.

seretcarac sovitcepser so racifidoc arap sodasu os euq stib ed aicnuqes a mvorp sahlof sa
ta ziar ad sohnimac sojuc e ,sahlof san seretcarac anezamra euq airnib erovr amu odnasu
adatnemelpmi res edop acinct assE .aicneuqerf roiam moc seretcarac ratneserper arap stib
ed oremn ronem rasu :namffuH ed oacifidoc ad acisb aidi a assE .)s ,e( sezev sonem
mecerapa euq seretcarac arap stib siam e ) m ,o ,b( sezev siam mecerapa euq seretcarac
racifidoc arap stib 3 ed sonem somrasu es roiam adnia res airedop stib ed aimonoce A .821
ed svni oa stib 84 ed latot mu asu mobmob esse mob gnirts a ,retcarac rop stib-3 odnasU
.010 100 000 010 100 000 101 110 001 001 110 101 010 100
000 :oirnib me e 2 1 0 2 1 0 5 3 4 4 3 5 2 1 0 :missa atircse etnemaciremun aires gnirts A
101
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oirniB

5
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oapsE
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:retcarac rop stib-3 me adaesab oacifidoc amu odnazilitu somatse euq aroga eredisnoC
.1011 0110 1111 0110 0100 0110 1011 0110
1111 0110 0100 0110 0000 0100 1010 0110 1100 1110 1100 1110 1010 0110 0000 0100
1011 0110 1111 0110 0100 0110 :missa aires ,oirnib mE .901 111 89 901 111 89 23 101
511 511 101 23 901 111 89 :missa etnemaciremun atircse aires mobmob esse mob gnirts A
0000 0100
23
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IICSA
rahC
.anoicnuf
oacifidoc a omoc artsuli riuges a alebat A .stib 821 masu gnirts assed seretcarac 61
so ,)retcarahc rop stib 8( IICSA oacifidoc a odnasU .mobmob esse mob gnirts a eredisnoC
.stib
8 moc sodacifidoc res mesicerp seretcarac so sodot men euq arienam ed etnemetneuqerf siam
merroco euq seretcarac racifidoc arap stib ed ronem oremn mu odnasu sodad so atcapmoc
namffuH ed oacifidoc A .stib 7 moc sodacifidoc res medop setnerefid seretcarac )72(
821 .stib 7 sanepa masu elortnoc ed seretcarac e oautnop ,socirmunafla so omoc ,snumoc
siam seretcarac sO .IICSA me seretcarac so ratneserper arap seanibmoc sievssop )82(
652 h ,arienam atseD .)stib 8 ,.x.e( retcarac rop stib ed oremn omsem o moc odacifidoc
retcarac adac ,ordap etseN .oamargorp ed segaugnil satium rop odasu seretcarac
ed oacifidoc ed ordap mu )egnahcretnI noitamrofnI rof edoC dradnatS naciremA( IICSA

oacifidoc a e IICSA
.olobms adac arap levirav ohnamat
ed sogidc ranimreted arap odatcapmoc res a sodad ed otnujnoc on solobms sod aicnrroco
ed sedadilibaborp sa asu euq oatcapmoc ed odotm mu namffuH ed oacifidoc A

namffuH ed oacifidoC A

.seretcarac sod sosep so odnuges adanedro tse atsil a euq etoN .gnirts
an ecerapa retcarac ovitcepser o sezev ed oremn o atneserper euq osep o moc sodartsom
os sn sO .mobmob esse mob gnirts a arap omtirogla od laicini esaf a artsom 4 arugiF A
.oacifidoc ed amit erovr a res lanif erovr A .3
.adanedro aditnam ajes atsil a euq arienam
ed,atsil an rT aulcni e )airmem an 2T e 1T odnetnam( atsil ad 2T e 1T aulcxE
.2T ajes atierid erovrbus e 1T ajes adreuqse erovrbus
ajuc e 2T e 1T ed sosep sod amos laugi osep o ahnet ziar ajuc rT erovr
avon amu eirC .2T e 1T ed emahc sa e atsil ad serovr sariemirp saud sa eugeP
:erovr acin amu sanepa erbos euq ta riuges a sossap so atipeR .2
.osep roiam ed retcarac
o ajes erovr amitl ad ziar n o e osep ronem ed retcarac o ajes erovr ariemirp ad ziar
n o euq moc odnezaf ,etnecserc amrof ed serovr ed atsil a enedrO .osep ronem o mt
etnemetneuqerf sonem mererroco euq seretcaraC .osep roiam o mt etnemetneuqerf siam
mererroco euq seretcaraC .n od retcarac od osep oa laugi erovr ad osep o moc ,sanepa
n mu ed satsopmoc os serovr sa sadot ,etnemlaicinI .serovr ed atsil amu moc ecemoC .1
:omtirogla o etsE .ossap adac a aunimid serovr ed oremn o euq moc zaf ossI
.erovr avon amu odnairc sadatnuj os serovr saud ,omtirogla od oareti adac .retcarac
etsed osep o e retcarac mu moc n ocin mu mt serovr sasse etnemlaicinI .serovr
ed opurg mu ed ritrap a adurtsnoc res erovr amu euq emussa namffuH ed omtirogla O
o
o

.)1 aciD rev( sosep sesse raluclac oirssecen ,namffuH ed omtirogla

o rasu araP .2 osep mt oapse e s ,e seretcarac so odnauqne ,3 osep mt m e o ,b
seretcarac so ,mobmob esse mob gnirts aN .oviuqra mu me ecerapa retcarac o euq sezev ed
oremn olep odinifed euq ,osep mu a odaicossa tse otxet mu me retcarac adac euq amussA

namffuH ed omtirogla O
.2591 me namffuH .D rop odnatnevni iof e ,namffuH ed oacifidoc
ed odamahc amit erovr asse rartnocne arap omtirogla O .retcarac rop oacifidoc
ed ominm oremn mu etneserpa euq ,amit erovr amu rartnocne somasicerp ,oatcapmoc
a ramixam araP .soviuqra ed oatcapmoc arap oacifidoc ed opit esse rasu somedoP
.etnerefid oacifidoc amu someret sn
,etnerefid erovr amu somrasu eS .otircsed omoc ,socra soa adubirta 1/0 onevnoc a odnasu
sanepa ahlof reuqlauq ed ogidc o ranimreted arap adasu res edop erovr amu ed aruturtse A
Figure 1 - Exemplo de rvore de
codificao binria

Figure 2 - Ns folhas de uma

rvore
binria representando
caracteres ASCII

Figure 3 - Caminho de codificao

ASCII para o caracter "a"

.)3 arugiF( atierid-adreuqse-adreuqse-adreuqse-adreuqse-atierid

-atierid :ohnimac olep erovr an odnatneserper )oirnib me 1000011( 79 IICSA ogidc
met euq ,a olpmexe roP .s1 e s0 so odnanetacnoc e ahlof ziar ad ohnimac o odniuges
oditbo ahlof/retcarac reuqlauq arap IICSA ogidc O .1 moc atierid ad socra otnauqne
0 moc sodaremun os adreuqse ad socrA .socra 7 met erpmes sahlof ziar ad ohnimac o euq
acifingis euq o ,sievn 8 met erovr a ,3 arugiF aN .)2 e 1 sarugiF rev( atelpmoc erovr amu
ed sahlof omoc IICSA seretcarac so sodot ratneserper somedop ,airnib erovr amu odnasU

oacifidoC ed erovr

Figure 5 - Aps passo 2 do algoritmo (pela prmeira vez)

e
b

3
4

.)4 osep o moc ziar( atsil ad lanif on adiresni odnes erovr avon a atsom 5 arugiF .serovr
ed atsil an etnemadanedro odiresni adairc erov ad ziar n o e atsil ad sodariter os sn
soriemirp siod so ,omtirogla o odniugeS .)5 arugiF( sohlif sn sod sosep sod sn sod amos
a ziar n od osep ojuc ,erovr avon amu ramrof arap sodatnuj os sn soriemirp siod sO
Figure 4 - Etapa inicial do algoritmo de Huffman (aps passo 1)

2
Lista

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:missa airacif mobmob esse mob gnirts a ,oacifidoc ed alebat asse odnasU
011
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:)atierid ad socra arap 1 e adreuqse ad socra arap 0

odnaredisnoc( etniuges a )8 erovr( erovr amitl alep adizudni seretcarac ed oacifidoc A

2
s

3
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3
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6
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15

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.ossap-a-ossap omtirogla od oucexe ad otser o artsnomed

riuges a sarugif ed alebat A .erovr amu sanepa erbos euq ta amica sossap so es-etepeR

.oamrofni amuhnen
matneserper on sele euq zev amu ,artxe stib setse raredisnocsed arap omsinacem
mugla rairc eved rodatcapmocsed amargorp O .)8 ed olpitlm( stib 46 so ratelpmoc arap
stib 3 moc stib 16 so ratelpmoc lanoicarepo ametsis o ,oautis atseN .stib 16 revercse etnet
amargorp ues o e ,stib 8 ed solpitlm soadep me avercse lanoicarepo ametsis o euq enigamI
.sotircse ores sele odnauq ed azetrec ret levssop on sam ,sotircse otnemom mugla me
os stib so sodot ,stib 2 sioped e stib 3 evercse amargorp ues o eS .zev amu ed sol-varg e
sotircse sodad so ralumuca arap reffub ed omsinacem mu rasu lanoicarepo ametsis o mumoc
otium ,arienam atseD .)OS od acifcepse arutetiuqra ad olpitlm ohnamat ed soadep
etnemlareg( seroiam soadep me mis e tib a tib sodad evercse on lanoicarepo ametsis O

stib ed aicneuqes ad lanif ed retcaraC

.ahlof-on n mu ed atart es euq
ed odnacidni tib o sanepa oirssecen ahlof-on sn araP .odanezamra retcarac o revercse
oirssecen mbmat ,ahlof-sn araP .ahlof-on sn arap 0 e sahlof sn arap 1 olpmexe
rop ,n adac arap tib ocin mu revercse oaicnerefid a rezaf ed arienam amU .)sonreti
sn( sahlof-on sn ed sodaicnerefid res meved ahlof sN .aissevart alep odatisiv n adac
revercse arap medro-rp ed aissevart a esu ,ohlabart o araP .erovr a ranezamra ed sarienam
sairv metsixE .odatcapmoc oviuqra od oicni on adanezamra res edop oacifidoc ed erovr A

odatcapmoc oviuqra od ohlaebaC

.erov ad arutla lanoicroporp acsub ed omtirogla etsed otsuc O .sodil
stib ed aicneuqes aleuq setnednopserroc sahlof sn so rartnocne ta erovr an ragevan e stib
so rel ,oviuqra od ohlaebac on tse euq oacifidoc ed erovr a rairc eved rodatcapmocsed
amargorp O .mif oa uogehc stib ed aicneuqes a euq racidni arap oviuqra ed lanif ed acram
amugla e ;oacifidoc ed erovr a retnoc eved euq odatcapmoc oviuqra on ohlaebac mu
:sairssecen os seamrofni setniuges sA .odatcapmoc oviuqra od ritrap a lanigiro oviuqra oa
etnematerroc ragehc es arap sairssecen seamrofni sa retnoc eved odatcapmoc oviuqra O
.oirnib ogidc ed oalupinam arap 2 aciD ajeV
.odatcapmoc oviuqra on atircse aires 100011110001110110011011010010111000111
aicneuqes a ,mobmob esse mob gnirts a ratcapmoc arap ,olpmexe roP .odatcapmoc
oviuqra on stib ed aicneuqes asse avercsE .roiretna ossap on adairc iof euq seretcarac ed
alebat a esu ,retcarac o atneserper euq stib ed aicneuqes ragehc e retcarac o rassecorp
araP .)1 acid ajev( zev adac ed retcarac mu essecorp e odatcapmoc res a oviuqra o aieL .2
;oacifidoc ed alebat a aurtsnoC .1
:sossap setniuges so odniuges odairc
odatcapmoc oviuqra mu ,oviuqra mu me otircse stib ed oxif oremn mu euq odnimussA
.oatcapmoc ed
airnib erovr amu moc adurtsnoc alebat atse ,somiv omoC .mobmob esse mob olpmexe
o arap somartsom omoc ,oatcapmoc ed alebat a oirssecen ,oviuqra mu ratcapmoc araP
.rodatcapmocsed ed odatcapmocsed oviuqra mu ed
ritrap a lamron oviuqra mu zudorp euq amargorp o e rodatcapmoC ed odatcapmoc oviuqra mu
zudorp e oviuqra mu ed l euq amargorp o someramahC .oatcapmocsed a zaf euq amargorp
mu e oatcapmoc a zaf euq amargorp mu :oatnemelpmi an satnitsid setrap saud H

namffuH ed oacifidoC ad oatnemelpmI

.stib-3 ed oacifidoc a odnasu somartsom omoc
stib 84 ed svni oa ,mobmob esse mob gnirts a racifidoc arap stib 93 somasu amrof atseD

.adiemlA oluaP ooJ .forP olep odidec

etnemlaidroc ,)arosseforp ad anigp an levnopsid( pamtiB DAT o esu ,soirnib ralupinam araP

:2 aciD

.++]odil_retcarac_IICSAogidc[V rezaf e oviuqra od retcarac o

rel sanepa oirssecen ,amrof atseD .oviuqra on odartnocne retcarac esse sezev ed oremn
o rotev od odetnoc o e ,retcarac od IICSA ogidc o rotev od ecidn o lauq on sorietni
ed rotev mu esu ,oviuqra on mecerapa seretcarac so lauq a moc aicneuqerf a raluclac araP

:1 aciD

.retcarac-oduesp o matneserper euq stib so res meved

sotircse stib somitl so ,otircse odatcapmoc oviuqra mu odnauQ .rodatcapmocsed amargorp
olep odatcapmocsed etnematerroc ajes euq arap oacifidoc ed alebat/erovr an rartne eved
mbmat retcarac etsE .sodilv stib ed aicneuqes ad lanif oa rodamargorp olep etnematicilpxe
odizudortni ,oviuqra ed lanif ed retcarac-oduesp mu rizudortni airedop levssop oulos amU