Chapter 9

Zero-Voltage or Zero-Current Switchings

• converters for soft switching

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-1

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 One Inverter Leg

• The output current can be positive or negative

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-2

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Hard Switching Waveforms

• The output current can be positive or negative

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-3
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Turn-on and Turn-off Snubbers

• Turn-off snubbers are used

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-4
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Switching Trajectories

• Comparison of Hard versus soft switching

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-5

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit

• The waveforms shown include initial conditions

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-6

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Series-Resonant Circuit with
Capacitor-Parallel Load

• The waveforms shown include initial conditions

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-7

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Impedance of a Series-Resonant Circuit

• The impedance is capacitive below the

resonance frequency
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-8
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit

• Excited by a current source

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-9

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Impedance of a Parallel-Resonant Circuit

• The impedance is inductive at below the

resonant frequency
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-10
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Series Load Resonant (SLR) Converter

• The transformer is ignored in this equivalent

circuit
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-11
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 SLR Converter Waveforms

• The operating frequency is below one-half the

resonance frequency
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-12
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 SLR Converter Waveforms

• The operating frequency is in between one-half the

resonance frequency and the resonance frequency
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-13
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 SLR Converter Waveforms

• The operating frequency is above the resonance

frequency
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-14
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Lossless Snubbers in SLR Converters

• The operating frequency is above the resonance

frequency
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-15
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 SLR Converter Characteristics

• Output Current as a function of operating

frequency for various values of the output voltage
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-16
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 SLR Converter Control

• The operating frequency is varied to regulate the

output voltage

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-17

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Parallel Load Resonant (PLR) Converter

• The transformer is ignored in this equivalent

circuit
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-18
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 PLR Converter Waveforms

• The current is in a discontinuous conduction

mode
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-19
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 PLR Converter Waveforms

• The operating frequency is below the resonance

frequency
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-20
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 PLR Converter Waveforms

• The operating frequency is above the resonance

frequency
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-21
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 PLR Converter Characteristics

• Output voltage as a function of operating

frequency for various values of the output current
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-22
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Hybrid-Resonant DC-DC Converter

• Combination of series and parallel resonance

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-23

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parallel-Resonant Current-Source Converter

• Basic circuit to illustrate the operating principle

at the fundamental frequency

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-24

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parallel-Resonant Current-Source Converter

• Using thyristors; for induction heating

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-25
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Class-E Converters

Optimum mode

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-26

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Class-E Converters

Non-Optimum
mode

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-27

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Resonant Switch Converters

Classifications

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-28

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converter

• One possible implementation

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-29
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converter

• Waveforms; voltage is regulated by varying the

switching frequency

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-30

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 ZCS Resonant-Switch Converter

• A practical circuit

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-31

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converter

• Serious limitations

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-32

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 ZVS Resonant-Switch Converter

• Waveforms

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-33

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 MOSFET Internal Capacitances

• These capacitances affect the MOSFET switching

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-34

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 ZVS-CV DC-DC Converter

• The inductor current must reverse direction

during each switching cycle
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-35
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 ZVS-CV DC-DC Converter

• One transition is shown

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-36
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 ZVS-CV Principle Applied to DC-AC Inverters

• Very large ripple in the output current

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-37

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Three-Phase ZVS-CV DC-AC Inverter

• Very large ripple in the output current

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-38

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Output Regulation by Voltage Control

• Each pole operates at nearly 50% duty-ratio

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-39
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 ZVS-CV with Voltage Cancellation

• Commonly used

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-40

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Resonant DC-Link Inverter

• The dc-link voltage

is made to oscillate

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-41

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Three-Phase Resonant DC-Link Inverter

• Modifications have been proposed

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-42

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 High-Frequency-Link Inverter

• Basic principle for selecting integral half-cycles of the

high-frequency ac input
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-43
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 High-Frequency-Link Inverter

• Low-frequency ac output is synthesized by selecting

integral half-cycles of the high-frequency ac input
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-44
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 High-Frequency-Link Inverter

• Shows how to implement such an inverter

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 9-45

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.