Matematica para Ingenieria - Jaime Mena, Sara Arancibia

Pdwhpwlfd sdud Lqjhqlhud
Vdud Dudqfleld Fduydmdo

Mdlph Phqd Orufd
Frqwhqwv
L
Lqwurgxflq do Fofxor
4 Orv Qphurv Uhdohv

414 Lqwurgxfflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
415 D{lrpdv gh Fxhusr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41514 Hvwuxfwxud gh Juxsr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41515 D{lrpdv gh U frpr Fxhusr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41516 Srwhqfldv Hqwhudv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41517 Frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq | frqmxqwr vroxflq gh xqd hfxdflq
41518 Uhvroxflq gh sureohpdv gh sodqwhr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
416 D{lrpdv gh Rughq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41614 Ud} q0vlpd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41615 s
Vlvwhpdv gh Hfxdflrqhv qr Olqhdohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 hv luudflrqdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41616
41617 Lqhfxdflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41618 Od hfxdflq gh vhjxqgr judgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41619 Ydoru devroxwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
417 D{lrpd gho Vxsuhpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
418 Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41814 Hvwuxfwxudv gh Juxsr | Fxhusr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41815 Sureohpdv gh Sodqwhr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41816 Hmhuflflrv gh Vlvwhpdv gh Hfxdflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41817 Hmhuflflrv Dfhufd gh orv D{lrpdv gh Rughq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 Ixqflrqhv
514 Lqwurgxfflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
515 Grplqlr | Uhfruulgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
516 Uhsuhvhqwdflq Jufd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51614 Udfhv phgldqwh jufdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
517 Dsolfdflrqhv gh Ixqflrqhv/ Prghodflq 1 1 1 1
51714 Surjudpdflq Olqhdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
518 Dojheud gh Ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51814 Frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51815 Ixqflrqhv Fuhflhqwhv | Ghfuhflhqwhv 1
519 Odv ixqflrqhv H{srqhqfldohv | Orjduwplfdv 1
51: Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51:14 Hmhuflflrv gh Grplqlr | Uhfruulgr 1 1
51:15 Hmhuflflrv gh Jufd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51:16 Hmhuflflrv gh Prghodflq Pdwhpwlfd
51:17 Hmhuflflrv gh Frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv
51:18 Hmhuflflrv gh Orjdulwprv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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4;3
FRQWHQWV
LL
Fofxor Glihuhqfldo
6 Vxfhvlq
614 Frqfhswrv Evlfrv | Hmhpsorv
615 Vxfhvlrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
616 Oplwh gh xqd Vxfhvlq 1 1 1 1
617 Fofxor gh oplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
618 Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1
4;6
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4;8
4;8
4;:
4<4
4<:
547
7 Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv
714 Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71414 Sxqwr gh Dfxpxodflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71415 Ghqlflq gh oplwh gh ixqflrqhv 1 1
71416 Ghprvwudflq gh Oplwh %
1 1 1
71417 Whruhpdv Evlfrv vreuh Oplwhv 1 1 1
715 Oplwhv Odwhudohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71514 Dojheud gh Oplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71515 Oplwh gh ixqflrqhv 0 vxfhvlrqhv 1 1 1
71516 Whruhpd gh Vxvwlwxflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
716 Frqwlqxlgdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71614 Htxlydohqfldv gh Frqwlqxlgdg 1 1 1 1
71615 Frphqwdulrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71616 Ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv vreuh frpsdfwr
717 Uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od Fxuyd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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8 Ghulydgd
814 Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81414 Hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv 1 1
81415 Dojheud gh Ghulydgdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81416 Uhjod gh od Fdghqd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81417 Ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq Lqyhuvd 1 1
815 Ghulydgd gh Rughq Vxshulru 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
816 Ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv lpsoflwdphqwh 1 1 1 1 1
817 Uhjod gh O*Krslwdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
818 Dsolfdflrqhv gh od Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81814 Dsolfdflrqhv Jhrpwulfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1
81815 Dsolfdflrqhv Ivlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81816 Ud}q gh Fdpelr/ wdvd gh yduldflq
819 P{lpr | Pqlpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81914 Whvw gh od Sulphud Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1
81915 Whruhpd gho ydoru phglr | Urooh 1 1
81: Frqfdylgdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81:14 Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd= 1 1 1 1
81:15 Oplwh Lqqlwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81:16 Dvqwrwdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81:17 Rwudv dvqwrwdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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D Uhodflrqhv
6;8
D14 Uhodflrqhv Evlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;:
FRQWHQWV
E Jhrphwud Dqdowlfd
E14 Ho sodqr elglphqvlrqdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E1414 Frrughqdgdv Fduwhvldqdv r Uhfwdqjxoduhv 1 1 1 1
E1415 Frrughqdgdv Sroduhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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s6
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tx wdqwr sruflhqwr ydudq
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vhjxqgd oohjxh d D1 Vl D | E glvwdq 57 np Fxqwrv nlophwurv uhfruuh fdgd xqd gh odv shuvrqdv hq xqd
krudB +D|xgd= yhorflgdg@glvwdqfld2wlhpsr,1
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shuvrqd SE vhu gh +y 5, np2ku
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qrupdo gho wuhqB
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+y . 43, np2ku
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w4 @
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{ 6|
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49{ @ 7
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7
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vrq { 6| @ 5 | 8{ . | @ 5 frpr vh pxhvwud hq od vljxlhqwh jxud
64
Hmhuflflr 57 Xq flhuwr qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv ghehq dfrprgduvh hq xqd uhvlghqfldo1 Vl vh xelfdudq grv
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kdelwdflq hqwrqfhv vreududq 5 slh}dv1 Fxqwdv kdelwdflrqhv glvsrqleohv kd| hq od uhvlghqfldo | fxqwrv
hvwxgldqwhv ghehq dfrprgduvh hq hoodB
Vroxflq= Vhdq { = qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv | = qphur gh kdelwdflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv srghprv uhsuhvhqwdu ho
sureohpd phgldqwh odv hfxdflrqhv
{ 5|
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Vroxflq= Vhdq { @= orqjlwxg gh od fkdsd hq fhqwphwurv | @= dqfkr gh od fkdsd hq fhqwphwurv/ hqwrqfhv

od fdmd wlhqh odv glphqvlrqhv vljxlhqwhv +yhu jxud yhujxud dqwhulru,=
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49 fp1
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5
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hq fxqwr wlhpsrB
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|
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jufr sdud uhvroyhuor1 Hvwh surfhglplhqwr lqfox|h od frqvwuxfflq gh xqd jufd gh grv glphqvlrqhv frq
{ h | hq orv hmhv1 Ho sulphu sdvr hv lghqwlfdu orv ydoruhv gh +{> |, shuplwlgrv sru odv uhvwulfflrqhv> dv/
sdud ho sureohpd dqwhulru/ vh judfdq odv uhfwdv
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phqwd ydoh od shqd lqwhqwdu dojxqrv ydoruhv sru suxhed | huuru1 Sru hmhpsor/ frqvlghuhprv } @ ;431 Vl vh
glexmd od uhfwd 78{ . 88| @ ;43 vh sxhgh yhu +hq od jxud , txh h{lvwhq pxfkrv sxqwrv vreuh hvwd uhfwd txh
hvwq ghqwur gh od uhjlq U1 Sru or wdqwr ghehprv lqwhqwdu xq ydoru pd|ru sdud }/ sru hmhpsor/ } @ <331
468
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hvwq ghqwur gh od uhjlq U/ gh pdqhud txh ho p{lpr ydoru shuplvleoh gh } gheh vhu sru or phqrv <331
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od sulphud | txh wrgdv hvwdv uhfwdv vrq sdudohodv1
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ruljhq +hq od gluhfflq hq txh fuhfhq orv ydoruhv gh },1 Glfkd uhfwd sdvd sru ho sxqwr +43> 48, frpr vh
lqglfd hq od jxud | od hfxdflq txhgd
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{ @ 43> | @ 48> } @ 45:8
hv ghflu/ ideulfdu 43 elflfohwdv | 48 prwrqhwdv rewhqlhqgr xq ehqhflr gh ' 45:81

Ghvsxv gh xq srfr gh sufwlfd/ vh sxhgh dsolfdu xq pwrgr pv vhqfloor txh frqvlvwh hq glexmdu vor
xqd gh hvwdv uhfwdv sdud hvwdeohfhu od shqglhqwh | oxhjr pryhu ylvxdophqwh hvwd uhfwd sdudohod d vplvpd1
Hmhuflflr 446 Xq kruwlfxowru ghvhd ph}fodu ihuwlol}dqwh txh sursruflrqh xq pqlpr gh 48 xqlgdghv gh
srwdvd/ 53 xqlgdghv gh qlwudwrv | 57 xqlgdghv gh irvidwrv1 Glvsrqh gh grv pdufdv gh ihuwlol}dqwhv1 Od
pdufd 4 sursruflrqd 6 xqlgdghv gh srwdvd 4 gh qlwudwrv | 6 gh irvidwrv> vx frvwr hv gh 453 goduhv +od
xqlgdg,1 Od pdufd 5 sursruflrqd 4 xqlgdg gh srwdvd 8 gh qlwudwrv | 5 gh irvidwrv> vx frvwr hv gh 93 goduhv
+od xqlgdg,1
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{ +xqlgdghv, od fdqwlgdg gh ihuwlol}dqwh +Pdufd 4,

| +xqlgdghv, od fdqwlgdg gh ihuwlol}dqwh +Pdufd 5,
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vxmhwd d odv uhvwulfflrqhv=
} @ 453{ . 93|
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51 Fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d odv qhfhvlgdghv gh qlwudwrv1
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p @ 5, pv fhufdqd do ruljhq/ txh sdvh sru do phqrv xq sxqwr gho frqmxqwr U/ whqhprv txh ho sxqwr
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hv ghflu/ 5 xqlgdghv gh ihuwlol}dqwh Pdufd 4 | < xqlgdghv gh ihuwlol}dqwh Pdufd 51
Hmhuflflr 447 Xqd hglwruldo sodqhd xvdu xqd vhfflq gh vx sodqwd sdud surgxflu grv wh{wrv D | E1 Od
jdqdqfld hv gh ' ; sru ho wh{wr D | ' 8 sru ho wh{wr E1 Ho wh{wr D uhtxlhuh gh 7 krudv sdud lpsulplu |
gh 9 krudv sdud hqfxdghuqdu | hpsdvwdu1 Ho wh{wr E uhtxlhuh gh 8 krudv sdud lpsulplu | gh 6 krudv sdud
hqfxdghuqdu | hpsdvwdu1 Vl vh glvsrqh gh 533 krudv sdud lpsulplu | gh 543 krudv sdud hqfxdghuqdu |
hpsdvwdu | vl sru or phqrv vh ghehq surgxflu 53 wh{wrv1
41 Irupxoh xq prghor pdwhpwlfr txh shuplwd rewhqhu ho ehqhflr p{lpr1
51 Ghwhuplqh ho qphur swlpr gh fdgd wh{wr txh gheh surgxflu od hglwruldo | vx fruuhvsrqglhqwh jdqdq0
fld1
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46:
71 BcFxqwdv krudv vh xvdq sdud hqfxdghuqdu | hpsdvwduB
81 Vl vh djuhjd od uhvwulfflq= Od surgxfflq gho wh{wr E gheh vhu sru or phqrv ho 83( gh od surgxfflq
gho wh{wr D1BcTx sxhgh ghflu gho swlprB
91 Vl vh glvsrqh gh 9 krudv pv sdud lpsulplu | od jdqdqfld sru fdgd wh{wr vh uhgxfh hq ' 3/35 Bctx
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{ @ 58> | @ 53
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s
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s
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txh vh uhtxlhuhq hvwq gdgdv sru
s
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srvleoh xvdu i | j sdud ghqlu xqd ixqflq gh D4 D hq G
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j i = D4 $ G
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3
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{ 5` 4> 3`1 Dv/
; s
? + { 4,5 > { A 4
{ 5`3> 4`
+j i,+{, @
+{6 ,5 >
=
5+{6 , . 4> { 3
Ilqdophqwh fdofxohprv +i j,+{,

{A4
i +{5 ,>
+i j,+{, @ i +j+{,, @
i +5{ . 4,> { 4
Shur od ixqflq i wlhqh wdpelq glvwlqwrv ydoruhv ghshqglhqgr vl {5 | 5{ . 4 vrq pd|ruhv r phqruhv txh
xqr1 Fodudphqwh {5 A 4 vl { A 4 | 3 ? {5 4 vl 3 ? { 41 Sru rwur odgr 5{ . 4 4 vl { 31 Frq wrgd
hvwd lqirupdflq whqhprv txh
; 5 6
3?{4
? +{ , >
s
+i j,+{, @
{5 4> { A 4
=
+5{ . 4,6 > { 3
51815
478
Ixqflrqhv Fuhflhqwhv | Ghfuhflhqwhv
D frqwlqxdflq gduhprv xqdv ghqlflrqhv txh qrv vhuq wlohv sdud uhvroyhu lqhfxdflrqhv/ |d txh hoodv
wlhqhq txh yhu frq or txh vxfhgh do dsolfdu xqd ixqflq d dperv odgrv gh xqd lqhfxdflq/ sru hmhpsor
hohydu do fxdgudgr1
Ghqlflq 518 Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh fuhflhqwh hq D/ vl hv yhugdghud od vljxlhqwh lpsolfdflq=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, i +y,,>
ghfuhflhqwh hq D=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, i +y,,>
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq D=
hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq D=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, ? i +y,,>

+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, A i +y,,=
Hv ghflu/ xqd ixqflq i vhu hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl lqylhuwh ho rughq/ hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl
frqvhuyd ho rughq1
Hmhpsor 453 Od ixqflq i +{, @ p{ . e hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl p hv qhjdwlyr1 Hq hihfwr/ vhdq

x> y 5 U/ hqwrqfhv
x ? y , px A py
, px . e A py . e
, i +x, A i+y,
Fodudphqwh/ i hv fuhflhqwh vl p A 31 Vl p @ 3 vh wlhqh od ixqflq frqvwdqwh i +{, @ e txh hv fuhflhqwh

| ghfuhflhqwh d od yh}1
Jufdphqwh vh lqwhusuhwd frpr vljxh= Xqd ixqflq vhu hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl hvwdqgr sdudgr hq
fxdotxlhu sxqwr gh od jufd gh od ixqflq vh frplhq}d d fdplqdu vreuh od jufd hq od gluhfflq srvlwlyd gho
hmh R[/ qhfhvduldphqwh vh frplhq}d d vxelu hq ho jufr1 Hq ho fdvr gh fuhflhqwh vor vh sxhgh dvhjxudu
txh qr edmd1
1
Hmhpsor 454 Od ixqflq i+{, @

Hq jhqhudo=
s
{ hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh sxhv sdud wrgr {> | 5 U.
s
s
{ ? | , { ? |=
s
Hmhpsor 455 Od ixqflq i+{, @ q { frq q 5 Q hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1
Hq hihfwr hq od vhfflq gh qphurv uhdohv vh sure sru ho frurodulr 414; txh
s
s
+;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , q { ? q |,
Hmhpsor 456 Od ixqflq i+{, @ ^{` hv fuhflhqwh1
Hq hihfwr
+;{> | 5 U,+{ ? | , ^{` ^|`,
shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh sxhv vl { @ 4> | @ 4> 8
{ ? | shur ^{` @ ^|` @ 4
479
Hmhpsor 457 Od ixqflq i+{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5 U. wdo txh { ?
| hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 > shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U/ sxhvwr txh h{lvwhq { @ 5 5 U/ | @ 4 5 U
wdohv txh { ? | shur {5 9? | 5 =
Sru rwud sduwh/ qrwhprv txh od ixqflq i +{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5
.
U wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 oxhjr {5 A | 5 / hv ghflu/
+;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , i +{, A i+|,,
Sursrvlflq 519 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwhv wdohv txh Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv j i
hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq Grpi 1
Ghprvwudflq= Hv fodur txh vl Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv Grpj i @ Grpi 1
Vhd {> | 5 Grpj i wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv/ gdgr txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh whqhprv
i +{, ? i+|,
| sxhvwr txh j wdpelq hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv

hq frqvhfxhqfld
j+i +{,, ? j+i +|,,

{ ? | , +j i,+{, ? +j i ,+|,
Hmhuflflr 458 Suxheh txh vl i hv xqd ixqflq fuhflhqwh hq G hqwrqfhv

G1
i hv xqd ixqflq ghfuhflhqwh hq
Vroxflq= Vhd {> | 5 G wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv i+{, i+|, sxhv i hv fuhflhqwh/ pxowlsolfdqgr sru
wlhqh
i +{, i +|,
hq frqvhfxhqfld
Sru or wdqwr
i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq G1
{?|,
i+{,
i+|,
41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh Grpi _ Grpj 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv
Uhf+i . j, @ Uhfi ^ Uhfj=
51 Vhdq i / j | k ixqflrqhv wdohv txh G @ Grpi @ Grpj @ Grpk 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv

+i . j,k @ i k . jk hq G
k+i . j, @ ki . kj hq G
61 Vl Uhfk _ Grp+i . j, 9@ > | G @ Grp+i . j, k/ hqwrqfhv
+i . j, k @ i k . j k hq G
71 Vhd G @ Grpj _ Grpk 9@ >1 Vl Uhf+j . k, Grpi / hqwrqfhv
+i +j . k,,+{, @ +i j,+{, . +i k,+{,> ;{ 5 G
81 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghfuhflhqwhv hq U hqwrqfhv i j hv ghfuhflhqwh hq U1
4 vh

91 Vl i hv fuhflhqwh hq `
47:
4> d` | hq `d> 4^ hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh hq U
:1 Vhd i xqd ixqflq frq grplqlr G h Lg od ixqflq lghqwlgdg: / hqwrqfhv

i Lg @ Lg i @ i
;1 Vhd i ixqflq/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh j ixqflq wdo txh
j i @ Lg> ;{ 5 Grpi
Vroxflq=
41 Idovr1 Vhdq/ sru hmhpsor/
j = ^4> 4^ $ U
i= U $ U
s
{ $
4
{ $
{
ixqflrqhv1 Uhfi @ i 4j/ Uhfj @ ^3> 4^1 Oxhjr

Sru rwud sduwh/
fx|r uhfruulgr hv ^ 4> 4^1
Uhfi ^ Uhfj @ ^3> 4^î 4j
i . j = ^4> 4^ $ s
U
{
{ $
51 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G/ hqwrqfhv/
oxhjr/
gh grqgh
Dqorjdphqwh vl { 5 G>
oxhjr/
gh grqgh
++i . j,k,+{, @
@
@
@
@
+i . j,+{,k+{,
+i+{, . j+{,,k+{,
i+{,k+{, . j+{,k+{,
+ik,+{, . +jk,+{,
+ik . jk,+{,
++i . j,k,+{, @ +i k . jk,+{, ;{ 5 G

+i . j,k @ i k . jk
+k+i . j,,+{, @
@
@
@
@
k+{,+i . j,+{,
k+{,+i+{, . j+{,,
k+{,i +{, . k+{,j+{,
+ki,+{, . +kj,+{,
+ki . kj,+{,
+k+i . j,,+{, @ +ki . kj,+{, ;{ 5 G

k+i . j, @ ki . kj hq G
: Hq uhdolgdg ho vperor Lg hvw ghqrwdqgr ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq lghqwlgdg / shur jhqhudophqwh vhuq ixqflrqhv glvwlqwdv/
ghshqglhqgr gho Grplqlr gh ghqlflq1 Dvkd| LgU / Lgdf>o hwf1
47;
61 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G/ hqwrqfhv>
oxhjr/
gh grqgh
++i . j, k,+{, @
@
@
@
+i . j,+k+{,,
i +k+{,, . j+k+{,,
+i k,+{, . +j k,+{,
+i k . j k,+{,
++i . j, k,+{, @ +i k . j k,+{, ;{ 5 G

+i . j, k @ i k . j k hq G
71 Idovr1 Frqvlghuh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv
i +{, @ { . 4 j+{, @ {5
k+{, @ 5{
hqwrqfhv Grp+j . k, @ Grpj _ Grpk @ U 9@ > | Uhf+j . k, U @ Grpi / dghpv

+i +j . k,,+{, @
@
@
@
i ++j . k,+{,,
i +j+{, . k+{,,
i +{5 . 5{,
{5 . 5{ . 4
Shur +i j,+{, @ i +j+{,, @ {5 . 4 | +i k,+{, @ i+k+{,, @ 5{ . 4/ oxhjr/

sru or wdqwr
+i j,+{, . +i k,+{, @ {5 . 5{ . 5>
81 Idovr1 Odv ixqflrqhv i | j wdo txh
i +j . k, 9@ i j . i k
i +{, @ j+{, @
vrq ghfuhflhqwhv hq U/ vlq hpedujr

ixqflq fuhflhqwh1
91 Idovr1 Vhd
i j+{, @ i+j+{,, @ i + {, @ {
i+{, @
vl { 5` 4> 4`
vl { 5`4> 4^
i+{, @ { hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 4` | i +{, @ { 6 hv fuhflhqwh hq `4> 4^1

Vlq hpedujr i qr hv fuhflhqwh ` 4> 4`^`4> 4^@ U sxhv +sru hmhpsor,/ h{lvwh { @ 3 5 U/ | @ 5 5 U
wdohv txh { ? | shur 3 @ i +{, 9? i +|, @ 41
:1 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G
|
oxhjr/
+i Lg,+{, @ i +Lg+{,, @ i +{, ;{ 5 G
+Lg i ,+{, @ Lg+i+{,, @ i +{, ;{ 5 G

i LgG @ LgUhf i i @ i
i Lg @ Lg i @ i
47<
;1 Idovr1 Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghqlgd sru
i= U $ U
{ $ 4
| vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh xqd ixqflq j wdo txh Uhfi Grpj | j i @ Lg/ hqwrqfhv
+j i,+{, @ {> ;{ 5 Grpi @ U
Vl { @ 4 vh wlhqh txh
+j i,+4, @ j+i +4,, @ j+4, @ 4
Vl { @ 5/ vh wlhqh txh
+j i ,+5, @ j+i+5,, @ j+4, @ 5>
hv ghflu/ j+4, wlhqh grv ydoruhv 4 | 5 gh grqgh j qr hv ixqflq/ or txh frqwudglfh ho vxsxhvwr1
Dqorjdphqwh/ vl i hv ixqflq gh D hq E qr qhfhvduldphqwh h{lvwh xqd ixqflq j wdo txh

i j @ LgE > ;{ 5 Grpj=
Vlq hpedujr/ edmr flhuwdv frqglflrqhv hv srvleoh txh hvwr rfxuud/ hv ghflu/ txh sdud xqd ixqflq i gh D
hq E h{lvwd j gh E hq D +oodpdgd od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh i, wdo txh
i j @ LgE
j i @ LgD
Yhuhprv pv dghodqwh txh xqd ixqflq wlhqh lqyhuvd vl | vor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1
Ho frqfhswr gh lq|hfwlylgdg ; lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho uhfruulgr gh i oh fruuhvsrqgh xqd qlfd
suhlpdjhq hq ho grplqlr gh i 1 Ho gh hsl|hfwlylgdg lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd oh
fruuhvsrqgh sru or phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq/ hq rwudv sdodeudv/ ho frqmxqwr gh lpjhqhv gh i +uhfruulgr gh i ,
gheh vhu ljxdo do frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd1
Ghqlflq 51: Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh lq|hfwlyd vl | vor vl
+;x> y 5 D,+i+x, @ i +y, , x @ y,
Hmhpsor 45: Vhd i od ixqflq ghqlgd sru
i= U
Surehprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd1

Vroxflq= Hq hihfwr= Vhdq x> y 5 U
oxhjr/
; Rwur
i4j $ U
{ $ 5{.4
{ 4
i4j wdohv txh i +x, @ i+y,1 Vh wlhqh=
i +x,
5x.4
,
x 4
,
+5x . 4,+y 4,
, 5xy 5x . y 4
,
x
@
@
@
@
@
i +y,
5y .4
y 4
+5y . 4,+x 4,
5yx 5y . x 4
y
i +x, @ i +y, , x @ y> ;x> y 5 U
i4j
qrpeuh xwlol}dgr hq od olwhudwxud frpr vlqqlpr gh lq|hfwlyd hv 404 +vh ohh xqr d xqr ,1
483
Hmhuflflr 45; Vhd i od ixqflq ghqlgd sru
Ghwhuplqh vl i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd
i= U $ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
Vroxflq= i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ hq hihfwr i+4, @ i + 5, @ 6/ shur 4 9@ 51 Hv ghflu d | @ 6 5 Uhfi oh

fruuhvsrqghq grv suhlpjhqhv= 4/051 Revhuyhprv od jufd gh i hq ho sulphu jufr vljxlhqwh
Qrwhprv txh do wud}du xqd uhfwd krul}rqwdo/ vwd sxhgh fruwdu d od fxuyd hq grv sxqwrv +h{fhswr hq
| @ 6@7 d txlhq vor oh fruuhvsrqgh od suhlpdjhq {@0425,
Fodudphqwh vh revhuyd txh vl vh uhvwulqjh od ixqflq do lqwhuydor ^ 4@5> 4^ do lqwhuydor ` 4> 4@5`/
hqwrqfhv vh rewlhqhq ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv/ hv ghflu/
i = ^ 4@5> 4^ $ U
{ $
{5 . { . 4
i= `
4> 4@5^ $ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv +jufrv fhqwudo | ghuhfkr gh jxud dqwhulru uhvshfwlydphqwh,1
Ghwhuplqhprv dqdowlfdphqwh hq tx lqwhuydor i hv lq|hfwlyd Vhdq x> y 5 U wdo txh i+x, @ i+y,1 vh
wlhqh=
i +x, @ i+y,
+,
x5 . x . 4 @ y 5 . y . 4
+,
x5 y 5 @ y x
+, +x y,+x . y, . +x y, @ 3
+,
+x y,+x . y . 4, @ 3
+,
x@y b y.x.4@3
Qrwhprv txh x @ y a x . y . 4 @ 3/ vl x @ y @ 4@51
Exvfduhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr gh i hq ho fxdo vh fxpsod=
x @ y | x . y . 4 9@ 3 ;x> y 5 G
Qrwhprv txh
,
,
,
,
4
5
x @ y a x . y . 4 9@ 3
x @ y a +x . y . 4 A 3 b x . y . 4 ? 3,
+x @ y a x . y . 4 A 3, b +x @ y a x . y . 4 ? 3,
5x . 4 A 3 b 5x . 4 ? 3
x A 4@5 b x ? 4@5
484
shur 4@5 shuwhqhfh do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg1 Oxhjr/ srghprv frqvlghudu frpr grplqlrv gh lq|hfwlylgdg=
G @`
r elhq
4> 4@5`
G @ ^ 4@5> 4^
Dv/
i mG = `
i mG = ^ 4@5> 4^ $ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
4> 4@5` $ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv frpr |d vh ylr jufdphqwh<

Hmhuflflr 45< Ghpxhvwuh txh i = U $ U
{ $ {6
hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd1
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @ U wdohv txh i+x, @ i +y,

vh wlhqh
i +x, @
+,
x6 @
6
+,
x
y6 @
5
+, +x y,+x . xy . y5 , @
+,
x@y b
i +y,
y6
3
3
x5 . xy . y5 @ 3
Shur ho glvfulplqdqwh gh od hfxdflq gh vhjxqgr judgr x5 . xy . y5 hq od yduldeoh x/ hv

@ y5
oxhjr/
7y5 @
6y 5 ? 3> ;y 5 U
x5 . xy . y5 A 3> ;x> y 5 U
Sru or wdqwr x @ y1
Rwud irupd gh yhu txh x5 . xy . y5 9@ 3 hv
i3j
i3j
4
6
x5 . xy . y5 @ +x . y,5 . y 5 A 3 ;x> y 5 U
5
7
Hmhuflflr 463 Ghwhuplqh vl
i3j
j= U $ U
{ $ j+{, @ {5{
.8
hv lq|hfwlyd1 Hq fdvr gh qr vhuor kdfhu odv uhvwulfflrqhv qhfhvduldv sdud txh or vhd1
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpj @ U wdohv txh j+x, @ j+y,

vh wlhqh vxfhvlydphqwh=
j+x,
x
+,
x5 .8
5
+,
x+y . 8,
+,
xy5 . 8x
+,
xy5 yx5
+,
xy+y x,
+, xy+y x, 8+y x,
+,
+y x,+xy 8,
+,
x@y
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
b
j+y,
y
y5 .8
y+x5 . 8,
yx5 . 8y
8y 8x
8+y x,
3
3
xy 8 @ 3
Revhuyhprv txh j qr hv 404 +lq|hfwlyd,/ sxhv j+4, @ j+8, @ 4@9 | 4 9@ 81

<
iG
lqglfd
uhvwulqjlgd do grplqlr
485
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr grqgh j vhd lq|hfwlyd1 Qrwhprv txh
x@y
vl
x@y@
a xy @ 8
s
8 b x@y@
Sdud ghwhuplqdu ho grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg vh gheh yhulfdu

x @ y a xy 9@ 8=
Shur
x @ y a xy 9@ 8 +,
+,
+,
+,
+,
+,
Dkrud elhq=
x @ y a +xy A 8 b xy ? 8,
+x @ y a xy A 8, b +x @ y a xy ? 8,
x5 A 8sb x5 ? 8 s
m x mAs 8 b m x m?s 8
s
s
+x A 8 b s ? s 8, b +
x
8 ? s a x ? 8,
x s
x 5` 4>
8^^` 8> 4^ b x 5`
8> 8^
s
s
8 | 8 shuwhqhfhq do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg/ oxhjr/
s s
8> 8`
$ U
j4 = ^
{
$ j+{, @ {5{
.8
j5 =`
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv1
Revhuyhprv ho jufr gh j hq
4>
s
8` ^ ^ 8> 4^
{
Hmhuflflr 464 Vhdq i = D $ E | j = E

lq|hfwlydv/ hqwrqfhv k wdpelq hv lq|hfwlyd1
$ U
$ j+{, @ {5{
.8
$ F ixqflrqhv | k @ j i1 Ghpxhvwuh txh vl i | j vrq
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpk wdohv txh k+x, @ k+y,1 Ghehprv ghprvwudu txh x @ y
k+x, @ k+y,
+, +j i,+x, @ +j i,+y,
+,
j+i+x,, @ j+i +y,,
Frpr j hv 404 vh wlhqh hqwrqfhv txh i+x, @ i +y,/ | vlhqgr i lq|hfwlyd/ uhvxowd txh x @ y or txh ghpxhvwud
od sursrvlflq
Hmhuflflr 465 Vhdq i = D $ E | j = E $ F ixqflrqhv | k @ j i 1 Ghpxhvwuh txh vl k hv lq|hfwlyd/

hqwrqfhv i wdpelq or hv1 Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @ D wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y,1 Ghehprv qxhydphqwh
ghprvwudu txh x @ y1 Frpr i+x, @ i +y, | j hv ixqflq whqguhprv txh j+i+x,, @ j+i +y,, gh grqgh
k+x, @ k+y,/ shur frpr k hv 404 vh wlhqh txh x @ y1
Sursrvlflq 51; Vl i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r elhq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ hqwrqfhv
i hv lq|hfwlyd1
486
Ghprvwudflq= Vlq suglgd gh jhqhudolgdg +v1s1j1,/ vxsrqjdprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh
fuhflhqwh/ hv ghflu/
+;x> y 5 Grpi ,+x ? y , i +x, ? i +y,,
+51<,
| vxsrqjdprv dghpv txh i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ sru or wdqwr h{lvwluq x> y 5 Grpi wdohv txh
i +x, @ i+y, a x 9@ y
gh grqgh
xAybx?y
or txh frqwudglfh 51<1 Od ghprvwudflq hv dqorjd vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ txhgd sdud ho ohfwru
uhsurgxfluod1
Qrwh txh ho uhfsurfr gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru qr hv flhuwr1 Xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd qr hv qhfhvduldphqwh
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Sru hmhpsor/ frqvlghuh od ixqflq | @ 4@{ uhsuhvhqwdgd
sru od jufd gh od klsuerod htxlowhud> hvwd ixqflq hv lq|hfwlyd shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ql
hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
Ghqlflq 51< Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh hsl|hfwlyd r vreuh|hfwlyd vl | vor vl Uhfi @ E1
Hmhpsor 466 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i ghqlgd sru
i = U. $ U
3
s
{ $ i +{, @ {
Hvwd ixqflq qr hv hsl|hfwlyd/ sxhv Uhfi @ U. 9@ U1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl vh uhvwulqjh ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd d
3
U. / hqwrqfhv
3
i = U. $ U.
3
3
s
{ $ i +{, @ {
vhv xqd ixqflq hsl|hfwlyd1
Revhuyh txh xqd ixqflq i = D $ Uhfi hv vlhpsuh hsl|hfwlyd1
Hmhpsor 467 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i ghqlgd sru

i= `
4> 4^ $ U
{ $ i+{, @
s {5
4
Uhvwulqmdprv grplqlr | uhfruulgr gh prgr txh i vhd lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @`

vh wlhqh=
4> 4^ wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y,
,
+,
+, +y
+,
i +x, @
4
@
4
5
4 y @
x,+x . y, @
x@y b
s x5
s
i +y,
s4 y5
4 x5
3
x.y @3
4
Qrwhprv txh vl x @ 3 hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd txh x @ y a y . x @ 31

Hv fodur txh orv lqwhuydorv gh lq|hfwlylgdg gh i vrq ^3> 4^ | ` 4> 3`/ hv ghflu/ odv ixqflrqhv
i4 = `
4> 3` $ U
{ $ i+{, @
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv1
s {5
4
i5 = ^3> 4^ $ U
{ $ i+{, @
Hmhpsor 468 Frqvlghuhprv i5 | ghwhuplqhprv vx uhfruulgr1
s {5
4
487
Vhd { 5 ^3> 4^ h | 5 U wdo txh | @ i +{,/ vh wlhqh=
dkrud elhq/ frpr { 5 ^3> 4^/ hqwrqfhv
shur | A 3/ oxhjr/ | 41
Dv/
+,
+,
+,
+,
+,
+,
|
+, |
+, | 5
+, {5
@ i +{,
@ s 44 {5
@ 4 4{5
5
@ | |5 4
|A3
t 5
| 4 ?4
|5
5 4
|
3 |5 ? 4
3 | 5 4 ? |5
3 | 5 4 ? |5
3 | 5 4 a |5 4 ? | 5
4 |5 a 4 ? 3
|5 4
frq | 5
3
i = ^3> 4^ $ ^4> 4^
{ $ i +{, @
hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd | vreuh|hfwlyd
43
s {5
4
Ghqlflq 5143 Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh el|hfwlyd vl | vor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | vreuh|hfwlyd1
Hmhpsor 469 Odv ixqflrqhv vljxlhqwhv vrq el|hfwlydv
i = U. $ U3
3
{ $ i +{, @
j = U3 $ U.
3
{ $ j+{, @ {5
k= U $ U
{ $ k+{, @ {6
Qrwh txh/ sdud i | j/ vh fxpsoh=
+i j,+{, @ i+j+{,, @ i +{5 ,

s
{5
@
@
m{m @
hv ghflu/
Dqorjdphqwh sdud k | o
gh grqgh
o= U $ U
s
{ $ o+{, @ 6 {
+j i,+{, @ j+i +{,, @ j+

i j @ LgU
3
+ {, @ {
;{ 5 U3
s
s
{, @ + {,5 @ { ;{ 5 U.
3
a j i @ LgU.
3
+k o,+{, @ { > +o k,+{, @ { ;{ 5 U

k o @ o k @ LgU
Odv ixqflrqhv txh fxpsohq frq hvwd surslhgdg vh glfhq lqyhuwleohv/ vhjq vh h{solfd d frqwlqxdflq1
488
Surslhgdg 5144 Vl i = D $ E hv el|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh xqd qlfd i

d, i i
e, +i
@ LgE | i
@i
Od ixqflq i
gh E hq D wdo txh
i @ LgD
gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru hv qlfd | sxhgh ghqluvh gluhfwdphqwh frpr vljxh=
Ghqlflq 5145 Vl i = D $ E hv xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh i vh ghqh

frpr
i 4= E $ D
| $ { @ i 4 +|,
grqgh
| @ i +{,
{@i
+|,
Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru od lqyhuvd gh i hv j | od lqyhuvd gh k hv o1 Uhfsurfdphqwh od lqyhuvd gh j hv i | od
lqyhuvd gh o hv k1 Revhuyhprv odv jufdv gh i | j 43 hq od jxud

Sdud rewhqhu i 4 gh xqd ixqflq i el|hfwlyd ghehprv ghvshmdu { gh od hfxdflq | @ i +{,/ frpr vh
h{solfd hq orv vljxlhqwhv hmhpsorv1
Hmhpsor 46: Hq ho hmhpsor 467 ylprv txh od ixqflq
i = ^3> 4^ $ ^4> 4^
{ $
i+{, @
hv el|hfwlyd | rewxylprv txh>
| @ i +{,
t 5
+, { @ | |5 4
oxhjr/
{@i
Sru or wdqwr
s {5
+|, @
|5 4
|5
= ^4> 4^ $ ^3> 4^
| $
+|, @
t 5
| 4
|5
43 Gdgd od jufd gh i hq xqd krmd wudqvsdudqwh/ sdud frqrfhu od jufd gh vx lqyhuvd edvwd urwdu orv hmhv hq eD frqwud
uhorm | gdu yxhowd od krmd | pludu sru ghwuv od jxud> hvwd owlpd fruuhvsrqghu d od jufd gh od lqyhuvd gh i 1
489
Hv frvwxpeuh uhvhuydu od ohwud { sdud orv hohphqwrv gho grplqlr gh xqd ixqflq/ oxhjr/ or dqwhulru vh hvfuleh
i
Hmhuflflr 46; Vhdq
ixqflrqhv1
= ^4> 4^ $ ^3> 4^
{ $ i
i = U. $ ^ 4> 4^s
3
{ $ i +{, @ {
d, Suxheh txh i hv el|hfwlyd | ghwhuplqh i
+{, @
{5 4
{5
j= U $ U
{ $ j+{, @ { . 8
e, Hqfxhqwuh xqd ixqflq/ k wdo txh k i @ j1
Vroxflq= d1l, Sureduhprv txh i hv lq|hfwlyd1

Vhd x> y 5 U. wdo txh i+x, @ i +y, hqwrqfhv=
3
s
s
x 4 @
y 4
s
s
x
@
y
+,
+,
x
@
y
Oxhjr i+x, @ i +y, , x @ y> ;x> y 5 U.

3
ll, Vhd { 5 U. h | 5 ^ 4> 4^ wdo txh | @ i+{, hqwrqfhv
3
s
|
@ s{ 4
+,
|.4
@
{ > |.43
+, +| . 4,5 @ {
od h{suhvlq +| . 4,5 hvw ghqlgd sdud wrgr | hq U/ shur | . 4 3/

Uhfi @ ^ 4> 4^
Sru or wdqwr i hv hsl|hfwlyd1

Dvsru +l, | +ll, i hv el|hfwlyd1
i
e, Sxhvwr txh Uhfi
od ljxdogdg k i @ j/
hv ghflu/
= ^ 4> 4^ $ U.
3
{ $ i 4 +{, @ +{ . 4,5
@ U. Grpj hqwrqfhv h{lvwh j i

3
Sru or wdqwr Grpk @ Grpj i
ki
+, k +i i
+,
k Lg
+,
k
@ Grpi
k+{, @ j+i
@
, @
@
@
@ ^ 4> 4^ |
1 Oxhjr/ sdud ghvshmdu k dsolfdprv i
j
ji
ji
ji
4
4
4
+{,, @ j++{ . 4,5 , @ +{ . 4,5 . 8
k = ^ 4> 4^ $ U
{ $ +{ . 4,5 . 8
Hmhuflflr 46< Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq Yhugdghudv r Idovdv

41 Vl j hv lqyhuwleoh/ hqwrqfhv j
@ 4 +grqgh 4 lqglfd od ixqflq frqvwdqwh 4,1

j
5191 ODV IXQFLRQHV H[SRQHQFLDOHV \ ORJDUWPLFDV

51 Vl j = D $ E hv lqyhuwleoh/ hqwrqfhv
jj
@j
48:
j
61 Vl i = D $ E | j = E $ F vrq ixqflrqhv lqyhuwleohv/ hqwrqfhv j i hv wdpelq lqyhuwleoh |

+j i ,
Vroxflq=
41 Idovr1 Od ixqflq j ghqlgd sru

hv lqyhuwleoh |
vlq hpedujr/
oxhjr
9@ j
+j
+j j
4
j
s{ >
9@
4
j
;{ 5 U.
^4> 4^ $ s.
U3
{ $
{
j=
j
= U. $ U.
3
3
{ $
{5

4
4
j +{, @ j+{, @
| vx lqyhuvd
hq fdpelr
@i
j = U. $ U.
3
s3
{ $
{
51 Idovr1 Frqvlghuhprv od el|hfflq
oxhjr/ j j
= U. $ ^4> 4^
3
{ $
{5 . 4
4
,+{, @ { ;{ 5 U.
3
j,+{, @ { ;{ 5 ^4> 4^
j srutxh wlhqhq glvwlqwrv grplqlrv1
61 Yhugdghud1 Vx frpsuredflq txhgd gh hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru1
519
Odv ixqflrqhv H{srqhqfldohv | Orjduwplfdv
Frqvlghuhprv ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd=

Vl xqd edfwhuld hq flhuwr fxowlyr vh gxsolfd hq fdgd krud | ho qphur gh edfwhuldv txh kdeud do lqlfldu
ho h{shulphqwr hv xqd/ hqwrqfhv ho qphur i+q, gh edfwhuldv txh kd| hq ho fxowlyr ghvsxv gh q krudv hv
i +q, @ 5q
Qrwh txh od h{suhvlq dqwhulru hv xqd ixqflq fx|r grplqlr hv Q/ hv ghflu

i =Q
q
$ U
$ 5q
Txhuhprv h{whqghu od ixqflq i d xqd ixqflq pv jhqhudo/ frq grplqlr U1 Shur/ Bctx vhqwlgr wlhqh
h{whqghu d od h{suhvlq 5{ frq { 5 UB
48;
Vdehprv txh vl { 5 Q/ hqwrqfhv
Vl
{ 5 ] / { 5 ]. / hqwrqfhv
Vl { @ p 5 T/ hqwrqfhv
q
5{ @ 5 5
5 +{ yhfhv,
4
5 {@ {
5
s
q
5{ @ 5p
s
s
Shur vl { 95 T/ hv ghflu/ { hv xq luudflrqdo/ sru hmhpsor/ { @ 5/ Bctx vljqlfdgr wlhqh 5 5 B
s
Frqvlghuhprv odv dsur{lpdflrqhv ghflpdohv vxfhvlydv h lqihulruhv d 5 | iruphprv ho frqmxqwr
D @ i54>7 > 54>74 > 54>747 > 54>7475 > = = =j
Sxhvwr txh D hv xq frqmxqwr dfrwdgr/ hqwrqfhv sru d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr h{lvwh VxsD1
s
Vhd VxsD @= 5 5 1
Hq jhqhudo vl e A 3 | { 5 U/ vh ghqh
|
e{ =@ Vxsie{3 >{4 > e{3 >{4 {5 > e{3 >{4 {5 {6 > = = =j
e{ =@ Lqiie{3 >{4 > e{3 >{4 {5 > e{3 >{4 {5 {6 > = = =j
grqgh {3 > {4 > {3 > {4 {5 > {3 > {4 {5 {6 >

Oxhjr srghprv ghqlu od ixqflq=
vl e A 4
vl 3 e 4
vrq odv dsur{lpdflrqhv ghflpdohv vxfhvlydv h lqihulruhv d { 5 U1

i =U
{
$ U
$ 5{
Od uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd gh hvwd ixqflq hv xqd fxuyd gh wud}dgr frqwlqxr/ frpr vh yh hq ho judfr
ghuhfkr vljxlhqwh
Dqorjdphqwh/ j ghqlgd frpr
j=U
{
$ U
$ + 4 ,{
5
vh uhsuhvhqwd jufdphqwh sru od fxuyd gh wud}dgr frqwlqxr/ frpr vh sxhgh yhu hq ho jufr ghuhfkr
dqwhulru/ fx|r uhfruulgr hv U. 1
Hq jhqhudo srghprv ghqlu od ixqflq h{srqhqfldo hq edvh e frq e A 3 frpr
h{se = U
{
fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd hvw hq od jxud
48<
$ U
$ e{
Qrwh txh vl e A 4 od ixqflq h{se hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh | vl 3 ? e ? 4/ od ixqflq h{se hv

hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Hq dperv fdvrv hv lq|hfwlyd | vx uhfruulgr hv U. 1
Revhuyhprv txh od fxuyd qr fruwd ho hmh {/ hv ghflu/ qr fruwd d od uhfwd | @ 31
Gluhprv txh od uhfwd | @ 3 hv xqd dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo gh od ixqflq | @ e{ 1 Hvwr vljqlfd txh vl
e A 4 | { ghfuhfh lqghqlgdphqwh/ odv lpjhqhv | @ e{ wlhqghq d fhur1
Hq hvwh fdvr hvfuleluhprv>
Vl { $
4/ hqwrqfhv e{ $ 3
Hq fdpelr vl 3 ? e ? 4 | { fuhfh lqghqlgdphqwh/ hqwrqfhv odv lpjhqhv | @ e{ wlhqghq d fhur1

Hq hvwh fdvr hvfuleluhprv
Hmhuflflr 473 Judtxh od ixqflq
Vl { $ 4/ hqwrqfhv e{ $ 3
|@4
h {
Vroxflq= Revhuyhprv od jufd gh | @ h { | gh | @
h {
493
Hq hvwh fdvr e @ 4 ? 41
h
Dv/ | @ 4 h { hv xq wudvodflq gh | @
Qrwh txh od dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo gh | @ 4
h { frpr vh pxhvwud hq od jxud
h { hv dkrud | @ 4/ sxhv vl { $ 4 hqwrqfhv 4
h { $4
494
Hmhpsor 474 Ghwhuplqh od jufd gh od ixqflq

| @ de{ . f
sdud orv glihuhqwhv ydoruhv srvleohv gh d/ e | f hq U
Vroxflq= Frqvlghuduhprv glvwlqwrv fdvrv txh vh pxhvwudq hq odv jufdv

10
-4
10
2 x
-2
-4
2 x
-2
-10
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30
d ? 3> e A 4> f A 3
d ? 3> e A 4> f ? 3
495
Surslhgdg 5146 Vl d 5 U. / e 5 U. | {> | 5 U/ hqwrqfhv

l, d{ d| @ d{.|
ll, d{ e{ @ +de,{
lll, +d{ ,| @ d{|
ly,
d { @ d{
e
e{
Hmhpsor 475 Uhvroydprv odv vljxlhqwhv hfxdflrqhv h{srqhqfldohv
41 8{ 6{ 4 @ 6{.4 8{ 4
51 5{.4 . 7{ @ ;3
Vroxflq=
41
8{
oxhjr/ V @ i5j1
6{
@ 6{.4
8{
+, 8{ . 8{ 4 @ 6{.4 . 6{
+, 8{ 4 . 4 @ 6{ 6 . 4
8
6
9
{
+, 8{ 8 @ 6 43
6
{
5
8
@ 85
+,
6{
6
5
8 {
@ 8
+,
6
6
+, { @ 5
51 Frqvlghuhprv ho fdpelr gh yduldeohv x @ 5{ / hqwrqfhv

5{.4 . 7{ @ ;3 +, 5{.4 . 7{ ;3 @ 3
+, 5 5{ . +5{ ,5 ;3 @ 3
+, x5 . 5x ;3 @ 3
+, +x . 43,+x ;, @ 3
+, x @ 43 b x @ ;
496
Iljxuh 514= | @ vlqk+{, / | @ frvk+{,

oxhjr/ V4 @ i 43> ;j/ shur x A 3/ oxhjr/ V @ i;j/ oxhjr/
5{ @ ;
gh grqgh { @ 6
Od edvh h{srqhqfldo gh xvr pv iuhfxhqwh hv h1 Sru vx xvr wdq h{whqvr/ d od ixqflq i +{, @ h{ vh oh
oodpdu ixqflq h{srqhqfldo1
Hq edvh d hvwd ixqflq srghprv ghqlu od vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv=
Ghqlflq 5147 Vh ghqh od ixqflq vhqr klshueolfr frpr>
| frvhqr klshueolfr frpr>
vhqk = U
{
frvk = U
{
$ U
{
$ h 5h
$ U
{
$ h .h
5
Odv jufdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv vrq odv txh vh pxhvwudq hq od jxud

Khprv ylvwr txh vl e 9@ 4 od ixqflq h{se hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd frq uhfruulgr U. / oxhjr/ od ixqflq
h{se = U
{
$ U.
$ e{
hv el|hfwlyd1 Sru or wdqwr h{lvwh vx lqyhuvd h{se 4 txh ghqrplqduhprv od ixqflq orjdulwpr hq edvh e |
hvfuleluhprv
h{se 4 @ orje
hv ghflu/ od ixqflq orjdulwpr hq edvh e vh ghqh frpr
grqgh
orje = U.
{
$ U
$ orje +{, @ |
| @ orje +{, +, { @ e|
497
Hmhpsor 476
51 orj5 + 4 , @
7
61 orj 4 +7, @
5
41 orj5 +7, @ 5 sxhv 55 @ 71
5 sxhv 5
5 sxhv + 4 ,
5
@ 41
7
5
@ 71
Od uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd gh od ixqflq orjdulwpr hv od txh pxhvwud od jxud

Revhuydflq=
41 Vl e A 4/ hqwrqfhv orje hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1
51 Vl 3 ? e ? 4/ hqwrqfhv orje hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Dghpv gh od jufd hv fodur

txh
61 Vl e A 4 | { A 4/ hqwrqfhv orje +{, A 31
71 Vl e A 4 | 3 ? { ? 4/ hqwrqfhv orje +{, ? 31
81 Vl 3 ? e ? 4 | 3 ? { ? 4/ hqwrqfhv orje +{, A 31

91 Vl 3 ? e ? 4 | { A 4/ hqwrqfhv orje +{, ? 3
Hvwd hv xqd exhqd lqirupdflq sdud uhvroyhu dojxqdv lqhfxdflrqhv | judfdu ixqflrqhv uhodflrqdgdv frq
ixqflrqhv orjduwplfdv1 Sru hmhpsor/ ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
s
orj 4 +{, orj5 +{, . { 4
+5143,
5
hv ho lqwhuydor ^4> 4^1 Hq hihfwr/ orv wuplqrv hq + 5143, wlhqhq vljqlfdgr hq U vl { A 3 | { 4/ hv ghflu/
{ 5 ^4> 4^ | frpr>
s
orj5 +{, 3 | { 4 3
sdud { 4/ hqwrqfhv
Sru rwud sduwh
orj5 +{, .
s
{
4 3 ;{ 5 ^4> 4^
orj 4 +{, 3
5
sdud { 4/ hq frqvhfxhqfld/ od ghvljxdogdg 5143 vh fxpsoh sdud wrgr

{ 5 ^4> 4^ oxhjr
V @ ^4> 4^
498
Revhuyhprv txh hq { @ 3 od ixqflq orje +{, qr hvw ghqlgd1 Gluhprv txh od uhfwd { @ 3 hv xqd
dvqwrwd yhuwlfdo sdud od ixqflq1
Xqd dvqwrwd yhuwlfdo { @ {3 qrv lqglfd txh sdud { fhufdqrv d {3 odv lpjhqhv i+{, fuhfhq r ghfuhfhq
lqghqlgdphqwh1
Hq dojxqrv fdvrv/ sdud judfdu dsur{lpdgdphqwh od fxuyd txh uhsuhvhqwd d xqd ixqflq/ hv vxflhqwh
ghwhuplqdu ho grplqlr/ odv dvqwrwdv/ odv lqwhuvhfflrqhv frq orv hmhv gh frrughqdgdv/ | hq tx lqwhuydorv od
ixqflq hv srvlwlyd +qhjdwlyd,1 Sru hmhpsor
Judtxhprv od ixqflq | @ i+{,/ grqgh
Vroxflq= Ghwhuplqhprv ho grplqlr
| @ orj 5 mm { . 5 m
6
Grpi
Oxhjr
8m
@ i{ 5 U =mm { . 5 m 8 mA 3j
@ i{ 5 U =mm { . 5 m 8 m9@ 3j
@ i{ 5 U = { 9@ 6 a { 9@ :j
Grpi @ U
i :> 6j
Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv gh od ixqflq sdvdq sru dtxhoorv sxqwrv grqgh ho dujxphqwr gho orjdulwpr hv fhur/
oxhjr/ odv dvqwrwdv vrq odv uhfwdv
{ @ 6> { @ :
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv odv lqwhuvhfflrqhv frq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv

Vl | @ 3/ hqwrqfhv
orj 5 mm { . 5 m 8 m@ 3
6
gh grqgh
or txh htxlydoh d
mm { . 5 m
m{.5m 8@4
+,
m { . 5 m@ 9
+, { . 5 @ 9 b { . 5 @
+,
{@7b{@ ;
8 m@ 4
b
m{.5m 8@ 4
b
m { . 5 m@ 7
9 b {.5@7b{.5@ 7
b
{@5b{@ 9
oxhjr/ od fxuyd sdvd sru orv sxqwrv S4 +7> 3,/ S5 + ;> 3,/ S6 +5> 3,/ S7 + 9> 3,1
Vl { @ 3/ hqwrqfhv | @ orj 5 m 6 m@ orj 5 6 oxhjr/ od fxuyd sdvd sru S8 +3> orj 5 6,1
6
6
6
Qrv idowd ghwhuplqdu orv lqwhuydorv grqgh od ixqflq hv srvlwlyd | grqgh hv qhjdwlyd1
Odv lpjhqhv gh od ixqflq vhuq srvlwlydv vl
orj 5 mm { . 5 m
6
or txh hv htxlydohqwh d
8 mA 3
3 ?mm { . 5 m 8 m? 4
+, 7 ?m { . 5 m a m { . 5 m? 9 a { 9@ 6 a { 9@
+, { 5 +` ;> 9^^`5> 7^, i :> 6j
Odv lpjhqhv gh od ixqflq vhuq qhjdwlydv vl

orj 5 mm { . 5 m
6
8 m? 3 +, mm { . 5 m
+, { 5`
8 mA 4
9> 5^^`7> 4^^`
Hq edvh d od lqirupdflq rewhqlgd vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh jufd gh od jxud
4> ;^
499
| @ orj 5 mm { . 5 m 8 m
6
Gdgr txh orje hv od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh h{se hqwrqfhv od frpsrvlflq uhvxowd vhu od ixqflq lghqwlgdg=
orje h{se @ LgU
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Ghwhuplqdu vl hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 61
i +{, @
5
{6
5=34 { A 6
Vroxflq= Gdgd xqd yhflqgdg gh i +6,> Y5> % / ghehud h{lvwlu xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> Y6> / + hv ghflu/ h{lvwh
A 3 , wdo txh i +Y6> , Y5> %
Or dqwhulru hv htxlydohqwh d
; % A 3> < A 3> i +Y6> , Y5> %
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
584
Dv/ ghehud rfxuulu
i+`6
> 6 . ^, `5
%> 5 . %^
; % A 3> < A 3 wdo txh i+Y6> , @ i5> 5=34j `5
%> 5 . %^>
shur sdud % @ 3=334 r phqru hv lpsrvleoh rewhqhu od lqfoxvlq dqwhulru1

Frqfoxvlq= Frpr sdud wrgr % A 3 qr hv srvleoh hqfrqwudu xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> Y6> wdo txh i +Y6> ,
Y5> % vh wlhqh txh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq 61
Vh sxhgh yhu fodudphqwh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq orv rwurv sxqwrv
Hmhpsor 639 Vhd i +{, @ 8/ +ixqflq frqvwdqwh,1
Hood hv frqwlqxd hq wrgrv orv uhdohv1
Vroxflq= Yhdprv od frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr duelwudulr s1 Qrwhprv txh=

; A 3 i+Ys> , @ i8j
Dv/ ; % A 3> < A 3> i+Ys> , Yi +s,> %

|d txh
i+Ys> , @ i8j `8
71614
Htxlydohqfldv gh Frqwlqxlgdg
%> 8 . %^ > ; % A 3
D frqwlqxdflq gduhprv fxdwur fdudfwhul}dflrqhv gh frqwlqxlgdg

41 Vl s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | s 5 D1
51 Vl s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | D frqwlhqh xqd yhflqgdg gh s1
61 Vl s qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq | s 5 D1
71 Fdudfwhul}dflq sru vxfhvlrqhv1
41 Vl s hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | s 5 D hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl olp{$s i+{, @

i +s,
Hvwd owlpd ljxdogdg glfh txh
l, olp{$s i+{, h{lvwh

ll, Ho oplwh dqwhulru hv ljxdo d i+s, h lpsoflwdphqwh hvwdprv glflhqgr txh i +s, h{lvwh1
51 Vl D frqwlhqh xqd yhflqgdg gh s +sru or wdqwr s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq, whqhprv or vljxlhqwh=

i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl
Hmhpsor 63: Vhd i +{, @
s
{
d, olp{$s. i +{, h{lvwh

e, olp{$s i +{, h{lvwh
f, orv oplwhv dqwhulruhv vrq ljxdohv d i +s,
4 BcHv frqwlqxd hq 4 B
Vroxflq= Qrwhprv txh Grpi @ D @ ^4> 4^/ | dtx ylhqh qdwxudophqwh od htxlyrfdgd frqfoxvlq
i qr hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 4 |d txh olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh%/ frpr vh h{ljh hq 5f1
Revhuydflq= Qr srghprv xvdu od fdudfwhul}dflq 51 sxhv qr vh fxpsoh od klsrwvlv gh txh D

frqwhqjd xqd yhflqgdg gh 41
Hq fdpelr/ vl srghprv xvdu od fdudfwhul}dflq 4/ sxhv 4 hv xqd sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | 4 5 D/
s
s
s
hqwrqfhv gdgr txh olp{$4 { 4 h{lvwh | olp{$4 { 4 @ 4 4 @ 3 @ i +4,1 vh wlhqh txh i hv
frqwlqxd hq 41
585

Surehprv i hv frqwlqxd hq 4 hq wuplqrv gh yhflqgdghv1
Wrphprv xqd yhflqgdg duelwuduld gh i +4, @ 3> Y3> % qhfhvlwdprv hqfrqwudu xqd yhflqgdg gh 4> Y4> /
wdo txh rfxuud=
+7143,
i+Y4> , Y3> %
Yhdprv tx frqglflq gheh fxpsolu sdud txh hvwd owlpd lqfoxvlq vhd yolgd1
Frpr Y4> @`4
> 4 . ^ | i hv fuhflhqwh +yhu jxud,
1.5
0.5
0
0
1.25
2.5
i +{, @
vh wlhqh txh=
i +`4
Dv/ od lqfoxvlq hq 7143 qrv txhgd

Sru or wdqwr gheh fxpsolu
s
{
3.75
5
x
s
> 4 . ^, @ i +^4> 4 . ^, @ ^3> ^
s
^3> ^`
%> %^
s
? % r htxlydohqwhphqwh ? %5 1
Uhvxplhqgr1 Sdud wrgd yhflqgdg Y3> % h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh 4> Y4> +edvwd txh vhd phqru txh
%5 wdo txh
i +Y4> , Y3> % =
Oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 41
61 Vl s 5 D qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq +s hv xq sxqwr dlvodgr, vh wlhqh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq s1
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr s qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> +hv ghflu/
h{lvwh A 3, wdo txh
Ys> _ D @ isj
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
> s . ^_D @ isj>
`s
sru or wdqwr/ i +Ys> , @ i+isj, @ ii +s,j ì +s,
%> i+s, . %^
Od lqfoxvlq owlpd rfxuuh sdud wrgr % A 3> gh hvwd irupd whqhprv od vljxlhqwh dupdflq1
Sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh i +s,> Yi +s,> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> +od wrpdgd do lqlflr, wdo txh
i +Ys> , Yi +s,> %
Or txh txlhuh ghflu txh i hv frqwlqxd hq s1
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
586
Hmhpsor 63; Wrgdv odv vxfhvlrqhv {q = Q $ U vrq frqwlqxdv/ |d txh wrgr sxqwr gh Q hv sxqwr gh
dlvodgr1
Hq od sufwlfd/ qr vh hqfxhqwudq pxfkrv grplqlrv frq sxqwrv dlvodgrv/ shur vl dsduhfhq hq vlwxd0
flrqhv hvshfldohv | sru hvh prwlyr or khprv ghvduuroodgr hq ghwdooh dtx/ dpq txh ohv idflolwdu ho/
hqwhqglplhqwr gho frqfhswr gh frqwlqxlgdg hq yduldv yduldeohv1
71 Ghqlflq wudglflrqdo1
i hv frqwlqxd hq s> s 5 Grpi @ D vl
; % A 3 < A 3> m{
sm ? a { 5 Grpi , mi +{,
i +s,m ? %
Qrwh txh m{ sm ? | mi+{, i+s,m ? % kdeodq gh odv yhflqgdghv gh s | i +s, uhvshfwlydphqwh | od

lpsolfdflrq +,, vh uhhuh d od lqfoxvlq gh frqmxqwrv> od phqflq h{soflwd gh { 5 Grpi hv sdud txh
whqjd vhqwlgr od qrwdflq i +{,1
81 Vhd i = D $ U> s 5 D1 i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl
Sdud wrgd vxfhvlq43 +{q ,/ wdo txh {q frqyhujh d s vh wlhqh txh od vxfhvlq i+{q , frqyhujh d i +s,1
Hvwh fulwhulr hv pdv wlo sdud suredu od qr frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr txh od frq|lqxlgdg1
Or dqwhulru vh sxhgh hvfulelu frpr
i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 +, ;+{q ,> {q $ s , i +{q , $ i+s,
Dv/ od qhjdflq hv= i qr hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | v*ror vl
Hmhpsor 63< Vhd
<+{q ,> {q $ s a i +{q , 9$ i +s, +i+{, qr frqyhujh d i+s,,

i+{, @
BcHv frqwlqxd hq 3 B
4
vhq + { , { 9@ 3
4
{@3
4
Vroxflq= Frqvlghuhprv od vxfhvlq +{q , frq {q @ 5q
Fodudphqwh vh yh txh {q $ 3/ shur
i +{q , @ vhq+
Dv/ i +{q , qr frqyhujh d 4
4
, @ vhq+5q, @ 3 ;q 5 Q
4@5q
Frqfoxvlq=
i qr hv frqwlqxd hq 3 |d txh h{lvwh xqd vxfhvlq +{q , frq {q $ 3 a i+{q , 9$ i+3, @ 4
Wdpelq srghprv ghflu txh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 sxhv olp{$3 i +{, qr h{lvwh +yhu hmhpsor 636,1
43 Qdwxudophqwh
od qrflq ghe h vhu gh hohphqwrv gh
587
71615
Frphqwdulrv
41 Frphqwdulrv lqwxlwlyrv44
l, i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl odv lpdjhqhv gh sxqwrv fhufdqrv d s hvwq fhufdqrv d i +s, | sru px| h{ljhqwh
txh vh srqjd +; % A 3, sdud shglu hvwdu fhufd gh i+s,/ vlhpsuh kd| xq prqwq gh sxqwrv fhufd gh s
txh hvwq vxshu fhufd gh i+s,1
ll, Xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq s qr sxhgh whqhu xq vdowr hq s/ qr sxhgh hvwdu fruwdgd hq s1
51 Frphqwdulr Uhgxqgdqwh
l, Fodudphqwh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s vl s 95 Grpi
ll, Gh od iudvh Xqd ixqflq hv glvfrqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s% qr vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh qr wlhqh oplwh
|d txh shuihfwdphqwh od glvfrqwlqxlgdg sxhgh ghehuvh d txh
d, s 95 Grpi r d txh
e, i+s, 9@ olp{$s i+{,1
5
Hmhpsor 643 i +{, @ {
{
ho fdvr +d,
Hmhpsor 644
/ i+4, qr h{lvwh shur olp{$4 i +{, @ 51 Hvwd ixqflq frqvwlwx|h xq hmhpsor sdud
i+{, @
vhq+
6,
6
{ 9@ 6
{@6
Hq hvwd ixqflq vh wlhqh i +6, @ 8 9@ olp{$6 i +{,1Hvwd ixqflq frqvwlwx|h xq hmhpsor sdud ho fdvr +e,1
lll, Vl olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh/ qr hv frqwlqxd i hq s1

Od qr h{lvwhqfld gho oplwh vh sxhgh ghehu d yduldv fdvrv/ hq ho hmhpsor 645 whqhprv ho fdvr hq txh
fdgd oplwh odwhudo h{lvwh/ shur olp{$s. i +{, 9@ olp{$s i+{,
Hmhpsor 645
i +{, @
Frpr
;
A
A
?
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A
=
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{ 6
9
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olp i+{, @ 9 @ i +6, 9@ olp i+{, @ 3

{$6.
{$6
Sru or wdqwr qr hv frqwlqxd hq 6
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd hv ho txh vluyh sdud prvwudu frq fodulgdg odv revhuydflrqhv +frphqwdulrv, dqwhulruhv
Whruhpd 714; l, Wrgd uhvwulfflq gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hv frqwlqxd1

Glfkr gh rwud irupd
Vhd i = [ $ U frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s 5 U1 Vl s 5 \ [ | j @ 45 i m\ hqwrqfhv wdpelq j = \ $ U hv
frqwlqxd hq s
ll, Hq ho fdvr hvshfldo gh txh \ @ L _ [/ frq L xqd yhflqgdg gh s hqwrqfhv od uhfsurfd vh fxpsoh1
Glfkr gh rwud irupd1
Vhd j @ im\ frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s +frq \ @ Ys> _ [ hqwrqfhv i = [ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s
Hvwd owlpr qrv glfh txh od frqwlqxlgdg hq ho sxqwr s ghshqgh vor gh orv sxqwrv txh hvwq fhufd/ |
hvwr hv or txh vh vxhoh oodpdu frqfhswr orfdo1 Dv frqwlqxlgdg hv xq frqfhswr orfdo% do ljxdo txh oplwh1
Orv vljxlhqwhv whruhpdv vrq xwlohv sru ho khfkr txh qrv vluyhq sdud ideulfdu qxhydv ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv
r sdud ylvxdol}du txh xqd ixqflq hv frqwlqxd1
4 4 Hvwr
qr vluyh sdud qdgd hq odv ghprvwudflrqhv/ s hur vl sdud ylvxdol}du1
4 5 Uhfxhugh
txh
i\
hv od ixqflq uhvwulfflq gh
[ \
d
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
588
Whruhpd 714< +Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv, Vhd i = [ $ U > j = \ $ U frqwlqxdv fdgd xqd
hq s 5 [ _ \ hqwrqfhv
l, i . j> i j> i j vrq frqwlqxdv hq s
ll, Vl j+s, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv i@j hv frqwlqxd hq s
Hq ho fdvr txh s vhd xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh [ _ \ / od ghprvwudflq vh rewlhqh idflophqwh gho
dojheud gh oplwhv1 Hq fdvr frqwudulr hv gluhfwd1
Frq hvwh owlpr whruhpd whqhprv/ sru hmhpsor/ txh orv srolqrplrv
s+{, @ d3 . d4 { . d5 {5 .
dq { q >
frq dl frqvwdqwhv uhdohv
vrq ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv1

Uhfrugdqgr orv uhvxowdgr gh oplwhv whqhprv txh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdv+hq wrgr vx
grplqlr,
41 vhq {1
51 frv {1
61 wdq { vl { 9@ . n>
5
71 vhq { . 5 frv {1
n 5 ]1
81 6 frv { . fvf {1
91 frw { . : vhq +{, vhf {1
:1 vhq5 {1
;1 frv5 {1
| pxfkdv rwudv frpelqdflrqhv gh ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpwulfdv | srolqrplfdv txh vhd rshudflrqhv dojh0
eudlfdv hqwuh ixqflrqhv evlfdv frpr vhq +{,> frv +{, | d{1
Whruhpd 7153 +Od frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv hv frqwlqxd, Vhdq i = [ $ U frqwlqxd hq

s/ j = \ $ U frqwlqxd hq t @ i+s, wdo txh i+[, \ hqwrqfhv j i = [ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s
Hvwh whruhpd qrv d|xgd d prvwudu txh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdv+hq wrgr U,1
41 vhq {5 |d txh hv od frpsxhvwd gh vhq { | {5
51 frv +6{8 . :, |d txh hv od frpsxhvwd gh frv { | 6{8 . :

61 vhq +5 frv {, frpsxhvwd gh vhq { frq 5 frv {
71 6 vhq5 {6 . : frv {6 frpsxhvwd 6 vhq5 +{, . : frv +{,> {6
4> 4^$ U ghqlgd sru

; 5
{?3
? { frv+4@{,
3
{@3
i+{, @
=
{6
3?{?4
5,
vhq+{
Hmhuflflr 646 Frqvlghu od ixqflq i =`
Hvwxglh od frqwlqxlgdg gh i1
Vroxflq=
Hmhuflflr 647
l, Vhd { ? 3/ hqwrqfhv i +{, @ {5 frv+4@{,1 Sru frpsrvlflq | surgxfwr gh ixqflrqhv
frqwlqxd/ i hv frqwlqxd hq ` 4> 3^1
589
ll, Vhd 3 ? { ? 4/ hqwrqfhv I +{, @

frqwlqxd hq `3> 4^1
{6 sru frpsrvlflq | fxrflhqwh gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxd/ i hv

{5 ,
vhq+
lll, Yhdprv od frqwlqxlgdg gh i hq { @ 31 Fodudphqwh 3 5 Grpi | i +3, @ 31 Frpr 3 hv sxqwr gh

dfxpxodflq gho Grpi / ghehprv yhu vl h{lvwh olp{$3 i +{,1
Sdud hvwr/ fdofxohprv orv oplwhv odwhudohv
{6
{5
@ olp. {
olp. i+{, @ olp.
@3 4@3
5,
vhq {5
{$3
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{$3
sru fhur dqltxlod1
olp i+{, @ olp {5 frv+4@{, @ 3

{$3
{$3
hv ghflu/ olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh dghpv
oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 31
olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ 3

{$3.
{$3
olp i +{, @ i+3, @ 3
{$3
Sru frqvljxlhqwh i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr vx grplqlr
71616
Ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv vreuh frpsdfwr
Vl i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr +frpsdfwr, ^d> e` vh ghehud whqhu txh
41 Hq qlqjxq sxqwr gh ^d> e` kd| vdowrv/ |d txh vl orv kxelhud vdowr orv olplwhv odwhudohv vrq glvwlqwrv
jxud gh pdv dedmr
r elhq ho oplwh gh od ixqflq hq ho sxqwr qr frlqflgh frq ho ydoru gh od ixqflq hq ho sxqwr yhu od
vljxhqwh jxud
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
58:
51 Wdpsrfr od ixqflq sxhgh lu d lqqlwr hq dojq sxqwr gh ^d> e` / yhu jxud txh vljxh/ |d txh hq hvh
fdvr oplwh qr h{lvwh
61 Wdpsrfr sxhgh rvflodu hq xq sxqwr {3 +yhu jxud txh vljxh, |d txh ho oplwh qr h{lvwluld1
58;
Dv whqhprv +lqwxlwlydphqwh, txh od jufd gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr
^d> e` gheh vhu gh wdo irupd txh xqr od sxhgh judfdu vlq ohydqwdu ho osl} hpsh}dqgr hq +d> i+d,, |
whuplqdqgr hq +e> i+e,,1
Hq ho irqgr xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` hv vor xqd ghvirupdflq gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ vlhqgr vx jufd
vrodphqwh xqd fxhugd qr lqqlwd txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, | +e> i+e,,1
Or dqwhulru qrv shuplwh fuhhu orv vljxlhqwhv whruhpdv1
Whruhpd 7154 gho Ydoru Lqwhuphglr

Vhd i = ^d> e` $ U frqwlqxd1 Vl hv xq qphur uhdo txh fxpsoh i +d, ? ? i +e, hqwrqfhv wlhqh do
phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq hq ho lqwhuydor `d> e^1
+hv ghflu/ < f 5`d=e^ wdo txh i+f, @ ,
Frpr pv vh xwlol}d hvwh whruhpd/ hv hq od h{lvwhqfld gh udfhv gh xqd ixqflq1
Frurodulr 7155 +H{lvwhqfld gh Udlfhv, Vhd d> e 5 U wdo txh

4, i+d,i+e, ? 3 +hv ghflu/ i +d,| i+e, wlhqh glvwlqwrv vljqrv,
5, i frqwlqxd hq xq frqmxqwr txh lqfox|d do lqwhuydor ^d> e`
hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xqd udl} hq ho lqwhuydor `d> e^ +hv ghflu/ h{lvwh f 5`d=e^ wdo txh i +f, @ 3 ,
Hmhpsor 648 Od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 . {5 . 6{ . 5 wlhqh xqd ud} hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 3^

Hq hihfwr i+ 4, @ 4 . 4 6 . 5 @ 4 ? 3 | i+3, @ 5 A 3 oxhjr i + 4,i+3, ? 31
Dghpv i hv frqwlqxd hq ^ 4> 3` oxhjr sru frurodulr dqwhulru h{lvwh xqd ud} hq ho lqwhuydor `
Hmhuflflr 649 Suxheh txh od hfxdflq
h{
4> 3^1
6{ @ 3
wlhqh do phqrv xqd ud} uhdo hq ho lqwhuydor `3> 4^1

Vroxflq= Vhd i+{, @ h{ 6{
i+3, @ h3 6 3 @ 4 A 3 | i+4, @ h 6 ? 3 oxhjr i+3,i +4, ? 3
Dghpv i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq U hq sduwlfxodu hq ^3> 4`/ oxhjr sru ho frurodulr dqwhulru/ h{lvwh
f 5`3> 4^ wdo txh i+f, @ 3/ hv ghflu f hv xqd ud} r vroxflq gh od hfxdflq1
Frurodulr 7156 Vhd i frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr L/ hqwrqfhv i+L, wdpelq hv xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr1
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
58<
Frurodulr 7157 Vhd i frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr ^d> e`/ hqwrqfhv i +L, hv xq lqwhuydor
fhuudgr | dfrwdgr/ sru or wdqwr i hv dfrwdgd1
Hmhuflflr 64: Hvwxglh s frqwlqxlgdg gh
od
s
d, i +{, @ s { 5 . 5 {
s
s
e, i +{, @ {5 4 . 8 {+4 {, . {+ 4
D|xgd= Fxlgdgr frq orv grplqlrv1
f, i = ] $ U
i+{, @ ^{` +sduwh hqwhud,
g, i = U $ U
i+{, @ ^{` +sduwh hqwhud,
{,
Hmhuflflr 64; Hvwxglh od frqwlqxlgdg gh od ixqflq hq orv sxqwrv s lqglfdgrv1

frv+ { 4 6 , { 9@ 6
s @ 61
d, i +{, @
3 {@6
{ 6
s @ 6 | s @ 31
e, i +{, @ m{ 6m >

+{ 6, frv+ { 4 6 , { 9@ 6
s @ 6 | s @ 31
f, i +{, @
3 {@6
Hmhuflflr 64< Sdud tx ydoruhv gh > i hv frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr lqglfdgr1

+{ , vhq+ { 4 , { 9@
d, i +{, @
s@ s@3
3 {@
s @ 3> s @ 5
e, i +{, @ { >

f, i +{, @ { 57
s@3 s@5
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Hmhpsor 653 Frqvlghuh od vljxlhqwh ixqflq
;
vhq 7{
5 6
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A
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5::
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4
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txh srghprv frpsuredu wdpelq hq od ghulydgd gh k txh k3 +s, hv xqd ixqflq ghfuhflhqwh hq s +s 5 U. ,/
k3 +s, hv od ixqflq txh do vhu hydoxdgd hq s qrv g od shqglhqwh gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh od
ud} fxdgudgd1
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e, Dkrud yhdprv vl i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr { @ 41
Frpr
i+{, i + 4,
{5 7{ . 7 <
olp .
@ olp .
@ olp 5 {
{.4
{.4
{$ 4
{$ 4
{$ 4
| frpr ho rwur oplwh odwhudo1
olp
{$ 4
i +{, i + 4,
vhq+{ . 4,
@ olp
{.4
{.4
{$ 4
8@
<
qr h{lvwh6 vh wlhqh txh i qr hv ghulydeoh hq 4

f, Yhdprv dkrud vl i hv ghulydeoh hq orv sxqwrv d txh vrq pd|ruhv txh 51 Hq hvwh fdvr od ixqflq wrpd
od irupd i+{, @ +{ 5,6 1
i +{, i +d,
{ d
+{ 5,6 +d 5,6
@ olp
{$d
{ d
^+{ 5, +d 5,`^+{ 5,5 . +{ 5,+d 5, . +d
@ olp
{$d
{ d
@ olp +{ 5,5 . +{ 5,+d 5, . +d 5,5 @ 6+d 5,5
{$d
i 3 +d, @
6 Sdud
frq f
olp
{$d
suredu hvwr edvwd wrpdu od vxfhvlq {
' f1
'
3 n 2q
< 3
q
> i E{
5,5
glyhujh1 Qrwdu txh ho oplwh hv gh od irupd
5;3
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
g, Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd hq ho sxqwr d/ d 5`
olp
{$d
i +{,
{
i +d,
{5
@ olp
{$d
d
h, Ilqdophqwh/ fdofxohprv i 3 +d, fxdqgr d ?

i 3 +d, @
@
@
@
@
hv
4> 5^
7{ . 7 +d5
{ d
7d . 7,
@ 5d
vhq+{ . 4, vhq+d . 4,
{ d
vhq+x . d . 4, vhq+d . 4,
olp
x$3
x
vhq+x, frv+d . 4, . vhq+d . 4, frv+x, vhq+d . 4,
olp
x$3
x
vhq+x,
frv+x, 4
olp +frv+d . 4,
. vhq+d . 4,
,
x$3
x
x
vhq+x,
frv+x, 4
+frv+d . 4,, olp
. vhq+d . 4, olp
,
x$3 x
x$3
x
frv+d . 4,
olp
{$d
Gh hvwd irupd/ od ixqflq ghulydgd +txh frqvhjxlprv sru sduwh | dqdol}dprv hq orv sxqwrv frq lfwlyrv,
;
A 6+{
A
?
{A5
{@5
i 3 +{, @
4?{?5
A 5{ 7
A
=
frv+{ . 4,
{? 4
3
5,5
Dkrud fdofxohprv dojxqdv ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv evlfdv/ hq ho vhqwlgr txh srvwhulruphqwh qrv d|xgduq
d rewhqhu od ghulydgd gh rwudv ixqflrqhv1
Hmhpsor 678 Phgldqwh ho fofxor gh odv ixqflrqhv ghulydgdv1 Mxvwltxh ho vljxlhqwh olvwdgr1
41 Vl i+{, @ n frqvwdqwh hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 3
51 Vl i+{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 4
61 Vl i+{, @ vhq+{, hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ frv+{,
71 Vl i+{, @ frv+{, hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ vhq+{,

s
4
81 Vl i+{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 5s{ / vl { A 3
91 Vl i+{, @ {q hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ q{q
:1 Vl i+{, @ h{ hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ h{
/ vl q 5 Q
Vroxflq= Hq wrgrv orv fdvrv d lqglfdu xq hohphqwr jhqulfr gho grplqlr gh od ixqflq fruuhvsrqglhqwh1
41
i +{, i +d,
{ d
n n
@ olp
{$d { d
3
@ olp
@3
{$d { d
i 3 +d, @
Dv/ i 3 +{, @ 3 hq ho fdvr i +{, @ n
olp
{$d
8141 GHULYDGD
5;4
51
i +{, i +d,
{ d
{ d
@ olp
{$d { d
@ olp 4 @ 4
{$d
i 3 +d, @
olp
{$d
Sru or wdqwr od ixqflq lghqwlgdg i +{, @ { wlhqh frpr ixqflq ghulydgd i 3 +{, @ 41
61 Fdofxodgd dqwhulruphqwh/ hq orv hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv1

71
i 3 +d, @
@
@
@
g
Gh hvwd irupd g{ frv+{, @
i+d . k, i+d,
k
frv+d . k, frv+d,
olp
k$3
k
frv+d, frv+k, vhq+d, vhq+k, frv+d,
olp
k$3
k
frv+d,+frv+k, 4, vhq+d, vhq+k,
olp
k$3
k
k
+frv+d,,3 +vhq+d,,4 @ vhq+d,
olp
k$3
vhq+{,
81 Fdofxodgd dqwhulruphqwh frpr hmhpsor gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ gh hvwd irupd

s
4
+ {,3 @ s
5 {
91
i 3 +d, @
@
@
@
@
@
vl { A 3
i +d . k, i +d,
k
+d . k,q dq
olp
k$3
k

Sq
q
dq . n@4
dq n kn dq
n
olp
k$3
k

q
q 4 . Sq
q n kn
kqd
n@5 n d
olp
k$3
k
q
[ q
olp qdq 4 .
dq n kn 4
n
k$3
n@5
qdq 4 . 3
olp
k$3
g
Dv/ g{ {q @ q{q 4 vl q 5 Q
Hvwd iupxod wdpelq hv yolgd sdud srwhqfldv glvwlqwdv gh xq qphur qdwxudo shur od ghprvwudflq
khfkd hv vor yolgd sdud q 5 Q
5;5
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
:1
i+d . k, i+d,
k
hd.k hd
@ olp
k$3
k
k 4
d olp h
@ h
k$3 k
@ hd 4 @ hd
i 3 +d, @
{
Gh hvwd irupd gh m{@d @ hd
g{
81415
olp
k$3
Dojheud gh Ghulydgdv
Whruhpd 817 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr d/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflq i frq 5 U mr wdpelq hv ghulydeoh
hq d |
+i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,,
Ghprvwudflq=
gi
m{@d
g{
i+d . k, i+d,
k
i +d . k, i+d,
,
@ olp +
k$3
k
i +d . k, i +d,
@ olp
k$3
k
@
olp
k$3
Frpr i hv ghulydeoh/ ho owlpr oplwh hv vlpsohphqwh od ghulydgd gh i hq ho sxqwr d1 Dv/

gi
gi
m{@d @ m{@d
g{
g{
txh hv or plvpr txh
+i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,,
Hmhpsor 679 Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd | orv uhvxowdgrv dqwhulruhv whqhprv txh
41 +6 vhq+{,,3 @ 6+vhq+{,,3 @ 6 frv+{,
g
g
51 g{ +:{7 , @ : g{ +{7 , @ :+7{6 , @ 5;{6
g
g
61 g{ + frv+{,, @ g{ +frv+{,, @ + vhq+{,, @
vhq+{,
g
g
71 g{ + <h{ ,m{@oq+6, @ < g{ +h{ ,m{@oq+6, @ <hoq+6, @
s
g
g s
4
81 g{ + ; {,m{@< @ ; g{ + {,m{@< @ ; 5s< @ 7
6
< 6@
5:
Whruhpd 818 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelq or hv i . j | dghpv vx ghulydgd vdwlvidfh

gi
gj
g
+i . j,+d, @
+d, .
+d,
g{
g{
g{
Ho whruhpd glfh txh od ghulydgd gh od vxpd hv od vxpd gh odv ghulydgdv1
8141 GHULYDGD
5;6
Ghprvwudflq=
+i . j,+d . k, +i . j,+d,
g
+i . j,+d, @ olp
k$3
g{
k
i +d . k, . j+d . k, i+d,
@ olp
k$3
k
j+d,
Vhsdudqgr orv vxpdqgrv | djuxsqgrorv sdud irupdu ho oplwh txh ghqh od ghulydgd +gh fdgd ixqflq, vh
wlhqh
i+d . k, . j+d . k, i +d, j+d,
k
i+d . k, i +d,
j+d . k, j+d,
. olp
@ olp
k$3
k$3
k
k
@ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d,
+i . j,3 +d, @
olp
k$3
txh hv vlpsohphqwh ho uhvxowdgr shglgr/ vor txh hvw hvfulwr hq rwud qrwdflq1
Hmhpsor 67: Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd whqhprv txh vrq ghulydeohv odv ixqflrqhv>
41 i +{, @
s
{ . vhq+{,
51 j+{, @ frv+{,
61 k+{, @ <{ . 7
71 o+{, @ 8h{
:{6
7 vhq+{,
7{8
| vxv ghulydgdv vrq=
s
8 {
s
41 i 3 +{, @ + {,3 . +vhq {,3 @
51 j 3 +{, @ +frv,3 +{,
61 k3 +{, @ +<{,3 . +7,3

71 o3 +{, @ 8+h{ ,3
:+{6 ,3 @
7+{8 ,3
4
s{ . frv+{,
vhq+{,
vl { 5 U.
:+6{5 , @
vhq+{,
7+vhq,3 +{, @ < . 3 . 7 frv+{, @ <

s
8+ {,3 @ 8h{
53{7
8
s{
54{5 vl { 5 U
7 frv+{, vl { 5 U
vl { 5 U.
Whruhpd 819 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelq or vrq i j | i @j/ +sdud hvwd owlpd j+d, qr qxor,
l, +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, j+d, . i +d, j 3 +d,
3
3
i
ll, +i@j,3 +d, @ i +d, j++d, d,,+d, j +d, vl j+d, 9@ 31
j+ 5
Xvdqgr rwud qrwdflq od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv
| ho fxrflhqwh
gi
gj
gi j
+d, @
+d, j+d, . i +d,
+d,
g{
g{
g{
gi
g+i @j,
md @ + md j+d,
g{
g{
i+d,
gj
4
md ,
g{ j5 +d,
5;7
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Ghprvwudflq= Od ghprvwudflq hv vlpsohphqwh xq hmhuflflr gh oplwhv/ vor txh hv qhfhvdulr ideulfdu

orv o plwhv gh odv ghulydgdv> hq ho fdvr gho surgxfwr ho wuxfr hv vxpdu | uhvwdu +vxpdu fhur, ho wuplqr
i +d,j+d . k,1
+i j,+d . k, +i j,+d,
k
i +d . k,j+d . k, i +d,j+d . k, . i +d,j+d . k, i+d,j+d,
@ olp
k$3
k
+i +d . k, i +d,,
j+d . k, j+d,
j+d . k, . i +d,
@ olp
k$3
k
k
+i j,3 +d, @
olp
k$3
Frpr j hv frqwlqxd hq d rewhqhprv or exvfdgr
+i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d,j+d, . i+d,j3 +d,
Sdud od rwud sduwh ghmduhprv do ohfwru exvfdu hq fxdotxlhu oleur gh fofxor evlfr1
Revhuydflq= Qrwhprv txh ho whruhpd qr glfh txh od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv ho surgxfwr gh odv
ghulydgdv vlqr txh hv dojr edvwdqwh glvwlqwr/ hvwr wdpelq rfxuuh frq od ghulydgd gho fxrflhqwh1
Hmhpsor 67; Fdofxodu od ghulydgdv gh=
41 i+{, @ 6{7 frv+{,/ vl { 5 U1
51 i+{, @ wdq+{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]1

61 i+{, @ frw+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
71 i+{, @ fvf+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
81 i+{, @ vhf+{,/
vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]1
91 i+{, @ +8{5 . 6{7 ,5 vl { 5 U1

:
s
:1 i+{, @ 8{ {
<
Vroxflq=
s{
6
7 8
vl { 5 U. 1
41
i 3 +{, @ +6{7 ,3 frv+{, . 6{7 +frv+{,,3

@ 45{6 frv+{, . 6{7 + vhq+{,,
@ 45{6 frv+{, 6{7 vhq+{,
51
i 3 +{, @
vhq+{,
frv+{,
3
@
@
@
@
+vhq+{,,3 frv+{, vhq+{,+frv+{,,3

+frv+{,,5
frv+{, frv+{, vhq+{,+ vhq+{,,
+frv+{,,5
frv+{, frv+{, . vhq+{, vhq+{,
+frv+{,,5
4
@ vhf5 +{,
frv5 +{,
wdq
Dv djuhjdprv d qxhvwud wdeod gh ghulydgdv d phprul}du gg{ +{, @ vhf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]
8141 GHULYDGD
5;8
61
i 3 +{, @
frv+{,
vhq+{,
3
@
@
@
@
71
fvf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ] +rwud d phprul}du,1
frw
Gh hvwd irupd gg{ +{, @
i 3 +{, @
81
g fvf +{, @
g{
4
vhq+{,
3
frw+{, fvf+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
i 3 +{, @
91
+frv+{,,3 vhq+{, frv+{,+vhq+{,,3

+vhq+{,,5
vhq+{, vhq+{, frv+{, frv+{,
+vhq+{,,5
vhq+{, vhq+{, . frv+{, frv+{,
+vhq+{,,5
4
@ fvf5 +{,
vhq5 +{,
4
frv+{,
3
@
@
@
@
+4,3 vhq+{, 4+vhq+{,,3

+vhq+{,,5
4+frv+{,,
+vhq+{,,5
frv+{,
+vhq+{,,5
frw+{, fvf+{,
+4,3 frv+{, 4+frv+{,,3

+frv+{,,5
4+ vhq+{,,
@
+frv+{,,5
vhq+{,
@
+frv+{,,5
@ wdq+{, vhf+{,
@
g vhf +{, @ wdq+{, vhf+{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]

g{
i 3 +{, @ +8{5 . 6{7 ,3 +8{5 . 6{7 , . +8{5 . 6{7 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,3

^+8{5 . 6{7 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,`3
@ +43{ . 45{6 ,+8{5 . 6{7 , . +8{5 . 6{7 ,++43{ . 45{6 ,
@ 5+43{ . 45{6 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,
:1
i 3 +{, @
@
Hq uhvxphq vh wlhqh
+8{:
+68{9
s
s
6 {,3 +< {
7{8 ,
s
+< {
6
s ,+<s{ 7{8,
5 {
s
+< {
s
s
+8{: 6 {,+< {
7{8 ,5
s
<
+8{: 6 {,+ 5s{
7{8 ,5
7{8 ,3
53{7 ,3
5;9
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Dojheud gh ghulydgdv1
Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq d hqwrqfhv i / i . j/ i j vrq ghulydeohv hq d | vl j+d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv

i @j hv ghulydeoh hq d1 Dghpv
41 +i,3 +d, @ i 3 +d,
51 +i . j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d,
61 +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, j+d, . i+d, j3 +d,
3
j3
71 + i ,+d, @ i +d, j+d, +d, +d, i +d,
j
j5
j+d, 9@ 31
Frurodulr 81: Vhd j ixqflq ghulydeoh hq d/ j+d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv od ixqflq 4@j hv ghulydeoh hq d |
g
+4@j,+d, @
g{
g
g{ +j,+d,
+j+d,,5
4
+ ,3 +d, @
j
j 3 +d,
j 5 +d,
Hmhpsor 67< Frq hvwh frurodulr fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i +{, @ {4 > q 5 Q

q
gi
+{, @
g{
Hmhuflflr 683 Fdofxoh odv ghulydgdv gh

i +{, @
Vroxflq=
81416
gi
+{, @
g{
4
{ . vhq {
5
+5{ . frv {,
+{5 . vhq {,5
Uhjod gh od Fdghqd
q
q{q 4
@ q.4 =
+{q ,5
{
>
j+{, @
gj
+{, @
g{
4
vhf { . 6 frw {
+wdq { vhf { 6 fvf5 {,
+vhf { . 6 frw {,5
Vljxlhqgr frq whruhpdv txh qrv shuplwdq fdofxodu ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv xvdqgr odv |d fdofxodgdv/ yhdprv
ho whruhpd gh od ghulydgd gh ixqflrqhv frpsxhvwdv/ sru hmhpsor vdelhqgr txh i+{, @ vhq+{, | j+{, @ <{6
vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv Tx srghprv ghflu hq fxqwr d ghulydelolgdg/ gh +i j,+{, @ vhq+<{6 , | gh
+i i,+{,B
Hmhpsor 684 Fdofxohprv xvdqgr od ghqlflq/ odv ghulydgd gh od ixqflq
+i i,+{, @ vhq+vhq {, hq ho sxqwr { @ d1
Vroxflq=
i 3 +d, @
@
@
@
@
vhq+vhq +{,, vhq+vhq +d,,

{ d
vhq+vhq +{,, vhq+vhq +d,, vhq +{, vhq +d,
olp
{$d
vhq +{, vhq +d,
{ d
vhq +x, vhq +e,
vhq +{, vhq +d,
olp
olp
frq x @ vhq { | e @ vhq +d,
x$vhq d
{$d
x e
{ d
frv +e, frv +d,
frq e @ vhq d
frv+vhq +d,, vhq +d,
olp
{$d
Revhuydflq= Yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflq xq uhvxowdgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd txh qrv shuplwlu fdofxodu
hvwd | rwudv ghulydgdv +gh xqd ixqflrq frpsxhvwd, gh xqd pdqhud pv vlpsoh1
8141 GHULYDGD
5;:
Whruhpd 81; +Uhjod gh od Fdghqd r Ghulydgd gh od frpsxhvwd, Vhd i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U/

i+[, \> d 5 [ _ [ 3 > e @ i+d, 5 \ _ \ 3
Vl h{lvwh i 3 +d, | j3 +e, hqwrqfhv h{lvwh +j i,3 +d, |
r hvfulwd gh rwud irupd
+j i,3 +d, @ j 3 +e, j 3 +d, @ j 3 +i +d,,j3 +d,=
gj
gi
g ji
md @
me
md
g{
g{
g{
s
Hmhpsor 685 Vhdq j+{, @ frv+{,> i +{, @ :{6 . {/ i hv ghulydeoh hq U. |
Uhfi U @ Grpj sru or wdqwr/ sdud d 5 U.
|d txh j3 +{, @
vh wlhqh
vhq {
+j i ,3 +d, @ j3 +i+d,,i 3 +d,

s
4
@ j3 +:d6 . d, +54d5 . s ,
5 d
s
4
d,, +54d5 . s ,
5 d
s
5
Hmhuflflr 686 Vhd i 3 +{, @ {6 h{ / i+4, @ 3 | j+{, @ +{ . 4,5 . 6
Fdofxoh +j i ,3 +4,1
+j i,3 +d, @ + vhq+:d6 .
Vroxflq= Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd

Oxhjr
+j i ,3 +{, @ j 3 +i +{,, i 3 +{,
+j i ,3 +4, @ j 3 +i +4,, i 3 +4,

5
shur i 3 +4, @ 46 h4 @ h | j3 +{, @ s5+{.4, 1
5 +{.4,5 .6
5
3 +i+4,, @ j3 +3, @ s @ 4 1
gh grqgh j
5
5 7
Sru or wdqwr/ uhhpsod}dqgr hq 814
+j i ,3 +4, @
+814,
4
h
h@
5
5
Hmhpsor 687 Vhd j+{, @ vhq+vhq {, grqgh j @ i i frq i +{, @ vhq { hqwrqfhv j3 +{, @ i 3 +i+{,,i 3 +{, @
frv+vhq {, frv {1
s
Hmhpsor 688 Vhd i +{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . <> { 5 U
Frpr i sxhgh vhu hvfulwd frpr od frpsxhvwd gh grv ixqflrqhv pv vlpsohv/ frpr vljxh= i +{, @
s
k+6{7 . frv+{, . <, @ +k o,+{, grqgh k+{, @ { | o+{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . </ vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ vh
wlhqh xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd
gi
m{
g{
4
@ k3 +o+{,,o3 +{, | frpr k3 +{, @ s
5 {
4
s
+45{6 vhq+{,,
@
5 o+{,
45{6 vhq+{,
s
=
@
5 6{7 . frv+{, . <
Hmhpsor 689 Vhd i +{, @ vhf+5{8 . 7h{ ,1 Fdofxohprv i 3 +{,
5;;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Whqhprv txh i +{, @ vhf+k+{,, frq k+{, @ 5{8 . 7h{ oxhjr
g vhf
gk
mk+{,
m{
g{
g{
@ vhf+{, wdq+{,mk+{, +43{7 . 7h{ ,
@ vhf+k+{,, wdq+k+{,,+43{7 . 7h{ ,
@ vhf+5{8 . 7h{ , wdq+5{8 . 7h{ ,+43{7 . 7h{ ,
i 3 +{, @
Hmhpsor 68: Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq { @ d1

Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh j+{, @ +i +{,,q > q 5 ]1
Frpr j+{, @ +k i ,+{, grqgh k+{, @ {q / xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd whqhprv txh
gj
md
g{
Dv rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh irupxod
gj
gi
mi +d,
md
g{
g{
gi
@ q+i+d,,q 4
+d,
g{
@
gi q
+{, @ q+i +{,,q
g{
txh hq ho fdvr gh i +{, @ 6{5 . frv { qrv txhgd
i 3 +{,
g+6{5 . frv {,8

@ 8+6{5 . frv {,8 4 +9{ vhq {,
g{
Hmhpsor 68; Od uhjod gh od fdghqd sru lqgxfflq vh sxhgh jhqhudol}du d od frpsrvlflq gh pv gh grv
ixqflrqhv sru hmhpsor fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh
Vroxflq=
i +{,
m{
g{
i +{, @ +j k m n o,+{,
@
@
@
@
@
g+j k m n o,
m{
g{
+j k m n,
go
mo+{, +{,
g{
g{
gn
go
+j k m,
mno+{, mo+{, +{,
g{
g{
g{
gm
gn
go
+j k,
mm no+{, m+no,+{, mo+{, +{,
g{
g{
g{
g{
+j,
gk
gm
gn
go
mkmno+{, mm no,+{, m+no,+{, mo+{, +{,
g{
g{
g{
g{
g{
Hmhpsor 68< Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh
i+{, @ vhq+vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,,
Vroxflq= Xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd rewhqlgd hq ho hmhpsor 68; whqhprv
g vhq {
gi
g vhf
g wdq
{7
@
mvhf+wdq+{5 .: frv {,7 ,
mwdq+{5 .: frv {,7
m+{5 .: frv {,7
+5{
g{
g{
g{
g{
g{ {5 .: frv {
: vhq {,
Fdofxohprv fdgd ghulydgd lqglfdgd | uhdol}dqgr odv hydoxdflrqhv fruuhvsrqglhqwh whqhprv

gi
g{
@ ^frv+vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,,`^wdq+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 , vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,`

^vhf5 +{5 . : frv {,7 `^7+{5 . : frv {,6 `^5{
: vhq {`
8141 GHULYDGD
5;<
Hmhuflflr 693 Xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd/ suxheh txh vl i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq G/ hqwrqfhv

+hi +{, ,3 @ hi +{, i 3 +{,
Vroxflq= Frqvlghuprv od ixqflq glihuhqfldeoh hq U
;{ 5 G
j= U $ U
{ :$ h{
Sru klswhvlv i = G $
U hv xqd ixqflq glihuhqfldeoh hq G/ oxhjr sru ho whruhpd uhjod gh od
{ :$ i +{,
fdghqd j i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq G |
+815,
+j i ,3 +{, @ j 3 +i +{,,i 3 +{,
grqgh +j i ,+{, @ j+i+{,, @ hi +{, | j3 +{, @ h{ 1

Dv j 3 +i +{,, @ hi +{, 1
Sru or wdqwr hq 815 vh wlhqh
+hi +{, ,3 @ hi +{, i 3 +{,
Hmhpsor 694 Fdofxoh od ghulydgd gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv
41 hvhq{
s
51 h {.frv {
Vroxflq=
41 +hvhq { ,3 @ hvhq { +vhq {,3 @ hvhq { frv {
s
s
4
51 +h {.frv { ,3 @ h {.frv { + 5s{
vhq {,1
Hmhuflflr 695 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh

Ghprvwudu txh
G @ i{ 5 U m { 5 Grpi _ Grpj | i +{, A 3j @ !

9
i +{,
,
++i +{,,j+{, ,3 @ +i+{,,j+{, +j3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{,
i+{,
Vroxflq= Vdehprv sru surslhgdg gho orjdulwpr txh

oxhjr sru hmhuflflr dqwhulru
shur +j+{, oq i+{,,3
;{ 5 G
j +{,
+i +{,,j+{, @ hoq+i +{,,
@ hj+{, oq i +{,
++i+{,,j+{, ,3 @ hj+{, oq i +{, +j+{, oq i +{,,3
hv od ghulydgd gh xq surgxfwr | gh frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv/ oxhjr
Dv uhhpsod}dqgr hq 816
+j+{, oq i+{,,3 @ j3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{,
i 3 +{,
i +{,
i +{,
, ;{ 5 G
++i +{,,j+{, ,3 @ +i+{,,j+{, +j 3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{,
i+{,
Revhuydflq= Gh or dqwhulru vh rewlhqh=

+ui +{, ,3 @ ui +{, i 3 +{, oq u vl u hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd
+i+{,u ,3 @ ui +{,u 4 i 3 +{, vl i +{, A 31
+816,
5<3
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 696 Fdofxodu odv ghulydgdv gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv1
s
41 i+{, @ +{5 . 5, {
51 j+{, @ 5{
.frv
61 k+{, @ vhq6 +5{,
Vroxflq=
s
5
41 i+{, @ h { oq+{ .5, oxhjr dsolfdqgr ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru
s
s
5
i 3 +{, @ h { oq+{ .5, + { oq+{5 . 5,,3
s 4
s
5{
@ +{5 . 5, { + s oq+{5 . 5, . { 5
,
5 {
{ .5
51 j+{, @ h+{
.frv , oq 5
/ dqdorjdphqwh
5
j3 +{, @ h+{ .frv {, oq 5 ++{5 . frv {, oq 5,3
5
@ 5{ .frv { +5{ vhq {, oq 5
61 k+{, @ vhq6 +5{,/
Frphqwdulrv
k3 +{, @ 6 vhq5 +5{, +vhq+5{,,3

@ 6 vhq5 +5{, frv+5{, 5
41 Yhdprv jhrpwulfdphqwh sru tx ghehprv xvdu od uhjod gh od fdghqd/ sdud hvr xvduhprv odv ixqflrqhv
i+{, @ vhq { | j+{, @ vhq+7{,1
gj
gj
Vl qr xvdprv od uhjod frphwhprv ho wslfr huuru gh dupdu txh g{ @ frv 7{/ dv hq @5/ g{ m@5 @
frv 5 @ 41
Dqdol}dqgr orv jufrv gh i | j hq od jxud txh vljxh/ srghprv qrwdu txh O/ uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od
jufd gh j qr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh txh P / uhfwd wdqjhqwh d i sxhvwr txh odv rqgxodflrqhv gh
j+{, +iuhfxhqfld gh rqgd, vrq pv uslgd txh odv gh i/ reoljdqgr hvwr d whqhu pd|ru shqglhqwh O txh
P1
gj
51 Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd g{ @ 7 frv 7{/ yhdprv yld od ghqlflq frpr vh rewlhqh hvwh uhvxowdgr1
gj
md
g{
j+d . k, j+d,
k
vhq+7+d . k,, vhq +7d,
@ olp
k$3
k
vhq+7d . 7k, vhq +7d,
@ olp
k$3
k
@
olp
k$3
Xvdqgr xqd lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd sdud vhq

gj
md
g{
vhq whqhprv
5 frv+7d . 5k, vhq+5k,

k
vhq +5k,
@ 7 olp frv+7d . 5k, olp
k$3
k$3 5k
@ 7 frv+7d, 4
@
olp
k$3
8141 GHULYDGD
5<4
Iljxuh 814=
61 Vreuh odv glihuhqwhv qrwdflrqhv
Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq Y / yroxphq gh xq flolqgur gh dowxud o | udglr u/ hv ghflu/ od ixqflq yroxphq

Y @ u5 o1 Vl qrv slghq fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh Y hq ho sxqwr d/ hv ghflu/ Y 3 +d, Tx ghehprv
frqwhvwduB Qr hv or plvpr txh qrv slgdq i 3 +d,/ grqgh i +{, @ 6 vhq {/ |d txh hq hvwh owlpr fdvr
hvw fodud od yduldeoh/ shur hq ho fdvr gh Y Fxo hv od yduldeohB Gheh vhu wrpdgd u frpr yduldeoh
lqghshqglhqwhB R d or phmru oB1
Hq hvwh fdvr od qrwdflq Y 3 +d, hv dpeljxd | hv frqyhqlhqwh xvdu od qrwdflq
gY
mu@d
gu
gY
mo@d
go
|d txh gh hvwd irupd txhgd h{soflwd od yduldeoh frq uhvshfwr d od fxdo vh txlhuh ghulydu1
Phgldqwh od ghqlflq srghprv yhu txh orv uhvxowdgrv vrq wrwdophqwh glihuhqwhv vl vh wrpd xqd x
rwud yduldeoh
gY
mu@d
gu
gY
mo@d
go
@
@
Y +d . k, Y +d,
k
+d . k,5 o d5 o
olp
k$3
k
5do
Y +d . k, Y +d,
olp
k$3
k
u5 +d . k, u5 d
olp
k$3
k
5
u
olp
k$3
Hq ho fdvr txh xqd ixqflq wlhqh pv gh xqd yduldeoh +sru hmhpsor i+{> |> }, @ |5 vhq { . } 6 , vh
gi
dfrvwxpeud d lqglfdu od ghulydflq frq uhvshfwr d od yduldeoh | sru hmhpsor/ frpr Ci d fdpelr gh g| /
C|
dv/ Ci lqglfd od ghulydgd gh i frq uhvshfwr d od yduldeoh } vrodphqwh/ txhgdqgr odv rwudv yduldeohv
C}
frpr frqvwdqwh +hv ghflu/ vh frpsruwhq frpr qphur sdud ho prphqwr gh ghulydu1
5<5
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 697 Vl i+{> |> }, @ |5 vhq { . } 6
Ci
C{
Ci
C|
Ci
C}
@ | 5 frv { . 3
@ 5| vhq { . 3
@ 3 . 6} 5
Hmhpsor 698 Hq ho fdvr gho yroxphq gho flolqgur Y @ u5 o

CY
@ 5uo
Cu
CY
@ u5
Co
Hmhpsor 699 Vhd j+{> |> }, @ 6{5 . :{6 vhq | hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh
Cj
C{
Cj
C|
Cj
C}
@ 9{ . 54{5 vhq |
@ 3 . :{6 frv |
@ 3
Wrphprv dkrud od ixqflq i @ 8{5 .vhq {1 Fodudphqwh whqhprv/ sru or dqwhulru/ txh Ci @ 43{.frv {
C{
| txh Ci @ 3 |d txh hq hvwh owlpr fdvr ghehprv shqvdu txh od yduldeoh hv |/ shur i vh frpsruwd
C|
frpr frqvwdqwh uhvshfwr d hvwd yduldeoh dv txh vx ghulydgd hv fhur
Ci
i +| . k,
@ olp
k$3
C|
k
i+|,
@ olp
k$3
8{5 . vhq {
71 Qrwdflrqhv uhjod gh od fdghqd
+8{5 . vhq {,
@3
k
Vhdq | @ i +x,> x @ j+{, vxsrqjdprv txh dpedv wlhqh ghulydgdv | txh hv srvleoh kdfhu od frpsxhvwd
| @ i +j+{,,1 +hv ghflu/ vl gq odv klsrwhvlv gh od uhjod gh od fdghqd,1 Hqwrqfhv
C| Cy
C|
@
C{
Cy C|
Qrwdflrqdophqwh ho wuplqr l}txlhugr gh od ljxdogdg vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh | fdofxodgd ghvsxhv

gh kdehu khfkr od frpsxhvwd gh i | j +i j,/ hq fdpelr ho sulphu idfwru gho wuplqrv ghuhfkr
C| vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh | dqwhv gh kdfhu od frpsxhvwd1
Cy
Hmhpsor 69: Vhd | xqd ixqflq gh {/ ghulydeoh frq uhvshfwr d {1 Fdofxohprv odv ghulydgdv txh vh lqglfdq
g|
g
41 g{ +{7 | 6 , @ {7 6| g{ . 7{6 |6
g|
g
51 g{ +{ vhq |, @ vhq | . { frv | g{
g|
g
61 g{ +wj {|, @ +vhf5 +{|,,+| . { g{ ,
g|
g
71 g{ +5{| 6 . { vhq+{|,, @ 5| 6 . 9{| 5 g{ . vhq +{|, . { frv+{|,+| . { g| ,
g{
8141 GHULYDGD
g s
81 g{ + |, @
g s
91 g| + |, @
5<6
4 g|
s| g{
4
s|
g|
g|
g
:1 g{ +vhq | . |6 , @ frv | g{ . 6| 5 g{
g
;1 g{ +vhq | . |6 , @ frv | . 6| 5
g
<1 g} +vhq | . | 6 , @ 31
Hmhuflflr 69; Ghwhuplqdu vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv
41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq `d> e^1 Vl i | j vrq fuhflhqwhv hq `d> e^ hqwrqfhv i . j hv fuhflhqwh
hq `d> e^1
51 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq j+d, | j hv frqwlqxd hq d shur qr ghulydeoh hq d hqwrqfhv i j qr hv ghulydeoh

hq d1
Vroxflq=
41 Yhugdghur Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv fuhflhqwh | ghulydeohv hq `d> e^ hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, 3 | j3 +{, 3 hq

`d> e^/ oxhjr
+i . j,3 +{, @ i 3 +{, . j 3 +{, 3 ;{ 5`d> e^
Sru or wdqwr i . j hv fuhflhqwh hq `d> e^1
51 Idovr1
Vhdq j+{, @ m{m/ i+{, @ {5 | d @ 3 j hv frqwlqxd hq 3 shur qr ghulydeohv hq 3 | i hv ghulydeoh hq
j+3, @ 3/ shur +i j,+{, @ m{m5 @ {5 od fxdo hv ghulydeoh hq 3
Hmhpsor 69< Hq tx sxqwrv/ h{lvwh od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq

;
{3
? frv {
i+{, @
= s
6
4 5{ { ? 3
Vroxflq=
d, Vl { A 3/ i +{, @ frv {1 Vdehprv txh frv { hv ghulydeoh sdud wrgr { 5 U hq sduwlfxodu sdud { A 3>
i 3 +{, @ vhq+{,1
s
e, Vl { ? 3> i +{, @ 6 4 5{1 Hq hvwh fdvr i hv od frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv | vx ghulydgd
i 3 +{, @ 4 +4 5{, 5@6 + 5,/ sru uhjod gh od fdghqd1
6
f, Vl { @ 3/ ghehprv dqdol}du sru ghqlflq od ghulydgd gh i/ |d txh i hvw ghqlgd gh irupd glvwlqwd
sdud { A 3 | sdud { ? 3
,
Yhdprv vl h{lvwh i 3 +3, @ olp{$3 i +{{ i +3, 1
3
Sdud hvwr fdofxohprv
3
i. +3, @
@
@
@
@
i+{, i+3,
{ 3
frv { 4
olp
{
{$3.
frv5 { 4
olp
{$3. {+frv { . 4,
vhq5 {
olp.
{$3 {+frv { . 4,
vhq {
vhq {
,+
,
olp +
frv { . 4
{$3. {
+ 4,+3, @ 3
olp
{$3.
5<7
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
3
sru or wdqwr i. +3, @ 3
Sru rwud sduwh
i +{, i +3,
{ 3
s
6
4 5{ 4
@ olp
{
{$3
5
=
@
6
i 3 +3, @
olp
{$3
+Sdud fdofxodu ho owlpr oplwh wxylprv txh udflrqdol}du,
3
Frpr i 3 +3, 9@ i. +3, hqwrqfhv qr h{lvwh i 3 +3, | hq frqvhfxhqfld
;
A s 5 5 {?3
? 6 6 +4 5{,
i 3 +{, @
A
=
vhq {
{A3
Grpi 3 @ U
i3j +dv sdud fxdotxlhu sxqwr { 5 U
i3j h{lvwh od ghulydgd gh i ,1
Hmhpsor 6:3 Frqvlghuhprv dkrud od ixqflq

; 6
A { frv+4@{5 , { ? 3
A
A
A
?
3
{@3
i+{, @
A
A
A
A s
=
{5 . 5{6 { A 3
Ghwhuplqhprv od ghulydgd gh i 1
Vroxflq=
d, Hv fodur txh sdud { ? 3 od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 frv+4@{5 , hv ghulydeoh sru dojheud | frpsrvlflq gh
ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ oxhjr xvdqgr odv uhjodv gh ghulydflq whqhprv
i 3 +{, @ 6{5 frv+
e, Dqorjdphqwh sdud { A 3> i+{, @

oxhjr
4
4
5
, . {6 + vhq+ 5 ,,+ 6 ,
5
{
{
{
s
{5 . 5{6 hv ghulydeoh sru frpsrvlflq gh ixqflqhv ghulydeohv/
4
+5{ . 9{5 ,
i 3 +{, @ s
5 . 5{6
5 {
f, Sdud { @ 3/ ghehprv dqdol}du i 3 +3, phgldqwh od ghqlflq/ |d txh i wlhqh glvwlqwr frpsruwdplhqwr
hq wruqr do fhur/ hv ghflu/ ghehprv fdofxodu
i 3 +3, @ olp
{$3
i 3 +3, @
.
| ho rwur oplwh odwhudo
i+{,
olp
{
{$3.
i 3 +3, @ olp
{$3
i +{,
{
i +{,
{
i +3,
3
i +3,
@ olp.
3
{$3
s
{5 . 5{6
@4
{
i +3,
{6 frv+4@{5 ,
@ olp
@3
3
{
{$3
8141 GHULYDGD
5<8
, i
frpr vrq glvwlqwrv/ vh frqfox|h txh ho oplwh i 3 +3, @ olp{$3 i +{{ 3 +3, qr h{lvwh1
Hq frqvhfxhqfld i qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 | sru or wdqwr od ixqflq i 3 +{, hvw ghqlgd vrodphqwh
sdud U i3j | vx ydoru hv=
;
5
5
5
? 6{ frv+4@{ , . 5 vhq+4@{ , { ? 3
i 3 +{, @
=
s{.6{5 6
{A3
{5 .5{
Hmhpsor 6:4 BcHq tx sxqwrv gho lqwhuydor ^ 4> 5^ od ixqflq i +{, @ ^{` . m{
4m hv ghulydeohB
Vroxflq= Vhsdudqgr ho grplqlr gh i dsursldgdphqwh rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv1
;
{
4{?3
A
A
A
A
?
4 { 3{?4
i +{, @
A
A
A
A
=
{
4{?5
Fdofxohprv dkrud vx ghulydgd
d, Vl 4 ? { ? 3/ i hv ghulydeoh | i 3 +{, @ 4/ dqorjdphqwh sdud 3 ? { ? 4 | 4 ? { ? 5 vh vdeh txh i

hv ghulydeoh | i 3 +{, @ 4 sdud 3 ? { ? 4 |
i 3 +{, @ 4 sdud 4 ? { ? 51
e, Hq { @
41
3
4/ vor wlhqh vhqwlgr ghwhuplqdu i. + 4, +vl h{lvwh, txh sru ghqlflq hv od ghulydgd gh i hq
i +{, i + 4,
{.4
{ 4
@
olp
@ 4
{$ 4. { . 4
3
i. + 4, @
olp
{$ 4.
Hv fodur txh hq { @ 3 | hq { @ 4 i hv glvfrqwlqxd/ oxhjr i qr hv ghulydeoh hq hvwrv sxqwrv/ dv i +{,

hv ghulydeoh hq ^ 4> 5^ i3> 4j
i 3 +{, @
Hmhuflflr 6:5 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq
;
?
=
i+{, @
4 { ? 4> { 9@ 3
4?{?5
6 . d{ { 4
{5 . e { A 4
grqgh d> e 5 U
Ghwhuplqh d | e gh prgr txh i vhd ghulydeoh hq { @ 41
,
3
Vroxflq= i vhu ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 vl | vor vl olp{$4 i +{{ i +d, h{lvwh +hv ghflu i. +4, @ i 3 +4, ,1
d
i +{, i +4,
{ 4
6 . d{ +6 . d,
@ olp
{ 4
{$4
d+{ 4,
@ olp
{$4 { 4
@ olp d @ d
{$4
i 3 +4, @
olp
{$4
5<9
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Sru rwud sduwh>
i +{, i +4,
{ 4
{5 . e +6 . d,
@ olp.
{ 4
{$4
3
i. +4, @
olp
{$4.
shur hvwh oplwh srguld h{lvwlu vor vl olp{$4. {5 . e +{ . d, @ 3

shur olp{$4 {5 . e +6 . d, @ 4 . e +6 . d,1
3
oxhjr i. +4, srguld h{lvwlu vor vl 4 . e +6 . d, @ 3 gh grqgh e @ 5 . d sru or wdqwr>
{5 . e +6 . d,
{ 4
5
{ . 5 . d +6 . d,
@ olp
{ 4
{$4.
{5 4
@ olp
{$4. { 4
@ olp. { . 4 @ 5
{$4
3
Dv i. +4, @ i 3 +4, +, d @ 5/ oxhjr e @ d . 5 @ 71
3
i. +4, @
olp
{$4.
5
f
Revhuydflq= Vl olp{$4. {5 . e +6 . d, @ f frq f 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$4 { .e +6.d, / hv gh od irupd 3
{ 4
oxhjr ho oplwh qr h{vlwh
Rwud irupd gh uhvroyhu ho sureohpd/ hv ghwhuplqdu frqglflrqhv sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd +Vl qr or ixhud
i qr vhud ghulydeoh,/ gh grqgh
Rewhqhprv>
olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ i+4,
{$4.
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b
Hmhpsor 749 Xqd dwohwd fruuh orv flhq phwurv sodqrv9 / gh pdqhud txh od glvwdqfld v+w, txh kd uhfruulgr
d orv w vhjxqgrv hvw gdgd sru
4
v+w, @ w5 . ;w phwurv
8
Fdofxodu od yhorflgdg gho fruuhgru
d, hq ho prphqwr gh od vdolgd
e, d orv 8 vhjxqgrv gh od vdolgd
f, do fux}du od phwd
Vroxflq= d, Qrwhprv txh hq ho prphqwr gh od vdolgd w @ 3/ od srvlflq gho dwohwd hv v+3, @ 3 phwurv1
Xvdqgr od ghqlflq/ od yhorflgdg gho dwohwd hq w @ 31
v+w, v+3,
w 3
4@8w5 . ;w
@ olp
w$3
w
@ olp 4@8w . ;
w$3
@ ;p@vhj
y+3, @
olp
w$3
Txh hv htxlydohqwh d fdofxodu y+w,/ ghulydqgr v+w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr | oxhjr hydoxdqgr hq w @ 31
Dv/
5
y+w, @ w . ; , y+3, @ ;
8
e, D orv 8 vhjxqgrv gh od vdolgd/ whqhprv
5
y+8, @ 8 . ; @ 43p@vhj
8
f, Do fux}du od phwd/ hv ghflu/ d orv 433 phwurv vh wlhqh/
4
V+w, @ 433 +, w5 . ;w @ 433 +, w @ 43
8
sru or wdqwr d orv 43 vhj ho dwohwd kd fux}dgr od phwd | vx yhorflgdg hv

5
y+43, @ 43 . ; @ 45p@vhj
8
Hmhpsor 74: Grv fduuhwhudv vh fux}dq irupdqgr hq xq qjxor gh 78 1 Vdelhqgr txh hq xq lqvwdqwh w3
grv dxwrpylohv D | E glvwdq gho fuxfh 433 npv/ ho dxwrpylo D dohmqgrvh frq xqd udslgh} gh ;3 np@kuv
| E dohmqgrvh frq xqd udslgh} gh 93 np2kuv1
Ghwhuplqh od udslgh} frq txh vh vhsdud xqr gho rwur hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1 +jxud BB,
Vroxflq= Vhd {+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho fuxfh do dxwrpylo D hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ |+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho
fuxfh do dxwrpylo E/ | v+w, od glvwdqfld hqwuh D | E/ dghpv yD +w3 ,> yE +w3 , yhorflgdg gh orv dxwrpylo
D/ E uhvshfwlydphqwh hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1
Sru klswhvlv {+w3 , @ |+w3 , @ 433npv / yD +w3 , @ {3 +w3 , @ ;3np2kuv | yE +w3 , @ | 3 +w3 , @ 93np2kuv1
Qrvrwurv exvfdprv gv +w3 ,1
gw
9 Wr grv
orv prylplhqwr vrq frqvlghudgrv uhfwlolqhr1
65<
Dsolfdqgr ho whruhpd gho frvhqr do wulqjxor DRE whqhprv

v5 +w, @ {5 +w, . |5 +w,
hv ghflu/
5{+w,|+w, frv+78 ,>
v5 +w, @ {5 +w, . | 5 +w,
s
{+w,|+w, 5
Frq ho remhwr gh rewhqhu gv ghulydprv od h{suhvlq 814: frq uhvshfwr d w whqhprv>

gw
+814:,
gv
g{
g| s g{ s g|
@ 5{
. 5|
+814;,
5|
5{ =
gw
gw
gw
gw
gw
Hydoxdqgr hq w3 od h{suhvlq 814: rewhqhprv od glvwdqfld hqwuh orv dxwprylohv hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1
t
s
{5 +w3 , . | 5 +w3 ,
5{+w3 ,|+w3 ,
v+w3 , @
t
s
4335 . 4335
54335
v+w3 , @
t
s
v+w3 , @ 433 5
5
5v
Dv/ xvdqgr: hvwr hq 814; rewhqhprv od yhorflgdg uhtxhulgd

s
4
5
gv
s
mw@w3 @
433 ;3
s +433 ;3 . 433 93
gw
5
433 5
5
s
t
s
gv
473 :3 5
5
@ :3 5
mw@w3 @ s
s
gw
5
5
s
5
433 93,
5
s
s
5np2kuv1
Oxhjr orv dxwrpylohv hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 vh vhsdudq d xqd yhorflgdg gh :3 5
Rwud irupd gh gdu hvwd uhvsxhvwd hv= Oxhjr orv dxwrpylohv hq ho lqwdqwh w3 vh vhsdudq d ud}q gh
s
s
5np2kuv1
:3 5
81816
Ud}q gh Fdpelr/ wdvd gh yduldflq
D frqwlqxdflq yhuhprv xqd gh odv powlsohv dsolfdflrqhv gh od ghulydgd/ od txh uhhuh d yduldflq r ud}q
gh fdpelr1 Sru hmhpsor/ od yhorflgdg txh kd vlgr ghqlgd dqwhulruphqwh hv od yduldflq gh od srvlflq
v+w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr +vx udslgh} gh yduldflq,1 Od dfhohudflq d+w, gh S do wlhpsr w hv od ud}q gh
fdpelr gh od yhorflgdg frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr1
Frqvlghuhprv od vljxlhqwh vlwxdflq jhqhudo>
Vhd | @ i+w, grqgh i hv xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w
41 Od wdvd +r ud}q, phgld gh yduldflq gh | @ i +w, hq ho lqwhuydor ^w> w . k` hv
i +w . k,
k
i +w,
51 Od wdvd +r ud}q, gh yduldflq gh | @ i+w, frq uhvshfwr d w hv

i +w . k,
g|
@ | 3 +w, @ olp
k$3
gw
k
i +w,
Qrwdu txh hvwd ghqlflq hv dqorjd do frqfhswr gh yhorflgdg1
Odv xqlgdghv txh ghehq xvduvh hq odv ghqlflrqhv dqwhulruhv ghshqghq gh od qdwxudoh}d gh od fdqwlgdg
uhsuhvhqwdgd sru i1
: Frpr
or pv gluhfwr | iflo gh rewhqhu
vEwf
xvdqgr
814:/ ho hvwxgldqwh frphwh ho huuru gh kdfhu ho fofxor/ s huglhqgr gh
ylvwd txh od hfxdflq 814: oh s huplwh fdofxodu od ghulydgd1

Vh dfrqvhmd do ohfwru d sodqwhdu vlhpsuh orv sureohpdv gh hvwh wls r hq yduldeohv/ vlq hydoxdu kdvwd ghvsxv gh ghulydu1
663
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 74; Ho yroxphq Y +hq slh6 , gh xqd shtxhd uhsuhvd gxudqwh od srfd gh ooxyld/ hvw gdgr sru
Y @ 8333+w . 4,5
grqgh w vh plgh hq phvhv | 3 w 61 Od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv ho xmr
lqvwdqwqhr kdfld od uhsuhvd1 Fdofxoh ho xmr hq orv wlhpsrv w @ 3 | w @ 5 Bc Fxo hv ho ydoru gho xmr
fxdqgr ho yroxphq hv gh 44=583slh6 B
Vroxflq= Sru ghqlflq od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv gY 1
gw
Hq hvwh sureohpd gY uhsuhvhqwd ho xmr kdfld od uhsuhvd/ hqwrqfhv ghulydqgr od ixqflq Y uhvshfwr gho
gw
wlhpsr whqhprv
gY
@ 43=333+w . 4,
gw
hydoxdqgr hq w @ 3 | w @ 5 rewhqhprv ho xmr>
gY
mw@3 @ 43=333slh6 @phvhv
gw
gY
mw@5 @ 63=333slh6 @phvhv
gw
Vl ho yroxphq Y @ 44=583 slh6 hqwrqfhv

gh grqgh w @ 3=8 phvhv
44=583 @ 8=333+w . 4,5

gY
mw@3=8 @ 48=333slh6 @phvhv
gw
Hmhpsor 74< Od Whpshudwxud W +hq judgrv Fhovlxv, gh xqd vroxflq do wlhpsr w +hq plqxwrv, hvw gdgd
sru
6
W +w, @ 43 . 7w .
w.4
sdud 4 w 43
41 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od wdvd phgld gh fdpelr r yduldflq gh od whpshudwxud gxudqwh ho lqwhuydor

gh wlhpsr ^5> 5=68`1
51 Fdofxoh od wdvd gh yduldflq r ud}q gh fdpelr gh W +w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w hq w @ 5 | w @ <1
Vroxflq=
41 Vxvwlwx|hqgr w @ 5> k @ 3=68 hq od ghqlflq vh rewlhqh txh od wdvd phgld gh fdpelr gh W hq ^5> 5=68`
hv
W +5=68, W +5,
6=:
3=68
51 Sru ghqlflq od wdvd gh yduldflq gh W +w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv
W 3 +w, @ 7
Dv/
W 3 +5, @ 7
6
+w . 4,5
6
+5 . 4,5
W 3 +<, @ 7
6
+< . 4,5
Hmhpsor 753 Orv h{wuhprv gh xq deuhydghur gh 6 pw gh odujr wlhqhq od irupd gh wulqjxor htxlowhur frq
odgrv gh 93fp +shuo,1 Vh vxplqlvwud djxd do deuhydghur d ud}q gh 53 O2plq1 BcFxo hv od udslgh} gh
fdpelr r yduldflq gho qlyho gho djxd fxdqgr od surixqglgdg hv gh 53fpB +4O+olwur,@ 4333fp6 ,
664
Vroxflq= Vhd k+w, ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ Y +w, ho yroxphq gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ u+w, od
orqjlwxg txh vh pxhvwud hq od jxud BB
Oxhjr ho yroxphq Y +w, hvw gdgr sru
Y +w, @ 633k+w,u+w,
shur sru whruhpd gh Wkdohv/ hq ho wulqjxor FGE/ vh wlhqh
u+w,
63
s @
k+w,
63 6
s
5 w
s6
grqgh 63 6 hv od dowxud gho wulqjxor htxlowhur DFE1 Oxhjr u+w, @ k+w, | Y +w, @ 633 ks+6 , 1
Dv/ ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w/ whqhprv
gk
633
gY
@ 5 s k+w,
gw
gw
6
gh grqgh
Hydoxdqgr fxdqgr k @ 53fp whqhprv
s
gk
6 gY
@
=
gw
933k+w, gw
s
gk
6
@
53333 fp6 @plq
gw
933 53
Dv od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd fxdqgr od surixqglgdg hv 53fp hv
s6
fp6 @plq1
Hmhpsor 754 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd hv xq uhfwqjxor gh 93 slh gh odujr | 63 slh gh dqfkr1 Vx surixq0
glgdg dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 7 d < slh hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 73 slh | ghvsxv frqwlqd do plvpr
qlyho orv 53 slh uhvwdqwhv frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud BB/ od fxdo uhsuhvhqwd xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Od
slvflqd vh hvw oohqdqgr d ud}q gh 833 jdo2plq gh djxd1 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od udslgh} gh fdpelr
gho qlyho gho djxd hq ho prphqwr hq txh>
41 Od surixqglgdg hq od sduwh pv krqgd hv gh 7 slh +4jdo 3=466:slh6 ,1
51 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 9 slh1
61 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 8 slh1
Vroxflq=
41 Hq ho hmhpsor 43: gho fdswxor gh ixqflrqhv rewxylprv txh od ixqflq yroxphq hq wuplqr gh k hv

3?k?8
933k . 453k5
Y +k, @
933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8, 8 k <
grqgh k hv ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho odgr pv surixqgr1 Oxhjr sdud fdofxodu od udslgh} gh fdpelr
gho qlyho gho djxd frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr fxdqgr k @ 7 slh frqvlghudprv od ixqflq yroxphq sdud
3 ? k ? 8>
Y +k, @ 933k . 453k5
Dv/ ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr/ sru +uhjod gh od fdghqd, whqhprv
sru or wdqwr
gk
gk
gY
@ 933
. 453 5k
gw
gw
gw
gY
gk
@
gw
gw
4
933 . 573k
665
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
grqgh k @ k+w,/ shur gY @ 833 3=466:slh6 @plq | k @ 7slh oxhjr
gw
4
gk
mk@7 @ 833 3=466:
3=375<slh6 @plq
gw
933 . 573 7
Dv od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh hq txh ho qlyho gho djxd hv 7 slhv hv
dsur{lpdgdphqwh 3=375<slh@plq1
51 Sdud fdofxodu od ud}q gh fdpelr fxdqgr k @ 9 vh surfhgh gh pdqhud dqorjd d od sduwh +d, frq0
vlghudqgr
Y +k, @ 933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8,
sxhv hvwd ixqflq hvw ghqlgd sdud 8 k <1
61 hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru
Hmhpsor 755 Xq wdqtxh fqlfr gh 45 slh gh dowxud | ; gh glphwur hq od wdsd/ vh oohqd frq djxd d xqd
ud}q frqvwdqwh1 Do hqfrqwudu ho qlyho d phgld dowxud/ od ud}q gh fdpelr gh hvwd dowxud hv gh 4slh2plq1
Bc Fxqwr wdugdud hq oohqduvh ho wdqtxhB
Vroxflq= Vhd k od dowxud gho qlyho gh djxd | u od orqjlwxg gho udglr gho frqr fxdqgr od dowxud hv k +yhu
jxud BB,1
Frpr gY @ n grqgh n frqvwdqwh hqwrqfhv Y @ nw . F1 Frpr Y @ 3 hq w @ 3 hqwrqfhv F @ 3 Oxhjr
gw
Y @ nw
shur
4
Y @ u5 k
6
oxhjr
shur gho wulqjxor DEF vh wlhqh
+814<,
Y @ nw @
4 5
u k
6
+8153,
u
7
@
45
k
gh grqgh u @ 4 k1 Dv uhhpsod}dqgr hq + 8153, whqhprv
6
ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr d w whqhprv
4 4
nw @ + ,5 k6
6 6
4
gk
6k5
5:
gw
shur do hqfrqwudu ho qlyho gho djxd d phgld dowxud/ hv ghflu/ fxdqgr k @ 9 vh wlhqh>
n@
+8154,
gk
mk@9 @ 4
gw
Dv hydoxdqgr od h{suhvlq + 8154, fxdqgr k @ 9>
5
n@
9 4 @ 7
<
Sru or wdqwr
Y @ 7w
Sru rwud sduwh ho wdqtxh hvw oohqr fxdqgr Y @ 4 75 45 @ 97/ hv ghflu ho wdqtxh vh oohqd fxdqgr 7w @ 97
6
gh grqgh w @ 491
Dv ho hvwdqtxh wdugdud hq oohqduvh 49 plqxwrv1
Qr wdq vor lqwhuhvd odv ud}rqhv gh fdpelr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr/ vlqr wdpelq frq uhvshfwr d rwudv
yduldeohv1
666
Ghqlflq 814; Vhd | @ i +{, grqgh { hv fxdotxlhu yduldeoh
41 Od wdvd phgld gh yduldflq gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hq ho lqwhuydor ^{> { . k` hv ho fxrflhqwh

i+{ . k,
k
i +{,
51 Od wdvd lqvwdqwqhd gh yduldflq gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hv ho oplwh gh od ud}q surphglr fxdqgr

k wlhqgh d 3/ hv ghflu/
i +{ . k, i+{,
g|
@ olp
g{ k$3
k
g|
Hvwr vljqlfd txh vl od yduldeoh { fdpeld/ hqwrqfhv | fdpeld d ud}q gh g{ xqlgdghv sru xqlgdg gh
fdpelr gh {1
Hmhpsor 756 Od uhodflq hqwuh od whpshudwxud I hq od hvfdod Idkuhqkhlw | od whpshudwxud F hq od hvfdod

Fhovlxv hvw gdgd sru
8
F @ +I 65,
<
Bc Fxo hv od ud}q gh fdpelr gh I frq uhvshfwr d FB
Vroxflq= Ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr d F/ whqhprv
4@
8 gI
< gF
gh grqgh od ud}q gh fdpelr gh I frq uhvshfwr d F hv
gI
<
@
gF
8
Hmhpsor 757 Ghpxhvwuh txh od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq gh xqd hvihud frq uhvshfwr do udglr hv ljxdo
do uhd gh od vxshuflh
Vroxflq= Ho yroxphq | ho uhd gh xqd hvihud hvwq gdgrv sru odv iupxodv
7
Y @ u6
6
>
D @ 7u5
grqgh u hv ho udglr1 Hv fodur txh vl ghulydprv Y frq uhvshfwr d u whqhprv

gY
7
@ 6u5 @ 7u5 @ D>
gu
6
hv ghflu/ od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq hv ljxdo do uhd gh od vxshuflh1

Hmhpsorv wslfrv
Sureohpd gh od vrpeud
pwv
> ho irfr
Sdxolqd/ gh 4> 5 phwurv gh dowr/ fruuh hq od qrfkh dohmdqgrvh gh xq srvwh d od yhorflgdg gh 8
vhj
gho srvwh txh loxplqd d Sdxolqd hvwd d :> 8 phwurv gh dowxud1 D phglgd txh vh dohmd gho srvwh od vrpeud
gh ohood fuhfh +hv yhugdgB r uhdophqwh ghfuhfhB,1
Frqwhvwhprv odv vljxlhqwhv suhjxqwdv
d10 D tx yhorflgdg fdpeld ho odujr gh od vrpeud gh Sdxolqd B
e10 Ho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud vh dohmd wdpelq gho srvwh/ od yhorflgdg gh hvwh dohmdplhqwr hv od plvpd
yhorflgdg gh od qldB r hv od plvpd yhorflgdg gdgd frpr uhvsxhvwd d od suhjxqwd dqwhulruB1
667
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vhd=
{+w, od glvwdqfld gh od qld do srvwh hq ho lqvwdqwh w>

v+w, ho odujr gh od vrpeud gh od qld hq ho wlhpsr w
Hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg gh od qld hv
g{+w,
| hq wuplqr gh hvwdv yduldeohv/ or txh exvfdprv sdud frqwhvwdu
gw
gv+w,
gw
Or txh ghehprv kdfhu hv hqfrqwudu xqd uhodflq hq grqgh dsduh}fd v+w, | ghvsxv ghulydu1
Frpr orv wulqjxorv DEF | GHE vrq vhphmdqwhv +wlhqhq orv plvprv qjxorv,/ vh gd od vljxlhqwh uhodflq
hqwuh orv odgrv
od sulphud suhjxqwd hv
| gh hvwd irupd whqhprv
Txh hv or plvpr txh
ghulydqgr d dperv odgrv
DE
DF
@
GH
GE
{+w, . v+w,
:> 8
@
4> 8
v+w,
:> 8v+w, @ 4> 8{+w, . 4> 8v+w,
9v+w, @ 4> 8{+w,
v+w, @ 3> 58{+w,
g{+w,
pwv
pwv
gv+w,
@ 3> 58
@ 3> 58 +8,
@ 4> 58
gw
gw
vhj
vhj
Od suhjxqwd e vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh od vxpd {+w, . v+w, | frpr frqrfhprv fdgd ghulydgd/ od
pw
=
uhvsxhvwd hv qr hv ljxdo d qlqjxqd gh odv grv vxjhulgdv/ od yhorflgdg gho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud hv 9> 58
vhj
np
>
Vxsrqjdprv dkrud txh Shgulwr hv ho txh fruuh/ shur d 53
ku
Fxo fruuh pv uslgr/ Shgulwr r od qldB
668
Vl Shgulwr plgh 468fp> D tx yhorflgdg ho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud vh dohmd gho srvwhB

Sureohpd gh od hvfdohud
Xqd hvfdohud gh phwdo frq uxhgdv hq vx edvh hvwd dsr|dgd hq xqd pxudood gh wdo irupd txh vx h{wuhpr
vxshulru hvwd d 6pwv gho vxhor1 Ho eortxhr gh vxv uxhgdv oh lpslgh pryhuvh1 Od hvfdohud plgh 7pwv gh
odujr | hv shvdgd gh prgr wdo txh fxdqgr vh ghveortxhdq odv uxhgdv od hvfdohud vh ghvol}d hq od pxudood
pw
= Fxdqgr hvwd d xq phwur gho vxhor d tx
prylhqgrvh vx h{wuhpr vxshulru d od yhorflgdg gh 433
vhj
yhorflgdg vh pxhyhq odv uxhgdv hq hvh lqvwdqwhB
Sdud frqwhvwdu hvd suhjxqwd qhfhvlwdprv ghqlu dojxqdv yduldeohv | kdfhu xq gldjudpd gho sureohpd
Ho gldjudpd gho sureohpd hv=1
Vhdq=
u+w, od glvwdqfld gh odv uxhgdv d od pxudood |

k+w, od glvwdqfld gho h{wuhpr vxshulru gh od hvfdohud do vxhor1
gk
pw
gu
+w, @ 433
| or txh exvfdprv hv
hq w3 txh hv ho lqvwdqwh hq txh od hvfdohud hvw
gw
vhj
gw
d 4phwur gho vxhor/ hv ghflu/ k+w3 , @ 4 phwur1
Frpr vh yh/ od pxudood frq od hvfdohud | ho vxhor hq wrgr wlhpsr w irupdq xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor dvl
whqhprv ho whruhpd gh Slwjrudv/
Sru or wdqwr
+k+w,, . +u+w,, @ +7, >

5
ghulydqgr hq dperv odgrv gh od ljxdogdg +| xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd, whqhprv

gu+w,
gk+w,
. 5u+w,
@3
gw
gw
k+w, gk+w,
gu+w,
@
gw
u+w, gw
5k+w,
| sru or wdqwr hq ho lqvwdqwh w3

gu
+w3 , @
gw
k+w3 , gk
+w3 , @
u+w3 , gw
Xvdqgr srghprv rewhqhu u+w3 ,
4
pw
433
u+w3 ,
vj
669
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Iljxuh 815=
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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gh od sulphud ghulydgd | fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1
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devroxwr hvwulfwr1
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qxodv1
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dqxod/ grqgh qr h{lvwh od ghulydgd r hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor1
Yhdprv d frqwlqxdflq dojxqrv hmhpsorv grqgh hvwrv fdvrv rfxuuh1
Hmhpsor 75< Vhd i = U

$ U / od ghulydgd vh dqxod hq 3/ hv ghflu/ i 3 +3, @ 3 | i wlhqh xq pqlpr
{ :$ {5
hq 3 +yhu jxud > jufr l}txlhugr1,1
Iljxud
Hmhpsor 763 Vhd i = U

$ U / od ghulydgd qr h{lvwh hq 3/ vlq hpedujr i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq 3
{ :$ m{m
+yhu jxud > jufr fhqwudo1,1
Hmhpsor 764 Vhd d 9@ 3 | vhd i = ^d> e`

$ U / od ghulydgd gh i qr vh dqxod hq d/ hv ghflu/ i 3 +d, 9@ 3
{
:$ {6
| i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq d1+yhu jxud > jufr ghuhfkr,1
Whruhpd 8155 Vhd i ghulydeoh hq d 5 D Grpi / D yhflqgdg gh d | i +d, xq pqlpr uhodwlyr hqwrqfhv
i 3 +d, @ 31
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr i+d, hv xq pqlpr uhodwlyr vh wlhqh txh

i +d, i +d . k, sdud k 5`
Gh hvwd irupd
i +d . k,
Dv/ vl k A 3
ghulydgd ghuhfkd gh
i +d, 3
i +d . k,
k
hq d hv
i +d,
i +d . k,
k
| vl k ? 3
; od
%> %^ + dojq %,
i +d,

in Ed ' *4k<f. i Ednkk3i Ed
3
3
| od ghulydgd l}txlhugd gh
hv

olpk<f i Ednkk3i Ed 1
679
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
oxhjr
3
i. +d, @ olp.
k$3
i+d . k,
k
i +d,
3 a i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3
| frpr i hv ghulydeoh hq d vl wlhqh rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh fdghqd

gh grqgh vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +d, @ 3
i+d . k,
k
i+d,
3
3
3 i 3 +d, @ i 3 +d, @ i. +d, 3
Frurodulr 8156 Vhd i +P , xq ydoru p{lpr gh i / i ghulydeoh hq P/ hqwrqfhv i 3 +P, @ 3
Ghprvwudflq= Vl i+P, hv xq ydoru p{lpr gh i/

dqwhulru i 3 +P, @ 31
i +P , hv xq ydoru pqlpr gh
i/ sru whruhpd
Revhuydflq= Vl i 3 +d, @ 3/ qr qhfhvduldphqwh i wlhqh xq h{wuhpr hq d1

Sru hmhpsor> i +{, @ {6 ghqlgd hq U wlhqh ghulydgd hq { @ 3 shur qr wlhqh h{wuhprv/ d shvdu txh hq 3
od ghulydgd hv dqxod1
Frqfoxvlq= Vl i hvwd ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s | i 3 +s, @ 3 +sru or wdqwr hv ghulydeoh hq s, hqwrqfhv
sxhgh rfxuulu txh=
d, i+s, vhd xq p{lpr uhodwlyr1
e, i+s, vhd xq pqlpr uhodwlyr1

f, i+s, qr vhd ydoru h{wuhpr1
Shur fpr ghflglu fxo gh hvwrv fdvrv vh fxpsohB

Sulphur yhdprv fpr ghflglu hq ho fdvr txh vhdq h{wuhprv/ wudedmdqgr frq xqd ixqflq i frqwlqxd
ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq `d> e^1
Sru or wdqwr/ vl i hv xq ixqflq ghulydeoh hq `d> e^| frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` srghprv dvhjxudu txh i dofdq}d
ho p{lpr | ho pqlpr hq dojq sxqwr f 5`d> e^grqgh i 3 +f, @ 3 r hq orv erughv { @ dr { @ e1
Dv/ sdud ghwhuplqdu fxo hv ho ydoru p{lpr | fxo hv ho ydoru pqlpr edvwd hydoxdu od ixqflq hq orv
h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydorv { @ d r { @ e/ | orv sxqwrv grqgh od ghulydgd vh dqxod | frqvlghudu ho ydoru p{lpr
| ho ydoru pqlpr hqwuh hvwrv ydoruhv1
Hmhpsor 765 Vhd i = ^ 4> 6`
$
U =
{
:$ {5 4
Whqhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq ^ 4> 6` | ghulydeoh hq ` 4> 6^1
Sxhvwr txh i 3 +{, @ 5{ @ 3 +, { @ 3 5` 4> 6^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr i hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @
rewhqhprv>
i +3, @ 4 i + 4, @ 3 i+6, @ ;
Dv ho p{lpr devroxwr gh i hv ; | ho pqlpr devroxwr hv
4> { @ 6
41
Hmhpsor 766 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq rohrgxfwr gh xq sxqwr D d rwur sxqwr E txh glvwdq 8np | vh hq0
fxhqwudq hq ulehudv rsxhvwdv gh xq ur gh fdxfh uhfwr gh 6np gh dqfkr1 Ho rohrgxfwr lu edmr ho djxd gh D
d xq sxqwr S hq od ulehud rsxhvwd | oxhjr vreuh ho vxhor gh S d E1
Ho frvwr sru nlophwur gh wxehud edmr ho djxd hv ho fxguxsoh gho frvwr vreuh wlhuud1 Fdofxoh od srvlflq
gh S txh plqlpl}du ho frvwr +ghvsuhflh od shqglhqwh gh ohfkr gho ur,1
Vroxflq= Vhd {od glvwdqfld +hq npv, gho sxqwr Rdo sxqwr S yhu jxud
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
67:
Sru Slwjrudv hq ho wulqjxor DREvh wlhqh
oxhjr RE @ 7/ gh grqgh S E @ 7 {1
Dghpv/ hq ho wulqjxor DRS / vh wlhqh
jxud
RE . 65 @ 85
DS @ 65 . {5
, DS @
< . {5
Vhd f ho frvwr sru np gh wxehud vreuh wlhuud/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr sru np gh wxehud edmr ho djxd hv 7f
Oxhjr od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr gh frqvwuxflq gho rohrgxfwr hv
s
F+{, @ 7f < . {5 . f+7 {,
grqgh 3 { 71
Frpr F+{,hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^3> 7`| ghulydeoh hq `3> 7^ hqwrqfhv F+{,dofdq}d vx p{lpr hq
dojq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydorv ^3> 7`1
F 3 +{, @ s
7f{
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s48
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hydoxdqgr od ixqflq F+{, hq { @ 8 | hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3 | { @ 7 vh wlhqh>
F+3, @ 49f
F+7, @ 53f
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s
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s
hqwrqfhv ho pqlpr frvwr hv +6 48 . 7,f | od srvlflq gho sxqwr S gheh vhu 7
s48
8 npv gho sxqwr E1
Hmhpsor 767 Xq fdpsr shwurohur wlhqh rfkr sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo gh 4933 eduulohv gh fuxgr do gd1
Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh vh wlhqh/ od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv gldulrv BcFxqwrv
sr}rv dglflrqdohv vh ghehq irupdu sdud rewhqhu od pd|ru surgxfflq gh fuxgr do gdB
Vroxflq= Vhd {= ho qphur gh sr}rv dglflrqdohv> { 3> { 5 ]1 Vl vh wlhqh ; sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo
gh 4933 eduulohv hqwrqfhv od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r hv 533 eduulohv gldulrv1 Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh
vh wlhqh od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv oxhjr/ od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r hv
533
43{
67;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
sru or wdqwr od surgxfflq gh fuxgr do gd hv

S +{, @ +; . {,+533
43{,
Frpr { 3 | S +{, 3/ hqwrqfhv 533 43{ 3 +gh grqgh 3 { 53,1

Hq frqvhfxhqfld od ixqflq d pd{lpl}du hv>
S +{, @ +; . {,+533
43{,/ frq { 5 ^3> 53`1
Frpr S hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^3> 53` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 53^/ S dofdq}d vx
p{lpr hq dojq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3 r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydor1
oxhjr>
S 3 +{, @ +533
43{, . +; . {,+ 43,
S 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 9 5`3> 53^=
Dv do hydoxdu od ixqflq S gh surgxfflq hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ 9> { @ 53 whqhprv>

S +3, @ 4933
S +9, @ 4<93
S +53, @ 3
Gh hvwd irupd od surgxfflq p{lpd vh rewlhqh frq 9 sr}rv dglflrqdohv1

Hmhpsor 768 Ho surslhwdulr gh xq kxhuwr gh pdq}dqd/ fdofxod txh vl vlhpeud 57 uerohv sru dfuh/ hqwrqfhv
fdgd uero dgxowr gdu 933 pdq}dqdv do dr1
Sru fdgd wuhv uerohv pv txh vh sodqwhq sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd uero
glvplqx|h hq 45 do dr1 BcFxqwrv uerohv vh ghehq sodqwdu sru dfuh sdud rewhqhu ho pd|ru qphur srvleoh
gh pdq}dqdv do drB
Vroxflq= Vhd 6{ ho qphur gh uerohv txh vh sodqwdq +vreuh orv 57 uerohv, sru dfuh1
Sxhvwr txh sru fdgd wuhv uerohv pv txh vh sodqwhq sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd
uero glvplqx|h hq 45 do dr/ hqwrqfhv vl vh sodqwdq +57 . 6{, uerohv sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh
surgxfh fdgd uero vhu 933 45{/ oxhjr od surgxfflq gh pdq}dqdv do dr vhu>
S +{, @ +57 . 6{,+933
45{,=
Frpr { 3> { 5 ] | S +{, 3/ hqwrqfhv 933 45{ 3 +gh grqgh { 83,1

Dv>
S +{, @ +57 . 6{,+933 45{, frq { 5 ^3> 83`
Oxhjr
S 3 +{, @ 6+933
45{, . +57 . 6{,+ 45,
S 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 54=
Gdgr txh S hv frqwlqxd hq ^3> 83` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 83^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @
54> { @ 83 whqhprv
S +3, @ 47733 S +54, @ 635:9 S +83, @ 3
oxhjr od p{lpd surgxfflq gh pdq}dqd vh rewlhqh fxdqgr vh sodqwdq 96 uerohv pv sru dfuh hv/ hv ghflu/
;: uerohv sru dfuh1
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
81914
67<
Whvw gh od Sulphud Ghulydgd
Revhuydflq= Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv vor edvw hydoxdu hq orv sxqwrv grqgh i 3 +s, @ 3 | hq orv
erughv gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ shur hq jhqhudo vl txhuhprv ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh xqd ixqflq qhfhvlwdprv
lqirupdflq vreuh ho fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr gh od ixqflq i hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s1
Dv/ sdud A 3 vh rewlhqh orv vljxlhqwhv fdvrv=
d, Vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od yhflqgdg l}txlhugd gh s/ `s > s^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
hq od yhflqgdg ghuhfkd gh s/ `s> s . ^ vh wlhqh txh i+s, hv xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr1 +jxud I
l}txlhugd,1
Iljxud I
e, Dqorjdphqwh vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq `s > s^ | i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq `s> s . ^

hqwrqfhv i +s, hv xq pqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr +jxud I jufr ghuhfkr,1
f, Vl qr rfxuuh dojxqd gh odv grv dowhuqdwlydv dqwhulruhv/ i+s, qr hv ydoru h{wuhpr1
Gh or dqwhulru hv fodur txh qhfhvlwdprv xqd irupd gh ylvxdol}du fxdqgr i hv fuhflhqwh | fxdqgr hv
ghfuhflhqwh1 Frq hvh remhwr hqxqflduhprv orv whruhpdv vljxlhqwhv1
Ghqlflq 8157 Xq sxqwr f 5 Grpi/ vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i vl rfxuuh xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv
srvlelolgdghv>
i 3 +f, @ 3 elhq i 3 +f, qr h{lvwh
Hmhpsor 769 Vhd i +{, @ 6+{ 5,5 1
{ @ 5 hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i/ sxhv i 3 +5, @ 31
Hmhpsor 76: Vhd i +{, @ m{
8m oxhjr whqhprv txh vx ghulydgd hv=

i 3 +{, @
Sxhvwr txh 8 95 Grpi 3 / { @ 8 hv xq sxqwr fu wlfr
Hmhpsor 76; Vhd i +{, @

sxqwr fu wlfr1
s
6
{A8
4 {?8
4
{5 / hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh i 3 +{, @ 5 { 6 vl { 9@ 31 Sru or wdqwr { @ 3 hv xq
6
683
81915
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Whruhpd gho ydoru phglr | Urooh
Whruhpd 8158 +Whruhpd gh Urooh, Vhd i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq
ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `d> e^/ wdo txh i+d, @ i +e,/ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh do phqrv xq sxqwr fuwlfr hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu/
h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh i 3 +f, @ 31+yhu jxud KI jufr l}txlhugr,1
Iljxud KI
Ghprvwudflq=
<
d, Vl od ixqflq hv frqvwdqwh hq ^d> e`/ vx ghulydgd hv fhur hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu i 3 +{, @ 3> ;{ 5`d> e^
e, Vl qr rfxuuh or dqwhulru/ i qr hv frqvwdqwh | whqhprv grv fdvrv/ +l, h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor grqgh od ixqflq
fuhfh | oxhjr ghfuhfh r elhq +ll, i ghfuhfh hq xq lqwhuydor sdud oxhjr fuhfhu +|d txh i+d, @ i +e,,1
Hq ho sulphu fdvr vh rewlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo i +f, | hq ho vhjxqgr xq pqlpr orfdo i +f, hq dperv fdvr
od wdqjhqwh hq hvrv sxqwrv vhu gh shqglhqwh fhur i 3 +f, @ 31 Gh hvwd irupd f hv xq sxqwr fu wlfr 1
Xqd jhqhudol}dflq hq hvwh whruhpd hv ho whruhpd gh ydoru phglr txh vh sxhgh prwlydu gh od vljxlhqwh
irupd1
Frqvlghuhprv xq dxwr +xq mhhs sdud hvwdu hq rqgd, txh sduwh gh Yld d odv 44=63 krudv | oohjd d xqd
sduwh fhufdqd d Vdqwldjr d odv 46=33 krudv1 Vl uhfruuh 463 nlorphwurv/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg surphglr r
phgld hv
+463 3,nlophwurv
463
@
@ ;9> 9np@k=
+44 = 63 46 = 33,krudv
4> 8
Hvwr vljqlfd txh do phqrv dojq prphqwr gh vx yldmh ho yhorfphwur pduf ;9> 9np@k/ hv ghflu/ od yhorflgdg
lqvwdqwqhd hq dojq prphqwr hqwuh 44=63 | odv 46=33 krudv ixh gh ;9> 9np@k1
Hq od jxud KI vh kd judfdgr od uhfwd O txh lqglfd od yhorflgdg phgld +uhfwd vhfdqwh d od jufd
gh od ixqflq v+w, txh qrv g od glvwdqfld uhfruulgd sruho pylo hq ho wlhpsr
w 5`44 = 63> 46 = 33^,
< Frpr i hv frqwlqxd/ od jufd gh i hv frpr xqd fxhugd txh xqh orv sxqwrv Ed> i Ed> Ee> i Ee1 Frpr hvwrv sxqwrv hvwdq
do plvpr qlyho/ r elhq od fxhugd hvwd whqvd +frqvwdqwh, r elhq wlhqh rqgxodflrqhv +kd| p{lpr |2r pqlpr orfdohv,1
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
684
Odv uhfwdv O4 > O5 > O6 vrq sdudohodv d O/ oxhjr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh> hoodv hvwq
gdgdv sru odv ghulydgdv hq ho sxqwr/ hq hvwh fdvr rewhqhprv od shqglhqwh gh od vhfdqwh
v+e,
e
v+d,
d
txh hv ljxdo odv shqglhqwh gh odv wdqjhqwhv hq f4 > f5 / f6 / hv ghflu/ d orv ydoruhv v3 +f4 ,/ v3 +f5 ,/ v3 +f6 ,1
Dv whqhprv od h{lvwhqfld d or phqrv gh xq sxqwr f 5`d> e^ hq hvwh fdvr +f @ f4 > f @ f5 > f @ f6 , wdo txh
v3 +f, @
v+e,
e
v+d,
d
Whruhpd 8159 +Whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr, Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghqlgd hq D/ ^d> e` D wdo txh
41 i vhd frqwlqxd hq ^d> e`
51 i vhd ghulydeoh hq `d> e^
Hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh do phqrv xq f 5`d> e^ wdo txh

i 3 +f, @
Ghprvwudflq= Od ixqflq
j+{, @ i+{,
i +e,
e
î +d, .
i+d,
d
i+e,
e
i+d,
+{
d
d,`
, i
vdwlvidfh odv klswhvlv gho whruhpd gh Urooh sru or wdqwr h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh j3 +f, @ 3 r i 3 +f, i +ee d+d, @ 3
Revhuydflq= Or txh glfh hv txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,> +e> i +e,,
hv sdudohod do phqrv d xqd gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh i hqwuh orv sxqwrv phqflrqdgrv1
Od dsolfdflq pv gluhfwd gh hvwh whruhpd hv hq od ghprvwudflq gho vljxlhqwh whruhpd
Whruhpd 815: Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq vx grplqlr1
41 Vl i 3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv fuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1
685
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
51 Vl i 3 +{, A 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1
61 Vl i 3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`
71 Vl i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1
Ghprvwudflq= Prvwuduhprv vor +7,

Whqhprv txh vxsrqhu txh {> | 5 ^d> e` | ghehprv suredu txh= { ? | , i+{, A i+|,
Vhdq {> | 5 ^d> e`> { ? |1 Frpr i vdwlvidfh ho whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr/ whqhprv txh h{lvwh f 5 ^{> |`
wdo txh
i+|, i +{,
@ i 3 +f,
{ |
Frpr |
{ A 3 | i 3 +f, ? 3 vh wlhqh txh i+|,
i +{, ? 31 Dv vh kd suredgr txh
+;{> | 5 ^d> e`,+{ ? | , i +{, A i +|,,
Hmhpsor 76< Vhd i xqd ixqflq fx|d ghulydgd hv i 3 +{, @ +{

Ghwhuplqh hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
Vroxflq= Xvdqgr od wdeod gh vljqrv
{ 6
7 {
{ 8
i 3 +{,
6
3
0
.
0
.
.
.
0
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7
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whqhprv i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `6> 7^/ sru or wdqwr i+{, hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh dool/ or plvpr rfxuuh hq ho
lqwhuydor ^8> 4^1
Hmhpsor 773 Vhd i+{, @ h{ / frpr i 3 +{, @ h{ hv srvlwlyd sdud wrgr ydoru {/ vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulf0
wdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ vlq hpedujr j+{, @ h 6{ / j3 +{, @ 6h 6{ / sru or wdqwr j hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
Hmhpsor 774 Vhd i +{, @ orjd +{,>
{ A 3> 3 ? d 9@ 4/ frpr
g
4
orjd +{, @
g{
{ oqd +{,
| od yduldeoh { hv srvlwlyd/ vh wlhqh txh oq d ghwhuplqd ho vljqr gh od ghulydgd gh i sru or wdqwr whqhprv
txh=
41 Vl d A 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
51 Vl d ? 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
4
Hmhpsor 775 Vdh i +{, @ oq+ {.5 ,/ yhdprv hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv ghfuhflhqwh
{
Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq hv ` 4> 5^^`4> 4^/ | vx ghulydgd od rewhqhprv xwlol}dqgr uhjod gh od fdghqd
| od ghulydgd gh xq fxrflhqwh
{ . 5 +{ . 5, +{
,+
{ 4
+{ . 5,5
6
+{ 4,++{ . 5,
i 3 +{, @ +
@
4,
Frpr i 3 +{, A 3 hq vx grplqlr vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od fdgd lqwhuydor +qr
srghprv ghflu txh hv fuhflhqwh hq od xqlq,1
Huuqhdphqwh srguldprv ghflu txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq lqwhuydor ` 5> 4^/ od ud}q gho huuru hv txh od ixqflq
qr hvwd ghqlgd hq hvwh lqwhuydor/ dv txh hv lpsrvleoh txh i 3 +{, hvwh ghqlgd hq xq frqmxqwr pd|ru1
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
686
8w
. 9w . ; od yhorflgdg gh xq pylo hq ho wlhpsr w/ w 5 ^3> ;`1
Hmhpsor 776 Vhd y+w, @ w6
5
Ghwhuplqhprv orv lqwhuydorv gh wlhpsr grqgh ho pylo hvwd dxphqwdqgr gh yhorflgdg +dfhohudqgr, | hq
txh prphqwr hvw glvplqx|hqgr vx yhorflgdg +iuhqdqgr r dfhohudflq qhjdwlyd,
Vroxflq= Qhfhvlwdprv ghwhuplqdu ho vljqr gh y3 +w, @ w5 8w . 9 @ +w 6,+w 5,1

Whqhprv txh y+w, ? 3> ;w 5 ^5> 6` / dv ho pylo hvwd iuhqdqgr hqwuh orv ydoruhv w 5 ^5> 6`/ dghpv y3 +w, A 3
hq +` 4> 5^^`6> 4^, _ ^3> ;`1 Sru or wdqwr ho pylo dfhohud ghvgh 3 d 5 | srvwhulruphqwh dfhohud gh 6 d ;1
BcFxdqgr vh ghwlhqh ho pylo
Revhuydflq= Hq whruhpd dqwhulru hv vor gh od irupd s , t |d txh od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 hv hvwulfwdphqwh
fuhflhqwh hq U shur i 3 +{, @ 6{5 qr hv srvlwlyd vlhpsuh |d txh i +3, @ 31
Edvdgrv hq ho whruhpd dqwhulru srghprv hqxqfldu ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd sdud p{lprv |2r
pqlprv uhodwlyrv hvwulfwr1
Whruhpd 815; +Fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd, Vhd i frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` @ D | ghulydeoh hq `d> e^
qr qhfhvduldphqwh hq s 5 D
d, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s
e, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s

uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s
> s^ | i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq p{lpr

> s^ | i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pqlpr
Jhqhudophqwh/ odv klswhvlv hq +d,/ sdud xq p{lpr uhodwlyr/ vh hvfuleh uhvxplgdphqwh dv

{
i 3 +{,
i+{,
{
i 3 +{,
i+{,
.
(
s.
0
)
s.
.
(
| odv klswhvlv sdud xq pqlpr uhodwlyr vh hvfuleh>

0
)
Hmhpsor 777 Vhd i +{, @ 6{5 . :{/ frpr i 3 +{, @ 9{ . :
Oxhjr
i 3 +{, @ 9{ . : A 3 +, { A
i 3 +{, @ 9{ . : ? 3 +, { ?
{
i 3 +{,
i +{,
0
)
:@9
3
.
(
:
9
:
9
gh grqgh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ` : > 4^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ` 4> : ^/ dv sru

9
9
ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv frqfoxlu txh i + : , hv xq ydoru pqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr/ txh
9
dghpv hv devroxwr1
Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelq or srghprv rewhqhu judfdqgr od sduerod txh uhsuhvhqwd d | @ i+{, @ 6{5 . :{
frq yuwlfh hq + : > i + : ,,
9
9
Hmhpsor 778 Frqvlghuh xqd ixqflq i ghulydeoh wdo txh
Ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh i1
i 3 +{, @ +{
6,+{ . 5,+{
8,=
687
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vroxflq= Ghwhuplqhprv hq tx lqwhuydorv i 3 +{, A 3 | grqgh i 3 +{, ? 31 Sdud hvwr iruphprv xqd wdeod
sdud od ixqflq i 3 txh qrv lqgltxh uhvxplgdphqwh grqgh hv srvlwlyd | grqgh hv qhjdwlyd1
5
0
0
0
{ 6
{.5
{ 8
6
3
0
.
0
.
.
0
.
.
.
Gh hvwd irupd whqhprv lqirupdflq vreuh i uhvxplgdv hq ho vljxlhqwh fxdgur>

{
i 3 +{,
i +{,
0
)
05
3
3
6
3
3
.
(
8
3
3
0
)
.
(
Gho uhvphq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh i + 5,> | i +8, vrq pqlpr orfdohv hvwulfwr | i +6, hv xq p{lpr orfdo
hvwulfwr1
Hmhpsor 779 Vhd i +{, @ +{
4,5@6 1 Ghwhuplprv orv h{wuhprv gh i1
Vroxflq= Grpi @ U | i 3 +{, @ 5 +{

6
hq { @ 4/ vlq hpedujr hv frqwlqxd |
4, 4@6 @
vl { A 4>
vl { ? 4>
hv ghflu/
{
i+{,
i 3 +{,
i+{,
s{
6
5
0
)
>
{5U
i 3 +{, A 3
i 3 +{, ? 3
4
3
9<
i4j qrwhprv txh i qr hv ghulydeoh
.
(
oxhjr sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq qqlpr hq { @ 4 txh hv wdpelq devroxwr +qrwdu
txh ho Grpi @ U qr hv dfrwdgr,/ i qr wlhqh p{lpr1
Hmhpsor 77: Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwlfduhprv qxhv0
wudv uhvsxhvwd1
d, Vhd A 3/ od ixqflq i+{, @ h { / ghqlgd hq vx grplqlr p{lpr wlhqh vor xq ydoru h{wuhpr1

vhq5 +4@{, { 9@ 3
e, Od ixqflq i+{, @
qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1
3
{@3
5
f, Od ixqflq i+{, @ {6 h5{ hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 6@5^

s
g, Od ixqflq i+{, @ { 6 qr wlhqh p{lpr | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
5
{ frv5 +4@{,
4{?3
h, Od ixqflq i+{, @
wlhqh p{lpr | pqlpr1
vhq {
3{4
i, Od ixqflq i+{, @ h{
j, Od ixqflq i+{, @
Vroxflq=
5h{ ghqlgd hq `
4> 8` wlhqh xq p{lpr vl A 51
{6 ghqlgd hq ^ 4> 5^ qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
688
5
5
d, Yhugdghur1 Grpi @ U i 3 +{, @ 5{h { > { 5 U/ frpr h { A 3> ;{ 5 U hqwrqfhv>
i 3 +{, A 3 +, 5{ A 3 +, { ? 3 sxhv A 3
Gh hvwd irupd
{
i+{,
i 3 +{,
i+{,
.
.
(
3
4
3
.
0
)
Sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr txh hv wdpelq devroxwr +sxhv
od ixqflq vxeh | edmd vor xqd yh},/ | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
e, Idovr1 Sru ghqlflq hv fodur txh i wlhqh xq p qlpr orfdo devroxwr hq { @ 3/ sxhv
sru or wdqwr i+{, 3>
i+{, @ vhq5 +4@{, 3>
;{ 5 Grpi1
;{ 5 Grpi @ U
f, Yhugdghur1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 h5{ . {6 h5{ 5 @ {5 h5{ +6 . 5{, dqdol}dqgr orv vljqrv gh i 3 +{,/ rewhqhprv
{
i +{,
i 3 +{,
i +{,
Oxhjr i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq `

Revhuydflq=
pqlpr hq { @
0
0
)
6@5
3
4> 6@5^1
0
.
(
3
3
3
.
.
(
Qrwdu txh sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv dupdu txh i wlhqh xq
6@5/ pv dq o hv ho pqlpr devroxwr1
4
g, Idovr1 Grpi @ ^6> 4^ dghpv i 3 +{, @ 5s{ 6 A 3 ;{ 5 ^6> 4^/ hv ghflu/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
| ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @ 6 5 Grpi / oxhjr i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq { @ 61
Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelq hv fodur judfdqgr od ixqflq i =
h, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^ 4> 4`/ oxhjr
sru ho whruhpd gh orv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i wlhqh xq p{lpr | pqlpr txh vrq devroxwrv1
i, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i 3 +{, @ i +{, @ + 5,h{ 1 Vl A 5 hqwrqfhv
i 3 +{, A 3 ;{ 5` 4> 8`/ oxhjr i hv fuhflhqwh hq vx grplqlr dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh sru { @ 8 5 Grpi
gh hvwd irupd i wlhqh xq p{lpr +devroxwr, txh hv i +8,1
j, Idovr1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 3 ;{ 5 ^ 4> 5^

oxhjr i hv ghfuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @
frpr p{lpr i + 4,> fodudphqwh srghprv yhu txh i qr wlhqh pqlpr1
4 5 ^ 4> 5^/ dv i wlhqh
Hq edvh d od lqirupdflq txh khprv rewhqlgr kdvwd ho prphqwr/ srghprv judfdu dojxqdv ixqflrqhv
frqvlghudqgr> grplqlr/ grplqlr gh frqwlqxlgdg/ lqwhufhswrv frq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv/ lqwhuydorv gh fuhf0
lplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr/ p{lprv |2r pqlprv1
Hmhpsor 77; Jutxhprv i+{, @ 6{6
Vroxflq=
{1
d, Grpi @ U1
e, i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr U +ixqflq srolqrpldo,1
f, Lqwhufhswrv frq ho hmh | S3 @ +3> 3,

s
s
Lqwhufhswrv frq ho hmh { S4 @ + 4@6> 3,> S5 @ +
4@6> 3,
689
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
g, Lqwhuydorv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr= i 3 +{, @ <+{

{
{ 4@6
{ . 4@6
i 3 +{,
i +{,
0
0
.
(
4@6
3
4@6,+{ . 4@6,
0
.
0
)
4@6
3
.
.
.
(
Gh od wdeod/ vh wlhqh txh i 3 +{, A 3/ | hq frqvhfxhqfld hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4

4@6^ | wdpelq hq `4@6> 4^/ | i 3 +{, ? 3+hq frqvhfxhqfld hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh, hq ho lqwhuydor
` 4@6> 4@6^1
Uhvxplhqgr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh lqirupdflq gh i>
{
i+{,
i 3 +{,
4@6
5@<
3
4@6
5@<
3
Sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@6 | xq pqlpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@61 Dv od jufd gh i hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh frpr od gh od jxud
Hmhpsor 77< Vhd i +{, @ vhq5 +{,1 Ghwhuplqhprv orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv | hvshflfduhprv gh txh wlsr vrq1
Vroxflq= i 3 +{, @ 5 vhq+{, frv+{, orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq odv vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflq
vhq+{, frv+{, @ 3
txh hv htxlydohqwh d od xqlq gh odv vroxflrqhv gh odv hfxdflrqhv

vhq+{, @ 3
Dv/ orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq { @ q> { @ . q>

5
frv+{, @ 3
q 5 ]1
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
68:
Xvdqgr ho vljqr gh odv ixqflrqhv vhq+{, | frv+{, hq orv fxdgudqwhv gh U5 / whqhprv txh=
Hq ho sulphu | whufhu fxdgudqwhv dpedv wlhqh ho plvpr vljqr sru or wdqwr od ghulydgd hv srvlwlyd1 hv
ghflu/
| hq orv rwurv fxdgudqwhv vh wlhqh
6

i 3 +{, A 3 vl { 5`3> ^^`> ^
5
5

6
i 3 +{, ? 3 vl { 5` > ^^` > 5^
5
5
Xvdqgr od shulrglflgdg gh vhq+{, | frv+{, vh rewlhqh ho vljqr gh i 3 +{, hq wrgd od uhfwd uhdo1
Vl

6
{ 5 ^q5] +`5q> . 5q^^`+5q . 4,>
. 5q^,> i 3 +{, A 3
5
5
| hq fdvr frqwudulr i 3 +{, 31

Gh hvwd irupd vh wlhqh p{lprv orfdohv hq orv sxqwrv . 5q | 65 . 5q> q 5 ]/ | pqlpr orfdohv
5
orv sxqwrv q> q 5 ]1 Sru rwud sduwh
6

i +3, @ 3> i+5, @ 3> i + , @ 4> i + , @ 4> i +, @ 3
5
5
Frq od lqirupdflq txh khprv rewhqlgr/ srghprv kdfhu od jufd gh i hq irupd dsur{lpdgd1
Vdehprv txh od ixqflq hv fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor `3> ^ | txh 3 | 4 vrq pqlpr | p{lpr uhodwlyrv
5
uhvshfwlydphqwh/ frpr i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd/ od jufd hq ^3> ` fruuhvsrqgd d xqlu orv sxqwrv +3> i +3,,
5
| + > 4, hq irupd fuhflhqwh/ d glihuhqfld gh od xqlq gh orv sxqwrv + > 4, | +> 3, txh hv hq irupd ghfuhflhqwh
5
5
Ho jufr vh sxhgh kdfhu frpsohwr/ sru od shulrglflgdg edvwd vdehu or txh rfxuuh hq ^3> `1
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.25
0
0
-7.5
-5
-2.5
2.5
i+{, @ vlq {
5
7.5
0
x
0.5
1.5
i+{, @ vlq {
2.5
3
x
Ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd gh dsolfdflq hv qhfhvdulr rewhqhu suhyldphqwh xqd ixqflq txh vh exvfdu ho
p{lpr r pqlpr | oxhjr dsolfdu dojq fulwhulr gh rewhqflq gh p{lpr r gh pqlpr1
Hmhpsor 783 Vh lqwhqwd fhufdu xq fdpsr uhfwdqjxodu frq 7 kheudv gh dodpeuh | ghvsxv vxeglylglu ho
fdpsr hq grv sduwhv +frpr hq od jxud , frq xqd fhufd sdudohod d xqr gh orv odgrv/ xwlol}dqgr 5 kheudv
gh dodpeuh1 Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr gh uhd p{lpd1
68;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vroxflq= Vhdq { h | odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr/ hqwrqfhv ho uhd hvw gdgd sru od iupxod
D @ {|
shur do glvwulexlu orv 933 phwurv gh dodpeuh vh wlhqh od hfxdflq>

gh grqgh
| @ :8
933 @ 43{ . ;|
8{@7 oxhjr>
8
{,
7
{
shur
{ A 3 | | A 3/ hv ghflu/
{ A 3 | :8 87 A 3
Sru or wdqwr od ixqflq txh vh qhfhvlwd pd{lpl}du hv>
D @ {+:8
D+{, @ :8{
ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `3> 93^1

Dkrud dsoltxhprv ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd>
oxhjr
Uhvxplhqgr whqhprv
D3 +{,
8{5
7
:8
43
{
D3 +{, A 3 +, :8 85 A 3
3 +{, A 3 +,
D
63 A {
63 ? {
D3 +{, ? 3 +,
{
D+{,,
D3 +{,,
D+{,
.
.
(
oxhjr ho uhd p{lpd vh dofdq}d fxdqgr { @ 63 1

Dv odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr vrq
{ @ 63pwv
>
63
4458
3
.
0
)
| @ 6:> 8pwv
Revhuydflq= Dtx qr vh hydod hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor/ sxhv qr hvwq frqvlghudgrv hq ho grplqlr
gh od ixqflq1
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
68<
Whruhpd 815< +Fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd, Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr
txh frqwlhqh d s wdo txh i 3 +s, @ 31 +hv ghflu/ s hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr,1
d, Vl i %+s, ? 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s1
e, Vl i %+s, A 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pqlpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s
Revhuydflq= +4, Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu txh d glihuhqfld gho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd hvwh
fulwhulr h{ljh txh i / vhd ghulydeoh grv yhfhv hq s frq i 3 +s, @ 31
+5, Vl i%+s, @ 3 hvwh fulwhulr qr qrv g lqirupdflq/ | vh gheh uhfxuulu do fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
Hmhpsor 784 Uhvroydprv ho hmhpsor 783 xvdqgr hvwh qxhyr fulwhulr

Od ixqflq d pd{lpl}du hv=
8{5
D+{, @ :8{
> frq { 5`3> 93^
7
Ghwhuplqhprv s 5`3> 93^ wdo txh D3 +s, @ 31
D3 +{, @ :8
43{
+, { @ 63
7
Oxhjr s @ 63 hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr txh ghehprv hydoxdu hq od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1 Frpr

D%+{, @
43
?3
7
;{ 5`3> 93^
hq sduwlfxodu D%+63, ? 3/ dv srghprv dupdu txh D+63, hv ho p{lpr exvfdgr1
Hmhpsor 785 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur uhfwr | vhplhvihud hq
orv h{wuhprv +yhdvh od jxud Q, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr gh ideulfdflq sru slh fxdgudgr gh
orv h{wuhprv hv ho greoh do gh od sduwh floqgulfd1 Tx glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr/ vl od fdsdflgdg
ghvhdgd gho wdqtxh hv gh 43slh6 B
Iljxud Q
Vroxflq= Vhd S ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh od sduwh floqgulfd hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh orv
h{wuhprv hv 5S 1
Sxhvwr txh hq od sduwh floqgulfd vh wlhqh 5uk slh5 | hq orv h{wuhprv 7u5 slh5 hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gh
frqvwuxfflq hv
F @ 5ukS . 7u5 5S
shur ho yroxphq hv
7
Y @ u5 k . u6 @ 43
6
693
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
hqwrqfhv
| od ixqflq frvwr hq wuplqrv gh u hv>
k@
F+u, @ 5u+
hv ghflu>
43
u6
6
5
7u
,S . 7u5 5S
6
43
u5
8 7u5
,
F+u, @ 7S + .
u
6
Frpr u A 3> k A 3 hqwrqfhv

t
gh grqgh u6 ? 63 / oxhjr 3 ? u ? 6 63
7
7
Dv od ixqflq frvwr d plqlpl}du hv
k@
43
u5
8 7u5
F+u, @ 7S + .
,
u
6
u6
A3
u 5`3>
>
u
6
63
^
7
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv ho pqlpr sru ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd +qrwhprv txh F+u, hv grv yhfhv
glihuhqfldeoh hq vx grplqlr,
8 ;u
F 3 +u, @ 7S + 5 . ,
u
6
oxhjr
;u
@3
u
6
48
+, u6 @
7
s
6
48
+, u @
5
F 3 +u, @ 3 +,
s
6
48
Frpr 5 5 GrpF | F 3 +u, hv ghulydeoh srghprv dsolfdu ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1
Od ghulydgd gh F 3 +u, hv
43 ;
F%+u, @ 7S + 6 . ,
u
6
s
6
s
6
48
48
oxhjr F%+ 5 , A 3/ gh grqgh F wlhqh xq pqlpr hq u @ 5 5 GrpF1
Odv glphqvlrqhv txh plqlpl}dq ho frvwr gh ideulfdflq gho wdqtxh vrq
s
s
6
7 6 48
73
48
>
k@ s
u@
6
5
9
48
81:
Frqfdylgdg
Ghqlflq 8163 Vhd i = L $ U/ L xq lqwhuydor
41 Gluhprv txh od ixqflq i hv frqyh{d r frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e
ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, +gh od jufd gh i , hvw dedmr gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, |
+e> i+e,, jxud^_ jufr l}txlhugr1
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
694
51 Gluhprv txh od ixqflq i hv frqfdyd r frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e
ho sxqwr +{> i+{,, +gh od jufd gh i , hvw vreuh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,, |
+e> i +e,, jxud ^_ jufr1 ghuhfkr
Iljxud ^_
Hmhpsor 786 Od sduerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d1
Od sduerod | @
6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd1
Od ixqflq | @ vhq { hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq ho lqwhuydor ^3> ` | frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho lqwhuydor
^> 5`1
Ghqlflq 8164 Vhd i xqd ixqflq | vhd { 5 Grpi 1
41 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d hq ho sxqwr +{> i+{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^
wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L1
51 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd hq ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^
wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L1
Revhuydflq=
41 Gh od ghqlflq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh frqfdylgdg vh uhhuh d xqd surslhgdg gh od jufd1
Hq ho fdvr gh whqhu xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor L @ ^d> e` vh sxhgh whqhu txh
i vhd frqfdyd hq L r frqyh{d hq L r hq xq vhfwru frqfdyd | hq rwur frqyh{d +yhu jxud ,/ or plvpr
vh sxhgh ghflu gh xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
695
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Iljxud
51 Frpr od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,/ +e> i +e,, hv
|@
i+e,
+{
e
d, . i +d,
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i +d,
d
i+d,
d
i +e,
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e
e, . i +e,
Ghflu txh sdud d ? { ? e/ ho sxqwr hvwd ghedmr gh od vhfdqwh vljqlfd sru or wdqwr
i +{, ?
i+e,
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e
d, . i +d,
+8155,
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| txh
i +d,
d
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d
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e
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+8156,
rshudqgr hq od ghvljxdogdg 8155

i +{,
i +d, ?
dkrud rshudqgr hq od ghvljxdogdg 8156

i+{,
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Xvdqgr odv owlpdv ghvljxdogdghv vh wlhqh txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled vl | vor vl d ? { ? e vh wlhqh
i+{,
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61 Kd| xqd fdudfwhul}dflq jhrpwulfd pdv fodud sdud ho fdvr gh xqd ixqflq txh vhd ghulydeoh hq xq
sxqwr {3
+d, Od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh
frqwlhqh d {3 / wdo txh od jufd gh imL hvw sru hqflpd gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{3 > i +{3 ,, jxud
/ jufd l}txlhugd
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
696
Iljxud
1
+e, Od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{4 > i+{4 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh frqwlhqh d
{4 wdo txh od jufd gh imL hvwd sru dedmr gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{4 > i +{4 ,, jxud > jufd
ghuhfkd
Iljxud RK
71 Hq od jxud RK l}txlhugd whqhprv od jufd gh xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho
lqwhuydor L/ hq hood khprv glexmdgr glvwlqwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv/ odv shqglhqwhv gh hvwdv uhfwdv dxphqwdq
d phglgd txh qrv pryhprv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd1 Frpr odv shqglhqwhv hvwdq ghwhuplqdgd sru odv
ghulydgdv vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +{, hv fuhflhqwh1 Vl od ixqflq i 3 +{, hv wdpelq ghulydeoh vh frqfox|h txh
i %+{, hv srvlwlyd r fhur sru ho khfkr txh i 3 +{, hv xqd ixqflq fuhflhqwh1
Hq od jxud RK ghuhfkr khprv glexmdgr yduldv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh i/ fx|dv shqglhqwhv
vrq orv ydoruhv gh odv ghulydgdv gh i/ i 3 1 i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh |d txh odv shqglhqwhv gh odv wdqjhqwhv
glvplqx|h d phglgd txh fdpeldq gh sxqwrv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd hq od jufd gh od ghuhfkd gh
jxud RK1
Frpr od ixqflq i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh/ gh vhu hood ghulydeoh/ vx ghulydgd hv qhjdwlyd r fhur/ hv ghflu/
i %+{, 3> ;{ 5 L1
Whruhpd 8165 Vhd i = L $ U/ grv yhfhv ghulydeoh hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr L

41 i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L +, i %+{, 3 sdud wrgr { 5 L1
51 i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L +, i %+{, 3 sdud wrgr { 5 L1
Od irupd frpr jhqhudophqwh vh dsolfd hvwh whruhpd hv= xvdqgr od lqirupdflq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd
vh rewlhqh od frqfdylgdg r frqyh{lgdg gh od jufd
697
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
5
Frurodulr 8166 Vhd i = L $ U> {3 5 L> i ghulydeoh hq L | vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh g i +{3 ,1
g{5
5
41 g i +{3 , A 3 , od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq +{3 > i +{3 ,,
g{5
5
51 g i +{3 , ? 3 , od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{3 > i +{3 ,,
g{5
Frq hvwh frurodulr txhgd delhuwr ho fdvr txh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd vh dqxoh1
Ghqlflq 8167 Xq sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, gh od jufd gh i vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{lrq vl h{lvwh
xq delhuwr L wdo txh sdud wrgr { 5 L i{3 j/ i %+{, h{lvwh | dghpv i%+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq {3 1
Hmhpsor 787 Vhd i+{, @ 6{5 . 9{ . ; xqd sduerod1 Frpr vh glmr dqwhulruphqwh hv ho hmhpsor pv
vlpsoh gh frqfdyd kdfld duuled/ i %+{, @ 9 A 31
Hmhpsor 788 Vhd i +{, @ 9{5 . 9{ . ;/ i%+{, @

sduerod, hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
9 txh hv qhjdwlyd/ sru or wdqwr od jufd gh i +od
Orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv oh ghehuldq shuplwlu uhfrugdu fxdo hv ho vljqr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd h{ljlgr
sdud frqfdylgdg | fxdo hv h{ljlgr sdud frqyh{lgdg1
Hq orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv qr whqhprv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq/ d frqwlqxflq yhuhprv xqr
Hmhpsor 789 Vhd i +{, @ 5{6 . 8{5 . 47;@5:/ yhdprv vl i wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq1
i 3 +{, @ 9{5 . 43{ >
i %+{, @ 45{ . 43
sru or wdqwr orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq wlhqh sulphud frpsrqhqwh txh suredeohphqwh vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq
i %+{, @ 3/ hq hvwh fdvrv { @ 8@91 Frpr i %+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 8@9 vh wlhqh txh + 8@9> i+ 8@9,, hv
ho sxqwr gh lq h{lq1
Srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd | vx frqfoxvlq
{
i%+{,,
jufd gh i
0
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8@9
.
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Lq h{lq
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pd|ru suhflvlq
i 3 +{, @ 3 +, 9{5 . 43{ @ 3
Dv/ orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq { @ 3 | { @

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r xqd wdeod pdv uhvxplgd | jufd pdv h{soflwd hq od owlpd oqhd

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81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
698
Dv/ od jufd gh i ghehud vhu od xqlq gh odv sxqwrv + 8@6> i + 8@6,, / + 8@9> i+ 8@9,,/ +3> i +3,,
frpr vh lqglfd hq od owlpd olqhd gh od wdeod/ rewhqhprv gh hvwd irupd ho jufr gh od jxud
i+{, @ 5{6 . 8{5 . 47;@5:
Hmhpsor 78: Ho hmhpsor dqwhulru qrv srgud oohydu d shqvdu txh orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq vlhpsuh vh rewlhqh
gh od hfxdflq i%+{, @ 31 Do ljxdo txh hq ho fdvr gh ydoruhv h{wuhprv hvwrv qr vh rewlhqh vlhpsuh gh od
hfxdflq i 3 +{, @ 31 Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud hq txh rwurv fdvrv dsduhfhq orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq1
Vhd i +{, @ +{
uhvshfwlydphqwh1
7,8@6 . :1 Ho grplqlr gh i +{, hv U | vxv ghulydgdv gh rughq 4 | gh rughq 5 vrq
8
i 3 +{, @ +{
6
7,5@6
i %+{, @
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Fodudphqwh i%+{, @ 3 qr qrv duurmd vroxflq/ shur vl srghprv qrwdu txh i %+{, qr h{lvwh hq { @ 7 |
txh vx i%+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 7 sru or wdqwr +7> i +7,, @ +7> :, hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{lq
{
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
i +{, @ +{
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Hmhpsor 78; Judtxhprv od ixqflq i+{, @ +{ 45,7 / lqglfdqgr lqwhuydor gh fuhflplhqwr/ gh ghfuhf0
lplhqwr/ frqfdylgdg | frqfdylgdg kdfld duuled/ | vl orv kxelhuh/ ydoruhv h{wuhprv | sxqwr gh lq h{lq1
Vroxflq= Qrwhprv hq sulphu oxjdu txh Grpi @ U
hmh {1
Odv ghulydgdv vrq i+{, @ +{ 7 8 | i %+{, @ +{ 53 9 1
5,
5,
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i 3 +{,
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0
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^
Vhjq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv ghehuldprv xqlu sxqwrv gh odv jufdv frpr vh lqglfd hq od owlpd olqhd
gh od wdeod/ shur qr hv srvleoh |d txh qr kd| wdohv sxqwrv +Qrwd + 4> i + 4,,/ +5> i+5,,/ +4> i +4,, qr vrq
sxqwrv gh od jufd, shur srghprv yhu d txh ydoruhv wlhqghq fxdqgr { $ 5 / { $ 4 | fxdqgr { $ 4
olp i +{, @ 3
{$4
>
olp i +{, @ 3
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Gh hvwd irupd od jufd ghehud vhu frpr vh lqglfd hq jxud
>
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81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
69:
Dv gh od plvpd wdeod srghprv ghflu txh

i hv fuhflhqwh hq `
4> 5^1
i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq `5> 4^1
i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq `
i qr wlhqh ydoruhv h{wuhprv +
4> 5^ | wdpelq hq `5> 4^1
4 qr hv ydoru h{wuhpr |d txh qr shuwhqhfh d U,1
i qr wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq |d txh ho qlfr fdqglgdwr d wdo hud +5> i+5,,/ shur qr shuwhqhfh d od jufd
gh i + i +5, qr h{lvwh, dpq gh txh i%+{, qr fdpeld gh vljqr hq { @ 51
81:14
Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd=
Orv uhvxowdgrv gh frqfdylgdg hqxqfldgrv hq ho frurodulr dqwhulru qrv shuplwhq hq pxfkrv fdvrv fodvlfdu
udslgdphqwh orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv hq p{lpd orfdohv r pqlprv orfdohv phgldqwh or txh vxhoh oodpduvh
fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd
Hmhpsor 78< Gh xqd sodqfkd phwolfd gh 433 fp
5 pwv vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu grv wxerv gh 5 phwurv gh
odujr xqr frq vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo xqd flufxqihuhqfld | rwur vhfflq fxdgudgd BcFrpr vh gheh fruwdu od
sodqfkd d or odujr gh wdo irupd txh od vxpd gh orv yrophqhv lqwhulruhv vhd p{lpr1 BcFxdqgr hv pqlprB
Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh od sodqfkd vh fruwdq hq {fp 5pwv | +433 {, fp 5pwv/ frq od sulphud
kduhprv ho flolqgur gh udglr u/ hqwrqfhv 5u @ { | frq od vhjxqgd ho wxer frq vhfflq fxdgudgd/ hv ghflu/
fdgd odgr hv gh + 433 { ,fpv1
7
Ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hv
{
u5 5333fp6 @ + ,5 5333fp6
5
Ho yroxphq gho rwur wxer hv
433 { 5
, 5333fp6
7
69;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Od vxpd gh orv yrophqhv gh orv wxerv hq wuplqr gh { hv
{5 +433 {,5
.
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7
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;{ 533 . 5{
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Frpr g Y @ 833+ . 4 ,/ g Y +{3 , A 3> vh wlhqh gh hvwd irupd txh frq ho fruwh hq 433 vh rewlhqh grv
g{5
5
g{5
7.
wxerv fx|d vxpd gh orv yroxphqhv hv or pqlpr srvleoh gh rewhqhu1
Frpr qr vh rewxyr rwur sxqwr fuwlfr yld od ghulydgd/ ho r orv p{lprv ghehq hqfrqwuduvh hq od iurqwhud
gho lqwhuydor ^3> 433`1
d, Vl kdfhprv xq wxer floqgulfr { @ 4331
Y +433, @
8+43,9
833+433,5
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e, Vl vor kdfhprv xq wxer frq vhfflq fxdgudgd { @ 3
833+433,5
8+43,9
@
7
7
Frpr ? 7 vh wlhqh txh fxdqgr vor kdfhprv xq wxer floqgulfr rewhqhprv p{lpr yroxphq1
Y +3, @
Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud xqd yh} pv txh orv h{wuhprv vh exvfdq qr wdq vor grqgh od ghulydgd vh
dqxod/ vlqr txh wdpelq hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor fhuudgr grqgh od ixqflq hvw ghqlgd1
Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd=
Vhd i xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr43 ^d> e` | vxsrqjdprv txh hv ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ =
g5 i
gi
+, h{lvwh vh wlhqh
+, @ 3 , |
Vl 5 `d> e^ hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i +l1h1/ vx ghulydgd vh dqxod/
g{
g{5
5
g i
grv srvlelolgdghv ghshqglhqgr gho vljqr gh
+,
g{5
5
g i
+, A 3 vh frqfox|h txh hq kd| xq pqlpr uhodwlyr/ hvwh hv i +,
410 Vl
g{5
5
g i
510 Vl
+, ? 3 vh frqfox|h txh hq kd| xq p{lpr uhodwlyr/ hvwh hv i +,
g{5
g5 i
Frpr sxhghv qrwdu vl
+, @ 3> qr vh glfh qdgd/ srgud rfxuulu fxdotxlhu frvd frpr vh sxhghq yhu
g{5
hq odv ixqflrqhv
i+{, @ {6 hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr fhufd gho fhur qr wlhqh p{lpr ql pqlpr hq fhur/
i+{, @ {7 > wlhqh xq pqlpr hq fhur |
i+{, @
5{7 wlhqh xqd p{lpr hq fhur
Revhuydflq= Hvwr gh srqhu xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr hv vor sdud jdudqwl}du od h{lvwhqfld gh ydoruhv h{0
wuhprv/ shur ho whvw hv dsolfdeoh hq rwurv fdvrv |d txh vh gheh fxpsolu odv klswhvlv hq xqd yhflqgdg gho
sxqwr fuwlfr1
Uhfxhugh txh wdpelhq sxhgh kdehu p{lpr r pqlprv hq oxjduhv txh od ixqflq qr hv ghulydeoh/ dvl
phqrv vhu grv yhfhv ghulydeoh | hq hvh fdvr vor qrv txhgd ho whvw gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
43
Sru or wdqwr |d vdehprv txh hood wlhqh p{lpr | plqlpr
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
81:15
69<
Oplwh Lqqlwr
Frpr xq hohphqwr pv txh qrv shuplwlu judfdu i frq pd|ru suhflvlq hvwxglduhprv orv vljxlhqwhv wlsrv
gh oplwhv
4, olp{$4 i +{,
5, olp{$ 4 i +{,
6, olp{$d i+{, @ 4 7, olp{$d i +{, @ 4
Od ud}q gh hvwxgldu dsduwh hvwh wlsr gh oplwhv hq irupd vhsdudgd d orv rwurv vh gheh do khfkr txh .4
| 4 qr vrq qphurv uhdohv/ sru or wdqwr qr wlhqhq vhqwlgr odv h{suhvlrqhv 4. 4/ .4 4 | hq jhqhudo
rshudflrqhv txh hvwdq ghqlgd hqwuh qphurv uhdohv1 Sru or dqwhulru qr srghprv kdeodu gh yhflqgdg 4
frpr vh ghql dqwhulruphqwh |d txh gh khfkr qr kd| vxefrqmxqwrv gh U txh frqwhqjd d lqqlwr/ shur
sdud dpsoldu qxhvwud ghqlflq gh oplwhv d hvwh fdvr/ gdprv od ghqlflq vljxlhqwh1
Ghqlflq 8168 =
41 Wrgr lqwhuydor delhuwr gh od irupd `Q> 4^> Q 5 U hv xqd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr/ xqd yhflqgdg gh
hv fxdotxlhu lqwhuydor delhuwr gh od irupd ` 4> P ^> P 5 U
51 Gluhprv txh oplwh gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d lqqlwr hv O/ O 5 U1
Vl sdud wrgr yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr YQ wdo txh
i +YQ , YO> %
Lqwurgxflhqgr od qrwdflq dqwhulru/ qdwxudo gh hvwh fdvr/ h lqglfdqgr or txh vljqlfd odv yhflqgdghv
whqhprv
olp i+{, @ O +, +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+;{ 5 Grpi a { A Q , mi +{,
{$4
61 Gluhprv txh oplwh gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d phqrv lqqlwr hv O/ O 5 U1

Vl sdud wrgr yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh phqrv lqqlwr/ Y
Ghqlflq 8169
i+Y4>P , YO> %
Hv dv txh
Om ? %,
4>P / wdo txh
olp i +{, @ O +, +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+;{ 5 Grpi a { ? P , mi+{,

{$ 4
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4
Hmhpsor 793 Vl i+{, @ { vh wlhqh txh olp{$4 i+{, @ 31
Hvwd dupdflq hv yolgd sru od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd sxhvwr txh
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+
4
4
Gh hvwd irupd/ vl { A Q vh wlhqh { ? Q ? %/ oxhjr
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
4
? %,=
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+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+{ A Q ,
4
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4
Hmhpsor 794 Vl i+{, @ {n > n 4/ vh wlhqh txh olp{$4 i +{, @ 31
3m ? %,
4
4
Ghprvwudflq= Sdud { 5 ^4> 4^ vh wlhqh txh 3 ? {n ? { 1
4
Frpr olp{$4 3 @ 3> olp{$4 { @ 3/ vh wlhqh/ phgldqwh ho whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr +txh hv yolgr
4
wdpelq dtx, olp{$4 {n @ 3
Hmhpsor 795 Hq jhqhudo/ sdud 5 U vh wlhqh

olp
@ 3 vl n A 3
{$4 {n
6:3
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Revhuydflrqhv Lpsruwdqwhv
4, Wrgd ho dojheud gh oplwhv vh fxpsoh hq hvwh wlsr gh o plwhv

5, Ho Whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflq wdpelq
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4<1 +;{ 5 U, +{5 {7 ,

531 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . 6{5
7 @ 3j @
{
{
s
5
.8
541 Ho qpr gh i{ 5 U@ 5{{ A 4j hv 08
551 Ho vxsuhpr gho frqmxqwr D @ i4
{j
mq 5 Qj hv 31
73<
?3
743
DSSHQGL[ G1 SUREOHPDV PLVFHOQHRV SDUWH L

561 Vl orj{ +8, ? 4 hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh 8 ? {1
581 5 orj 5 . +4 .
, orj 6
orj8 {
4 hv ^6> 4^
orj8 +4@6,
s
orj + { 6 . 5:, @ 3/ od hfxdflq dqwhulru qr wlhqh vroxflq srvlwlyd
591 Vl orjd e @ 6 | orjd f @ 5 hqwrqfhv orjf e5 @ 6 | ef @ d8
5:1 i{ 5 Um
5{
4
A 4j @ i{ 5 Um 4 A orj5 +{,j
5
5;1 Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U. i4j vh wlhqh orje +d5 , orje +d6 ,1
s
5<1 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . {5 9 @ 3j @ 5
orj +{,
631 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d5 ,,

641 Od lqhfxdflq
orj4@5 +d{5 . 4, ? orj4@5 +d,
wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr vroxflq wrgrv orv uhdohv vl | vor vl d 5`3> 4^
651 +;e 5 U.
i4j, +orje +{, 4 , { e,
661 Vl i hv lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh

s
671 Vhd i+{, @ {5 4 > j+{, @ { . 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U
681 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d6 ,,

691 +;e 5 U.
4
i4j, +orje + { , 4 , 4 {e,
6:1 Vl i hv el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh

s
6;1 Vhd i+{, @ {5 . 4> j+{, @ { 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U
6<1 Ho ydoru pqlpr gh od ixqflq i+{, @ {+{
6, hv
<@7
731 Vhd i = G
$ ^6> 4^
{ : $ h { 4
hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv ^ oq+7,> 4^
s
741 Vhdq i +{, @ 5 { > j+{, @ oq+{5 . <, ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh od ixqflq
j i hv ` 4> 44^1
751 Vl i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
761 Od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq orj{ +{ . 4@5, ? 4 hv ydfr1
771 Vl i +{, @ oq+{ . 7, | j+{, @ h{ . 6 vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv +j i ,+{, @ { . : | vx grplqlr hv U
LL1 Frpsohwdflq=

s
{ 5
m{ 5m m4

s
{ 5
m6 {m m{
61 Od lqhfxdflq
{m
5m
4
6 + ,8{.5
6
wlhqh frpr vroxflq d orv U vl d 51111111111111
3 hv1111111111111111111
3 hv 111111111111111
{
<d{
5{
744
u
81 Od lqhfxdflq
4
m{
5{ . 4
{5
4m hv11111111111111
8{.5.{5
5
4
6
<d{
6
5{
wlhqh frpr vroxflq d orv U vl d 511111111111111111111111
4m6 + m{ 5m,
m{5 . 5m
m{
A 3 hv 111111111111111
:1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
+{5 . :{ . 43,+{5
m{ . 6m
6{ . 7,
? 3 hv 11111111111111111111
;1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq

u
{5
<1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq

u
6
4
hv 111111111111111111111
9{ . <
7
4
4 hv 1111111111111
{ . 7{ . 7
5
431 Vhdq d 5 U 5 U. ho frqmxqwr i{ 5 U m m{
dm ? j hv ho lqwhuydor 11111111111111111
441 Vl { 5 U. > | 5 111111111111111111 } 5 U hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd

}
}

{|
{
451 Od sursrvlflq
+ . 4,{5
hv yhugdghud vl | vor vl 5111111111111111
461 Od sduerod {5 5{ d| 5d.| @
7{ . +
4, A 3 +;{ 5 U,
6/ frq fhqwur hq +4> 5, vh deuh kdfld duuled vvl d 51111111111111
471 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh od holsvh 5{5

d od uhfwd 5{ . 6| @ 4 hv 11111111111111
481 Od uhodflq {5
|5
7{ . 6| 5 . 9| @
7 | hv sdudohod
7{ . 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 1111111111111 frq fhqwur hq 11111111111111
491 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwrv hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7| 5 @ 971
Hqwrqfhv od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gho uhfwqjxor hq ixqflrq gh } hv= 11111111111111111
745
4:1 Od uhodflq {5
5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 111111111111111 frq fhqwur hq1111111111111

s
4;1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i+{, @ orj+{5 9, 4 hv 1111111111111
s
4<1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i+{, @ orj+{5 4, 4 hv 1111111111111111
531 Vhd i = G $ ^h
| 5 . 7{
4
> h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5:h ,6{ 4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv 111111111111
541 Vhd i +{, @ orj + {, | j+{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo
txh ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydfr hv 11111111111111111
s
551 Vhd i+{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j+{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh j i hv 111111111
561 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq
s
s
4
4 {5
i +{, @
5
{
hv 11111111111111111111
5
571 Od uhodflq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111

5
{ >{ ? 3
{ >{ ? 4
hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111
581 Vhd i+{, @
| j+{, @ s
{ >{ 4
5{ > { 3
591 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru

s
{.4 { ?3
{ 4 4{8
i+{, @
j+{, @
{.5 { 3
{.:
{A8
+d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111
+e, Ho Grplqlr gh j i hv 1111111111111111

+f, +j i ,+{, @
5:1 Grv wxehudv wdugdq 9 krudv hq oohqdu xqd slvflqd1 Xqd vrod od oohqdud 8 krudv pv gh sulvd
txh od rwud1 Hqwrqfhv fdgd wxehu d wdugdud lqglylgxdophqwh hq oohqdu od slvflqd 111111111111111 |
1111111111111111 uhvshfwlydphqwh
5;1 Vhd i = `3> 4^ i 4j
$
U
{
: $ {4 4 . 6
hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr hv 111111111111111
G141 UHVSXHVWDV D ORV HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV
746
5<1 Vhd i = U
i4j
$ U i 4j
{.4
{
: $
4 {
xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i 4 +{, hv ljxdo d 1111111111111111
631 Od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq
frqr gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ frpr hq od jxud/ hv i+k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv
11111111111111111
641 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{> |, @
G14
oq+4
{.|
|,
hv ho frqmxqwr 1111111111111 fx|d jufd hv 11111111111
Uhvsxhvwdv d orv Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv
Vroxflrqhv gh od vhfflq 41814

41

4 3
+d, Idovr1 +
,
4 4
4 3
+f, Idovr1 +
,
5 4

3 3
+h, Idovr1 +
,
3 4

4 3
+e, Yhugdghur1 +
,
3 4

3 3
+g, Idovr1 +
,
3 4
3 3
+i, Idovr1 +
,
4 4

41 < shuvrqdv1
51 Ho suhflr gho sulphu | gho vhjxqgr yroxphq hv gh ' 6=333 1

61 6 phwurv | 9 phwurv/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1
71 Ho sulphu vdfr wlhqh ;3 nlorjudprv | ho vhjxqgr 93 nlorjudprv1

81 Ho shglgr vh frpsohwdu hq 5: gdv1
91 4: nlorjudprv gh freuh | : nlorjudprv gh }lqf1

:1 Ho qphur exvfdgr hv 971
;1 Ho qphur exvfdgr hv 571
<1 Od yhorflgdg gho sulphu wuhq hv gh 83 np2k | od gho vhjxqgr 73 np2k1
431 54 np1
441 Od yhorflgdg gho flfolvwd hv gh 45 np2k | od gho frfkh 63 np2k1

451 < krudv ghvsxv gh od vdolgd gho wuhq uslgr1
461 Od yhorflgdg gho sulphu flfolvwd hv gh 47 np2k/ | od gho vhjxqgr 4; np2k> ho sulphur hvw d 6 krudv
gho hqfxhqwur hq od fduuhwhud/ ho vhjxqgr/ 5 krudv1
471
<
7
olwurv sru plqxwr> 6 olwurv sru plqxwr1
481 Ho sulphu wudedmdgru wdugdu 47 gdv/ ho vhjxqgr 44 gdv hq uhdol}du lqglylgxdophqwh ho wudedmr1
491 Od sulphud ptxlqd shuirud 5 phwurv gh wqho sru gd/ | od vhjxqgd
6
5
phwurv sru gd1
4:1 Od sulphud fxdgulood sxhgh uhdol}du od uhsdudflq frpsohwd hq 43 gdv/ | od vhjxqgd hq 48 gdv1
4;1 Ho sulphu reuhur sxhgh kdfhu o vror ho wudedmr hq 45 krudv> ho vhjxqgr/ hq 57 krudv1
4<1 Od sulphud wxehud oohqd od slvflqd hq 43 krudv> od vhjxqgd/ hq 48 krudv1
747
531 Od uxhgd pd|ru gd 533 usp | od phqru 933 usp1
541 Ho sulphu prwru frqvxph 93 judprv gh frpexvwleoh sru krud> ho vhjxqgr/ 7; judprv gh frpexvwleoh
sru krud1
551 Od jud gh pd|ru srwhqfld ghprud 57 krudv hq uhdol}du vrod ho wudedmr frpsohwr/ plhqwudv txh od gh
phqru srwhqfld ghprud 69 krudv1
561 Od dowxud hv k 68> 89fp vx udglr u 4<> 4<fp | ho yroxphq hv Y 46=:4 olwurv1
41 S4 +{> |, @ +5> 3, S5 +{> |, @ +3> 5,

51 S4 +{> |> }, @ +5> 5> 5,
61 S4 +{> |, @ +6> 4, S5 +{> |, @ +4> 6,
71 S4 +{> |, @ +7> 6, S5 +{> |, @ + 7> 6,
81 S4 +{> |> , @ +3> 4> 4, S5 +{> |> , @ +

91 S4 +{> |> , @ +
S6 +{> |> , @ +
6
7
>
:
49
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7
s s 4
s
> 5> 4 , S5 +{> |> , @ + 55 >
7
7
s5 s 4
s55> s, 4
> 5> 7 , S7 +{> |> , @ + 5 >
5> 7 ,
5
:1 S @ + 4 > 4 > 4 > 4 ,

6 6 6 <
;1 S @ +7> 7> 7> 4,

s
s s
s
<1 V @ i+ 6> 6> ,> +
6>
6> , = 5 Uj
431 S4 +{> |> }> , @ + 6 > 5>

5
8
5
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5
8
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441 S4 +{> |> }> , @ +4> 4> 3> 5, S5 +{> |> }> , @ + 4> 4> 3> 5,
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s
s
s
s
451 S4 +{> |> }> , @ + s
8@6> 8@6> 8@6> 8@45,
s
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s
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8@6>
8@45,
S5 +{> |> }> , @ +
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41 +d,
+f,
+h,
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51
+d,
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I dovr=+{ @ 4> | @ 5,>

+e, I dovr=+{ @ 5> | @ 4,
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Y hugdghur=
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Y hugdghur=
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I dovr=+U 9@ U i5j,>
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Yhugdghur1
Idovr1
Idovr1
Idovr1
+e,
+h,
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Yhugdghur1
Yhugdghur1
Yhugdghur1
61 +d, ^ 4> 3` ^ ^4> 4^1 +e, ^3> 4`1
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Idovr1
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i3j,1
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748
71 +d, V @` 4@6> s
4^1 +e, Vs
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V @ ^3> 4^1
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V @` 4> 9@46^ i3j +q, V @ ^ 4 5 :6 > 5` ^ ^4> 6` +r, V @ ^5> 657` +s, V @ !1 +t, V @ i4j +u,
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s s
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81 +d, V @ !1 +e, V @ i4j1 +f, V @ i4
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s s
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91 D|xgd= Hvfulelu frpr hfxdflq gh vhjxqgr judgr | txh ho glvfulplqdqwh hv xqd vxpd gh fxdgudgr
+s t,5 | 7d5 1
:1 ^ 4; 43 ;7 > 4^
;1 +d, p @ :1 +e, p @ 5<@:1
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781
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s
6 44 +h, `8> 4^1
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441 +d, Vxsuhpr= 9 <> 4> 9 <> 4> 9 <1 Lqpr= 04 / 3/ 04/ 3 / 04
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451 +d, vxs D @
:@6 +e, ! +f,
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vxshulru gh D1
471 Q qr hv dfrwdgr | Q ]1
5q
481 D|xgd= +l, Frqvlghuh q.6
+Surs1 Dutxlphgldqd,1
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@ 5 oxhjr 5 hv frwd vxshulru1 +ll, +; A 3,+<Q 5 Q, wdo txh
491 D|xgd= +l, {q 3> ;q oxhjr 3 hv frwd lqihulru1 +ll, Sru Dutxphghv <Q wdo txh
4:1 D|xgd=
5q .6
4.5q
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q | frpr Q qr hv dfrwdgr hqwrqfhv D wdpsrfr or hv1
Vroxflrqhv gh od vhfflq 51:14

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541 Od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq orj{ +{ . 4@5, ? 4 hv ydflr1

551 Vl i+{, @ oq+{ . 7, | j+{, @ h{ . 6 vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv +j i ,+{, @ { . : | vx grplqlr hv U
561 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv el|hfwlydv hqwrqfhv ho surgxfwr i j hv el|hfwlyd

571 Vl A 3/ od ixqflq i +{, @ oq+{5 . 4, wlhqh pqlpr devroxwr1
LL Frpsohwdflq=
41 Od uhfwd | @ 8{ . e qr lqwhuvhfwd d od sduerod | @ 5{5

51 Od sduerod {5
d 51111111111111
5{
d|
5d . | @
5{ . 6 vl e 51111111111111
6/ frq fhqwur hq +4> 5, vh deuh kdfld duuled vl | vor vl
61 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh od holsvh 5{5

od uhfwd 5{ . 6| @ 4 hv 11111111111111
71 Od uhodflq {5
|5
7{ . 6|5 . 9| @
7 | hv sdudohod d
7{ . 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 1111111111111 frq yuwlfh hq 11111111111111
77:
81 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwr hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7|5 @ 971 Hqwrqfhv
od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gho uhfwqjxor hq ixqflq gh { hv= 11111111111111111
{
91 Od uhodflq {5
|5 . 7{
5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 111111111111111 frq fhqwur hq1111111111111
:1 Sdud d 511111111| e 5 111111111111 od ixqflq +sduerod, i+{, @ {5 . d{ . e hv ghfuhflhqwh hq ^5> 4^

s
;1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ orj+{5 9, 4 hv 1111111111111
s
<1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ orj+{5 4, 4 hv 1111111111111111
431 Od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
orj4@6 +m{m 5,
orj< +6,
orj4@6 7
hv 111111111111111
441 Vl od ixqflq i vh ghqh frpr

5> 4^ i7j
$
{
: $
i= `
hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflq i hv 1111111111111
451 Vhd i = G $ ^h
4
> h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5:h ,6{
m{m
hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv 111111111111
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj + {, | j+{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo txh
ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydflr hv 11111111111111111
s
471 Vhd i+{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j+{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh j i hv 111111111
481 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq
hv 11111111111111111111
491 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq i +{, @
e 5 111111111111111
i +{, @

s
4
{5
d{5 . 4 { 3
hqwrqfhv i hv lq|hfwlyd vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 |
{5 . e { ? 3
4:1 Od uhodflq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111

5
{ >{ ? 3
{ >{ ? 4
s
4;1 Vhd i+{, @
| j+{, @
hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111
5{ > { 3
{ >{ 4
s
4<1 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv { wdo txh i+{, @ +{ . 5,+{ 6, wlhqh xq ydoru pqlpr hv 1111111111111111
77;
531 Vhd i = `3> 4^ i 4j

$
{
: $
541 Vhd i = U
hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr hv 111111111111111

U
.6
{ 4
4
i4j
$ U i 4j xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i
{.4
{
: $
4 {
+{, hv ljxdo d 1111111111111111
551 od ixqflq i+{, @ 5{ m{m ghqlgd hq ^ 5> 8` wlhqh xq p{lpr devroxwr hq { @11111111111 | xq ydoru
pqlpr devroxwr ljxdo d 11111111111
561 Od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq frqr
gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ hv i +k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv 11111111111111111
571 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i+{> |, @
{ |, hv ho frqmxqwr 1111111111111
{.|
| od jufd gh hvwh frqmxqwr hv 11111111111
581 Vl i+{, @ h
oq+4
s {5
1
4
+d, i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111
+e, i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111

+f, i dofdq}d vx ydoru p{lpr hq 11111111111111
+g, Ho ydoru pqlpr gh i hv 111111111111111
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd irupd xq uhfwqjxor gh 73 slhv gh odujr | 53 slhv gh dqfkr1 Vx surixqglgdg
dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 6 d : slhv hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 57 slhv | ghvsxv frqwlqd do plvpr
qlyho orv uhvwdqwhv 48 slhv/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud/ od fxdo pxhvwud xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Vl od
slvflqd vh hvw ydfldqgr/ dofdq}dqgr xq qlyho k hq ho odgr pv surixqgr1 Ghwhuplqh ho yroxphq Y +k,
gho djxd hq ixqflq gh od dowxud k/ hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr1
51 Od frpsdld gh duulhqgr gh dxwrv Mlphqh}%/ duulhqgd fkhyhwwh d ' 431833 sru gd | 73 shvrv sru
nlophwur uhfruulgr/ plhqwudv txh od frpsdld Dudqfleld% duulhqgd ho plvpr wlsr gh dxwr d ' ;<33
sru gd | d 93 shvrv sru nlophwur1
+d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur gh nlorphwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gd/ hqfxhqwuh od ixqflq FD +{,txh
uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu xq fkhyhwwh hq od frpsdld Dudqfleld% hq hvh gd1
+e, Fxdqwrv nlorphwurv vh gheh uhfruuhu hq ho gd sdud txh ph frqyhqjd duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od
frpsdld Mlphqh}%1
61 Uhvroyhu od vljxlhqwh lqhfxdflq
71 Ghwhuplqh ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq
Fdswxor 6
orj6{ +<{, . orj6 +{6 , 5

i = GU
$ ^5> 4^
{
: $ m{.5m
{ 4
41 Vl olpq$4 dq @ O hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq vhq q h{lvwh1
q
51 Vl idq j hv xqd vxfhvlq ghfuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq h{lvwh
77<
61 Od vxfhvlq idq j hv frqyhujhqwh grqgh
6
q > q 5333
d, dq @
4
q > q A 5333
s
71 Od vxfhvlq idq j @ i+ q . 4
LL Frpsohwdflq=
s s
q, q . 6j frqyhujh d 4@5
41 Ho ydoru gho oplwh
olp
q$4
hv 11111111111111111
51 Vhd dq @ 6 {5q hqwrqfhv

q
q
vvl { 5 111111111111111
61 Ho ydoru gho oplwh hv

71 Ho oplwh
e, dq @
olp
q$4
> q A 5333
> q 5333
6q
. s
7
49q7 . 8

5q
5q . frv+q$,
s
hv 111111111111111
.
6
5q.4 . 4
q6 . 8
81 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olpq$4
vhq +q,.+
91 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olpq$4
4,
+ 5,q . frv+q,
@ ==============
6q . 7
q .86q.4
q.8q
mvhq
q 7.8q
<
q
q6

dq.4
?4
olp
q$4 dq
olp
q$4
5+q.4,
q 5
q.4
q ,m
+<
hv 1111111111111111111
hv 1111111111111111111
5q
4
:1 Vhd i+{, @ olpq$4 {5q .4 / hqwrqfhv ho jufr gh i hv 1111111111
{
;1 Ho oplwh
+
olp h q6
q$4
q5 .4 ,
4
@ ============
q hv 111111111111
s
s
<q5 . 8,, hv 111111111111
431 Ho oplwh olpq$4 +q+ <q5 . 6
q
441 Vhd dq @ q$+{ q4, hqwrqfhv
q

dq.4
?4
olp
q$4 dq
vl | vor vl { 5111111111111111111111
<1 Ho oplwh olpq$4
vhq +q,
451 Ho ydoru gho oplwh vljxlhqwh

hv 111111111111111
s
6
;q6 . 5q frv +4@q,
olp
. q
q$4
q
7 .8
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Vhd
i = `4> 4^
$
U
s
{
: $ orj8 + {
4,
j= U
i3j
$
{
: $
{
{
783

+d, Ghwhuplqh vl i hv el|hfwlyd + vl qr or hv uhvwulqjlu i gh prgr txh or vhd, | hqfxhqwuh i
+hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr,
+e, Ghwhuplqh od ixqflq j i +hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr,

+f, Fdofxoh orv vljxlhqwhv oplwhv +vl h{lvwhq,
olp +j i,+{,
{$5
olp j+q,
q$4
Fdswxor 7
41 Vhd i +{, xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq U | i+q, @ q5 / dghpv/ vhd
olp j+{, @ 8>
{$+4@5,
hqwrqfhv vh sxhgh ghflu txh

51 Ho ydoru gh olpq$4
5q.4
olp +i j,+{, @ 8=
{$+4@5,.
@q, hv 5 1
8
frv+4
q .8 7q
4
61 olpq$4 +q5 . 8q,vhq+ q5 .8q , @ 4
+{,
71 Vhd i | j ixqflrqhv1 Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{, qr h{lvwh1
j
81
olp
{$6
91 Ho oplwh olp{$8@5 ^6{` h{lvwh1
:1 Ho oplwh olp{$3
m{
7m
qr h{lvwh
@{, hv 4
{
;1 Ho oplwh olp{$ vhq +, , hv 4
+{

<1 Ho oplwh olp{$ vhq +{ , , hv 4
+{
vhq +4@{,
+4

431 Sdud ghprvwudu txh olp{$5 {5 @ 7> gdgr srvlwlyr/ edvwd wrpdu @ m{.5m / dvl vh wlhqh m{
m{5 7m ? 1
441 Vhd
6{ . :
{
{5 .8{.7 { ?
5 4
{
Ghwhuplqh ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh od vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv
i +{, @
+d, olp{$ 4 i+{, @ 7

+e, olp{$4 i+{, @ 7
+f, i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr U
451 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$4 vhq +{, hv

{ 4
4
4
4
461 Ho oplwh olp{$3 vhq5 { oq+ {5 , qr h{lvwh1
471 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv1
Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{,j+{, qr h{lvwh1
5m ? ,
784
481 olp{$
vhq +6{,
vhq +5{,
@ olp{$3
vhq +6{,
vhq +5{,
4
491 olp{$3 vhq+ { . , qr h{lvwh1
4:1 olp{$d i | olp{$d j qr h{lvwhq/ hqwrqfhv olp{$d + i , qr h{lvwh 1

j
4;1 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$
^{`m{ . 7m hv 31
4<1 Vl oplwh gh i fxdqgr { $ d h{lvwh | oplwh gh j fxdqgr { $ d qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv olp{$d +i . j, qr

h{lvwh1
531 Wrgdv odv ixqflrqhv vljxlhqwhv vrq frqwlqxdv hq K

s
+d, i +{, @ {> K @ U. i4j
5
4
+e, i +{, @ { .4 > K @ U i 4j1
{

6
{4
> K @ U.
+f, i +{, @
vhq +{,
{?4
{
+
vhq +4@+{ 4,, { 9@ 4
4@+{ 4,
541 Od ixqflq i +{, @
hv frqwlqxd hq 41

{@4
LL Frpsohwdflq=
41 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$7 +{

51 Ho oplwh olp{$8
8,
7, frv+
vhq 6+{
4.frw5 +
{, hv 111111111111
vhq +{,
8,
{5
8,
43 .58
hv 111111111111
sd{ mdm
5 > d ? 3 hv 111111111111
61 Ho oplwh olp{$d d{ d
71 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$3
{, hv 11111111111111111
4.frw5 +
81 Orv ydoruhv gh D | E wdo txh od ixqflq
;
?
vhq 5+{
4,
{ 4
i +{, @
D{5 . 5
=
E{ . 8
>{ A 4
>{ @ 4
>{ ? 4
uhvxowd frqwlqxd hq wrgrv orv uhdohv vrq D 5 1111111111111 E 5 11111111
91 Vhd
i+{, @
{6 .5:
{3
{5 <
6 frv+{ . , { A 3
Ghqlgd hq xq grqlplr dsursldgr/ vxefrqmxqwr gh U
+d, Ho p{lpr grplqlr gh frqwlqxlgdg gh i hv 111111111
+e, i wlhqh glvfrqwlqxlgdg uhsdudeohv hq orv sxqwrv 111111111
+f, Ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv hq txh i wlhqh glvfrqwlqxlgdg luuhsdudeohv hv 111111111111111
s mem
5 / frq e ? 3/ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gho oplwh gh i +{, fxdqgr { wlhqgh d e
:1 Vhd i+{, @ {{
;
?
;1 Vhd i+{, @
=
hv 111111111111
6{5 . 8 { A 4
{ . 5 { @ 4
Hqwrqfhv orv ydoruhv gh | txh shuplwhq txh od ixqflq i +{,
46{ . { ? 4
vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vrq @11111111111 | @ 111111111111
785
<1 Orv ydoruhv gh D / E txh shuplwhq txh
> {A4
5D{ . {5
E+{ 4, . 8 > { @ 4
i+{, @
=
8{ . E
> {?4
vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vrq 11111111111111
431 Vhd d 5 U wdo txh
;
?
; d+4 {5 ,
? vhq {
i +{, @
=
{.d
od ixqflq i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vvl d @ ====================
441 Vhdq d> e 5 U wdo txh
i+{, @
;
A
?
A
=
vhq +d{,
3?{?4
{4
vhq +e{,
{5 d5
{ d
i vhu frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vvl d @ ==========> e @ ===========
{?3
{@3
{ A 3> { 9@ d
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
;
4 frv+{@6,
>{ ? 3
A
{
A
A
A
?
5{ . 5d . 4 > { @ 3 grqgh d> e vrq qphurv uhdohv mrv=
41 i+{, @
A
A
A s
A
= d {5 .{6
.e >{ A 3
{
+d, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq 31
+e, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i hq 31

+f, Fdofxoh orv oplwh odwhudohv gh i hq 041
+g, Hqfxhqwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e/ sdud txh i +{, vhd frqwlqxd hq 04

+h, Hqfxhqwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e/ sdud txh i +{, vhd frqwlqxd hq 3
Fdswxor 8
41 Vl j qr hv ghulydeoh hq d shur frqwlqxd hq d | i hv ghulydeoh hq d hqwrqfhv ho surgxfwr i j qr hv

ghulydeoh hq d1
51 Vhdq A 3/ od ixqflq i +{, @ h{ wlhqh vor xq p{lpr hq orv uhdohv1

5
61 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd ghqlgd lpsoflwdphqwh sru

hq ho sxqwr +4@5> 3, hv 5{
| @ dufvhq+{|,
5| @ 41
71 Od ixqflq i+{, @ +{ 4,5@6 qr wlhqh pqlpr

s
81 Od ixqflq i+{, @ { 5 qr wlhqh p{lpr | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
91 Vl j+{, @ vhf+8{, . { | i 3 +{, @ 6h5{ hqwrqfhv +i j,3 +3, @ 6h5
786
:1 Vl od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh od edvh gh xq wulqjxor hv gh 6 p2vhj | od dowxud 7 p2vhj/ hqwrqfhv
od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh vx uhd hq ho lqvwdqwh txh fxdqgr vx edvh hv gh 45 phwurv | vx dowxud
gh 53 phwurv hv gh 87 p5 2vhj
;1 Wrgd ixqflq dfrwdgd wlhqh h{wuhprv

s
<1 Od ixqflq i +{, @ 7 4 { qr wlhqh h{wuhpr1
LL Frpsohwdflq=
41 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru

{.4 {?3
i+{, @
{.5 {3
j+{, @
+d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111
+e, Ho Grplqlr gh j i hv 1111111111111111

+f, +j i ,+{, @
s
{ 4 4{8
{.:
{A8
+g, Od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq j i hq ho sxqwr 5 hv 11111111111
51 Vl i +{, @
s
6
4 d{ { 3
vhq{ . e { A 3
+d, i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 | e 5 111111111111111
+e, i hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 | e 5 111111111111111
61 Ho ydoru gho oplwh
olp +frv {,fvf { hv 11111111111111111111

{$3
71
81 Frqvlghuh j+{, @
olp +{5 . frv +5{,,

{$3
vhf
s { . wdq { 3 ? { ? @5
{ @5
{ @5
{ hv===========
fvf +6 ,
ho ydoru gho oplwh
olp +h+@5 {, wdq+{, . j+{,,hv 111111111

{$@5
5
91 Vl i 3 +{, @ h / j+{, @ frv+ 5 , hqwrqfhv +i j,3 +3, @111111111111111
7{
:1 Vl
hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 111111111111111
; 6
A { . oq+{, { A 4
A
A
A
?
5{ . 4
{@4
i +{, @
A
A
A
A
=
frv+5{,
{?4
6
s
s{ +
;1 Od ghulydgd gh j+{, @ + {,frv { . dufvhq7 { , hv j3 +{, @11111111111111111111
6
hqwrqfhv
787
<1 Vl
;
A 5{ frv +{,
A
A
A
?
6{
i +{, @
A
A
A s
A
=
{6 . 7{5
hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 111111111111111
431 Od ghulydgd gh
i +{, @
hv 11111111111111
441 Od ghulydgd gh
{?3
{@3
{A3
5
6 vhf +{, h{
orj8 +{6 . 4,
i +{, @ vhq+{5 . 4,dufwdq+{.5,
hv 1111111111111111
451 Od ghulydgd gh
i +{, @
vhq+{
{ 5
5, { A 5
{4
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj6 { hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr gh od ghulydgd gh i +{, hv Grpi 3 @ 111111111111111
gi
471 Vhd i xqd ixqflq frq ghulydgd g{ @ 5{ . 4 | j+{, @ frv5 { . vhq{/ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gh +i j,3 +,
hv 11111111111111111111
s
481 Vhd K+{, @ 6 i +hd{ oq+{,,/ frq i +{, xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq U/ hqwrqfhv K 3 +{, hq U. hv 1111111111111111
491 Vhd i +{, @ +{5 . 4,vhq +{, / hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, hv 11111111111

{.d {A3
4:1 Vhd i +{, @
hqwrqfhv ho ydoru d txh kdfh ghulydeoh od ixqflq i hq @7 hv
vhq+{, { 3
111111111111111
4;1 Vhd i +{,@ +{5 . 47,dufvhq +{
.4,
gi
hqwrqfhv g{ m{@4 @
6
4<1 Vhd i +{, @ +vhq+{7 . ,, { .8 sdud { 5`
5
531 Od ghulydgd gh | @ +{5{ ,6{ frq { 5 U.
541 Vhd i +{, od ixqflq ghqlgd sru=
gi
@;> @;^ hqwrqfhv g{ hv ljxdo d111111111111111
i4j hv 1111111111
i +{, @
Dvhq +{,
{
{6 . E
{A
{
Od ixqflq hv ghulydeoh hq vl orv ydoruhv gh D | E vrq 1111111111111
551 Vhd d 5 U > e> f 5 U
;
s 6
, . 5d{
? +{
f s
i+{, @
=
frv+ +{7 . 5 ,@5, . e{
d
s
{ ? s
{@
s
{A
s
sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f111111111111111
s
+e, i hv ghulydeoh hq sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f 111111111111111
; 6
{A3
? {
vhq+{, { @ 3
561 Vhd i +{, @
hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh i hv 11111111111111111111111
=
{?3
7{5
+d, i hv frqwlqxd hq
788
571 Vhd 6{5 | 5 . wdq+| 6 , @ 4/ hqwrqfhv hq xq frqmxqwr dsursldgr od ghulydgd gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hv=
g|
g{ @1111111111111
581 Gdgd od uhodflq vhq+ frv+{6 , . | 5 7, @

7
gi
hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh g{ m{@3 hv1111111111
591 Vhd K+{, @ {I 4 +{,
K 3 +{, @1111111111111
frv+I
hood ghqh fhufd gho fhur xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh i /
+{,,/ frq I 3 +{, 9@ 3 sdud wrgr { hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh K+{, hv
5:1 Orv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor gh shuphwur pqlpr frq uhd md D/ dv frpr wdpelq md vx edvh e vrq
1111111111111111
5;1 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh od ixqflq gdgd sdudphwulfdphqwh sru

{ @ 6+w 4,5 . 8
| @ 9w6 vhq+w, > w 5 U
hq ho sxqwr +;> 3, hv 1111111111111111
5<1 Od ixqflq i +{, @ +{5
4,7 hv fuhflhqwh hq ho vljxlhqwh frqmxqwrv 1111111111111111
631 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd { oq | . | 5 @ vhq+{|, hq +@5> 4, hv 11111111111111111

s
641 Od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i+{, @ { . 5 hq ho sxqwr +4> 6, hv1111111111111
651 Od ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq i +{, hv i 3 +{, @ 6{ . :vhq+{

+i 4 ,3 +5, @111111111111111
661 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+6{, frv+5{, . 4/ frq { 5`
4
sxqwr 4/ hv ghflu/ gi +4, hv 1111111111111111
g{
4,+{
5, . ; | i +4, @ 5> i+5, @ 6 hqwrqfhv
@;> @;^/ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd hq ho
671 vhd i +{, @ 5vhq+{, frv+{,> { 5`@7> 6@7^ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd hq ho sxqwr
4
3/+ gi +3,, hv 111111111111111111
g{
681 Ho oplwh
hv 111111111111111111
4
olp + ,wdq+{,
{$3. {
691 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$3 +4 . 6{,+4@5{, hv 1111111111

6:1 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$4 +4
{,frv+{@5, hv 11111111111111
6;1 Gdgd od fxuyd {| . | 6 {5 @ 4 hq irupd lpsoflwd1 Fxdqwrv sxqwrv gh od ixqflq | @ i +{, wlhqh uhfwd
wdqjhqwh sdudohod d hmh { 111111111111111
6<1 Xq mduglq hv glvhdgr frq od irupd gh xq vhfwru flufxodu gh qjxor | udglr u frpr hq od jxud1 Ho
mduglqhur fxhqwd frq vhploodv vhpeudu Dp5 1 Sdud ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho mdugq gh wdo irupd
txh vh jdvwh or phqrv srvleoh hq fhufdor hqwrqfhv od ixqflq d pqlpl}du hq od yduldeoh u hv 111111111111111
731 Ho uhfwqjxor DEFG gh uhd p{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od jufd gh | @ {6 / ho hmh R[ +xq odgr vreuh
hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 5 wlhqh uhd ljxdo d 11111111111111
741 Ho uhfwqjxor DEFG gh uhd p{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od sduerod | @ 7{5 / ho hmh R[ +xqr gh orv odgrv
hq hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 9 wlhqh uhd ljxdo d 111111111111111
751 Vhd s+{, @ {6 . d{5 . e{ . f xq srolqrplr frq frhflhqwhv d> e| f/ hqwrqfhv s+{, wlhqh xq p{lpr
orfdo hq { @ 4 | xq pqlpr orfdo hq { @ 6 vl vxv frhflhqwhv vrq ljxdohv d 11111111111111111111
789
761 Grv wuhqhv vh dohmdq gh xq fuxfh txh irupd xq qjxor gh <3 d yhorflgdghv gh 493np@k | 453np@k1
Fxdqgr ho sulphu wuhq hvwd d ;3np gho fuxfh hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg frq txh vh hvwdq dohmdqgr orv
wuhqhv hv gh 111111111111111
+
771 Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv gh i +{, @ {{.5,vhq { vrq +hv, 1111111111111111
6 {5 9{
781 Orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq gh | @ oq+ { {.4 , vrq 111111111

5
5
791 Od jufd gh i+{, @ {5 wlhqh lqqlwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv +xqd sru fdgd sxqwr,1 Grv gh hvwd uhfwdv
wdqjhqwh sdvd sru ho sxqwr +4> 3,/ xqd gh hood hv od wdqjhqwh d rwur sxqwr1 Ho sxqwr hv 11111111111
7:1 Od jufd gh od ixqflq i +{, @ +{5
4,7 wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq hq 1111111111111
4,7 hv 11111111111111111111
7;1 Od jufd gh i +{, @ +{5
{5
{5
7<1 Vhd i +{, @ {5 4 > i 3 +{, @ +{5 5{ 5 > i%+{, @ 5+65 .4, hqwrqfhv
4,
+{
4,6
+d, i hv fuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111
+e, i hv frqfdyd +kdfld duuled, hq 1111111111111

+f, i wlhqh dvqwrwd yhuwlfdo hq 111111111111
+g, i wlhqh dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo hq 1111111111111

831 Odv dvqwrwdv gh | @
{
s{55
vrq 1111111111
841 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i+{, ghqlgd lpsolflwdphqwh sru od uhodflq
wdq+{|7 ,
hq +3> 4, hv 1111111111
s
5 oq+ |, @ 3
851 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd +5{ . 6|,5
+6{
861 Od ixqflq i+{, @ { hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq 11111111111111111
5|,5 @ 57 hq +4> 4, hv 11111111111111111
871 Od ixqflq | @ +vhq{,5 . { ghqlgd hq ^3> ` wlhqh xq p{lpr hq { @ 111111111111111111111
881 Od ixqflq i+{, @ {5 h{ hv hvwulfwdphqw ghfuhflhqwh vor hq ho lqwhuydor 1111111111111
891 Od yhorflgdg gh ghvydorul}dflq gh xq htxlsr sru ho xvr gho plvpr hv sursruflrqdo hq fdgd prphqwr
d vx frvwr uhdo |1 Od h{suhvlq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho hqxqfldgr dqwhulru grqgh n hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd
| w hv ho wlhpsr hv 1111111111111
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Ghulyh
l, | @
s
6
{5 wdq+{5 ,
51 Fdofxodu odv ghulydgd gh
ll, | @ oq+duffrv+6{,,
orj{ +43, 43vlq+{, .
61 Xwlolfh od hfxdflq gho Rydor gh Fdvvlql1
g|
+d, Hqfxhqwuh g{
lll, | @ orj{5 +6{,
6{ . dufvlq +frv +{5 ,,

s
wdq +frv :{, . {
+{5 . |5 . 7,5
49{5 @ 69>
78:
+e, Bc Vh s
sxhgh hqfrqwudu odv hfxdflrqhv gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh do rydor gh Fdvvlql hq orv sxqwrv +4> 5,
| +5> 5,B
+f, Hqfxhqwuh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh dq orv sxqwrv dqwhulruhv hq orv txh vh sxhgdq1
71 Vhdq 5 U> e 5 U1
Ghwhuplqdu vl od ixqflq | @ hd{ . {hd{ hv vroxflq gh od hfxdflq glihuhqfldo

g5 |
g{5
5d
g|
. d5 | @ 3>
g{
d frqvwdqwh
81 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr | vhplhvihudv hq
orv h{wuhprv +yhu od jxud, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr sru slh fxdgudgr gh orv h{wuhprv
hv ho greoh gho gh od sduwh floqgulfd/ grqgh ho frvwr gho phwur fxdgudgr gho flolqgur hv S 1 BcTx
glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr vl od fdsdflgdg ghvhdgd hv gh 43 slh6 B
Dh @ 7u5
D|xgd= Yf @ u5 k Yh @ 7 u6 Df @ 5uk
6
91 Xq fdpshvlqr wlhqh glqhur sdud frpsudu 4833 phwurv gh dodpeuh gh sxdv/ wdo fdpshvlqr ghvhd fhufdu
frq 8 kheudv gh dodpeuhv xq whuuhqr uhfwqjxodu hq vx suhglr/ hq fdvr txh { uhsuhvhqwh xq odgr gho
uhfwqjxor/ ghwhuplqh od ixqflq D+{, uhd gho whuuhqr fhufdgr frq hvwh dodpeuh hq whuplqrv gh {1
Phgldqwh/ od jufd gh od ixqflq D+{, hqfxhqwuh odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr frq p{lpd uhd
:1 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq hvwdqtxh hq irupd fqlfd +uhfwr, frq fdsdflgdg sdud ;333 5 olwurv1 vl 4 olwurv
6
s
gh lpshuphdelol}dqwh fxeuh 6p5 gh vxshuflh1 BcFxdohv ghehq vhu odv glphqvlrqhv gho frqr sdud
txh vh xvh xqd fdqwlgdg pqlpd gh lpshuphdelol}dqwh B BcFxqwrv olwurv vh ghehq frpsudu sdud
slqwdu wdo frqrB
s
D|xgd= Vxshuflh gh xq frqr gh udglr u | dowxud k hv u u5 . k5 | vx yroxphq hv 4 u5 k1 Fxlgdgr
6
frq odv xqlgdghv
;1 Grv ieulfdv D | E txh vh hqfxhqwudq d 7 ploodv xqd gh od rwud/ hplwhq kxpr frq sduwfxodv txh
frqwdplqdq ho dluh gh od uhjlq 1 Vxsrqjd txh ho qphur gh sduwfxodv suryhqlhqwh gh fdgd ieulfd hv
gluhfwdphqwh sursruflrqdo d od fdqwlgdg gh kxpr h lqyhuvdphqwh sursruflrqdo do fxer gh od glvwdqfld
ghvgh od ieulfd1 Bc Tx sxqwr hqwuh D | E whqgu od phqru frqwdplqdflq vl od ieulfd D hplwh ho
greoh gh kxpr txh od ieulfd E B
<1 Fdofxodu odv glphqvlrqhv gho frqr lqyhuwlgr +gh prgr txh orv hmhv frlqflghq, gh yroxphq p{lpr txh
vh sxhgh lqvfulelu hq xq frqr gh dowxud d fp | udglr e fp1 Fxo hv ho yroxphq p{lpr1
431 Xqd hvfdohud gh 53 slhv gh odujr hvw dsr|dgd frqwud xqd pxudood1 Ho slh gh od hvfdohud hv duudvwudgr/
dohmqgrod gh od pxudood d ud}q gh 5 slhv sru vhjxqgr BcD tx yhorflgdg vh ghvol}d kdfld dedmr ho
h{wuhpr vxshulru gh od hvfdohud hq ho lqvwdqwh txh ho slh gh hood/ hvw d 45 slhv gh od pxudood B
4
441 Frqvlghuh i+{, @ +4 . { ,{
+d, Ghwhuplqh Grpi
+e, Fdofxoh olp{$3. i +{,
+f, Fdofxoh p @ olp{$4 i +{,

{
+D|xgd = Fdofxoh olpx$3. x i+4@x,
+g, Fdofxoh e @ olp{$4 i+{,
+h, Bc Tx sxhgh ghflu gh orv oplwhv +6, | +7, fxdqgr { $
4B +vrq ljxdohv r glvwlqwrv,1
+i, Judtxh | @ i +{,/ frqvlghudqgr od lqirupdflq rewhqlgd dqwhulruphqwh | vdelhqgr txh odv
jufdv gh i 3 +{, | i 33 +{, vrq
451 Vhd i od ixqflq frqwlqxd `0:/53` vdoyr hq orv sxqwrv 06 | 43 | txh vdwlvidfh or vljxlhqwh
78;

+d,
+e,
+f,
+g,
+h,
+i,
olp{$ :. i +{, @ 5
olp{$ 6 i+{, @ 5
olp{$ 6. i +{, @ 6
olp{$ 53 i+{, @ 6
olp{$43 mi+{,m @ .4
od wdeod
0:
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08
06
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3
3
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6
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.
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53
461 Frqvlghuh/ sdud ho dqolvlv | od jufd gh od ixqflq i

6
5
5+
+
45+
i+{, @ +{ { 5,4, > i 3 +{, @ +{+{4,5,{ 7, | i 33 +{, @ +{ { 74, 1
5
6
5,
Lqglfdu hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh=
+d,
+e,
+f,
+g,
Ghwhuplqh ho Grpi
Orv ydoruhv gh { grqgh od jufd fdpeld gh frpsruwdplhqwr1
Orv vhfwruhv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr
orv vhfwruhv grqgh od jufd hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled | grqgh hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Sxqwrv Lpsruwdqwh
Vljqr gh i 3 +{,
Vljqr gh i 33 +{,
Fuhflplhqwr |
Ghfuhflplhqwr
Frqfdyd | frqyh{d
+h, Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv vrq

+i, Odv dvqwrwdv reolfxdv vrq
+j, Judtxh
471 Frqvlghuh/ sdud ho dqolvlv | od jufd gh od ixqflq i/

5
6
i+{, @ +{ { 4,5 > i 3 +{, @ { {+{4,6, | i 33 +{, @ +{ 9{ 7 1
6
+
4,
Lqglfdu hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh=
+d,
+e,
+f,
+g,
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Orv ydoruhv gh { grqgh od jufd fdpeld gh frpsruwdplhqwr1
Orv vhfwruhv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr
orv vhfwruhv grqgh od jufd hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled | grqgh hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Sxqwrv Lpsruwdqwh
Vljqr gh i 3 +{,
Vljqr gh i 33 +{,
Fuhflplhqwr |
Ghfuhflplhqwr
Frqfdyd | frqyh{d
78<
+h, Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv vrq
+i, Odv dvqwrwdv reolfxdv vrq
+j, Judtxh

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Matematica para Ingenieria - Jaime Mena, Sara Arancibia

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Formatos disponibles

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