2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
MODELIZACION DEL ESPACIO
SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA
Ing. Geomensor:
Gabriel Aravena Vallejos
Los sistemas de referencia geodsicos definen
la forma y dimensin de la Tierra, as como el
origen y orientacin de los sistemas de
coordenadas.
Los sistemas de referencia geodsicos pueden
ser descritos en base a dos modelos
matemticos: el esfrico y el elipsdico, los
cuales son obtenidos en base parmetros fsicos
medidos sobre la superficie terrestre, tales como
la aceleracin de gravedad.
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
Los sistemas globales de coordenadas nos
permiten definir posiciones sobre la superficie
de la Tierra.
El ms comnmente usado es el de la latitud,
longitud y altura. El primer meridiano y el
ecuador son los planos que definen la latitud y la
longitud.
La materializacin fsica de los sistemas de
referencia se establece dando coordenadas a
una serie de puntos convenientemente
monumentados, que constituyen el marco de
referencia.
De sta forma, el marco de referencia para un
topgrafo sera la red geodsica, formada por los
vrtices geodsicos y las coordenadas
asociadas a los mismos.
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herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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Existen dos formas de modelar el espacio:
Modelo basado en superficie o campo:
Cada punto en el espacio es asociado a varios
atributos, definidos como funciones continuas.
El concepto objeto no es relevante en este
enfoque.
Modelo basado en entidades, figuras u objetos:
El espacio es definido como un conjunto
discreto de objetos con una identificacin
nica.
Estos objetos se llaman entidades, figuras u
objetos.
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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Modelo basado en la superficie:
Conceptos principales:
El marco de trabajo espacial es un
espacio particionado. Ej. Grilla de
coordenadas (x,y).
Existen operaciones sobre los campos.
Ej: Adicin, composicin, etc.
Caso: Parcela forestal yo puedo conocer
la (a) mayor altura entre los rboles, (b)
rangos de altura, o bien, (c) el promedio
de las alturas de los rboles.
Modelo basado en las entidades:
A un nivel conceptual, se consideran objetos
espaciales.
Estos son, en el caso de informacin
geogrfica, entidades del mundo real que
tienen dos componentes:
- Una descripcin: conjunto de atributos
-Componentes espacial: geometra y
relaciones.
Posicin, forma, tamao, densidad,
relaciones espaciales.
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
Modelo basado en las entidades:
Tipos de Objetos Espaciales
Simples
1-Dimensiones: puntos
2-Dimensin: Lneas
3-Dimensiones: polgonos
Complejos
- Multipoint
- Multiline
- Multipolygon
Modelo basado en las entidades:
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA
Sistema de referencia en UNA DIMENSION,
sistema unidimensional.
Asociamos valores (coordenadas) a cada
elemento a representar.
Se establece una relacin biunvoca entre los
elementos a representar y los valores
asignados (coordenadas).
Relacin biunvoca. A cada elemento a
representar le corresponde uno y solo un valor
(coordenadas) y viceversa.
SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA
Sistema de referencia en UNA DIMENSION,
sistema unidimensional.
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA
Sistemas de referencia en DOS DIMENSIONES,
Ej.: Medidas cancha de ftbol
A
B
C
D
120,00 0,00 D
90,00 120,00 C
90,00 0,00 B
0,00 0,00 A
Norte (m) Este (m) Punto
Definimos:
a) Origen, O.
b) Un par de ejes ortogonales (E, N).
c) Una unidad de longitud (m).
SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA
Sistemas de referencia en TRES DIMENSIONES, :
Ej. Libros en estante.
F
IL
A
S
C
O
L
U
M
N
A
S
A
L
T
U
R
A
2 3 1 A
Altura Columna Fila Libro
Definimos:
a) Origen, O.
b) Una terna de ejes ortogonales (Fila, Columna, Altura).
c) Una escala de medicin.
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA EN GEODESIA
Definicin de modelos, parmetros, constantes,
etc., que sirven como base para la descripcin
de los procesos fsicos de la Tierra o de la
superficie terrestre.
Los sistemas de referencia no se pueden
determinar por mediciones, sino que se definen
convencionalmente.
SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA EN GEODESIA
Consideramos una terna ortogonal directa de
ejes cartesianos.
Definimos:
1)Origen
2)Orientacin
3)Escala
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herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA EN GEODESIA
Implica la eleccin de:
- Un elipsoide de referencia.
- Un punto origen o punto DATUM, cuyas
coordenadas se determinan mediante
observaciones astronmicas.
- Un acimut de partida, obtenido a partir
de observaciones astronmicas.
SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA EN GEODESIA
Se establece su ubicacin en relacin con
la forma fsica de la tierra, el geoide.
Sistema de Referencia 2D: latitud y longitud
sobre el elipsoide.
Sistema de Referencia Altimtrico
independiente.
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herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS:
1. COORDENADAS CARTESIANAS
El punto O, donde se interceptan los ejes, se
ubica en el centro de la tierra, el eje Z coincide
con el eje de rotacin del planeta y el plano OZX
coincide con el meridiano de Greenwich.
ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS:
1. COORDENADAS CARTESIANAS
Los valores de (X, Y, Z)
se miden generalmente
en metros.
Eje Z
Eje Y
Eje X
P (x,y,z)
z
x
y
O
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herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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En el sistema se define el
centro de la tierra por O,
el punto P se sita en las
siguientes coordenadas:
O
Z
Y
X
PN
PS
Q
EQ
E
P
h
ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS:
2. COORDENADAS GEODESICAS
: latitud geodsica
: longitud geodsica
h: altura elipsoidal
ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS:
3. COORDENADAS UTM
(Universal Transversal Mercator)
La construccin de la proyeccin UTM se basa
en un cilindro transversal, es decir, un cilindro
cuyo eje es perpendicular al eje del globo.
Este cilindro es secante, tiene dos crculos de
tangencia cercanos al meridiano central (MC)
del huso, as se logra que las deformaciones
sean mnimas en esta rea.
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herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS:
En la construccin de cartas topogrficas se
utiliza slo un sector de la proyeccin cuya
amplitud es de 6 grados de longitud y se le
denomina huso.
Chile utiliza dos husos con meridianos origen en
69 W y 75 W.
ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS:
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS:
4. DATUM
Es la superficie de referencia geodsica que
representa vertical y horizontalmente la
cartografa, el Datum define la forma de la tierra,
su tamao, origen y la orientacin del sistema de
coordenadas.
Generalmente se define en un elipsoide de
revolucin y por un punto fundamental, en el que
coinciden las verticales al geoide y al elipsoide.
Cada pas trata de que la superficie de su
elipsoide coincida con el geoide
El ajuste se hace determinando el llamado punto
fundamental donde se hace coincidir el geoide
con el elipsoide elegido llamado elipsoide de
referencia.
Al conjunto de parmetros que definen ese punto
fundamental se lo llama Datum DATUM.
Todos los Datum estn basados sobre un
elipsoide, los cuales se aproximan a la forma de
la tierra.
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herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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TIPOS DE DATUM:
GEOCENTRICO:
Usa el centro de masa de la tierra como origen
(WGS 84)
LOCALES:
Alinea su elipsoide lo ms prximo a la superficie
de la tierra y un rea en particular.
DATUM GEOCENTRICO
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interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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DATUM LOCAL
DATUM GEOCENTRICO Y LOCAL
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herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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4.1 DATUM HORIZONTAL:
Superficie elipsoidal usada como base para
referenciar coordenadas de localizacin X, Y.
Determina localidades cerca de la superficie
terrestre.
Los datos se ajustan matemticamente para
encontrar el mejor elipsoide local, adems de otros
parmetros.
4.2 DATUM VERTICAL:
Esta en desuso, con una excepcin, el Nivel
Medio del Mar (n.m.m.).
Superficie usada como base para referenciar
localizaciones de coordenadas Z (actualmente
se utiliza el geoide o la superficie del agua en
reposo de los ocanos idealmente extendida).
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
OTROS ELEMENTOS:
5. Eje terrestre, Polos:
Es la recta imaginaria, alrededor de la cual gira
la tierra en su movimiento de rotacin, el cual
permanece paralelo en su movimiento de
traslacin, seala a un punto en el espacio que
coincide en la direccin del hemisferio norte a
un punto cercano a la estrella polar. Si bien
este eje tiene otros movimientos, (precesin y
nutacin), estos son lentos y no afectan al
mbito que nos ocupa.
Los extremos de este eje
terrestre en su interseccin
con la superficie de la tierra
se denominan polos,
correspondiendo el nombre
de Polo Norte al que est en
el lado de la constelacin de
la osa mayor. El otro
extremo del eje es el Polo
Sur.
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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6. Plano meridiano y meridianos, meridiano cero:
Todo plano que contiene al eje terrestre se llama
Plano Meridiano.
La lnea interseccin de este plano con la
superficie de la tierra impropiamente se
denomina crculo mximo o meridiano, cuando en
realidad se asemejan ms a una elipse, siendo
elipses en el caso de su proyeccin sobre el
elipsoide de referencia.
Pasan por los polos y se toma uno como origen
dando referencia a los dems; por convenio
internacional corresponde al que pasa por el
Observatorio Astronmico de la ciudad Inglesa
de Greenwich, cercana a Londres.
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
7. Plano Paralelo, Paralelos, Lnea Ecuatorial y
Trpicos.
Se denominan Planos Paralelos a todos aquellos
que son perpendiculares al Eje de la Tierra,
denominndose Plano Ecuatorial al que pasa por
el Centro de la Tierra y divide al Globo Terrestre
en dos hemisferios, Hemisferio Norte y
Hemisferio Sur o Austral, que se corresponden a
cada Polo respectivo.
Todas las intersecciones de los Planos Paralelos
con la superficie de la tierra configuran los
Paralelos recibiendo el nombre de Trpicos,
Trpico de Cncer y Trpico de Capricornio, el
paralelo correspondiente al equinoccio de verano
y al de invierno, el primero en el Hemisferio Norte
y el segundo en el Hemisferio Sur.
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
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interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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8. Vertical en un punto. Cenit y Nadir.
La vertical en un punto est determinada por
el fenmeno de la gravedad o atraccin terrestre,
vertical en el sentido fsico y tambin
denominada vertical verdadera, y pasara por el
centro de la tierra.
Si se considera el elipsoide de revolucin, la
vertical sera la normal a la superficie en el punto
determinado del elipsoide, la cual no pasar por
el centro del elipsoide y se denomina vertical
geogrfica.
La desviacin o diferencia entre ambas
es la desviacin relativa de la vertical.
Si nos situamos sobre un punto de la
superficie de la Tierra y trazamos un eje vertical
tendremos sobre nuestra cabeza el Cenit y
atravesando la tierra pasara al otro extremo,
denominado Nadir, recibiendo el nombre de
antpodas ambos extremos entre s.
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herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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Vertical (Cenit y Nadir) y meridiana de un punto
9. Meridiana y Puntos Cardinales.
Se denomina plano horizontal en un punto al
plano tangente a la superficie esfrica en dicho
punto.
Meridiana de un punto es la recta de interseccin
entre un plano horizontal y el plano meridiano
que pasa por dicho punto.
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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ste nos marca sobre dicho plano horizontal la
direccin Norte-Sur del polo correspondiente.
Una perpendicular a la meridiana definira una
nueva direccin, con lo cual partiendo del punto
interseccin tendramos cuatro direcciones
contrapuestas.
Los puntos de proyeccin al infinito de dichas
direcciones se denominan Puntos Cardinales, los
correspondientes a cada polo reciben de ellos su
nombre, Norte y Sur, los otros dos Este y Oeste.
Se corresponden con la derecha e izquierda de
un observador que situado en el punto y
teniendo al frente el Norte su espalda quedase al
Sur.
Por convenio internacional se marcan con las
letras N, S,. E y W.
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.
10. Latitud y 11. longitud
La localizacin de un punto sobre la superficie
de la tierra queda determinada por la
interseccin del meridiano y del paralelo que
pasan por dicho punto, y que se definen
como Coordenadas Geogrficas, Longitud y
Latitud.
Longitud de un punto es la medida, en grados
sexagesimales, del arco de paralelo intersectado
entre el meridiano que pasa por elpunto y el
meridiano origen o meridiano cero (Greenwich);
puede ser hacia el Este (positiva) o hacia
el Oeste (negativa).
2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information
herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be
interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation.
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Latitud y longitud
Latitud de un punto es la medida, en grados
sexagesimales , del arco de meridiano
interceptado entre el ecuador y el paralelo del
lugar; hacia el Norte se considera positiva y
hacia el Sur negativa