+ :%e (e trata 'e %n )%nt+ ne%tr+ 'e
nterc+ne7!n a n2e, nac+na, (+,+ (e c+nectan a <, ,+( )r+2ee'+re( :%e tenen c+nect2'a'
nternac+na, )r+)a. L+( )r+2ee'+re( :%e n+ tenen en,ace( nternac+na,e( (e c+nectan n+rma,mente a
tra2<( 'e a,g%n+ 'e e(+( )r+2ee'+re( c+n c+nect2'a' nternac+na,; )+r ,+ :%e acce'en 'e 9+rma
n'recta a, )%nt+ ne%tr+. Act%a,mente -+ct%&re 'e 2DD3. e7(ten 2$ )r+2ee'+re( c+necta'+( a
E#PANIJ.
P+(ter+rmente Fan '+ a)arecen'+ +tr+( )%nt+( ne%tr+( en E()aIa. En >%n+ 'e 1$$$ (e cre! e,
CATNIJ -KKK.catn7.net. en e, CE#CA -Centre 'e #%)erc+m%tac! 'e Cata,%n5a. en 3arce,+na; :%e
c+necta act%a,mente a 1D )r+2ee'+re(. En >%,+ 'e 2DD2 e, GALNIJ -KKK.ga,n7.net. en e, CE#GA
-Centr+ 'e #%)erc+m)%tac!n 'e Ga,ca. :%e c+necta 6 )r+2ee'+re(. Tam&<n (e e(tB )+nen'+ en
marcFa e, EU#OONIJ en ,a Un2er('a' 'e, Pa=( Va(c+ 5 en Ma'r' Fan a)arec'+ recentemente +tr+(
'+( )%nt+( ne%tr+(; e, MAD-IJ -KKK.ma'-7.net. 5 e, NAP -KKK.na)ma'r'.c+m..
3.;.; Routing Multi*a't
La( 'recc+ne( IP c,a(e D -entre 22/.D.D.D 5 23$.2"".2"".2"". e(tBn re(er2a'a( )ara trB9c+ m%,tca(t. #e )%e'en crear '+( t)+( 'e
gr%)+( m%,tca(t; tem)+ra,e( 5 )ermanente(. A,g%n+( gr%)+( )ermanente( :%e e(tBn 5a )re'e9n'+( (+n ,+( (g%ente(*
22/.D.D.1 T+'+( ,+( F+(t( en %na LAN
22/.D.D.2 T+'+( ,+( r+%ter( en %na LAN
22/.D.D." T+'+( ,+( r+%ter( O#PF en %na LAN
22/.D.D.6 T+'+( ,+( r+%ter( O#PF 'e(gna'+( en %na LAN
L+( gr%)+( tem)+ra,e( (e Fan 'e crear ca'a 2e? :%e (e 2an a %t,?ar. Un F+(t -mB( e7actamente %n )r+ce(+ en %n F+(t. )%e'e (+,ctar
%nr(e a %n gr%)+ m%,tca(t ->+n.; + )%e'e 'ec'r a&an'+nar,+ -,ea2e.. C%an'+ e, E,tm+ )r+ce(+ 'e %n F+(t a&an'+na %n gr%)+
m%,tca(t e, F+(t m(m+ a&an'+na e, gr%)+. En Internet e, )r+t+c+,+ :%e ge(t+na t+'a( ,a( +)erac+ne( re,ac+na'a( c+n ,+( gr%)+(
m%,tca(t e( e, IGMP -Internet Gr+%) Management Pr+t+c+,.. Para ca)tar %na em(!n m%,tca(t e( )rec(+ 9r+mar )arte 'e, gr%)+
c+rre()+n'ente; )er+ n+ e( nece(ar+ e(tar en 'cF+ gr%)+ )ara rea,?ar %na em(!n m%,tca(t Faca <,.
11
E, )r+&,ema :%e (e ),antea e( en cert+ m+'+ )arec'+ a, :%e (e 'a c%an'+ 2ar+( r+%ter( 'e %na m(ma re' ,+ca, )artc)an en %n
)r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng; )r+&,ema :%e O#PF re(+,2=a me'ante e, mecan(m+ 'e, r+%ter 'e(gna'+.
26
En %na LAN; a, (er e, me'+ 9=(c+ ntr=n(ecamente &r+a'ca(t; n+ e( nece(ara nng%na acc!n e()eca, )ara )ermtr e, trB9c+ m%,tca(tC
,+( )a:%ete( 2a>an )+r ,a re' 5 ,+( F+(t( ca)t%ran ,+( :%e c+rre()+n'en a ,+( gr%)+( m%,tca(t a ,+( :%e )ertenecen. E, r+%ter m%,tca(t
'e ,a LAN )reg%nta a)r+7ma'amente %na 2e? )+r mn%t+ a ,+( F+(t( 'e (% LAN -'recc!n 22/.D.D.1. en :%e gr%)+( m%,tca(t e(tBn
ntere(a'+(. L+( F+(t( 'e2%e,2en ,a re,ac!n 'e 'recc+ne( c,a(e D en ,a( :%e e(tBn ntere(a'+(. De ac%er'+ c+n ,a( re()%e(ta( :%e rec&e
e, r+%ter 2an act%a,?an'+ e, Br&+, 'e '(tr&%c!n; aIa'en'+ + (%)rmen'+ -)+'an'+. rama( 'e <(te. # e, 'etecta :%e a,g%na 'recc!n
m%,tca(t Fa 'e>a'+ 'e ntere(ar -e( 'ecr; 5a n+ Fa5 mem&r+( 'e e(e gr%)+ en ,a LAN. en2=a %n men(a>e a, r+%ter (g%ente en e, Br&+,
(+,ctBn'+,e ,e M)+'eN; e( 'ecr ,e (%)rma 'e ,a '(tr&%c!n. In2er(amente )%e'e tam&<n (+,ctar (% a'Fe(!n a %n gr%)+ en e, :%e
ante( n+ e(t%2era.
En en,ace( )%nt+ a )%nt+ ,+( r+%ter( Fan 'e re2(ar reg%,armente e, Br&+, 'e '(tr&%c!n m%,tca(t; a 9n 'e M)+'arN 'e <(te ,a( rama(
nnece(ara( e nc,%r ,a( :%e )re(enten n%e2+( mem&r+( 'e, gr%)+ m%,tca(tC 'e e(ta 9+rma (e e2ta cargar ,a( ,=nea( c+n trB9c+
nnece(ar+.
La re(+,%c!n 'e 'recc+ne( m%,tca(t en re'e( ,+ca,e( n+ (e rea,?a me'ante e, )r+t+c+,+ ARP; 5a :%e n+ ten'r=a (ent'+ :%e e, em(+r
m%,tca(t t%2era :%e )reg%ntar a ,+( mem&r+( 'e, gr%)+ c%a, e( ,a 'recc!n MAC m%,tca(t c+rre()+n'ente a %na 'recc!n IP
'etermna'a. En e(te ca(+ (e a),ca ,a t<cnca 'e em),ear %n a,g+rtm+ :%e )ermta 'e'%cr ,a 'recc!n MAC a )artr 'e ,a 'recc!n IP
-RFC 1112.* ,a 'recc!n IP m%,tca(t e(tB re)re(enta'a )+r 21 &t( -5a :%e ,+( c%atr+ )rmer+( (em)re (+n 111D. )+r ,+ :%e (e )+'r=a
tra(,a'ar )+r e>em),+ a ,+( 21 &t( men+( (gn9cat2+( 'e ,a 'recc!n MAC; 9>an'+ ,+( 2D )rmer+(. Da'+ :%e e, OUI
-Organ?at+na,,5 Un:%e I'ent9er. +c%)a ,+( 2/ )rmer+( &t( 'e ,a 'recc!n MAC )ara )+'er %t,?ar c%atr+ 'e e(t+( &t( en ,a(
'recc+ne( m%,tca(t Fa&r=a ('+ nece(ar+ re(er2ar )ara e(te 9n 16 2a,+re( c+n(ec%t2+( 'e OUI; c+(a :%e ,,eg! a (er )r+)%e(ta )+r e,
IETF a, IEEE; )er+ n+ 9%e c+n('era'a ace)ta&,e )+r <(te. En (% ,%gar (e 'ec'! %t,?ar ,a mta' 'e, OUI :%e Fa&=a re(er2a'+ )ara e,
IETF -D1.DD."E.; 'e>an'+ a(= 23 &t( ,&re( en ,+( :%e (e mete ,a )arte men+( (gn9cat2a 'e ,a 'recc!n IP m%,tca(t 'e 21 &t(. La
c+rre()+n'enca )+r tant+ n+ e( &%n=2+ca; 5a :%e e7(ten 32 'recc+ne( IP m%,tca(t '9erente( )+r ca'a 'recc!n MAC m%,tca(tC )+r
e>em),+ ,a( 'recc+ne( IP m%,tca(t 22/.D.D.1 5 22/.121.D.1 :%e tenen g%a,e( ,+( 23 E,tm+( &t( (e ma)ean am&a( en ,a 'recc!n
MAC m%,tca(t D1.DD."E.DD.DD.1D
12
. P+'rB )+r tant+ +c%rrr :%e en %na m(ma LAN '+( gr%)+( IP m%,tca(t '9erente( %t,cen ,a
m(ma 'recc!n MAC m%,tca(tC en e(te ca(+ a,g%n+( F+(t( ca)t%rarBn trama( m%,tca(t :%e ,%eg+; a, e7amnar ,a ca&ecera IP;
'e(c%&rrBn :%e n+ &an 'rg'a( a e,,+(C e(t+ )r+'%ce %na )e:%eIa )<r''a 'e e9cenca )+r e, tem)+ :%e e, n2e, 'e re' em),ea en
ana,?ar %na trama :%e n+ &a 'rg'a a <,; )er+ ,a )r+&a&,'a' 'e :%e e(t+ +c%rra en ,a )rBctca e( tan )e:%eIa :%e ,a )<r''a 'e
e9cenca e( 'e()reca&,e
13
. A%n c%an'+ (e )r+'%?ca c+nc'enca 'e 'recc+ne( MAC entre '+( gr%)+( '9erente( n%nca 'e&e )r+'%cr(e
)+r e(te m+t2+ ,a entrega a, n2e, 'e tran()+rte 'e 'atagrama( :%e n+ 2a5an 'rg'+( a, gr%)+ m%,tca(t a, :%e )ertenece e, F+(t.
E, (+)+rte 'e trB9c+ m%,tca(t en r+%ter( e( re,at2amente recente; 5 e7(ten aEn )+ca( e7)erenca( 'e re'e( c+n trB9c+ m%,tca(t en
re'e( 'e Brea e7ten(a en )r+'%cc!n; ca( t+'a( e,,a( ,mta'a( a re'e( aca'<mca(.
La ma5+r e7)erenca 'e r+%tng m%,tca(t :%e Fa Fa&'+ en ,a Internet e( ,a c+n+c'a c+m+ M3+ne -M%,tca(t 3acG&+ne.. La re'
M3+ne e7(te 'e('e 1$$2 5 (e em),ea )rnc)a,mente c+n %n c+n>%nt+ 'e a),cac+ne( 'e 2'e+c+n9erenca. La( re%n+ne( 'e, IETF;
c+ngre(+( 5 t+'+ t)+ 'e e2ent+( (e tran(mten reg%,armente )+r M3+ne. 4a5 retran(m(+ne( 'e Bm&t+ m%n'a,; c+ntnenta,; nac+na, 5
reg+na,.
A 2ece( (e :%ere nterc+nectar '+( re'e( c+n trB9c+ m%,tca(t :%e e(tBn c+necta'a( entre (= me'ante %na re' :%e (+,+ (+)+rta trB9c+
%nca(t. En e(t+( ca(+( e( )+(&,e c+n(tr%r %n tEne, entre '+( r+%ter( 'e ,a( re'e( m%,tca(t 5 en2ar ,+( 'atagrama( m%,tca(t
enca)(%,a'+( en )a:%ete( %nca(tC 'a'+ :%e e(t+( )a:%ete( (+n 2(t+( c+m+ trB9c+ n+rma, )+r ,a re' %nca(t ,+( r+%ter( m%,tca(t )%e'en
mane>ar,+( (n nngEn )r+&,ema. En e(t+( ca(+( (e Fa&,a 'e @(,a(@ m%,tca(t %n'a( a tra2<( 'e tEne,e( %nca(t. En )arte ,a re' M3+ne
e(tB c+n(tr%'a me'ante tEne,e( 'e e(te t)+ %(an'+ F+(t( UNXJ c+m+ r+%ter( m%,tca(t -e7(te (+9tKare 'e r+%tng m%,tca(t 'e ,&re
'(tr&%c!n '()+n&,e )ara ,+( )rnc)a,e( ((tema( +)erat2+( UNIJ; c+m+ Ln%7; #+,ar(; Ir(; etc...
Un )r+&,ema :%e (e ),antea c+n e, trB9c+ m%,tca(t en M3+ne e( ,a 9+rma 'e ,mtar e, Bm&t+ + a,cance 'e ,+( )a:%ete(. En )rnc)+
%n %(%ar+ )%e'e e(tar ntere(a'+ en rea,?ar %na em(!n m%,tca(t en %n Bm&t+ re(trng'+ -)+r e>em),+ a E()aIa Encamente.. En
M3+ne e(t+ (e )%e'e re(+,2er 'e '+( 9+rma(* ,a antg%a; a%n &a(tante %t,?a'a e, cam)+ TTL 'e ,a ca&ecera IP )ara ,mtar e, a,cance
'e, 'atagrama. L+( r+%ter( m%,tca(t :%e (e enc%entran en ,a 9r+ntera 'e, Bm&t+ c+rre()+n'ente -en n%e(tr+ e>em),+ ,+( r+%ter(
nternac+na,e(. re(tarBn 2ara( %n'a'e( a, TTL 'e 9+rma :%e e(+( )a:%ete( n+ )%e'an (a,r a, e7ter+r. La (+,%c!n mB( recente a e(te
)r+&,ema c+n((te en a(gnar e, Bm&t+ 'e ac%er'+ c+n e, rang+ 'e 'recc+ne( m%,tca(t 'e :%e (e trate; 5 e,egr ,a 'recc!n 'e ac%er'+
c+n e(te crter+. Para e(te 9n (e Fa re(er2a'+ e, rang+ 'e 23$.D.D.D a 23$.2"".2"".2"" (egEn (e e()ec9ca en e, RFC 236".
3.A I!VA
A%n:%e ,a a'+)c!n 'e me''a( )a,at2a( c+m+ CIDR Fa 'a'+ %n re()r+ m+mentBne+ en e, )r+&,ema
'e, ag+tament+ 'e, e()ac+ 'e 'recc+ne( 5 ta&,a( 'e r+%tng; e( e2'ente :%e Fa5 :%e am),ar e, cam)+
'recc!n en ,a ca&ecera 'e ,+( 'atagrama( IP.
En %n ntent+ )+r re(+,2er e(te )r+&,ema e, IETF em)e?! a tra&a>ar 5a en 1$$D en %na n%e2a 2er(!n 'e
IP. A%n:%e 9%era e, mB( m)+rtante; ,a e(ca(e? 'e 'recc+ne( n+ era e, Enc+ )r+&,ema :%e )re(enta&a e,
)r+t+c+,+ IP; )+r ,+ :%e 5a )%e(t+ a '(eIar %n n%e2+ )r+t+c+,+ e, IETF 'ec'! a&+r'ar tam&<n +tra(
'e9cenca( 'etecta'a(. L+( +&>et2+( ),antea'+( 9%er+n ,+( (g%ente(*
o Dire**ione'* E(ta&,ecer %n e()ac+ 'e 'recc+ne( :%e n+ (e ag+te en e, 9%t%r+ )re2(&,e.
12
E( m)+rtante rec+r'ar en e(te )%nt+ :%e ,a( 'recc+ne( MAC en EtFernet (e re)re(entan em)e?an'+ )+r e, &t men+( (gn9cat2+ 'e
ca'a &5te. En cam&+ en T+Gen Rng 5 FDDI ,a re)re(entac!n e( a, c+ntrar+.
13
#%)+nen'+ %n re)art+ a,eat+r+ ,a )r+&a&,'a' 'e c+nc'enca entre '+( gr%)+( m%,tca(t (er=a 'e %na en 'e? m,,+ne( -2
"
L 2
21
P
D;DDDDDD1.
20
o E.i*ien*ia* Re'%cr e, tamaI+ 'e ,a( ta&,a( 'e r+%tng. #m),9car e, )r+t+c+,+ -,a ca&ecera IP.
)ara )ermtr a ,+( r+%ter( )r+ce(ar ,+( )a:%ete( mB( rB)'amente.
o /eguri$a$* O9recer mecan(m+( :%e )ermtan nc+r)+rar 9Bc,mente en e, )r+t+c+,+ me''a(
'e (eg%r'a' -)r2ac'a' 5 2a,'ac!n. me'ante t<cnca( cr)t+grB9ca(.
o Ti#o $e 'er+i*io* Mane>ar me>+r ,+( '9erente( t)+( 'e (er2c+; en e()eca, )ara )+'er +9recer
garant=a( 'e Ca,'a' 'e #er2c+ 5 )ara )ermtr e, %(+ 'e a),cac+ne( en tem)+ rea,.
o Multi*a'ting* Fac,tar e, %(+ 'e a),cac+ne( m%,tca(t.
o Mo+ili$a$* Permtr ,a m+2,'a' 'e %n F+(t (n nece('a' 'e cam&ar (% 'recc!n.
o E+olu*i,n* C+ntem),ar %n mecan(m+ :%e )ermta e7ten'er e, )r+t+c+,+ en e, 9%t%r+.
o Co"#ati&ili$a$* Permtr ,a c+e7(tenca 'e, )r+t+c+,+ n%e2+ c+n e, 2e>+.
E, IETF F?+ %na c+n2+cat+ra )E&,ca -RFC 1""D. )ara :%e (e )re(entaran )r+)%e(ta( 'e c+m+ )+'r=a
(er e, n%e2+ )r+t+c+,+. De ,a( )r+)%e(ta( nca,e( (e 9%er+n 'e(cartan'+ ,a( c+n('era'a( men+(
ntere(ante(; 5 9na,mente ,a )r+)%e(ta 9na,mente a'+)ta'a 9%e %n F=&r'+ 'e '+( 'e ,a( )re(enta'a(.
D%rante e, )er=+'+ en :%e (e ce,e&ra&an en e, (en+ 'e, IETF ,a( '(c%(+ne( (+&re ,a( '9erente(
)r+)%e(ta( e, n%e2+ )r+t+c+,+ (e 'en+mn! IPng + IP ne7t generat+n -'e ,a (ere 'e te,e2(!n #tar TreG
c%5a (eg%n'a )arte rec&! e(a 'en+mnac!n
1/
. Fna,mente e, n+m&re +9ca, e,eg'+ 9%e IP Ver(!n 6 +
a&re2a'amente IP26 -e, IP act%a,mente en %(+ e( Ver(!n /; 5 ,a Ver(!n " (e Fa&=a %t,?a'+ 5a )ara %n
)r+t+c+,+ e7)ermenta, 'en+mna'+ #T; #Tream )r+t+c+,.. E, )r+t+c+,+ (e e()ec9c! en e, RFC 1113
)%&,ca'+ en 'cem&re 'e 1$$"C e(te RFC Fa ('+ (%(tt%'+ )+(ter+rmente )+r e, RFC 2/6D :%e
ntr+'%>+ )e:%eI+( cam&+( en ,a ca&ecera re,at2+( a, cam)+ D99erentate' #er2ce(; )%&,ca'+ en
'cem&re 'e 1$$1.
Un+ 'e ,+( a()ect+( mB( )+,<mc+( :%e r+'ear+n ,a e(tan'ar?ac!n 'e IP26 9%e ,a 'ec(!n (+&re e,
tamaI+ 'e ,a( 'recc+ne( a %t,?ar. #e &ara>ar+n a,ternat2a( :%e &an 'e('e +cF+ Fa(ta 2D &5te(.
Pr+&a&,emente ,a +)c!n 'e 2D &5te( era ,a mB( ra?+na&,e; n+ )+r:%e Fceran 9a,ta 'recc+ne( tan
gran'e( (n+ )+r:%e e(te era e, 9+rmat+ %t,?a'+ en ,a( 'recc+ne( O#I 5 e7(t=a 5a %n )r+t+c+,+ m%5
(m,ar a IP :%e %t,?a&a e(te 9+rmat+ 'e 'recc+ne(; :%e era CLNP. De e(ta 9+rma IP26 )+'r=a Fa&er(e
re'%c'+ (m),emente a ,a a'+)c!n 'e CLNP; 5 'e FecF+ e(ta +)c!n ,,eg! a ),antear(e (eramente en e,
(en+ 'e, IA3. Per+ c%an'+ ,a n+tca ,,eg! a +='+( 'e, IETF (e )r+'%>+ %n c,am+r en c+ntra 'e CLNP;
9%n'amenta,mente )+r ra?+ne( )+,=tca(* 'e()%<( 'e ,+( aI+( 'e en9rentament+ 22'+( entre ,+(
)art'ar+( 'e ,+( )r+t+c+,+( O#I 5 ,+( 'e TCPLIP (e c+n('era&a nace)ta&,e 5 )+,=tcamente nc+rrect+
:%e e, IA3 a'+)tara CLNP c+m+ e, IP 'e, 9%t%r+; ,+ c%a, Fa&r=a (gn9ca'+ :%e 'e()%<( 'e t+'+ Fa&=a
a,g+ a)r+2ecFa&,e en ,+( )r+t+c+,+( O#I. Fna,mente e, IA3 ace)t! e, re:%erment+ 'e, IETF; 'e(e(tm!
,a )r+)%e(ta 'e a'+)tar CLNP 5 (e cre! %n )r+t+c+,+ c+n 'recc+ne( 'e 16 &5te(.
En e, merca'+ e7(ten 5a 2ara( m),ementac+ne( 'e IP26 )ara F+(t( 5 )ara r+%ter(; a%n:%e (% %(+
Fa(ta aF+ra (e Fa ,mta'+ a e7)erenca( ),+t+.
IP26 c+nc'e c+n IP2/ en +9recer %n (er2c+ 'e entrega 'e 'atagrama( (n garant=a(; e( 'ecr @&e(t
e99+rt@. #e c+ntem),an (n em&arg+ a,g%na( +)c+ne( :%e )ermten +9recer ca,'a' 'e (er2c+.
IP26 n+ e( rea,mente c+m)at&,e c+n IP2/ 5a :%e %t,?a %n 9+rmat+ 'e ca&ecera '9erente; )er+ ,+ e(
-c+n )e:%eIa( m+'9cac+ne(. c+n ,+( 'emB( )r+t+c+,+( 'e Internet. La m),antac!n 'e, n%e2+
)r+t+c+,+ (e e(tB rea,?an'+ 'e 9+rma gra'%a, me'ante ,a creac!n 'e @(,a(@ IP26 en ,a( :%e (e %t,?a e,
n%e2+ )r+t+c+,+C )ara ,a nterc+ne7!n 'e e(a( (,a( a tra2<( 'e, &acG&+ne IP2/ (e %t,?an tEne,e(; 'e
9+rma (m,ar a ,+ :%e (e Face c+n ,a re' M3+ne. La re' e7)ermenta, a(= 9+rma'a (e c+n+ce c+m+
63+ne -IP26 3acG&+ne. 5 em)e?! a 9%nc+nar en 1$$6. En E()aIa 5a Fa5 %na re' 63+ne 9%nc+nan'+
entre 2ara( %n2er('a'e( e()aI+,a( 'e('e 1$$0. La Un2er('a' 'e Va,enca (e nc+r)+r! a e(ta re' en
1$$1.
L+( )r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng (e Fan ten'+ :%e m+'9car )ara tener en c%enta ,a( caracter=(tca( )r+)a( 5
e, n%e2+ 9+rmat+ 'e 'recc+ne( :%e %t,?a IP26C a(= (e Fa crea'+ )+r e>em),+ RIP26 5 O#PF26.
1/
P+r a,g%na ra?!n e(ta (ere; 5 ,a cenca 9cc!n en genera,; (em)re Fa g+?a'+ 'e gran )+)%,ar'a' entre ,+( Mg%rE(N 'e Internet
21
M%5 &re2emente a,g%na( 'e ,a( )rnc)a,e( 2rt%'e( 'e IP26 (+n ,a( (g%ente(*
o La( 'recc+ne( (+n 'e 16 &5te(; ,+ c%a, 'a %n e()ac+ 'e 'recc+ne( ncre=&,emente gran'e;
(%9cente c+n crece( )ara t+'+ 9%t%r+ %(+ )re2(&,e.
o La ca&ecera (e (m),9ca; )a(an'+ 'e 13 a 1 cam)+(
1"
. #e ace,era a(= e, )r+ce(+ en ,+( r+%ter(.
o #e Fa me>+ra'+ e, (+)+rte 'e ,+( cam)+( +)c+na,e( en ,a ca&ecera.
o La (eg%r'a' -2a,'ac!n 5 )r2ac'a'. e( aF+ra %na )arte 9%n'amenta, 'e, )r+t+c+,+.
o #e 'an mB( 9ac,'a'e( :%e ante( )ara e()ec9car e, t)+ 'e (er2c+.
3.A.1 Dire**ione' en I!+A
Una 'recc!n IP26 e(tB c+m)%e(ta )+r 16 &5te(. L+( )rmer+( &t( 'ent9can e, t)+ 'e 'recc!n; 'e
manera anB,+ga a IP2/. E7(ten m%cFa( c,a(e( 'e 'recc+ne(; )er+ n+ t+'a( tenen a(gna'+ e, m(m+
rang+; 5 ,a ma5+r=a e(tBn re(er2a'a( )ara %(+( 9%t%r+(.
#e Fa )re2(t+ %n rang+ e()ec=9c+ )ara 'recc+ne( IP2/. De e(ta 9+rma c%a,:%er 'recc!n IP2/ )%e'e
nc,%r(e en %n 'atagrama IP26.
Una )arte 'e, e()ac+ 'e 'recc+ne( (e re(er2a )ara '(tr&%c!n ge+grB9ca; 'e manera (m,ar a c+m+
(e Face act%a,mente en ,a Internet c+n CIDR.
Otra )arte (e Fa re(er2a'+ )ara re)artr 'recc+ne( )+r )r+2ee'+r. #e Fa c+ntem),a'+ ,a )+(&,'a' 'e
:%e ,a Internet -+ %na )arte 'e e,,a. e2+,%c+ne Faca %na re' :%e nterc+necte ,a( re'e( 'e ,+( gran'e(
)r+2ee'+re( a n2e, m%n'a,; (en'+ (ec%n'ara en e(te ca(+ ,a %&cac!n ge+grB9ca. #e c+ntem),a )ara
e(te ca(+ %na e(tr%ct%ra 'e 'recc+ne( >erBr:%ca c+n 2ar+( n2e,e(.
N+ (e Fa )re2(t+ nng%na 'recc!n e()ec=9ca )ara &r+a'ca(t; 5a :%e e(t+ (e c+n('era %n ca(+
)artc%,ar 'e m%,tca(t. Para ,a( 'recc+ne( m%,tca(t (e Fa )re2(t+ tam&<n %n rang+ e()ec=9c+; 5 en ,a
)r+)a 'recc!n m%,tca(t (e Fa re(er2a'+ %n cam)+ 'e / &t( :%e )ermte e()ec9car e, Bm&t+ +
a,cance :%e (e )reten'e tenga ,a em(!n. E, Bm&t+ )%e'e 2a,er entre D 5 1"C e, 2a,+r 1/ (e %t,?a )ara
n'car t+'+ e, ),aneta; 5 e, 2a,+r 1" )+'r=a e2ent%a,mente %t,?ar(e )ara tran(m(+ne( m%,tca(t :%e
a&ar:%en e, e()ac+ ntere(te,ar. E(t+ e( (m,ar a ,+ :%e (e Face en IP2/ c%an'+ (e ,mta e, Bm&t+ en
&a(e a ,a 'recc!n -RFC 236"..
A'emB( 'e en2=+( %nca(t 5 m%,tca(t )%e'en Facer(e en2=+( an1cast; en ,+( :%e e, )a:%ete (e en2=a a
%n+ c%a,:%era 'e ,+( mem&r+( 'e %n gr%)+; (n m)+rtar a c%a,. E(t+ )ermte )+r e>em),+ acce'er a %n
(er2'+r m%,tF+me' Facen'+ &a,ance 'e carga entre 2ara( nter9ace(; + )+r a:%e,,a :%e e(t< ma( cerca
'e, (+,ctante. Tam&<n 9ac,ta c+n9g%rac+ne( re'%n'ante( '+n'e %n 'etermna'+ (er2c+ )%e'e (er
9ac,ta'+ )+r ma( 'e %n (er2'+r.
#e Fa )re2(t+ %n rang+ 'e 'recc+ne( 'e (gn9ca'+ )%ramente ,+ca,; e:%2a,ente( a ,a( act%a,e( re'e(
)r2a'a( -ntranet(.; )ara ca(+( en :%e )+r ra?+ne( 'e (eg%r'a' (e :%era e(tar c+m),etamente a(,a'+
'e, e7ter+r.
La e(crt%ra 'e 'recc+ne( 'e 16 &5te( %(an'+ e, ((tema tra'c+na, re(%,ta m%5 9arrag+(a; )+r e>em),+*
121.D.D.D.D.D.D.D.1.3".6$.1D3.130.101.2D".23$
Para e2tar,+ (e Fa '(eIa'+ %na n+tac!n en ,a :%e ,a( 'recc+ne( (e e(cr&en c+m+ 1 gr%)+( 'e /
'=gt+( Fe7a'ecma,e( (e)ara'+( )+r '+( )%nt+(C )+r e>em),+ ,a 'recc!n anter+r (e e(cr&r=a a(=*
1DDD*DDDD*DDDD*DDDD*D123*/"60*1$A3*CDEF
Da'+ :%e m%cFa( 'recc+ne( c+nten'rBn gran cant'a' 'e cer+( (e +9rece ,a )+(&,'a' 'e %t,?ar %na
n+tac!n a&re2a'a en ,a :%e ,+( cer+( a ,a ?:%er'a )%e'en +mtr(e; 5 a'emB( ( %n+ + mB( gr%)+(
1"
En IP2/ n+ (e c+n('eran cam)+( ,+( &t( re(er2a'+( n ,a( +)c+ne(.
2$
tenen t+'+( ,+( '=gt+( a cer+ (e )%e'en +mtr )+nen'+ en (% ,%gar '+&,e( '+( )%nt+( -**.. A(= )+r
e>em),+ ,a 'recc!n anter+r (e e(cr&r=a*
1DDD**123*/"60*1$A3*CDEF
Para e2tar am&gHe'a' ,a n+tac!n a&re2a'a ** (!,+ )%e'e %t,?ar(e %na 2e? en %na 'recc!n.
P+r E,tm+; )ara 9ac,tar ,a e(crt%ra 'e 'recc+ne( IP2/ (e )re2< tam&<n e, %(+ 'e ,a n+tac!n 'ecma,
( (e 'e(ea %t,?an'+ )%nt+(; )+r e>em),+ *
**1/0.1"6.11.11
Graca( a ,a m%cF+ ma5+r ,+ngt%' 'e, cam)+ 'recc!n en IP26 (e )%e'en re(er2ar ,+( E,tm+( &5te( 'e
,a 'recc!n )ara nc,%r %na )arte ,+ca, g,+&a,mente Enca en ,a 'recc!n; :%e n+rma,mente e( %na
'recc!n MAC IEEE
16
. E(te Mtr%c+N -%t,?a'+ 5a en re'e( O#I 5 ATM. )ermte ,a a%t+c+n9g%rac!n 'e
,+( ((tema(* e, e:%)+ 9>a ,a )arte F+(t 'e (% 'recc!n a )artr 'e ,a 'recc!n c+nten'a en (% tar>eta 'e
re' 5 e(c%cFa )+r e, ca&,e )ara :%e e, r+%ter ,e n9+rme 'e ,a )arte 'e re'; c+n ,+ :%e ,a c+ne7!n 'e
n%e2+( e:%)+( a %na re' )%e'e Facer(e 2er'a'eramente @P,%g-an'-P,a5@. Una em)re(a :%e e(t%2era
c+necta'a a Internet a tra2<( 'e %n )r+2ee'+r )+'r=a cam&ar 'e )r+2ee'+r 5 cam&ar t+'a( (%(
'recc+ne( (n mB( :%e cam&ar en e, r+%ter ,a )arte 'e re' 'e ,a 'recc!n. L+( +r'ena'+re( +&ten'r=an
e, n%e2+ )re9>+ 'e, r+%ter 5 ,e aIa'r=an ca'a %n+ ,a )arte F+(t c+rre()+n'ente. E, %(+ 'e ,a 'recc!n
MAC c+m+ (%9>+ garant?a :%e ,a 'recc!n (ea Enca. La a%t+c+n9g%rac!n tam&<n 9ac,ta
gran'emente ,a m+2,'a' 'e e:%)+(.
C+n 16 &5te( e( )+(&,e crear 2
121
'recc+ne(; e:%2a,ente a a)r+7ma'amente 3 7 1D
31
C a%n:%e e,
re)art+ )r+'%ce m%cF+ 'e(),9arr+ e( e2'ente :%e IP26 n+ an'arB e(ca(+ 'e 'recc+ne( en m%cF+
tem)+.
3.A.2 La *a&e*era $e I!+A
Para tener %na 'ea mB( e7acta 'e ,a( caracter=(tca( 'e IP26 2am+( a re)a(ar &re2emente ,+( cam)+( 'e
,a ca&ecera; c%5a e(tr%ct%ra a)arece en ,a ta&,a 3.1.
Ca"#o Longitu$ %&it'(
Ver(!n /
D# -D99erentate' #er2ce(. 1
Et:%eta 'e 9,%>+ 2D
L+ngt%' 'e carga Et, 16
#g%ente ca&ecera 1
L=mte 'e (a,t+( 1
Drecc!n +rgen 121
Drecc!n 'e(tn+ 121
Ta&la 3.?.) 4or"ato $e la *a&e*era $e un $atagra"a I! Ver'i,n A
E, cam)+ +er'i,n 2a,e (em)re 6. En )rnc)+ e(te cam)+ 'e&er=a (er2r )ara '(tng%r ,a( 2er(+ne( 'e
IP; 'e 9+rma :%e t+'a( )%'eran 'ent9car(e c+m+ %n m(m+ )r+t+c+,+ a n2e, 'e en,ace; )+r e>em),+
%t,?an'+ e, m(m+ 2a,+r 'e EtFert5)e. En ,a )rBctca m%cFa( m),ementac+ne( 'e IP2/ n+
c+m)r%e&an e(te cam)+ (n+ :%e (%)+nen :%e e, 'atagrama e( IP2/ c%an'+ ,a ca&ecera 'e, n2e, 'e
en,ace e()ec9ca )r+t+c+,+ IP; )+r ,+ :%e a )e(ar 'e e7(tr e, cam)+ 2er(!n e( nece(ar+ a(gnar a IP26
%n 2a,+r )r+)+ en e, n2e, 'e en,ace; c+m+ ( (e tratara 'e %n )r+t+c+,+ '9erente 'e IP2/.
16
A )artr 'e, RFC 2303 (e Fa )re2(t+ %t,?ar )ara IP26 e, n%e2+ 9+rmat+ 'e 'recc+ne( MAC 'e +cF+
&5te( a)r+&a'+ )+r e, IEEE; 'en+mna'a( 'recc+ne( EUI-6/ -EUI P E7ten'e' Un:%e I'ent9er.. La(
'recc+ne( EUI-6/ %t,?an e, m(m+ )re9>+ 'e tre( &5te( :%e ,a( 'recc+ne( MAC tra'c+na,e( )ara
'ent9car a, 9a&rcante )er+ am),=an a cnc+ &5te( ,a )arte :%e 'ent9ca a, e:%)+. #e Fa 'e9n'+ %na
9+rma e(tBn'ar 'e c+n2ertr ,a( 'recc+ne( 'e /1 &t( en 'recc+ne( 'e 6/ &t(.
3D
E, cam)+ D/ %Di..erentiate$ /er+i*e'( (e %t,?a )ara e()ec9car )arBmetr+( 'e Ca,'a' 'e #er2c+ 'e
ac%er'+ c+n ,a ar:%tect%ra D99(er2 :%e 2erem+( mB( a'e,ante.
E, cam)+ etiDueta $e .lu0o )ermte 'ent9car ,+( )a:%ete( :%e )ertenecen a %na (e(!n c+ncreta entre
'+( F+(t(; n+rma,mente )ara (+,ctar %n trat+ )re9erente + %na 'etermna'a Ca,'a' 'e #er2c+. A e(te
cam)+ 5 a, c+nce)t+ 'e 9,%>+ n+( re9errem+( mB( a'e,ante c%an'+ Fa&,em+( 'e Ca,'a' 'e #er2c+.
E, cam)+ longitu$ $e *arga 8til n'ca e, tamaI+ 'e, )a:%ete en &5te(; e7c,%'+( ,+( /D &5te( 'e ,a
ca&ecera. E, 2a,+r mB7m+ e( 6""3". E, )a:%ete mB7m+ e( )%e( 6""0".
E, cam)+ 'iguiente *a&e*era n'ca ( e(ta ca&ecera e(ta (eg%'a )+r a,g%na 'e ,a( ca&ecera(
+)c+na,e(. # n+ Fa5 ca&ecera( +)c+na,e( e(te cam)+ n'ca e, )r+t+c+,+ 'e, n2e, 'e tran()+rte a, :%e
)ertenece e(te )a:%ete; )ara ,+ c%a, %t,?a ,+( m(m+( c!'g+( n%m<rc+( :%e en IP2/ -2er ta&,a 3.2..
E, cam)+ l:"ite $e 'alto' e:%2a,e a, antg%+ cam)+ TTL; )er+ (e Fa 'ec''+ )+ner,e %n n+m&re :%e
re9,e>e (% %(+ rea,. C+m+ en IP2/ e, cam)+ tene 1 &t(; )+r ,+ :%e e, mB7m+ nEmer+ 'e (a,t+( :%e
)%e'e e()ec9car(e e( tam&<n 2"". A,g%n+( +)na&an :%e e(te 2a,+r era 'ema(a'+ &a>+ 5 :%e en
a,g%n+( ca(+( )+'r=a ),antear )r+&,ema(. Act%a,mente 5a Fa5 (t%ac+ne( en ,a Internet '+n'e (e e(ta
)r!7m+ a ,+( 6/ (a,t+(.
P+r E,tm+; ,+( cam)+( $ire**i,n $e origen 5 $ire**i,n $e $e'tino c+rre()+n'en a ,a( 'recc+ne( 'e 16
&5te( :%e Fem+( 'e(crt+.
L+( cam)+( 'e ,a ca&ecera IP2/ :%e Fan 'e(a)arec'+ 'e ,a IP26 (+n ,+( (g%ente(*
234 -Internet 4ea'er LengtF.* e(te cam)+ n+ e7(te )%e( ,a ca&ecera tene aF+ra %na ,+ngt%' 9>a.
E, cam)+ protocolo n+ a)arece )%e( (% 9%nc!n ,a 'e(em)eIa e, cam)+ siguiente ca(ecera.
E, cam)+ c)ecksum (e Fa (%)rm'+ 5a :%e n+ (e c+n('er! >%(t9ca'a ,a )<r''a 'e ren'ment+ :%e
(%)+ne e, cB,c%,+ 'e, cFecG(%m en ca'a (a,t+ ante ,a rara e2ent%a,'a' 'e :%e (e )r+'%?ca %n err+r en e,
n2e, 'e re'; t+man'+ en c%enta :%e n+rma,mente tant+ e, n2e, 'e en,ace c+m+ e, 'e tran()+rte rea,?an
(% )r+)a c+m)r+&ac!n 'e err+re(; )+r ,+ :%e rea,mente e, cFecG(%m 'e, 'atagrama IP n+ )r+tege 'e
err+re( 'e tran(m(!n (n+ (+,amente 'e err+re( ntern+( :%e (e )%e'an )r+'%cr en e, r+%ter -)+r 9a,,+(
en ,a mem+ra RAM )+r e>em),+.. La (%)re(!n 'e e(te cam)+ 9%e a,g+ m%5 'e&at'+ '%rante ,a
e,a&+rac!n 'e, n%e2+ e(tBn'ar.
T+'+( ,+( cam)+( re,at2+( a 9ragmentac!n Fan 'e(a)arec'+ 'e ,a ca&ecera )+r:%e en IP26 ,a
9ragmentac!n (e c+ntr+,a me'ante ca&ecera( a'c+na,e( + e7ten''a(C a'emB( en IP26 t+'+( ,+( n+'+(
Fan 'e ace)tar )a:%ete( 'e 121D &5te( c+m+ m=nm+ 5 (!,+ (e )ermte ,a 9ragmentac!n en +rgen; e(
'ecr e, em(+r 'e&e generar 'atagrama( (%9centemente )e:%eI+( )ara :%e )%e'an ,,egar a (% 'e(tn+
(n 9ragmentac+ne( a'c+na,e(. N+rma,mente e, em(+r rea,?arB e, /at) 5T6 7isco8er1; c+m+ 5a era
Fa&t%a, en m%cFa( m),ementac+ne( 'e IP2/.
3.A.3 Ca&e*era' eIten$i$a'
En IP2/ ,a ca&ecera )%e'e c+ntener a,g%n+( cam)+( +)c+na,e(; )rnc)a,mente )ara 'agn!(tc+ 'e
)r+&,ema( 'e r+%tng; )er+ 'e&'+ a (% e(ca(a ,+ngt%' e(+( cam)+( (+n )+c+ %t,?a'+(. E, ((tema e(
'ema(a'+ r=g'+ 5 )+c+ e9cente; 5a :%e ,+( cam)+( +)c+na,e( tenen :%e (er )r+ce(a'+( en t+'+( ,+(
r+%ter( 'e, tra5ect+. En IP26 (e Fa Fa&,ta'+ %n mecan(m+ mB( 9,e7&,e 5 e9centeC ,a( ca&ecera(
+)c+na,e( a)arecen c+m+ ca&ecera( a'c+na,e( a, 9na, 'e ,a ca&ecera e(tBn'arC (% )re(enca :%e'a
n'ca'a )+r e, cam)+ siguiente ca(ecera; :%e en ca(+ 'e :%e n+ Fa5a +)c+ne( n'carB e, )r+t+c+,+ 'e
tran()+rte -n+rma,mente TCP + UDP.. De e(ta 9+rma ,+( cam)+( +)c+na,e( en IP26 )%e'en e7ten'er(e
c%an'+ (e c+n('ere nece(ar+. A'emB( (e )re2< %n mecan(m+ )+r e, c%a, (e )%e'e n'car ( ,a(
+)c+ne( 'e&en (er )r+ce(a'a( )+r t+'+( ,+( r+%ter( 'e, tra5ect+ + (+,+ )+r e, %,tm+; ,+ c%a, )ermte %na
re'%cc!n (gn9cat2a 'e, tra&a>+ a 'e(arr+,,ar )+r ,+( r+%ter( nterme'+( c%na'+ (e trata 'e %na
+)c!n :%e (+,+ 'e&e (er )r+ce(a'a )+r e, n2e, 'e re' en e, F+(t 'e 'e(tn+.
La ca&ecera salto-a-salto n'ca n9+rmac!n :%e 'e&e (er e7amna'a )+r t+'+( ,+( r+%ter( )+r ,+( :%e
tran(te e(te 'atagrama. 4a(ta aF+ra (+,+ (e ,e Fa 'e9n'+ a e(ta ca&ecera %na +)c!n; :%e )ermte
31
e()ec9car 'atagrama( 'e ,+ngt%' (%)er+r a 6/ O3C e(t+( 'atagrama( -:%e )%e'en ,,egar a tener Fa(ta
/ G3. (e c+n+cen c+m+ jum(ogramas.
La ca&ecera routing rea,?a ,a( 9%nc+ne( c+m&na'a( 'e, (trct (+%rce r+%tng 5 ,++(e (+%rce r+%tng 'e
IP2/C e, mB7m+ nEmer+ 'e 'recc+ne( :%e )%e'en e()ec9car(e e( 'e 2/.
La ca&ecera fragment (e %t,?a c%an'+ Fa5 :%e 9ragmentar %n 'atagramaC e, mecan(m+ %t,?a'+ e(
m%5 (m,ar a, 'e IP2/ -cam)+( I'ent9cac!n; De(),a?ament+ 'e, 9ragment+ 5 MF.; c+n ,a '9erenca
'e :%e en IP26 (+,+ (e )ermte ,a 9ragmentac!n en +rgen. De e(ta 9+rma (e (m),9ca n+ta&,emente ,a
c+m),e>'a' 'e )r+ce(+ en ,+( r+%ter(.
La ca&ecera aut)entication )ermte e, %(+ 'e t<cnca( cr)t+grB9ca( )ara nc+r)+rar %n mecan(m+ 'e
9rma 'gta, )+r e, c%a, e, rece)t+r 'e, )a:%ete )%e'e e(tar (eg%r+ 'e ,a a%tentc'a' 'e, em(+r.
La ca&ecera encr1pted securit1 pa1load )ermte e, en2=+ 'e n9+rmac!n encr)ta'a )ara :%e (+,+ )%e'a
(er ,e='a )+r e, 'e(tnatar+. E2'entemente ,a encr)tac!n a9ecta Encamente a ,+( 'at+(; n+ nc,%5e ,a
ca&ecera 'e, 'atagrama )%e(t+ :%e <(ta Fa 'e (er ,e='a e nter)reta'a )+r ca'a r+%ter )+r e, :%e )a(a.
3.= EJERCICIO/
1. In':%e ( e( 2er'a'era + 9a,(a ca'a %na 'e ,a( (g%ente( a9rmac+ne(*
a. C%an'+ %n r+%ter IP 'etecta %n err+r en e, cFecG(%m 'e %n 'atagrama en2=a %n men(a>e ICMP
a, em(+r n+t9cBn'+,e )ara :%e ,+ reen2=e.
&. Una 'e ,a( 2enta>a( 'e IP e( (% ca)ac'a' 'e reencamnar e, trB9c+ )+r r%ta( a,ternat2a( en
ca(+ 'e )r+&,ema( en ,a re'C (n em&arg+ e(ta caracter=(tca (+,+ e(ta '()+n&,e c%an'+ (e
%t,?a %n )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng; n+ c%an'+ (e em),ean r%ta( e(tBtca(.
c. E, )r+t+c+,+ O#PF )ermte crear n2e,e( >erBr:%c+( 'entr+ 'e %n ((tema a%t!n+m+.
'. L+( )r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng em),ea'+( 'entr+ 'e %n ((tema a%t!n+m+; ta,e( c+m+ RIP % O#PF;
n+ (+n a)r+)a'+( )ara (% %t,?ac!n entre ((tema( a%t!n+m+( 'e&'+ a ,+( ma5+re( retar'+(
'e ,a( c+m%ncac+ne( en e(te ca(+; a, tratar(e n+rma,mente 'e en,ace( :%e c%&ren gran'e(
'(tanca(.
e. En IP ,+( 'atagrama( )%e'en ,,egar 'e(+r'ena'+( 5 (+n en t+'+ ca(+ ,+( n2e,e( (%)er+re(
-TCP )+r e>em),+. ,+( :%e (e +c%)an 'e re+r'enar ,+( 'at+(C (n em&arg+ c%an'+ Fa5
9ragmentac!n en r%ta ,+( 9ragment+( 'e&en ,,egar nece(aramente en +r'en )%e(t+ :%e e,
'atagrama +rgna, (e Fa 'e rec+m)+ner a n2e, IP a, n+ tener e, n2e, 'e tran()+rte
c+n+cment+ 'e ,a 9ragmentac!n; )+r ,+ :%e carece en e(te ca(+ 'e mecan(m+( )ara 'etectar
,+( cam&+( 'e +r'en.
9. C%an'+ (e crea %na (%&re' c+n 'recc+ne( IP e, n%mer+ 'e F+(t( e( (em)re '+( men+( :%e e,
e()ac+ 'e 'recc+ne( c+rre()+n'ente; e( 'ecr; ( (e %t,?an n &t( )ara ,a )arte F+(t e,
n%mer+ 'e F+(t( )+(&,e( e( 'e 2
n
-2.
g. E, )r+t+c+,+ 3OOTP )ermte a2erg%ar ,a 'recc!n MAC :%e c+rre()+n'e a %na 'recc!n IP
'a'a.
F. E, )r+t+c+,+ ARP (+,+ e( nece(ar+ en re'e( &r+a'ca(t.
2. #%)+nga :%e (e tene %na re' 9+rma'a )+r tre( r+%ter(; J; Q 5 W; %n'+( entre (= me'ante tre( ,=nea(
'e 6/ O&L( en t+)+,+g=a trang%,ar. UA%e '9erenca (%)+n'r=a e, %(+ 'e r+%tng 'nBmc+ + e(tBtc+
'e('e e, )%nt+ 'e 2(ta 'e ,a e9cenca 5 9a&,'a' 'e ,a c+m%ncac!n entre e,,+(V
32
3. Un 'atagrama IP :%e %t,?a ,a +)c!n source routing ,,ega a %n )%nt+ en ,a re' en e, :%e tene :%e
(er 9ragmenta'+. Ten'rB e(te cam)+ +)c+na, :%e c+)ar(e en ca'a %n+ 'e ,+( 9ragment+(; + &a(tarB
c+n :%e (e c+)e en e, )rmer+ 'e e,,+( EncamenteV
9. En IP26 (e m+'9ca (%(tanca,mente ,a ca&ecera 'e ,+( 'atagrama( IP; 'e&'+ e()eca,mente a,
cam&+ en ,a ,+ngt%' 'e ,a( 'recc+ne( 'e 32 a 121 &t(. C+m+ a9ectarB e(t+ a, 9%nc+nament+ 'e
,+( )%ente( tran()arente(V Q a, 'e ,+( )%ente( c+n encamnament+ 'e('e e, +rgenV
;. Dga c%a,-e(. 'e ,+( (g%ente( )r+t+c+,+( )ermte-n. rea,?ar a(gnac!n 'nBmca 'e 'recc+ne(
IP*
A* Y 3OOTP 3* Y D4CP C* Y RARP
D* Y ARP E* Y PPP F* Y #LIP
A. Un ((tema a%t!n+m+ e(*
A* Y Una re' :%e %t,?a )r+t+c+,+ TCPLIP
3* Y Un c+n>%nt+ 'e r+%ter( :%e ntercam&an n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng me'ante %n )r+t+c+,+ c+mEn
C* Y Un c+n>%nt+ 'e r+%ter( 5 F+(t( c+n %na a'mn(trac!n centra,?a'a
D* Y La )arte 'e ,a Internet :%e c+rre()+n'e a %n Pr+2ee'+r
=. La 9ragmentac!n en r%ta e( %na ca%(a 'e ne9cenca en re'e( IP. A,g%n+( F+(t( ntentan e2tar,a
a),can'+ ,a t<cnca c+n+c'a c+m+ 'e(c%&rment+ 'e ,a MTU 'e, tra5ect+ -@)atF MTU '(c+2er5@.
c+n((tente en en2ar 'atagrama( 'e )r%e&a c+n e, &t DF -D+n@t Fragment. )%e(t+C )+r ,+( men(a>e(
'e err+r rec&'+( e( )+(&,e a2erg%ar e, tamaI+ mB7m+ 'e 'atagrama :%e (e )%e'e %t,?ar.
A,g%n+( F+(t( c%an'+ %t,?an e, @)atF MTU '(c+2er5@; %na 2e? Fan a2erg%a'+ ,a MTU 'e,
tra5ect+ rea,?an '+( acc+ne( n+ Fa&t%a,e(*
#g%en )+nen'+ a 1 e, &t DF en t+'+( ,+( 'atagrama( :%e en2=an.
De 2e? en c%an'+ en2=an %n 'atagrama 'e %n tamaI+ ma5+r :%e e, mB7m+ )ermt'+ )+r e,
tra5ect+; c+n e, &t DF )%e(t+.
UP+'r=a 'ar a,g%na ra?!n :%e >%(t9:%e e(t+( c+m)+rtament+(V
?. A c+ntn%ac!n a)arece e, 9cFer+ 'e c+n9g%rac!n 'e %n r+%ter. D&%>e e, cr+:%( c+rre()+n'ente
n'can'+ ,a 'recc!n IP 'e ca'a nter9a?; :%e rang+( 'e 'recc+ne( e(tB acce(&,e )+r ca'a %na 'e
e,,a(; 5 t+'+ ,+ :%e )%e'a n9err (+&re ,a t+)+,+g=a 'e ,a re' a )artr 'e ,a n9+rmac!n 9ac,ta'a.
Rea,ce ,+( c+mentar+( :%e c+n('ere +)+rt%n+( (+&re ,+( c+man'+( 5 (% (gn9ca'+.
N+ta(*
La c+n9g%rac+n )re(enta'a e( 9ctca; n+ c+rre()+n'e a nng%na c+n9g%rac!n rea,.
#e %t,?an Encamente r%ta( e(tBtca(.
En ,a c+n9g%rac!n (e %t,?an mB(cara( 'e tamaI+ 2ara&,e.
----------------------- FICHERO DE CONFIGURACION
-----------------
version 11.1
hostname router
!
ip subnet-ero
!
inter!a"e Ethernet#
$es"ription "one%ion re$ &o"a& U'
33
ip a$$ress 1().1*+.1.11 ,**.,**.1,-.#
!
inter!a"e Ethernet1
$es"ription "one%ion au&a .IU'
ip a$$ress 1().1*+.1().1,/ ,**.,**.,**.,,(
!
inter!a"e seria&#
$es"ription primera "one%ion 0a1isterio
ip a$$ress 1/,.1+-.1.1 ,**.,**.,**.,*,
ban$2i$th +(
!
inter!a"e seria&1
$es"ription se1un$a "one%ion 0a1isterio
ip a$$ress 1/,.1+-.1.* ,**.,**.,**.,*,
ban$2i$th +(
inter!a"e seria&,
$es"ription "one%ion U3I
ip a$$ress 14#.,#+.,11.* ,**.,**.,**.,*,
ban$2i$th ,#(-
!
inter!a"e seria&4
$es"ription sa&i$a a& resto $e& mun$o
ip a$$ress 14#.,#+.,11., ,**.,**.,**.,*,
ban$2i$th ,#(-
!
! Ruta host
ip route 14#.,#+.,11.1)( ,**.,**.,**.,** 1().1*+.1().14#
! .ubre$ 0a1isterio 5ba&an"e $e tra!i"o entre ambas &ineas6
ip route 1().1*+.1/-.# ,**.,**.,*(.# 1/,.1+-.1.,
ip route 1().1*+.1/-.# ,**.,**.,*(.# 1/,.1+-.1.+
! C&ase C $e& IA7A.C.IC 58aterna6
ip route 1/4.1(*.,(+.# ,**.,**.,**.# 1().1*+.1*./
! Re$ $e &a U3I
ip route 1*#.,#-.#.# ,**.,**.#.# 14#.,#+.,11.+
! Ruta por $e!e"to
ip route #.#.#.# #.#.#.# 14#.,#+.,11.1
! Ruta &oopba"9
ip route 1,).#.#.1 ,**.,**.,**.,** Nu&&#
@. #%)+nga :%e en ,a c+n9g%rac!n 'e, e>ercc+ anter+r (e (%)rme ,a ,=nea*
ip route #.#.#.# #.#.#.# 14#.,#+.,11.1
In':%e :%e +c%rrr=a en e(te ca(+ c+n %n 'atagrama :%e ,,egara a e(te r+%ter )+r ,a nter9a?
EtFernet1 :%e t%2era c+m+ 'recc!n 'e +rgen ,a 1/0.1"6.1/0.132 5 c+m+ 'recc!n 'e 'e(tn+ ,a
131.2/0.12.32.
UQ :%e )a(ar=a ( ,,egara %n 'atagrama )+r ,a nter9a? (era,3 c+n 'recc!n 'e +rgen ,a
131.2/0.12.32 5 'e 'e(tn+ ,a 1/0.1"6.1/0.132V
1<. Una em)re(a tene %na re' ,+ca, c+necta'a a Internet me'ante %n r+%ter :%e (+,+ )+(ee '+(
nter9ace(; %na etFernet 5 %na )%erta (ere c+necta'a a %na ,=nea )%nt+ a )%nt+ 'e 2D/1 O&L(. La
c+n9g%rac!n 'e, r+%ter e( ,a (g%ente*
version 11.1
hostname router
!
inter!a"e Ethernet#
3/
$es"ription "one%ion re$ &o"a&
ip a$$ress 1/#.1/#.1/#.1 ,**.,**.,**.#
!
inter!a"e seria&#
ip a$$ress 1/,.1+-.,##.+ ,**.,**.,**.,*,
ban$2i$th ,#(-
!
! Ruta por $e!e"to
ip route #.#.#.# #.#.#.# 1/,.1+-.,##.*
! Ruta &oopba"9
ip route 1,).#.#.1 ,**.,**.,**.,** Nu&&#
#e 'e(ea (%(tt%r e, r+%ter )+r +tr+; tam&<n c+n %na nter9a? (ere 5 %na etFernet.
Para Facer e, cam&+ 'e ,a manera ma( (enc,,a )+(&,e e, a'mn(tra'+r 'e ,a re' Fa )re)ara'+ e,
n%e2+ r+%ter c+n %na c+n9g%rac!n '<ntca a, antg%+C 'e e(ta 9+rma ,+( %(%ar+( c+n (%(
+r'ena'+re( c+n9g%ra'+( c+n ,a 'recc!n 1$D.1$D.1$D.1 c+m+ (a,'a -gateKa5. a, e7ter+r n+
ten'rBn :%e m+'9car na'a. Ca,c%,a e, a'mn(tra'+r :%e c+n ,a a5%'a 'e +tra )er(+na )%e'e
(%(tt%r 9=(camente %n r+%ter )+r e, +tr+ en cnc+ (eg%n'+(; tem)+ :%e e()era )a(e 'e(a)erc&'+
)+r (%( %(%ar+(; ac+(t%m&ra'+( a, ,ent+ 9%nc+nament+ 'e ,a Internet -e, 9%nc+nament+ n+
+renta'+ a c+ne7!n 'e IP )ermte Facer e(ta( man+&ra( (n )ert%r&ar ,a re' 'e 9+rma a)reca&,e..
E, a'mn(tra'+r 'ec'e )%e( Facer e, cam&+ en F+ra( n+rma,e( 'e 9%nc+nament+.
E, cam&+ (e e9ectEa (egEn ,+ )re2(t+; 5 'e()%<( 'e Facer,+ e, a'mn(tra'+r 2a a %n PC )r!7m+;
,+ encen'e 5 c+m)r%e&a :%e (e )%e'e c+nectar a Internet a tra2<( 'e, n%e2+ r+%ter (n )r+&,ema(;
)+r ,+ :%e c+n('era termna'a c+n <7t+ ,a tarea. 8%(t+ en e(e m+ment+ em)e?a a rec&r m%,tt%'
'e ,,ama'a( 'e ,+( %(%ar+( :%e (e :%e>an 'e n+ )+'er (a,r a Internet. E, a'mn(tar'+r re2(a 5
c+m)r%e&a ,a c+n9g%rac!n 5 t+'a( ,a( c+ne7+ne(; )er+ n+ enc%entra nngEn err+rC )a(a'+( %n+(
mn%t+(; 5 (n :%e e, a'mn(tra'+r Fa5a FecF+ na'a; ,+( %(%ar+( em)e?an a )+'er c+nectar 'e
n%e2+ c+n e, e7ter+r 5 )+c+ a )+c+ e, te,<9+n+ 'e>a 'e (+nar.
P+'r=a 'ecr )+r :%e Fa 9a,,a'+ e, ),anV C+m+ 'e&er=a Fa&er )r+ce''+ e, a'mn(tra'+r )ara Facer
e, cam&+ en F+ra( n+rma,e( 'e 9%nc+nament+ (n a9ectar e, (er2c+ 'e 9+rma a)reca&,eV
3"
11. La (g%ente e( %na c+n9g%rac!n F)+t<tca 'e %n r+%ter*
Version 11.1
hostname centro-remoto
ip subnet-zero
ip classless
!
interface Ethernet0
description conexion LAN
ip address 194.125.1.63 255.255.255.192
!
interface Ethernet1
ip address 195.0.0.195 255.255.255.128
!
interface serial0
description conexion WAN
ip address 195.100.1.2 255.255.255.252
!
interface serial1
ip address 197.160.1.1 255.255.255.252
!
ip route 157.34.33.0 255.255.255.255 195.0.0.199
ip route 160.87.34.0 255.255.248.0 195.100.1.1
ip route 198.0.0.0 255.254.0.0 197.160.1.2
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 195.100.1.1
C+mente e, (gn9ca'+ 'e ,+( c+man'+( :%e a)arecen.
D&%>e e, e(:%ema 'e ,a re' c+rre()+n'ente.
En ,+( )arBmetr+( 'e a,g%n+( c+man'+( e7(ten 2a,+re( na'ec%a'+(. L+ca,=ce,+( 5 c+m<nte,+(.
12. Una em)re(a 'e c+n(%,t+r=a n9+rmBtca tene (% +9cna )rnc)a, en Ma'r'; c+n (%c%r(a,e( en
3arce,+na; 3,&a+ 5 #e2,,a. Ca'a %na 'e ,a( c%atr+ +9cna( tene %na re' ,+ca, &a(a'a en ,+(
)r+t+c+,+( TCPLIP. #e 'e(ea %nr,a( t+'a( entre (=; )ara ,+ c%a, (e rea,?a %n e(t%'+ nece('a'e( 5 (e
e2a,Ea e, c+(t+ 'e '2er(a( a,ternat2a(. A'emB( (e :%ere 'ar acce(+ a Internet a t+'a( ,a( +9cna(.
C+m+ re(%,ta'+ 'e t+'+ e,,+ (e 'ec'e m+ntar %na re' c+n ,a (g%ente t+)+,+g=a*
Internet
|
|
|128 Kb/s
|
| 256 Kb/s 128 Kb/s
Madrid ------------------- Barcelona ------------- Bilbao
|
|
|128 Kb/s
|
|
Sevilla
#e )re2< %n mB7m+ 'e 1DD +r'ena'+re( en ,a +9cna 'e Ma'r'; "D en ,a 'e 3arce,+na; 2" en ,a 'e
3,&a+ 5 2D en ,a 'e #e2,,a. #e nece(ta :%e t+'+( ,+( +r'ena'+re( tengan acce(+ 'rect+ a Internet;
e( 'ecr; tengan nEmer+( IP )E&,c+( + @,ega,e(@. Para e,,+ ,a em)re(a Fa +&ten'+ 'e, NIC ,a re'
1$/.1DD.1DD.D.
#e ,e )'e :%e*
36
a. D(eIe %n e(:%ema 'e re)art+ 'e 'recc+ne( IP entre ,a( '9erente( +9cna( :%e (at(9aga ,+(
re:%erment+( ),antea'+(.
&. Re,,ene ,+( cam)+( :%e 9a,tan en ,a (g%ente c+n9g%rac!n; c+rre()+n'ente a, r+%ter C(c+ 'e
Ma'r'*
Version 11.1
hostname Router-Madrid
ip subnet-zero
!
interface Ethernet0
description conexion LAN Madrid
ip address ............ ............
!
interface serial0
description conexion WAN Internet
bandwidth 128
ip address ............ ............
!
interface serial1
description conexion WAN Barcelona
bandwidth 256
ip address ............ ............
!
interface serial2
description conexion WAN Sevilla
bandwidth 128
ip address ............ ............
!
!
ip route ............ ............ ............
ip route ............ ............ ............
ip route ............ ............ ............
ip route 0.0.0.0 ............ ............
ip route 127.0.0.1 ............ ............
13. Una em)re(a 9armac<%tca tene %na re' ,+ca, EtFernet c+n 2ar+( +r'ena'+re(; 5 tene c+ntrata'a
%na c+ne7!n a Internet c+n e, )r+2ee'+r J )+r ,a c%a, t+'+( ,+( +r'ena'+re( )%e'en en2ar 5
rec&r 'e, e7ter+r 'atagrama( IP; (n re(trcc+ne(. L+( +r'ena'+re( tenen nEmer+( 'e ,a re'
1$$.1$$.1$$.D -mB(cara 2"".2"".2"".D. a(gna'a )+r e, )r+2ee'+r a ,a em)re(a; 'entr+ 'e, rang+
:%e ,e c+rre()+n'e. La c+ne7!n 9=(ca (e rea,?a me'ante %na ,=nea )%nt+ a )%nt+; )ara ,+ c%a, en
,a re' ,+ca, Fa5 %n r+%ter c+n %na nter9a? etFernet 5 %na (ere. E, r+%ter tene %na (eg%n'a nter9a?
(ere act%a,mente n+ %t,?a'a.
E, )r+2ee'+r J Fa '+ am),an'+ e, nEmer+ 'e %(%ar+( (n a%mentar 'e 9+rma )r+)+rc+na, ,a
n9rae(tr%ct%ra; c+n ,+ c%a, Fa '+ &a>an'+ ,a ca,'a' 'e (er2c+ :%e +9rece. C+m+ c+n(ec%enca 'e
e,,+ ,a em)re(a 'ec'e c+ntratar %na (eg%n'a c+ne7!n a Internet c+n e, )r+2ee'+r Q; ma( car+ )er+
:%e +9rece %n (er2c+ 'e ma5+r ca,'a'. E, )r+2ee'+r Q a(gna a ,a em)re(a ,a re' 2DD.2DD.2DD.D
-mB(cara 2"".2"".2"".D.; 5 ,a c+ne7!n (e rea,?a tam&<n me'ante %na ,=nea )%nt+ a )%nt+; c+m+
en e, ca(+ 'e, )r+2ee'+r J.
A )e(ar 'e tener %na n%e2a c+ne7!n c+n e, )r+2ee'+r Q (e :%ere mantener ,a c+ne7!n a,
)r+2ee'+r J 'a'+ (% &a>+ c+(t+; )ara %t,?ar,a en (er2c+( )+c+ cr=tc+(; c+m+ )+r e>em),+ ,a(
neK(. A,g%na( mB:%na( 'e ,a re' ,+ca, manten'rBn 'recc+ne( 'e ,a re' 1$$.1$$.1$$.D; 5 'e&erBn
30
%t,?ar e, )r+2ee'+r J; mentra( :%e a +tra( (e ,e( a(gnarBn 'recc+ne( 'e ,a re' 2DD.2DD.2DD.D 5
'e&erBn %t,?ar e, )r+2ee'+r Q.
Dga ( )ara e9ect%ar ,a c+ne7!n a, )r+2ee'+r Q e( )+(&,e %t,?ar ,a nter9a? (ere :%e :%e'a ,&re
en e, r+%ter e7(tente; + ( )+r e, c+ntrar+ e( nece(ar+ a':%rr %n (eg%n'+ r+%ter )ara 'cFa
c+ne7!n. E7),:%e (% re()%e(ta.
E(cr&a %n e>em),+ 'e ,a c+n9g%rac!n :%e Fa&r=a-n. 'e tener e, -,+(. r+%ter-(. nece(ar+-(. )ara
rea,?ar ,a( c+ne7+ne( n'ca'a(. En t+'+ m+ment+ (e %t,?a r+%tng e(tBtc+. Rec%er'e :%e %na
nter9a? )%e'e tener ma( 'e %na 'recc!n IP.
31
3.? /OLUCIONE/
/1.)
a. 4al'a. E, )r+t+c+,+ IP n+ m),ementa nngEn mecan(m+ 'e reen2=+ 'e ,a n9r+mac!n. En ca(+
'e err+r en ,a c+m)r+&ac!n 'e, cFecG(%m e, 'atagrama e( (m),emente 'e(carta'+.
&. Ver$a$era. En ca(+ 'e r%ta( e(tBtca( (er=a nece(ara %na rec+n9g%rac!n man%a, 'e ,+(
e:%)+( )ara m+'9car ,a r%ta %t,?a'a.
c. Ver$a$era. L+( n2e,e( >erBr:%c+( (e e(ta&,ecen me'ante ,a( 'en+mna'a( "reas.
'. 4al'a. Entre ((tema( a%t!n+m+( -A#e(. (e re:%eren +tr+( )r+t+c+,+( 'e r+%tng 'e&'+ a ,a
nece('a' 'e e(ta&,ecer reg,a( 'e t)+ @)+,=tc+@; )+r e>em),+ %n )r+2ee'+r :%e n+ :%ere (er
%t,?a'+ c+m+ 2=a 'e trBn(t+ )ara ,a c+m%ncac!n entre +tr+( '+( )r+2ee'+re( c+n ,+( c%a,e(
e(tB c+necta'+.
e. 4al'a. L+( 'atagrama( en IP (em)re )%e'en ,,egar 'e(+r'ena'+(; n'e)en'entemente 'e :%e
(e trate 'e 9ragment+( + 'e 'atagrama( enter+(. En ca(+ 'e 9ragmentac!n e, cam)+ +99(et
)ermte a, n2e, IP 'e, rece)t+r re+r'enar a'ec%a'amente ,+( 9ragment+(.
9. Ver$a$era. #e re(er2an '+( 'recc+ne( )ara %(+( e()eca,e(* ,a :%e tene e, cam)+ F+(t t+'+ a
cer+( )ara n'car ,a (%&re'; 5 ,a :%e ,+ tene t+'+ a %n+( )ara tran(m(+ne( &r+a'ca(t 'entr+
'e ,a (%&re'. E(ta re(trcc!n (e a),ca (em)re; nc,%(+ c%an'+ (e e()ec9ca (%&net-?er+C
(%&net-?er+ )ermte e,%'r %na re(trcc!n (m,ar :%e n+rma,mente (e a),ca a, cam)+ (%&re'.
g. 4al'a. E( ,+ c+ntrar+* 3OOTP )ermte a2erg%ar ,a 'recc!n IP :%e c+rre()+n'e a %na
'recc!n MAC -n+rma,mente ,a 'e ,a mB:%na :%e e(tB Facen'+ ,a c+n(%,ta..
F. Ver$a$era. En re'e( )%nt+ a )%nt+ ca'a +r'ena'+r (a&e )+r (%( ta&,a( 'e r+%tng )+r '+n'e Fa
'e acce'er a %na 'recc!n 'e re' 'etermna'a.
/2.)
C+n r+%tng 'nBmc+ e, trB9c+ )+'r=a reencamnar(e )+r ,a r%ta a,ternat2a en ca(+ 'e ca='a 'e
%n+ 'e ,+( tre( en,ace(. A'emB( e, trB9c+ (e )+'r=a re)artr 'e 9+rma ma( + men+( F+m+g<nea
entre ,a( '+( r%ta( )+(&,e(; c+n ,+ :%e en e, ca(+ ,=mte (e )+'r=a ,,egar a tener %na ca)ac'a'
'e 121 O&L( entre '+( n+'+( en e, (%)%e(t+ 'e :%e e, +tr+ n+ generara n rec&era nngEn
trB9c+. Nng%na 'e e(ta( c+(a( (er=a )+(&,e c+n r+%tng e(tBtc+. P+r +tr+ ,a'+ e, %(+ 'e r+%tng
'nBmc+ )r+2+car=a %na )e:%eIa )r+)+rc!n 'e trB9c+ en ,a re' 'e&'+ a ,a n9+rmac!n
ntercam&a'a )+r ,+( r+%ter(; a%n:%e e(t+ (e 2er=a (+&ra'amente c+m)en(a'+ )+r ,a( 2enta>a(
ante( menc+na'a(. A(= )%e( e, r+%tng 'nBmc+ )ermtr=a tener %na re' ma( 9a&,e 5 e9cente.
/3.)
Ten'rB :%e c+)ar(e en t+'+(; 5a :%e ca'a 9ragment+ )%e'e (eg%r en )rnc)+ %na r%ta
'9erente 5 (+,+ a(= )+'rem+( e(tar (eg%r+( 'e :%e (e re()eta ,a r%ta marca'a.
3$
/9.)
N+ a9ecta en a&(+,%t+ a nng%n+ 'e ,+( '+( )%e(t+ :%e tant+ ,+( )%ente( tran()arente( c+m+ ,+(
'e encamnament+ 'e('e e, +rgen %t,?an 'recc+ne( MAC; :%e (+n 'recc+ne( a n2e, 'e
en,ace. La( 'recc+ne( IP2/ + IP26 (+n 'recc+ne( a n2e, 'e re'; :%e 2an en ,a ca&ecera 'e,
'atagrama; 5 n+ (+n 2(&,e( )ara ,+( )%ente( 5a :%e 9+rman )arte 'e ,+ :%e (e c+n('eran
@'at+(@.
/;.)
D4CP 5 PPP
/A.)
3* Un c+n>%nt+ 'e r+%ter( :%e ntercam&an n9+rmac!n 'e r+%tng me'ante %n )r+t+c+,+
c+mEn
/=.)
En IP ,a r%ta (eg%'a )+r ,+( 'atagrama( )%e'e 2arar; 5a :%e ,a( ta&,a( 'e encamnament+ 'e
,+( r+%ter( )%e'en 2er(e m+'9ca'a(; &en )+r:%e (e e(t< %t,?an'+ %n )r+t+c+,+ 'e r+%tng
'nBmc+ :%e reacc+na a ,+( cam&+( :%e (e )r+'%cen en ,a re'; + )+r:%e %t,?an'+ r+%tng
e(tBtc+ (e m+'9:%en @en ca,ente@ ,a( ta&,a( 'e encamnament+ 'e a,gEn r+%ter 'e, tra5ect+.
P+r tant+ e( )+(&,e :%e n+ t+'+( ,+( 'atagrama( 'e %na (e(!n entre '+( F+(t( '(c%rran )+r ,a
m(ma r%ta.
P+nen'+ a 1 e, &t DF en t+'+( ,+( 'atagrama( e, F+(t em(+r c+m)r%e&a ( a,gEn 'atagrama e(
9ragmenta'+ 'e&'+ a a,terac+ne( en ,a r%ta :%e ca%(en %na re'%cc!n 'e, MTU; c+(a :%e 'e
+tr+ m+'+ )+'r=a )a(ar 'e(a)erc&'aC a, e(tar )%e(t+ e, &t DF e, ntent+ 'e 9ragmentac!n
)r+2+car=a :%e e, 'atagrama 9%era recFa?a'+ )+r e, r+%ter; 'e2+,2en'+ %n men(a>e ICMP a,
F+(t em(+r :%e a(= (e 'ar=a c%enta 'e ,a (t%ac!n.
AnB,+gamente ,a em(!n ca'a cert+ tem)+ 'e %n 'atagrama c+n e, &t DF )%e(t+ 'e tamaI+
ma5+r :%e ,a MTU neg+ca'a; )ermte a, F+(t em(+r 'etectar ( ,a MTU 'e, tra5ect+ Fa
a%menta'+ 'e&'+ a ,a( m+'9cac+ne( :%e (e )%e'an Fa&er )r+'%c'+ en ,a r%ta '%rante ,a
(e(!n.
/?.)
#e nterca,an ,+( c+mentar+( en e, 9cFer+ 'e c+n9g%rac!n.
----------------------- FICHERO DE CONFIGURACION
-----------------
version 11.1
hostname router
E()ec9ca ,a 2er(!n 'e (+9tKare %t,?a'a 5 e, n+m&re 'e, r+%ter
!
ip subnet-ero
In'ca :%e (e )ermte e, %(+ n+ e(tBn'ar 'e )+ner c+m),etamente a cer+( + a %n+( e,
cam)+ (%&re'
!
/D
inter!a"e Ethernet#
$es"ription "one%ion re$ &o"a& U'
ip a$$ress 1().1*+.1.11 ,**.,**.1,-.#
In'ca :%e ,a nter9a? EtFernetD tene ,a 'recc!n IP 1/0.1"6.1.11 5 :%e e(ta nter9a?
e(tB ntegra'a en -5 )+r tant+ 'a acce(+ a. %na (%&re' 9+rma'a )+r ,a( 'recc+ne(
1/0.1"6.D.D Fa(ta 1/0.1"6.120.2""
!
inter!a"e Ethernet1
$es"ription "one%ion au&a .IU'
ip a$$ress 1().1*+.1().1,/ ,**.,**.,**.,,(
La nter9a? EtFernet1 tene ,a 'recc!n IP 1/0.1"6.1/0.12$ 5 e(tB ntegra'a en %na
(%&re' 9+rma'a )+r ,a( 'recc+ne( 1/0.1"6.1/0.121 Fa(ta 1/0.1"6.1/0.1"$
!
inter!a"e seria&#
$es"ription primera "one%ion 0a1isterio
ip a$$ress 1/,.1+-.1.1 ,**.,**.,**.,*,
ban$2i$th +(
La nter9a? (era,D tene ,a 'recc!n IP 1$2.161.1.1 5 e(tB ntegra'a en %na (%&re'
9+rma'a )+r ,a( 'recc+ne( 1$2.161.1.D Fa(ta 1$2.161.1.3C c+rre()+n'e a %na ,=nea 'e
6/ O&L( :%e en e, +tr+ ,a'+ tene ,a 'recc!n 1$2.161.1.2 -,a( 'recc+ne( D 5 3 e(tBn
re(er2a'a( )%e( c+rre()+n'en a, cam)+ F+(t t+'+ a cer+( 5 t+'+ a %n+(;
re()ect2amente..
!
inter!a"e seria&1
$es"ription se1un$a "one%ion 0a1isterio
ip a$$ress 1/,.1+-.1.* ,**.,**.,**.,*,
ban$2i$th +(
La nter9a? (era,1 tene ,a 'recc!n IP 1$2.161.1." 5 e(tB ntegra'a en %na (%&re'
9+rma'a )+r ,a( 'recc+ne( 1$2.161.1./ Fa(ta 1$2.161.1.0. C+rre()+n'e a %na ,=nea 'e
6/ O&L( :%e en e, +tr+ ,a'+ tene ,a 'recc!n 1$2.161.1.6.
inter!a"e seria&,
$es"ription "one%ion U3I
ip a$$ress 14#.,#+.,11.* ,**.,**.,**.,*,
ban$2i$th ,#(-
!
La nter9a? (era,2 tene ,a 'recc!n IP 13D.2D6.211." 5 e(tB ntegra'a en %na (%&re'
9+rma'a )+r ,a( 'recc+ne( 13D.2D6.211./ Fa(ta 13D.2D6.211.0. C+rre()+n'e a %na
,=nea 'e 2D/1 O&L( :%e en e, +tr+ ,a'+ tene ,a 'recc!n 13D.2D6.211.6.
inter!a"e seria&4
ip a$$ress 14#.,#+.,11., ,**.,**.,**.,*,
ban$2i$th ,#(-
La nter9a? (era,3 tene ,a 'recc!n IP 13D.2D6.211.2 5 e(tB ntegra'a en %na (%&re'
9+rma'a )+r ,a( 'recc+ne( 13D.2D6.211.D Fa(ta 13D.2D6.211.3. C+rre()+n'e a %na
,=nea 'e 2D/1 O&L( :%e en e, +tr+ ,a'+ tene ,a 'recc!n 13D.2D6.211.1.
!
! Ruta host
ip route 14#.,#+.,11.1)( ,**.,**.,**.,** 1().1*+.1().14#
E(ta e( %na r%ta F+(t; :%e n'ca ,a r%ta a (eg%r )ara e, 'e(tn+ 13D.2D6.211.10/C ,a(
r%ta( F+(t tenen mB7ma )r+r'a'; )+r ,+ :%e e(ta (e (eg%rB n'e)en'entemente 'e
,+ :%e n':%en +tra( r%ta( 'ec,ara'a( )ara ,a re' 13D.2D6 + )ara (%( )+(&,e( (%&re'e(.
/1
! .ubre$ 0a1isterio 5ba&an"e $e tra!i"o entre ambas &ineas6
ip route 1().1*+.1/-.# ,**.,**.,*(.# 1/,.1+-.1.,
ip route 1().1*+.1/-.# ,**.,**.,*(.# 1/,.1+-.1.+
E(ta( '+( r%ta( n'can :%e t+'+( ,+( 'atagrama( 'e(tna'+( a 'recc+ne( en e, rang+
1/0.1"6.1$1.D-1/0.1"6.1$$.2"" 'e&erBn en2ar(e )+r ,a( nter9ace( (era,D 5 (era,1;
rea,?an'+ &a,ance 'e trB9c+ entre am&a( ,=nea(.
! C&ase C $e& IA7A.C.IC 58aterna6
ip route 1/4.1(*.,(+.# ,**.,**.,**.# 1().1*+.1*./
In'ca :%e ,a re' c,a(e C 1$3.1/".2/6.D e(tB acce(&,e a tra2<( 'e ,a 'recc!n
1/0.1"6.1".$. P+r n9+rmac!n 'a'a anter+rmente e, r+%ter (a&e :%e 'cFa 'recc!n
e(tB acce(&,e a tra2<( 'e ,a nter9a? EtFernetD.
! Re$ $e &a U3I
ip route 1*#.,#-.#.# ,**.,**.#.# 14#.,#+.,11.+
La re' 1"D.2D1.D.D -%na c,a(e 3 c+m),eta. e(tB acce(&,e a tra2<( 'e ,a 'recc!n
13D.2D6.211.6C )+r ,a n9+rmac!n anter+r e, r+%ter 5a (a&e :%e 'cFa 'recc!n
c+rre()+n'e a, +tr+ e7trem+ 'e ,a nter9a? (era,2.
! Ruta por $e!e"to
ip route #.#.#.# #.#.#.# 14#.,#+.,11.1
E(ta n(tr%cc!n n'ca :%e t+'+ 'atagrama :%e n+ Fa5a )+''+ (er enr%ta'+ a),can'+
a,g%na 'e ,a( r%ta( e7),=cta( -'e re' + 'e F+(t. 'e&e en2ar(e a ,a 'recc!n
13D.2D6.211.1C )+r ,a n9+rmac!n 'a'a en ,a( n(tr%cc+ne( anter+re( e, r+%ter 5a
(a&e :%e 'cFa 'recc!n c+rre()+n'e a, +tr+ e7trem+ 'e ,a ,=nea a ,a :%e e(tB
c+necta'a ,a nter9a? (era,3.
! Ruta &oopba"9
ip route 1,).#.#.1 ,**.,**.,**.,** Nu&&#
E(ta n(tr%cc!n; :%e c+rre()+n'e a %na r%ta F+(t; n'ca :%e c%a,:%er 'atagrama
'rg'+ a ,a 'recc!n 120.D.D.1 'e&erB 'e(cartar(e; 'e ac%er'+ c+n ,+ :%e e()ec9can
,+( e(tBn'are( Internet.
O&(<r2e(e :%e )ara (% a),cac!n ,a( n(tr%cc+ne( ip route (e c,a(9can )re2amente en tre(
categ+r=a(*
R%ta( )ost* (e caracter?an )+r tener ,a mB(cara t+'a a %n+( -2"".2"".2"".2"".
R%ta( red* (e caracter?an )+r tener mB(cara( c+n )arte a cer+( 5 )arte a %n+(
R%ta por defecto* (e caracter?a )+r tener ,a mB(cara t+'a a cer+( -D.D.D.D.
In'e)en'entemente 'e (% %&cac!n en e, 9cFer+ 'e c+n9g%rac!n (em)re (e a),can )+r e(te
+r'en* )rmer+ ,a( reg,a( c+rre()+n'ente( a r%ta( F+(t; en (eg%n'+ ,%gar ,a( r%ta( 'e re'; 5 )+r
E,tm+ ,a r%ta )+r 'e9ect+.
O&(<r2e(e :%e ,a( mB(cara( :%e ac+m)aIan a ,a 'recc!n IP 'e ca'a nter9a? n'can 'e
manera m),=cta ,a re' + (%&re' en ,a :%e 'cFa nter9a? e(tB ntegra'aC )+r tant+ n+ e(
nece(ar+ nc,%r %na n(tr%cc!n ip route )ara n'car )+r '+n'e (e 'e&e encamnar e,
trB9c+ 'rg'+ a 'cFa( 'recc+ne(.
/2
/@.)
En e, ca(+ 'e %n 'atagrama 'e 1/0.1"6.1/0.132 a 131.2/0.12.32 entrar=a en e, r+%ter )+r ,a
nter9a? EtFernet1 5 e, r+%ter &%(car=a a,g%na entra'a @) r+%te@ :%e ,e )ermtera (a&er )+r
'+n'e en2ar,+. A, n+ Fa&er nng%na entra'a :%e nc,%5a 'cFa 'recc!n -)%e( (e Fa (%)rm'+
,a r%ta )+r 'e9ect+. e, r+%ter 'e(cartarB e, 'atagrama 5 en2arB %n c+man'+ ICMP
DE#TINATION UNREAC4A3LE a, F+(t +rgen; e(t+ e( a ,a 'recc!n 1/0.1"6.1/0.132.
O&(<r2e(e :%e t+'a( ,a( 'ec(+ne( 'e encamnament+ (e t+man en &a(e a ,a 'recc!n 'e
'e(tn+C n+rma,mente e, r+%ter (+,+ %t,?arB ,a 'recc!n 'e +rgen c+nten'a en e, 'atagrama
c%an'+ tenga :%e 'e2+,2er a, em(+r a,gEn men(a>e ICMP.
En e, ca(+ 'e, 'atagrama 'e 131.2/0.12.32 'rg'+ a 1/0.1"6.1/0.132 (er=a encamna'+
c+rrectamente a ,a nter9a? EtFernet1; 5a :%e e, r+%ter (a&e :%e 'cFa 'recc!n 'e&e e(tar
acce(&,e a tra2<( 'e e(a nter9a?.
Tenem+( en e(te ca(+ %n e>em),+ 'e r%ta( a(m<trca(* mentra( :%e en %n (ent'+ n+ e( )+(&,e
entregar ,+( 'atagrama( en e, +tr+ ,a re' 9%nc+na (n )r+&,ema(. #n em&arg+ ,a ma5+r=a 'e ,a(
a),cac+ne( re:%eren c+m%ncac!n 9%,, 'E),e7 )ara (% c+rrect+ 9%nc+nament+; )+r ,+ :%e en
,a )rBctca %n err+r c+m+ e(te ca( (em)re Fa&r=a (%)%e(t+ ,a m)+(&,'a' 'e c+m%ncac!n
entre am&a( 'recc+ne(.
/1<.)
E, )r+&,ema +c%rr'+ (e 'e&e a :%e en e, m+ment+ 'e reem),a?ar e, r+%ter 2e>+ )+r e, n%e2+
,+( +r'ena'+re( :%e e(ta&an tra&a>an'+ c+n ,a Internet ten=an en (% mem+ra ,a ta&,a ARP
cacFe; e(t+ e( ,a e:%2a,enca entre 'recc+ne( IP 5 'recc+ne( MACC a, cam&ar e, r+%ter 2e>+
)+r e, n%e2+ (e manten=a ,a 'recc!n IP; )er+ (e m+'9ca&a ,a 'recc!n MAC )%e(t+ :%e ca'a
nter9a? EtFernet tene %na 'recc!n '9erente; )er+ ,+( %(%ar+( :%e %t,?a&an ,a ta&,a ARP
e7(tente en (% cacFe ntenta&an (a,r a, e7ter+r &%(can'+ e, r+%ter 2e>+; aF+ra 'e(c+necta'+
'e ,a re'.
Para (+,%c+nar,+ (e )+'=a Fa&er FecF+ ,a (%(tt%c!n en ,+( (g%ente( )a(+(*
I. C+n9g%rar e, n%e2+ r+%ter c+n '<ntca c+n9g%rac!n a, 2e>+; )er+ (n
c+nectar,+ a ,a re'.
II. Cargar en e, r+%ter 2e>+ ,a (g%ente c+n9g%rac!n -Fem+( marca'+ c+n
negrta ,a( )arte( m+'9ca'a( + aIa''a( re()ect+ a ,a c+n9g%rac!n
+rgna,.*
version 11.1
hostname router
!
inter!a"e Ethernet#
$es"ription "one%ion re$ &o"a&
ip address 190.190.190.100 255.255.255.0
!
inter!a"e seria&#
shutdown
ip a$$ress 1/,.1+-.,##.+ ,**.,**.,**.,*,
ban$2i$th ,#(-
!
! Ruta por $e!e"to
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 190.190.190.1
! Ruta &oopba"9
ip route 1,).#.#.1 ,**.,**.,**.,** Nu&&#
III. Inme'atamente 'e()%<( encF%9ar a ,a re' EtFernet e, n%e2+ r+%ter;
'e(encF%9ar ,a ,=nea (ere 'e, r+%ter 2e>+ 5 encF%9ar,a a, r+%ter n%e2+.
/3
Mantener encF%9a'+ a ,a EtFernet e, r+%ter 2e>+ Fa(ta )a(a'+( :%nce
mn%t+(.
De e(ta 9+rma e, r+%ter n%e2+ ace)tar=a t+'a( ,a( c+ne7+ne( :%e (e )r+'%>eran a )artr 'e e(e
m+ment+; mentra( :%e ,+( +r'ena'+re( :%e 5a e(t%2eran tra&a>an'+ anter+rmente 5 :%e
t%2eran en (% ta&,a ARP ,a 'recc!n MAC 'e, r+%ter 2e>+ (eg%r=an acce'en'+ a <(te; e, c%a,
reencamnara ,+( 'atagrama( a (% n%e2+ 'e(tn+. Pa(a'+( %n+( mn%t+( ,a( entra'a( 'e ,a ta&,a
ARP (e Fa&rBn ren+2a'+; )+r ,+ :%e a )artr 'e e(e m+ment+ 5a (er=a )+(&,e 'e(c+nectar
c+m),etamente e, r+%ter 2e>+.
/11.)
Version 11.1
In'ca ,a 2er(!n 'e, (+9tKare %t,?a'+
hostname centro-remoto
In'ca e, n+m&re 'e, r+%ter
ip subnet-zero
In'ca :%e (e )%e'e n9rngr ,a reg,a :%e )r+F&e %t,?ar ,+( 2a,+re( e7trem+( -t+'+ cer+( +
t+'+ %n+(. 'e, cam)+ (%&re'.
ip classless
In'ca :%e e, (+9tKare 'e, r+%ter (+)+rta CIDR -C,a((,e(( InterD+man R+%tng.
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 194.125.1.63 255.255.255.192
De9ne ,a nter9a? 'e c+ne7!n a re' etFernet. A ,a 2(ta 'e ,a mB(cara %t,?a'a e(ta etFernet
c+m)ren'e %n rang+ 'e 6/ 'recc+ne( :%e )+r ,a 'recc!n 'e e(ta nter9a? (e 'e'%ce :%e 'e&e
(er 'e, 1$/.12".1.D a, 1$/.12".1.63C 'e e(ta( (+,+ 62 (+n a)r+2ecFa&,e(; 5a :%e ,a )rmera 5 ,a
E,tma e(tan re(er2a'a( -(%&re' 5 &r+a'ca(t.. La 'recc!n IP 'e e(ta nter9a? e( nc+rrecta 5a
:%e c+rre()+n'er a ,a 'recc!n &r+a'ca(t 'e ,a (%&re' -cam)+ F+(t t+'+ a %n+(.. La nter9a?
'e&er=a tener %na 'recc!n en e, rang+ 1$/.12".1.1 a 1$/.12".1.62.
!
interface Ethernet1
ip address 195.0.0.195 255.255.255.128
!
Inter9a? 'e c+ne7!n a re' etFernet; c+n %n rang+ 'e 121 'recc+ne(* 1$".D.D.121 a
1$".D.D.2"".
interface serial0
ip address 195.100.1.2 255.255.255.252
!
Inter9a? 'e c+ne7!n TAN. #%&re' 9+rma'a )+r c%atr+ 'recc+ne(; 'e ,a 1$".1DD.1.D a ,a
1$".1DD.1.3. C+m+ (+,+ '+( 'recc+ne( (+n a)r+2ecFa&,e( ,a 'recc!n 'e, +tr+ ,a'+ 'e ,a ,=nea
-'e, +tr+ r+%ter. Fa 'e (er ,a 1$".1DD.1.1.
interface serial1
ip address 197.160.1.1 255.255.255.252
!
Inter9a? TAN. Rang+ 1$0.16D.1.D a 1$0.16D.1.3. La nter9a? 'e, +tr+ ,a'+ tene :%e (er
1$0.16D.1.2.
//
ip route 157.34.33.0 255.255.255.255 195.0.0.199
R%ta F+(t -mB(cara t+'a a %n+(.. L+( 'atagrama( 'rg'+( a 1"0.3/.33.D (e en2arBn a
1$".D.D.1$$; :%e e( %n F+(t c+necta'+ a ,a etFernet1.
ip route 160.87.34.0 255.255.248.0 195.100.1.1
E(ta )arece (er %na (%&re' 'e %na c,a(e 3 :%e e(ta acce(&,e a tra2<( 'e ,a nter9a? (era,D. P+r
,a mB(cara %t,?a'a (e em),ean " &t( )ara ,a )arte (%&re' 5 11 )ara ,a )arte F+(t; (n em&arg+
,a 'recc!n 16D.10.3/.D n+ tene a cer+ ,+( E,tm+( 11 &t(; )+r ,+ :%e n+ e( %na 'recc!n 'e
re' 2B,'a )ara 'cFa mB(cara. Un 2a,+r 2B,'+ Fa&r=a ('+ )+r e>em),+ 16D.10.32.D.
ip route 198.0.0.0 255.254.0.0 197.160.1.2
E(ta r%ta 'rge a ,a nter9a? (era,1 t+'+( ,+( 'atagrama( :%e ,,e2en %na 'recc!n 'e 'e(tn+
c+m)ren''a en e, rang+ 'e 1$1.D.D.D a 1$1.1.2"".2"". #e e(tB Facen'+ agregac!n 'e
'recc+ne( -me'ante CIDR. )%e(t+ :%e (e trata 'e '+( re'e( c,a(e C '9erente(.
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 195.100.1.1
E(ta e( ,a r%ta )+r 'e9ect+; :%e n'ca :%e c%a,:%er 'atagrama c%5a 'recc!n n+ (ea re(%e,ta
)+r ,a r%ta( anter+re( 'e&erB (er en2a'+ )+r ,a nter9a? (era,D.
/12.)
a(
Da'+ :%e e, nEmer+ 'e 'recc+ne( 'e %na (%&re' IP Fa 'e (er nece(aramente )+tenca entera
'e 2 -)ara :%e )%e'a 'ent9car(e me'ante %na mB(cara c+mEn.; ,a( (%&re'e( m=nma( :%e
)+'em+( a(gnar en e(te ca(+ (+n ,a( (g%ente(*
O.i*ina Rango Rango 8til M5'*ara
Ma'r' 121 126 2"".2"".2"".121
3arce,+na 6/ 62 2"".2"".2"".1$2
3,&a+ 32 3D 2"".2"".2"".22/
#e2,,a 32 3D 2"".2"".2"".22/
Para Facer e(t+ c+n ,a re' c,a(e C 'e :%e '()+nem+( e( )rec(+ crear mB(cara( 'e tamaI+
2ara&,e 5 %t,?ar t+'a( ,a( (%&re'e(; nc,%='a( ,a( :%e tenen e, cam)+ (%&re' t+'+ a cer+( 5
t+'+ a %n+(; e( 'ecr (%)rmr ,a re(trcc!n (%&re' cer+. E, re)art+ )+'r=a (er )+r e>em),+ e,
(g%ente*
O.i*ina /u&re$ M5'*ara Rango Dire**ione'
8tile'
Ma'r' 1$/.1DD.1DD.D 2"".2"".2"".121 1$/.1DD.1DD.D-120 126
3arce,+na 1$/.1DD.1DD.121 2"".2"".2"".1$2 1$/.1DD.1DD.121-1$1 62
3,&a+ 1$/.1DD.1DD.1$2 2"".2"".2"".22/ 1$/.1DD.1DD.1$2-223 3D
#e2,,a 1$/.1DD.1DD.22/ 2"".2"".2"".22/ 1$/.1DD.1DD.22/-2"" 3D
&(
Una )+(&,e c+n9g%rac!n )ara e, r+%ter 'e Ma'r' (er=a ,a (g%ente -,a )arte aIa''a a:%=
a)arece en negrta.*
Version 11.1
hostname Router-Madrid
/"
ip subnet-zero
!
interface Ethernet0
description conexion LAN Madrid
ip address 194.100.100.1 255.255.255.128
!
interface serial0
description conexion WAN Internet
bandwidth 128
ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.252
!
interface serial1
description conexion WAN Barcelona
bandwidth 256
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.252
!
interface serial2
description conexion WAN Sevilla
bandwidth 128
ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.252
!
! Ruta a Barcelona
ip route 194.100.100.128 255.255.255.192 192.168.2.2
! Ruta a Bilbao
ip route 194.100.100.192 255.255.255.224 192.168.2.2
! Ruta a Sevilla
ip route 194.100.100.224 255.255.255.224 192.168.3.2
! Ruta a Internet
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1
! Ruta loopback
ip route 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 Null0
O&(<r2e(e :%e )ara ,a( nter9ace( TAN (e Fan %t,?a'+ 'recc+ne( )r2a'a( (egEn e, RFC1$11
5 mB(cara( 2"".2"".2"".2"2; :%e 'an (+,amente 2 'recc+ne( Et,e(.
/13.)
#%)+nem+( :%e )ara ,a re' 1$$.1$$.1$$.D e, r+%ter e( ,a 'recc!n 1$$.1$$.1$$.1; 5 )ara ,a
2DD.2DD.2DD.D e( ,a 2DD.2DD.2DD.1.
#+,%c!n %t,?an'+ e, r+%ter e7(tente*
hostname router
interface Ethernet0
ip address 199.199.199.1 255.255.255.0
ip address 200.200.200.1 255.255.255.0 secondary
interface serial0
description linea con el proveedor X
ip address 192.168.1.5 255.255.255.252
interface serial1
description linea con el proveedor Y
ip address 192.168.2.5 255.255.255.252
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.6
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.6
E(ta c+n9g%rac!n )r+'%cr=a :%e ,+( 'atagrama( 'e (a,'a (e re)arteran entre ,a( '+(
nter9a(e( )+r g%a,; &a,ancean'+ trB9c+; )er+ n+ c+n(eg%r=a e, e9ect+ &%(ca'+ 'e %t,?ar e,
)r+2ee'+r J )ara ,a re' 1$$.1$$.1$$.D 5 e, Q )ara ,a 2DD.2DD.2DD.D. A'emB(; 'atagrama(
/6
)r+2nente( 'e ,a re' 1$$.1$$.1$$.D (e en2ar=an )+r e, )r+2ee'+r Q 5 2ce2er(a. P+'r=a (er :%e
,+( r+%ter( 'e ,+( )r+2ee'+re( J e Q tengan 9,tr+( 'e entra'a )ara m)e'r ,a entra'a )+r e(ta(
nter9a(e( 'e 'atagrama( )r+2nente( 'e re'e( :%e n+ (ean ,a( (%5a(.
La c+m%ncac!n entre ,a( '+( re'e( -1$$.1$$.1$$.D 5 2DD.2DD.2DD.D. (e rea,?ar=a a tra2<( 'e
,a nter9a? EtFernet 'e, r+%ter. En rea,'a' 'cFa nter9a? (+,+ act%ar=a en e, )rmer )a:%ete
en2a'+ 'e ca'a ,a'+; 5a :%e en2ar=a a ,+( F+(t( c+rre()+n'ente( %n men(a>e ICMP
REDIRECT n'can'+ :%e )%e'en c+m%ncar )+r ,a LAN. #n em&arg+ ( e, r+%ter carecera 'e
%na 'e ,a( '+( 'recc+ne( IP ,a c+m%ncac!n (er=a m)+(&,e. -(%)+nem+( :%e ,+( F+(t( 'e ,a(
'+( re'e( (+,+ c+n+cen (% r+%ter )+r 'e9ect+..
#+,%c!n %t,?an'+ '+( r+%ter(*
hostname router1
interface ethernet0
ip address 199.199.199.1 255.255.255.0
interface serial0
description linea con el proveedor X
ip address 192.168.1.5 255.255.255.252
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.6
hostname router2
interface ethernet0
ip address 200.200.200.1 255.255.255.0
interface serial0
description linea con el proveedor Y
ip address 192.168.2.5 255.255.255.252
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.6
En e(te ca(+ ,+( F+(t 'e ,a re' 1$$.1$$.1$$.D %(arBn e, r+%ter 1; :%e acce'e a ,a Internet )+r e,
)r+2ee'+r J; 5 ,+( 'e ,a re' 2DD.2DD.2DD.D %(arBn e, r+%ter 2; :%e acce'e a tra2<( 'e, )r+2ee'+r
Q.
La c+m%ncac!n entre ,a( '+( re'e( (e FarB %(an'+ e, r+%ter1 )ara e, (ent'+ 1$$ -Z 2DD 5 e,
r+%ter2 )ara e, (ent'+ n2er(+. AnB,+gamente a, ca(+ anter+r (e en2ar=a %n ICMP REDIRECT
)ara n9+rmar a ,+( F+(t( :%e )%e'en c+m%ncar 'rectamente; (n nece('a' 'e %t,?ar e,
r+%ter.
En ca(+ 'e :%e a,g%n+ 'e ,+( '+( r+%ter( n+ t%2era ,a 'recc!n (ec%n'ara ,a c+m%ncac!n en
e, (ent'+ c+rre()+n'ente (e Far=a a tra2<( 'e ,a Internet. P+r e>em),+ (%)+ngam+( :%e (e
(%)rme ,a 'recc!n (ec%n'ara en r+%ter1; en ta, ca(+ ,+( 'atagrama( en2a'+( )+r F+(t( 'e ,a
re' 1$$ Faca ,a 2DD 2a>ar=an a tra2<( 'e ,a Internet -c+n e, c+n(g%ente retar'+.C ten'r=am+(
)%e( %na r%ta a(m<trca; 5a :%e e, 2a>e 'e 2%e,ta -'e ,a 2DD a ,a 1$$. ( :%e (e ,,e2ar=a a ca&+
)+r ,a 2=a ,+ca,; e( 'ecr me'ante ICMP REDIRECT (eg%'+ 'e c+ne7!n 'recta )+r ,a LAN
'e, F+(t 2DD a, 1$$.
/0

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3 EL NIVEL DE RED EN INTERNET

Autor: Rogelio Montaana

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