A

B
B

P
o
w
e
r

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.

P
o
w
e
r

S
y
s
t
e
m
s

D
C

abb.com/hvdc
HVDC
Transmisindepotencia
dignadeconfianza
SeminarioInternacional
Cigr2005
ConfiabilidaddelosSistemas
Elctricos
Santiago2729Noviembre,2005
Introduccin
Alplanearunainterconexinsedebeconsiderar:
n Frecuenciadelossistemas
n Potenciaatransferir
n Distancia
n Rigidezdelossistemas
n Evaluacindeperdidas
n Requerimientosdeconfiabilidad
n Aspectosmedioambientales
n Permisos
n Etc.
Haydosalternativasprincipales:
n Un(oVarias)enlace(s)encorrientealterna(HVAC)
n Unenlaceencorrientedirecta(HVDC)
U
1
sin(a
1
) U
1
sin(a
2
)
X(~aladistancia)
) sin(
2 1
2 1
a a -

=
X
U U
P
< - 30
2 1
a a
(paramantenerestabilidadtransitoria)
X
tot
=X
l
X
c
InterconexinconHVAC
CapcidaddetransferenciadeuncircuitoHVAC
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
5
0
0

5
5
0

6
0
0

6
5
0

7
0
0

7
5
0

8
0
0

8
5
0

9
0
0

9
5
0

1
0
0
0

1
0
5
0

1
1
0
0

1
1
5
0

1
2
0
0

1
2
5
0

1
3
0
0

1
3
5
0

1
4
0
0

1
4
5
0

1
5
0
0

km
MW
Casobsico:Lneade230kVsincompensacin, a
1
a
2
=20
Caso:Lneade230kVsincompensacin, a
1
a
2
=30 Caso:Lneade230kVcon50%decompensacin, a
1
a
2
=30 Caso:Lneade500kVsincompensacin, a
1
a
2
=20 Caso:Lneade500kVsincompensacin, a
1
a
2
=30 Caso:Lneade500kVcon50%decompensacin, a
1
a
2
=30
CapacidaddetransferenciadeunalineaHVAC
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
5
0
0

5
5
0

6
0
0

6
5
0

7
0
0

7
5
0

8
0
0

8
5
0

9
0
0

9
5
0

1
0
0
0

1
0
5
0

1
1
0
0

1
1
5
0

1
2
0
0

1
2
5
0

1
3
0
0

1
3
5
0

1
4
0
0

1
4
5
0

1
5
0
0

km
MW
Casobsico:Lneade230kVsincompensacin, a
1
a
2
=20
Caso:Lneade230kVsincompensacin, a
1
a
2
=30 Caso:Lneade230kVcon50%decompensacin, a
1
a
2
=30 Caso:Lneade500kVsincompensacin, a
1
a
2
=20 Caso:Lneade500kVsincompensacin, a
1
a
2
=30 Caso:Lneade500kVcon50%decompensacin, a
1
a
2
=30
U
1
sin(a
1
) U
1
sin(a
2
)
X(~aladistancia)
) sin(
2 1
2 1
a a -

=
X
U U
P
< - 30
2 1
a a
(paramantenerestabilidadtransitoria)
InterconexinconHVDC
DC(CorrienteDirecta)
U
1
sin(a
1
) U
1
sin(a
2
)
Elflujodepotenciano dependedelosngulosdelossistemas.
DC DC
I U P =
N DC
I I < < 0
DC DC
I U P - = -
AC(CorrienteAlterna)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
5
0
0

5
5
0

6
0
0

6
5
0

7
0
0

7
5
0

8
0
0

8
5
0

9
0
0

9
5
0

1
0
0
0

1
0
5
0

1
1
0
0

1
1
5
0

1
2
0
0

1
2
5
0

1
3
0
0

1
3
5
0

1
4
0
0

1
4
5
0

1
5
0
0

km
MW
Casobsico:Lneade230kVsincompensacin, a
1
a
2
=20
Caso:Lneade500kVcon50%decompensacin, a
1
a
2
=30
HVDC+/500kV
CapacidaddetransferenciadeuncircuitoHVDC
TradicionalmenteHVDChasidoelegidocuando:
n seinterconectanredesasncronas
n ladistanciaatransmitiresconsiderable(portierraoporagua)
n serequieremejorarlaestabilidaddelared
Porqucorrientedirecta(HVDC)?
Hoydapodemosagregar:
n Al tacontrolabilidad
n Derechodeva
n Serviciosauxiliares
n Aplicacionesparticulares:
nConectarenergarenovablealared
n Alimentarcargasaisladasremotas
nTransmisinMercantil
HVDCAltacontrolabilidad
I
d
R
d
+

U
d1
U
d2
+

P
d2 P
d1
U
d1
U
d2
R
d
I
d
P
d1
P
d2
100 99 1 1 100 99
101 99 1 2 202 198
99 100 1 1 99 100
P=
U
d1
(U
d1

U
d2
)
R
X
HVDCunainterconexindepotenciacontrolable
HVDCunmurocontrafuego
1
ApagnAug14,2003EE.UU.NoresteyCanada
Source:PublicPowerWeekly,August25,2003
1
ApagnAug14,2003EE.UU.NoresteyCanada
Todava40000MWde
62000MWfueradeservi cio
Source:PublicPowerWeekly,August25,2003
ApagnAug14,2003FlujodepotenciaaNewEngland
147
MW
200MW
500
MW
Source:PublicPowerWeekly,August25,2003
DerechodevaTransmisinde3000MW
HVAC
(500kV)
o
HVDC
(500kV)
ConfiabilidaddeHVDC,Fallasdetiristores
EstadsticasdefallasenplantasHVDCdeABBconvlvulasenfriadas
poragua,provistasconETT(tiristoresdisparadoselectricamente)y
puestasenserviciodurantelos80sy90s:
0.025% 43 171360 1997 1999
0.078% 499 640512 1984 1999
Por centaje Tir istor esfallados Aostir istor Per odo
Nota:
Solounafraccindelasfallasestrelacionadaconelsistemadedisparodetiristores.
ConfiabilidaddeHVDC,Indisponibilidad(FEU)
Ejemplosdeproyectosgrandes(3000MW)recientes:
n ThreeGorgesChangzhou:
0.34%desdeNov.8,2003hastaOct.31,2005
(deloscuales0.25%noatribuiblesequipoABB)
n ThreeGorgesGuangdong:
0.93%desdeMayo27,2004hastaOct.31,2005
ComparacindeDisponibilidad,Ejemplo
FEU=ForcedEnergyUnavailability(peryearand600MW)
Potencia,MW FEU SEU FEU+SEU
Monopolo 2000 1% 1% 2%
Bipolo 2000 1% 1% 2%
Monopolo1 0,5% 0,5% 1%
Monopolo2 0,5% 0,5% 1%
Fallastraslapadas 0,01%
1)
Fallasbipolares 0,1%
1)
0,1%
1)
SEU=ScheduledEnergyUnavailability(peryearand600MW)
1)
(1000,010,100,01=99,79%),i.e.
Durante99,79%deltiempolacapabilidaddetrans
ferenciaparaunbipoloesporlomenos1000MW!
HVDCLightUnadimensinms
HVDC
SVC
HVDCLight
ModulacindelAnchodePulsoconHVDCLight

DiagramaP/QtpicadeHVDCLight

Notas:
TpicaparaunBtB
Vlidaentodorangodevoltaje
0.75 0.5 0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75
1.25
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
P(p.u.)
Q
gen
(p.u.) Q
abs
(p.u.)
Lapotenciaactivayreactiva
secontrolaconlaamplituddel
voltajeU
V(1)
yelnguloentre
steyelvoltajedelared.







d
-
=
d


=
X
) cos U U ( U
Q
sin
X
U U
P
sw ac ac
sw ac
Sepuedeoperaren
qualquierpunto
dentrodelaerade
capabilidada
Rectificador
Invertidor
HVDCLight

enparaleloconCA
ReduccindeperdidasenelsistemaCA,...
P
AC
P
DC
U
AC
Rechazo
decarga
Voltaj eprefal la
SistemaCAtradicional
Voltaj epermisible
U
AC
Rechazo
decarga
ConHVDCLight

Voltaj epermisible Voltaj e

prefalla
SistemaCAtradicional
...porquesepuededespacharaunvoltajemasalto
HVDCLight

HVDCLight

unayudantederedes
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
1)HellsjnDemoProj
StartLightDevelopment
2)GotlandLight
3)Tjreborg
4)Directlink
5)CrossSound
6)Murraylink
a)Hagfors
7)TrollA
b)EaglePass
c)Moselstahlwerk
f)Holly
8)Estlink
1)3MW,10kV
a)044MVAR
2)50MW,80kV 3)7MW,10kV 4)3x60MW,80kV
b)2x36MVAR e)0164MVAR
5)330MW,150kV 6)200MW,150kV
MaduracindeHVDC&SVCLight
CommonVSC
Development
1
st
Generation
2
nd
Generation
1
st
Generation
2
nd
Generation
ABBIGBT
d)Evron
e)AvestaPolarit
7)2x40MW,60kV
3
rd
Generation
f)100MVAR
g)ZPSS
g)0164MVAR
HVDCLi ght

SVCLight

FUJIIGBT
HVDCTransmisindepotenciadignadeconfianza
Desarollo
800kVHVDCPorque?
Costosyperdi dasesti madosdel neasytermi nal espara
transmi ti r6000MWunadi stanci ade2000km
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Prdidasdelneas,%
M
U
S
D

500kVAC7lineas
800kVAC3lineas
500kVDC2lineas
600kVDC2lineas
1000kVAC2lineas
800kVDC1lineas
800kVHVDCComo?
n Dosgruposde12pulsosporpolo
n Potenciamximade6400MW
n Datosdelostransformadores(6200MW)
n No 24unidades
n 12W 320MVA
n Peso 310toneladas
n Dimensiones 8x4x5metros
n Confi guracinsimilarenoperacinen
Itaipdesdehace20aos
2005 2006 2007 200820092010
Desarollodeequi pode800kV
Boquilla
Transformador
Pruebadelargaduraci n
Primeroproyectocomercialde+/800kV
Estudiodefacti bili dad
Adjudicacin
Diseodesistemai ngeneriadetall ada
Produccin
Montajedelpol o1
Pruebasypuestaenserviciodelpol o1
Operacincomercialdelpolo1
Montajedelpol o2
Pruebasypuestaenserviciodelpol o2
Operacincomercialdelpolo2
Diseo/produccin/prueba
Diseo/produccin/prueba
800kVHVDCCuando?
1500A 1000A 500A DCVoltage
1000MW 700MW 350MW +/300kV
280MW 180MW 90MW +/80kV
500MW 350MW 170MW +150kV
ExtensindelrangodeHVDCLight

Disponible 2000
Disponible 2004
Disponible 2006
SubterraneamientoconHVDCLight

Elcostoparaponerunalneadetransmisionsubterrnea
yanoes510vecesmasaltoqueusarlineaaerea.Escomparable!!
Adicionalmente,seobtieneunatransmisintcnicasuperioryambientalmente
atractiva,ysepuedenusarderechosdevaexistentesdelineasdetransmision,
gasoductos,ferrocarriles,etc.
Distancia:
n 400km
Alternativas:
n 400kVCA,lineaaerea
n 300kVHVDCLight

BenefciosconHVDCLight

:
n Tiempodeproyectomascorto(23aos)
debidoaprocesodepermisosmasfcil
n Aumentodelatransferenciadepotenciaen
lineasCAexistentes
n Mejoraelbalancedepotenciareactivaenel
surdeSuecia
Estadodelproyecto:
n Evaluacinfinalencurso.Decisinen2005
Proyecto EnlaceSur conHVDCLight

enSuecia
PosibleaplicacindeHVDCLight

,hasta1000MW!!
Conclusiones
Ventajasparticul aresconHVDC
n Controldeflujodepotenciabidireccional
n Inversionmasbajaparatransmisionesdelargadistancia
n Interconexinasncrona
n TransmisinmejoradaencircuitosCAparalelos
n Masde3veceslapotenciaenelmismoderechodeva
Ventajasparticul aresdeHVDCLight

n Controlindependientedepotenciaactivayreactiva
n Mejoroperacinenredexistente
n InterfazsimplificadoconredCAdeconexin
n Conexindecargaspasivas
n Procesodepermisossimplificadoporusodecables
Aplicaciones
HVDCTransmisindepotenciadignadeconfianza
ItaipBinacional,Brazil
Potencia:2x3150MW
VoltajeCD:+600kV
Transmisin:785/805km
Dosbipolosconlineasaereas
Puestaenservicio:198487
Interconexinasncrona
PacificIntertie,EE.UU.
Potencia:3100MW
VoltajeCD:+500kV
Transmisin:1360km
Bipoloconlineasaereas
Puestaenservicio:19702004
Transmisindepotenciaen
masa,Estabilidad
3100A
+500kV
500kV
2000A +500kV 1100A
500kV
HQNE,CanadaEE.UU.
Potencia:2000MW
VoltajeCD:+450kV
Transmisin:1480km
Bipolo(Multiterminal)conlineas
aereas
Puestaenservicio:199092
Transmisindepotenciaen
masa,Interconexinasncrona
ThreeGorgesGuangdong,China
Potencia:3000MW
VoltajeCD:+500kV
Transmisin:940km
Bipoloconlineasaereas
Puestaenservicio:2004
Transmisindepotenciaen
masa,Estabilidad
CrossSoundCableHVDCLight

,EE.UU.
Potencia:330MW
VoltajeCD:150kV
Transmison:42km
(doscablessubmarinos)
Puestaenservicio:2002/2003
Transmisincomercial
MurraylinkHVDCLight

,Australia
Potencia:200MW
VoltajeCD:+150kV
Transmisin:180km
(doscablessubterrneos)
Puestaenservicio:2002
Transmisincomercial
TransmisionesABBHVDC
NelsonRi ver2
CUproj ect
VancouverIsland
Pole1
PacificIntertie
PacificIntertie
Upgradi ng
PacificIntertie
Expansi on
Intermountai n
Blackwater
Itaipu
IngaShaba
CahoraBassa
BrazilArgentina
InterconnectionI
English
Channel
Drnrohr
SardiniaItal y
Ital yGreece
Highgate
Chateauguay
Quebec
NewEngland
Skagerrak1&2
Skagerrak3
KontiSkan1
KontiSkan2
BalticCable
FennoSkan
Gotland1
Gotland2
Gotland3
Kontek
SwePol
Chandrapur
Padghe
RihandDelhi
Vindhyachal
Sakuma
GezhoubaShanghai
ThreeGorges
Guangdong
LeyteLuzon
BrokenHill
NewZealand1
NewZealand2
ThreeGorges
Changzhou
BrazilArgentina
InterconnectionII
Gotland
Murraylink
Directlink
CrossSoundCable
EaglePass
Tj reborg
Hllsj n
RapidCi tyDCTie
VizagII
TrollA
Estlink
NorNed
Graciasporsuatencin!
JanG.Johansson
GerenteRegionaldeProyectosHVDC
abb.com/hvdc
HVDCTransmisindepotenciadignadeconfianza

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
1
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
A new innovation
within FACTS family
Dynamic Flow
Controller
(DynaFlow)
Mojtaba Noroozian

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
2
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
Outline
Introduction, existing power flow devices
Presentation of the new concept
Conclusions

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
3
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
Present Power Flow Control Devices
Phase Shifting Transformer (PST)
-
Impact on angle and voltage
stability
-
Moving mechanical parts
-
Slow
+
Reasonable price
+
Effective
+
Robust
+
Simple
1 1
V 2 2
V
V
1
V
2
V
V

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
4
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
Present Power Flow Control Devices
UPFC
1 1
V
2 2
V
1
V
2
V
V
V
Converter 1
Converter 2
P,Q

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
5
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
Present Power Flow Control Devices (UPFC)
-
Expensive compared to the
conventional devices
-
Losses
-
Sensitive to line short
circuit
+
Continuous control
+
Speed
+
Voltage control (V1)
+
Simultaneous control of
active and reactive power
(P,Q)
That high speed is not
used by a transmission
system.
It is rare that one can
observe different power
system problems (voltage,
power flow and power
swing) i one place
Controlling a line reactive
power is not necessary.

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
6
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
Two PFC Alternatives
PST
XCR
L C
Advantages
Speed (fast)
Modularity and Extendibility
No moving mechanical parts
Drawbacks
Not effective for low currents
Consumption of reactive power
Resonances
Advantages
Simple and well-established
technology
Good System Characteristic
Relatively low losses
Drawbacks
Speed (Slow)
Tap-changer under high current
Transportation

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
7
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
DynaFlow
series
transformer
shunt
transformer
Tap-
Changer
Control
Master
Control
Thyristor Control
Sysytem
Inputs
L1 L2 L3
MSC
C

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
8
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
DynaFlow: Operating Strategy
series
transformer
shunt
transformer
Tap-
Changer
Control
Master
Control
Thyristor Control
Sysytem
Inputs
L1 L2 L3
MSC
C
XCR is operated first:
to relieve the overload to a
certain level with secure
reactive power. PST will work
to ajust the power if it is
needed.
For increasing the power
from a low level, PST and XCR
will operate

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
9
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
DynaFlow: Main feature
series
transformer
shunt
transformer
Tap-
Changer
Control
Master
Control
Thyristor Control
Sysytem
Inputs
L1 L2 L3
MSC
C
XCR and PST can be
optimized for the best
satisfaction of the customer
requirement.
Faster response when
needed.
Lower frequency operation
of tap-changer
Better Modularity and
extendability
Transportation
Higer availability
Combines advantages of
PST and XCR

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
1
0
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
DynaFlow: Values to the Customers
series
transformer
shunt
transformer
Tap-
Changer
Control
Master
Control
Thyristor Control
System
Inputs
L1 L2 L3
MSC
C
Dynamic power flow control for low and high loading
Reactive power balance control
Dynamic power flow control for long and short (meshed)
systems
Damping of power swings
Behavior similar to "thyristor switched series capacitor"
without physical series capacitor

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
1
1
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
DynaFlow: Values to the Customers
series
transformer
shunt
transformer
Tap-
Changer
Control
Master
Control
Thyristor Control
System
Inputs
L1 L2 L3
MSC
C
Transport becomes easier compared to phase shifter
Better extendability compared to PST.
Possibility for assist dynamically the existing phase shifters.

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
1
2
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
ELIA Case
series
transformer
shunt
transformer
Tap-
Changer
Control
Master
Control
Thyristor Control
System
Inputs
L1 L2 L3
MSC
C
Shunt & series transformer:
600 MVA
Series Voltage:
Shunt & series transformer:
300 MVA
kV 100

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
1
3
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
Price Estimation
1 1
V
2 2
V
1
V
2
V
V
V
Converter 1
Converter 2
P,Q
UPFC
DynaFlow
series
transformer
shunt
transformer
Tap-
Changer
Control
Master
Control
Thyristor Control
Sysytem
Inputs
L1 L2 L3
MSC
C
Price: 0.3-0.4 P.u.
Price: 1 P.u.

A
B
B

U
t
i
l
i
t
i
e
s

A
B

-
1
4
-
U
T
P
S
/
R

2
0
0
4
-
1
0
-
2
7
F
i
l
e

n
a
m
e
Conclusions
DynaFlow can be used as a power flow controller with a desired
resolution and sufficiently fast response.
Easier transportation, better availability, extendibility and modularity
features.
DynaFlow can be used for damping of power swing very effectively.
DynaFlow does not inject any harmonic into the system.
DynaFlow can contribute to voltage stability.
The ratio of cost to the attainable benefits is very attractive.