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Andrei Ple#u

Despre bucurie n Est #i n Vest


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WMQTXSQ EP YRIM ZSMSEWI TEVEPM^MM MRXIVMSEVI. % 3 XSPIVERX TEVI W RWIQRI E
VIRYR'E PE WMQ'YP SVMIRXVMM. 7TIV W RY NYHIGE'M TVMTMX RKVMNSVEVIE QIE. 2Y
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7I EHQMXI, R KIRIVI, G HI^FEXIVIE QSHIVR HIWTVI XSPIVER' RGITI
PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP <:---PIE, GY .SLR 0SGOI. R VIEPMXEXI, GRH YR GSRGITX
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E E3VQVMM PYM I\TPMGMXI TI WGIRE TYFPMG, GSRGITXYP GY TVMGMRE I QEM GYVRH R
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XVIFYM W YMXQ G, MRM'MEP, XSPIVER'E W-E MQTYW WTMVMXYPYM IYVSTIER TVMR
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S RXVITVMRHIVI HM3GMP, GEVI WI TVIXIE^ PE RYER'I #M VIJSVQYPVM. (R XVIEGX
3I WTYW, .SLR 0SGOI, XISVIXMGMER EP XSPIVER'IM #M I\TSRIRX PYQMREX EP WITEVVMM
HMRXVI ZME'E GMZMP #M GIE VIPMKMSEW, RY I EXX HI QSHIVR, RGX W EGGITXI
XSPIVER'E JE' HI EXIM, GEVI M WI TEV, TVMR PMTWE PSV HI ERKENEQIRX WTMVMXYEP,
3MR'I EWSGMEPI.) )\MWX RW YR WYFR'IPIW EP XSPIVER'IM, GEVI JEGI TEVXI HMR
^IWXVIE GSQTSVXEQIRXEP E WTIGMIM #M RY EZIE RIZSMI, TVMR YVQEVI, W
E#XITXI, TIRXVY E WI QERMJIWXE, ^SVMM QSHIVRMX'MM. %# TSQIRM, R TVMQYP VRH,
XSPIVER'E JE' HI WMRI, GEVI EVI, GVIH, XVEHM'MM WXVZIGLM. *E' HI WMRI RWY#M,
SQYP WI GSQTSVX GVI#XMRI#XI GY QYPX REMRXI, TVSFEFMP, HI ETEVM'ME
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WYRXIQ, RY S HEX, R HI^EGSVH GY GIIE GI JEGIQ, HEV YRE TIWXI EPXE RI
TVMZMQ GY HIWXYP WMQTEXMI: RI R'IPIKIQ, RI WYTSVXQ, RI MIVXQ. 4VIZEPIE^
WIRXMQIRXYP G WYRXIQ, R JSRH, SEQIRM GYQWIGEHI, KSSH KY]W, 3KYVM
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HI VM GX WYRX EP'MM. RGPMR W WTYR, HI EGIIE, G MYFI#XI-'M ETVSETIPI GE TI
XMRI RWY'M! RWIEQR RY EXX MYFI#XI-M TI GIMPEP'M PE JIP HI QYPX GX XI MYFI#XM
TI XMRI, GM QEM HIKVEF MYFI#XI-M TI GIMPEP'M GY EGIIE#M RKHYMR' GY GEVI XI
MYFI#XM TI XMRI, 3M PE JIP HI XSPIVERX GY WPFMGMYRMPI GIPSVPEP'M, TI GX I#XM HI
XSPIVERX GY TVSTVMMPI XEPI WPFMGMYRM. 3 MPYWXVEVI QMRSV, HEV WIQRM3GEXMZ E
XSPIVER'IM JE' HI WMRI I GSQTPI^IR'E TI GEVI S EZIQ RHISF#XI JE' HI
XEFMIXYVMPI RSEWXVI. 3VMGX HI VMHMGSPI, SVMGX HI QERMEGEPI, IPI WYRX R
EWIQIRIE QWYV TEVXI HMR RSM, RGX RY PYQ RMGMSHEX R GEPGYP IZIRXYEPE
PSV VIJSVQ. 8SPIVER'E ETEVI GE TIVJIGX REXYVEP #M EXYRGM GRH I TVEGXMGEX
JE' HI GIM ETVSTME'M. -YFMVIE WI I\TVMQ RXSXHIEYRE #M YRISVM R GLMT
MVE'MSREP GE XSPIVER': WYRXIQ JSEVXI RKHYMXSVM GY GSTMMM RS#XVM, GY GIM HMR
JEQMPME RSEWXV, WEY GY YRMM TVMIXIRM. %GGITXQ HMR TEVXIE PSV HIVETENI GEVI, R
GE^YP EPXSVE, RM WI TEV MREGGITXEFMPI. 7I TSEXI WTYRI, HI EPXJIP, G ZME'E R
GSQYRMX'M QMGM IWXI S EHIZVEX #GSEP E XSPIVER'IM. R GSQYRMX'MPI QEVM XI
TS'M M^SPE, 'M TS'M GVIE GPYFYVM TI FE^ HI E3RMX'M, IZMXRH GSRXEGXYP GY GIIE
GI XI GSRXVEVME^. (EV RXV-S JEQMPMI XVIFYMI W XI EGSQSHI^M PE TEVXMGYPEVMX'MPI
3IGVYM QIQFVY GE PE YR HEX, HI GEVI, R GSRHM'MMPI GYVIRXI, R-EM GYQ W JYKM.
'WRMGME, HI TMPH, RGYVENIE^ WTMVMXYP HI XSPIVER' TR PE QEVXMVEN )
MRIZMXEFMP W GE^M PE RZSMEP, W XI SFM#RYMI#XM GY QSHYP TEVXIRIVYPYM HI E VYPE
(WEY RY) XYFYP HI TEWX HI HMR'M, GY HITVMRHIVMPI PYM EPMQIRXEVI, GY XEFMIXYVMPI
PYM, WEY EPI YRYM RXVIK GPER, GY VMXQYVM #M MHMSWMRGVEWMM GEVI 'M WYRX WXVMRI.
)\TIVMIR'E XSPIVER'IM I RW S I\TIVMIR' GSQYR GLMEV #M R EJEVE VIPE'MIM GY
WMRI WEY GY GIM HMR TVIENQ. ) JSEVXI VWTRHMX, R ZME'E ^MPRMG, ZEVMERXE W
^MGIQ WPEF E XSPIVER'IM, RYQMX MRHYPKIR'. "XMM G EVI PSG S RIVIKYP, RY
GSRWMQ'M PE GSQMXIVIE IM, HEV S XVIGM GY ZIHIVIE, XI TVIJEGM G RY MIM RSX HI
I\MWXIR'E IM. "XMM, W ^MGIQ, G YRMM IPIZM JYQIE^ R TEY^, PE GPSWIX, #XMM G
JIQIME HI WIVZMGMY 'M JYV, GERHMH, HMR FSQFSERIPI HI TI FMVSY, G EQMGYP <
XI XETIE^ WMWXIQEXMG HI 'MKVM, HEV HIGM^M G RY QIVMX W HEM MQTSVXER' YRSV
EWXJIP HI 4IEGYVM. -RHYPKIR'E I, TVMR YVQEVI, XIRHMR'E HI E XSPIVE GIIE GI 'M
WI TEVI RIIWIR'MEP. 1MGMPI TGEXI, GIPI TI GEVI PI EZIQ #M RSM WEY TI GEVI PI-
EQ EZYX, GE XSEX PYQIE, R EPX IXET E ZMI'MM, XVIFYMI XVEXEXI GY FPRHI'I,
QY#EQEPM^EXI, YMXEXI. -RHYPKIR'E I XSPIVER'E FYRMGMPSV GEVI XVEK KLMHY#, GY
GSEHE SGLMYPYM, PE HIPMGMSEWIPI R^FXMM EPI RITS'MPSV.
'SQYR, GE W RY ^MGIQ FEREP, IWXI #M S JSVQ GIZE QEM XEVI E
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GIP TY'MR RSM, GIM HMR )YVSTE 3VMIRXEP, G FEG#M#YP I S HITVMRHIVI
RIWRXSEW. 2Y WYRXIQ HI EGSVH GY IE, HEV S EWYQQ, 3I HMR WPFMGMYRI, 3I
HMR STSVXYRMWQ WXVEXIKMG; TVIJIVQ W RGYVENQ YR SFMGIM TVSWX HIGX W RI
GSRJVYRXQ GY IJIGXIPI RIKEXMZI EPI GSVIGXVMM PYM; RM WI TEVI G I QEM VIRXEFMP
W WXMQYPQ, TVMR FEG#M#, TVSQTXMXYHMRIE YRSV WIVZMGMM, WEY W VIGSQTIRWQ
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GYVEN W MRXIVZMM QSVEPM^EXSV, 3I G RY ZVIM W-'M JEGM YR TSVXVIX ERXMTEXMG, 3I G
WYTPMQIRXEVIE VIQYRIVE'MIM 'M WI TEVI WGY^EFMP R ERYQMXI GSRHM'MM, XI
LSXV#XM W TEVXMGMTM PE XVERWKVIWMYRI TI TVMRGMTMYP EPIKIVMM VYPYM QEM QMG. R
EGIWX GQT WIQERXMG XVIFYMI R'IPIEW #M I\TVIWME GEW HI XSPIVER'.
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RIYXVEPM^I^I, TVMR HIGM^MI GMZMP, S WYVW TSXIR'MEP HI HI^SVHMRI RIGSRXVSPEX,
MRWXMXYMRH YR XIVMXSVMY EP HI^SVHMRMM GSRXVSPEXI, EHMG TIVQMWI R QWYVE R GEVI
WI VIWTIGX ERYQMXI GSRHM'MM. ) GIIE GI R HVITXYP GERSRMG WI RYQI#XI
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WYQFV E XSPIVER'IM: VIWIQREVIE. :I^M RIVIKYPE, S VIWTMRKM MRXIVMSV, HEV S
WYTSV'M, S RHYVM, GE TI GIZE MRIZMXEFMP. (I VIKYP, EHST'M VIWIQREVIE 3I
TIRXVY G RY GVI^M R TSWMFMPMXEXIE VIGXM3GVMM WMXYE'MIM (#M, HIGM, R WIRWYP
IJSVXYPYM VIGXM3GEXSV), 3I TIRXVY G, HMRXV-YR QSXMZ WEY EPXYP, ZVIM W WEPZI^M
ETEVIR'IPI. R TVMQYP GE^, XSPIVER'E GETX GSPSVEXYVE HIQSFMPM^VMM #M, PE
PMQMX, E PE#MX'MM. 'IP XIVSVM^EX HI S HMGXEXYV I MRIVX RY TIRXVY G I XSPIVERX GY
HMGXEXYVE, GM TIRXVY G I XMQSVEX HI VIWYVWIPI IM VITVIWMZI. R EP HSMPIE GE^,
XSPIVER'E GEHI R VIXSVMGE MTSGVM^MIM: JIQIME WEY FVFEXYP GEVI, #XMMRHY-WI
R#IPE'M HI TEVXIRIV, EGGITX WMXYE'ME TIRXVY E QIRENE GSRZIRMIR'IPI, TEV E
GYPXMZE XSPIVER'E, HEV, R JETX, WYRX HSEV VIWIQRE'M, HI HVEKYP MQEKMRMM TVSTVMM
#M E GYTPYPYM.
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S TVEGXMG #M S TVSFPIQEXMG ERMWXSVMG E XSPIVER'IM, G IE IWXI RXV-EHIZV,
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XSPIVER'E E VQEW GSRHM'ME QMRMQEP E GSRZMI'YMVMM, E MKMIRIM MRXIVMSEVI R
GEHVYP JYRG'MSREPMX'MM HI KVYT. *ETXYP G EWX^M WI ZSVFI#XI TI EGIEWX XIQ
QYPX QEM QYPX #M QEM ETWEX HIGX TR QEM MIVM RY WIQREPIE^ YR XIVMXSVMY
HI VI4I\MI RSY, GM S EQTPM3GEVI HIZMEXSVMI E RS'MYRMM, S WGLMQFEVI HI GSRXI\X
GEVI EHYGI WJIVE EGIWXIM RS'MYRM R TVEKYP I\TPS^MIM.
REMRXI HI E RGIVGE W HIWGVMIQ EGIEWX IZSPY'MI, W WMWXIQEXM^Q
VETMH GE^YVMPI IZSGEXI QEM WYW:
1. 8SPIVER'E IWXI YR ITMJIRSQIR EP ZMI'MM GSQYRMXEVI. ) RIZSMI HI GIP
TY'MR HSY TIVWSRENI HMJIVMXI TIRXVY GE TVSFPIQE XSPIVER'IM W WI TSEX TYRI
R XIVQIRM GSRGVI'M. 4WMLSPSKM^EVIE GSRGITXYPYM, HMWGYVWYP HIWTVI 3VM
XSPIVERXI WEY MRXSPIVERXI, HIWTVI FPRHI'I XIQTIVEQIRXEP ('EPZMR ZSVFIE
HIWTVI QERWYIXYHS ERMQM), GE #M HI3RM'ME XSPIVER'IM GE ZMVXYXI EYXSRSQ, GE
ZEPSEVI R WMRI, PIKMXMQEFMP R EFWSPYX, XSEXI EGIWXIE WYRX WTIGYPE'MYRM
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R GLMT EGSQSHERX HMZIVWMXEXIE RIWMWXIQEXM^EFMP E TVIVMPSV, GSRZMRKIVMPSV #M
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KIRIVEP, REXYVMPI MRGSRWMWXIRXI, JVMZSPI, GETEFMPI HI S ERYQMX MRKIRMS^MXEXI
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HI RSVQEXMZMXEXI, WYRX QEM XSPIVER'M HIGX 4PEXSR
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4STTIV, R GEVXIE WE HIWTVI 7SGMIXEXIE HIWGLMW, SFWIVZE, TI FYR
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3. )\IQTPY: S GSRWXMXY'MI VE'MSREP RY TSEXI MRGPYHI YR EVXMGSP GEVI W
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21 RSMIQFVMI 2003
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