2.2.5 Projective measurements Exercise 2.58: Suppose we prepare a quantum system in an eigenstate |\}) of some observable M, with corresponding eigenvalue 1. What is the average observed value of M, and the standard deviation? Exercise 2.59: Suppose we have qubit in the state |0), and we measure the observable X. What is the average value of X? What is the standard deviation of X? Exercise 2.60: Show that 7 ¢ has eigenvalues +1, and that the projectors onto the corresponding eigenspaces are given by Px = (Ib + 6)/2. Exercise 2.61: Calculate the probability of obtaining the result +1 for a measurement of ad, given that the state prior to measurement is [0). What is the state of the system after the measurement if +1 is obtained? 2.2.6 POVM measurements Exercise 2.62: Show that any measurement where the measurement operators and the POVM elements coincide is a projective measurement. Exercise 2.63: Suppose a measurement is described by measurement operators Mm. Show that there exist unitary operators Um, such that My, = Uy, VEmmy where Em is the POVM associated to the measurement. Exercise 2.64: Suppose Bob is given a quantum state chosen from a set |¥i1),--|¥m) of linearly independent states. Construct a POVM {E1, E>,..., msi} such that if outcome E; occurs, 1 < i 0 for each i.)2.2.8 Composite systems Exercise 2.65: Express the states (/0) + |1))/V2 and ([0) ~ |1))/v2 in a basis in which they are not the same up to a relative phase shift. Exercise 2.66: Show that the average value of the observable Xj Z, for a two qubit system measured in the state (|00) + |11})/ v2 is zero. Exercise 2.67: Suppose V is a Hilbert space with a subspace W’, Suppose U: W — V isa linear operator which preserves inner produets, that is, for any wy) and [u») in W, (w)|U'U jury) = (wi|ur) (2.126) Prove that there exists a unitary operator U’ : V > V which extends U. That is, U"|w) = Uw) for all w) in W, but U" is defined on the entire space V. Usually ‘we omit the prime symbol ’ and just write U' to denote the extension, Exercise 2.68: Prove that |1)) # |a)|8) for all single qubit states a) and |b) 2.3. Application: superdense coding Exercise 2.69: Verify that the Bell basis forms an orthonormal basis for the two qubit state space. B is any positive operator acting on Alice’s qubit. Show that (WIE @ I|W) takes the same value when |) is any of the four Bell states. ‘Suppose some malevolent third party (‘Eve’) intercepts Alice’s qubit on the way to Bob in the superdense coding protocol. Can Eve‘infer anything about which of the four possible bit strings 00, 01, 10, 11 Alice is trying to send? If so, how, or if not, why not? Exercise 2.70: Suppos2.4 The density operator 2.4.1 Ensembles of quantum states 2.4.2 General properties of the density operator Exercise 2.71: (Criterion to decide if a state is mixed or pure) Let p be a density operator. Show that tr(?) < 1, with equality if and only if p is a pure state Exercise 2.72: (Bloch sphere for mixed states) ‘The Bloch sphere picture for pure states of a single qubit was introduced in Section 1.2. This description has an important generalization to mixed states as follows. (1) Show that an arbitrary density matrix for a mixed state qubit may be written, Ith: z (2.175) where 7*is a real three-dimensional vector such that ||| < 1. This vector is known as the Bloch vector for the state p. (2) What is the Bloch vector representation for the state (3) Show that a state p is pure if and only if |] = 1 (4) Show that for pure states the description of the Bloch vector we have given coincides with that in Section 1.2. =1/2 Exercise 2.73: Let p be a density operator and suppose |) is some linearly independent set of pure states spanning the support of p. (The support of a Hermitian operator A is the vector space spanned by the eigenvectors of A with non-zero eigenvalues.) Show that there is a unique probability distribution (p,) such that p = 3°, psluhs) Wi}, and moreover, the probabilities p, are given by 1 P= i: (2.176) *= pa tere where p~' is defined to be the inverse of p, when p is considered as an operator acting only on the support of p. (his definition removes the problem that p may not have an inverse.)