Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.

com
CHUYN : TH TCH CC KHI A DIN

A- TM TT L THUYT:
CNG THC TH TCH CC KHI A DIN THNG GP

Th tch khi lng tr: V=B.h
B: din tch y, h: chiu cao
h


Th tch khi hp ch nht: V =a.b.c
a,b,c l ba kch thc

c
b
a


Th tch khi lp phng: V =a
3

a l di cnh a
a
a


Th tch khi chp: V=
1
3
Bh
B: din tch y, h: chiu cao
h


T s th tch t din:
Cho khi t din SABC v A, B, C l cc im
ty ln lt thuc SA, SB, SC ta c:


SABC
SA ' B ' C '
V
SA SB SC
V SA ' SB ' SC '
=


C'
B'
A'
C
B
A
S







Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com

CC CNG THC TRONG HNH HC PHNG C LIN QUAN:
I- T s lng gic ca gc nhn:
B
A
C

Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, ta c:
sin ;cos ;tan ;cot
AC AB AC AB
B B B
BC BC AB AC
= = = =
II- H thc lng trong tam gic vung:
H
B
A
C

Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, AH l ng
cao, ta c:
BC
2
=AB
2
+BC
2
(Pi-ta-go)
AB
2
=BH.BC, AC
2
=CH.BC
AH.BC =AB.AC
AH
2
=BH.BC ;
2 2 2
1 1 1
AH AB AC
= +
1 1
. .
2 2
ABC
S AH BC AB AC
A
= =
III- H thc lng trong tam gic thng:
c
a
b
A
B
C

.l cos:
a
2
=b
2
+c
2
- 2bc cosA
b
2
= c
2
+a
2
- 2ca cosB
c
2
=a
2
+b
2
- 2ab cosC
.l sin:
2
sin sin sin
a b c
R
A B C
= = =
( R: bk .trn ngoi tip)


di trung tuyn tam gic:
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2( )
4
2( )
4
2( )
4
a
b
c
b c a
m
a c b
m
a b c
m
+
=
+
=
+
=

Din tch tam gic:
= = =
1 1 1
. . .
2 2 2
a b c
S a h bh ch
= = =
1 1 1
sin sin sin
2 2 2
S bc A ca B ab C
( )( ) ( )
=
=
=
4
abc
S
R
S pr
S p p a p b p c
(p l na chu vi)
IV- Din tch cc a gic thng gp:
Din tch tam gic u cnh a:
2
3
4
a

ng cao tam gic u cnh a:
3
2
a

Din tch hnh ch nht: a.b ( a,b l 2 kch thc)
Din tch hnh vung cnh a: a
2
Din tch hnh thang:
( )
2
a b h +

b
a
h

Din tch hnh bnh hnh: a.h
a
h

Din tch t gic c 2 ng cho vung gc:
1 2
1
.
2
d d (d
1
;d
2
l di 2 ng cho)

d1
d2

Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com
QUAN H VUNG GC, KHONG CCH, CC LOI GC
C/m t vung gc vi mp:

a b, a c , b c ={O} , b,c c (P)
Suy ra : a (P)

c
b
P
a
O

nh l 3 ng vung gc:
Cho b l hnh chiu vung gc ca b trn mp( ) ,
c ( ) c , ta c: ' c b c b

b'
o c
A'
A b
B'
B

2mp cng vung gc vi mp th ba th giao
tuyn ca chng cng vung gc vi mp .

Khong cch t 1 im n 1mp:
xc nh khong cch t A n mp(P), ta tm 1
mp qua A vung gc vi (P) v ct (P) theo giao
tuyn d. H AH d AH(P) AH l
khong cch t A n mp(P).
*Ch : cc loi khong cch khc thng quy v
loi khong cch ny.
+Khong cch gia 2mp // l k/cch t 1 im trn
mp ny n mp kia.
+K/cch gia 2t cho nhau:
- bng di on vung gc chung.
- bng k/cch t 1 im trn t th nht n
mp cha t th hai v // vi t th nht.
- bng k/cch gia 2mp // ln lt cha 2t
.
(P)
d
H
A

Gc gia 2 ng thng:
Cho a,b l 2 t bt k trong khng gian.
O l im ty , qua O v a//a, b//b
Ta c: gc(a,b) =gc(a,b)
a
b
b'
a'
O

Gc gia t v mp:
l gc gia t v hnh chiu ca n trn mp




Gc gia 2 mp ct nhau:
xc nh gc gia 2mp ct nhau ta tm giao
tuyn c ca 2mp , tm trong mp th nht 1 t
ac, tm trong mp th hai 1 t bc, gc gia
2mp cho l gc gia 2t a v b.
d
d'
O
A
H

b
c
a

Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com




B- CC V D C BN:
TH TCH KHI CHP
Dng 1: Khi chp c mt cnh bn vung gc vi y:

V d 1 : Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B vi
AC =a bit SA vung gc vi y ABC v SB hp vi y mt gc 60
o
.
1) Chng minh cc mt bn l tam gic vung .
2)Tnh th tch khi chp SABC.


a
o
60
S
C
B
A

Li gii :
1) SA (ABC) SA AB & SA AC
m BC AB BC SB ( l 3 ng ).
Vy cc mt bn chp l tam gic vung.
2) Ta cSA (ABC) AB l hnh chiu
ca SB trn (ABC).
Vy gc[SB,(ABC)] =
o
SAB 60 = .
ABC vung cn nn BA =BC =
a
2

S
ABC
=
2
1 a
BA.BC
2 4
=
o
a 6
SAB SA AB. t an60
2
= =
Vy
2 3
ABC
1 1 a a 6 a 6
V S .SA
3 3 4 2 24
= = =

V d 2 : Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a bit SA
vung gc vi y ABC v (SBC) hp vi y (ABC) mt gc 60
o
.
Tnh th tch khi chp SABC .


Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com
a
o
60
M
C
B
A
S

Li gii: Ml trung im ca BC,v tam gic
ABC u nn AM BCSMBC (l 3
ng ) .
Vy gc[(SBC) ;(ABC)] =
o
SMA 60 = .
= =
o
3a
SA AM tan60
2

Vy V = =
3
ABC
1 a 3
S .SA
3 8

V d 3: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a , SA
vung gc y ABCD v mt bn (SCD) hp vi y mt gc 60
o
.
1) Tnh th tch hnh chp SABCD.
2) Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng (SCD).


H
a
D
C
B
A
S
o
60

Li gii : 1)Ta c SA (ABCD) v
CD AD CD SD ( l 3 ).(1)
Vy gc[(SCD),(ABCD)] =

SDA =60
o
.
SAD vung nn SA =AD.tan60
o
=a 3
Vy
2
3
ABCD
a
1 1 a 3
V S .SA a 3
3 3 3
= = =
2) Ta dng AH SD ,v CD(SAD) (do (1) )
nn CD AH AH (SCD)
Vy AH l khong cch t A n (SCD).
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 4
SAD
AH SA AD 3a a 3a
= + = + =
Vy AH =
a 3
2


Dng 2: Khi chp u

V d 1: Cho chp tam gic u SABC cnh y bng a v cnh bn bng 2a.
Chng minh rng chn ng cao k t S ca hnh chp l tm ca tam gic
u ABC.Tnh th tch chp u SABC .

Li gii :
Dng SO(ABC) Ta c SA =SB =SC
suy ra OA =OB =OC
Vy O l tm ca tam gic u ABC.
Ta c tam gic ABC u nn
Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com
a
2a
H
O
C
B
A
S

AO =
2 2 a 3 a 3
AH
3 3 2 3
= =
2
2 2 2
11a
SAO SO SA OA
3
= =
a 11
SO
3
= .Vy
3
ABC
1 a 11
V S .SO
3 12
= =
V d 2:Tnh th tch khi chp t gic u SABCD c tt c cc cnh c di bng a .


a
O
D
C
B
A
S

Li gii:
Gi O l tm h.vung ABCD
Ta c SA
2
+ SC
2
= AC
2
nn
ASC vung ti S
2
2
a
OS =

3
2
1 1 2 2
.
3 3 2 6
ABCD
a a
V S SO a = = =
Vy
3
a 2
V
6
=

V d 3: Cho khi t din u ABCD cnh bng a, M l trung im DC.
a) Tnh th tch khi t din u ABCD.
b)Tnh khong cch t M n mp(ABC).Tnh th tch khi chp MABC.

a
I
H
O
M
C
B
A
D

Li gii :
a.Gi O l tm ca ABC A ( ) DO ABC

1
.
3
ABC
V S DO =
,
2
3
4
ABC
a
S =
,
2 3
3 3
a
OC CI = =


2 2
: DOC vu ng c DO DC OC A =
6
3
a
=


2 3
1 3 6 2
.
3 4 3 12
a a a
V = =

b.K MH// DO, khong cch t M n mp(ABC) l
1 6
2 6
a
MH DO = =

2 3
1 1 3 6 2
. .
3 3 4 6 24
MABC ABC
a a a
V S MH = = =

Vy
3
a 2
V
24
=
Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com

Dng 3: Khi chp c mt mt bn vung gc vi y

V d 1: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung c cnh a
Mt bn SAB l tam gic u nm trong mt phng vung gc vi yABCD,
1) Chng minh rng chn ng cao khi chp trng vi trung im cnh AB.
2) Tnh th tch khi chp SABCD.

a
H
D
C
B
A
S

Li gii:
1) Gi H l trung im ca AB.
SAB u SH AB
m (SAB) (ABCD) SH (ABCD)
Vy H l chn ng cao ca khi chp.
2) Ta c tam gic SAB u nn SA =
a 3
2

suy ra
3
ABCD
1 a 3
V S .SH
3 6
= =

V d 2 : Cho t din ABCD c ABC l tam gic u ,BCD l tam gic vung cn ti
D , (ABC)(BCD) v AD hp vi (BCD) mt gc 60
o
.
Tnh th tch t din ABCD.
o
60
a
H
D
C
B
A

Li gii :
Gi H l trung im ca BC.
Ta c tam gic ABC u nn AH(BCD) ,
m (ABC) (BCD) AH (BCD) .
Ta c AHHDAH =AD.tan60
o
=a 3
& HD =AD.cot60
o
=
a 3
3

BCD BC =2HD =
2a 3
3
suy ra
V =
3
BCD
1 1 1 a 3
S .AH . BC.HD.AH
3 3 2 9
= =

V d 3: Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B, c
BC =a. Mt bn SAC vung gc vi y, cc mt bn cn li u to vi mt y mt
gc 45
0
.
a) Chng minh rng chn ng cao khi chp trng vi trung im cnh AC.
b) Tnh th tch khi chp SABC.
Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com
45
I
J
H
A
C
B
S Li gii:
C) K SH BC v mp(SAC)mp(ABC) nn
SHmp(ABC).
Gi I, J l hnh chiu ca H trn AB v BC
SI AB, SJ BC, theo gi thit
o
SI H SJH 45 = =
Ta c: HJ HI SHJ SHI = A = A nn BH l
ng phn gic ca ABC suy ra H l trung
im ca AC.
b) HI =HJ =SH =
2
a
V
SABC
=
12
.
3
1
3
a
SH S
ABC
=


Dng 4: Phng php t s th tch t din:
V d 1: Cho hnh chp S.ABC c tam gic ABC vung cn B,
2 AC a =
,
SA vung gc vi y ABC , SA a =
1) Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABC.
2) Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC, mt phng ( ) qua AG v song song
vi BC ct SB,SC ln lt ti M, N. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.AMN


G
M
N
I
C
B
A
S






Li gii :
a)Ta c : .
1
.
3
S ABC ABC
V S SA =
v SA a =
+ : 2 ABCc n c AC a AB a A = =
2
1
2
ABC
S a =
Vy:
3
2
1 1
. .
3 2 6
SABC
a
V a a = =

b) Gi I l trung im BC.
G l trng tm,ta c :
2
3
SG
SI
=

// BC MN// BC
2
3
SM SN SG
SB SC SI
= = =


4
.
9
SAMN
SABC
V SM SN
V SB SC
= =

Vy:
3
4 2
9 27
SAMN SABC
a
V V = =






Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com

V d 2 : Cho tam gic ABC vung cn A v AB a = . Trn ng thng qua C v
vung gc vi mt phng (ABC) ly im D sao cho CD a = . Mt phng qua C vung
gc vi BD, ct BD ti F v ct AD ti E.
a) Tnh th tch khi t din ABCD.
b) Chng minh ( ) CE ABD
c) Tnh th tch khi t din CDEF.

a
a
F
E
B
A
C
D






Li gii:
a)Tnh
ABCD
V
:
3
ABCD ABC
1 a
V S .CD
3 6
= =
b)Tac:
, AB AC AB CD ( ) AB ACD AB EC
Ta c : DB EC ( ) EC ABD
C) Tnh
EF DC
V
:Ta c :
. (*)
DCEF
DABC
V DE DF
V DA DB
=


2
. DE DA DC =

2 2
2 2
1
2 2
DE DC a
DA DA a
= = =

Tng t:
2 2
2 2 2
1
3
DF DC a
DB DB DC CB
= = =
+

T(*)
1
6
DCEF
DABC
V
V
=
.Vy
3
1
6 36
DCEF ABCD
a
V V = =


V d 3: Cho khi chp t gic u SABCD. Mt mt phng ) ( qua A, B v trung
im M ca SC . Tnh t s th tch ca hai phn khi chp b phn chia bi mt phng
.
N
S
O
M
B
D
C
A

Li gii:
K MN // CD (N ) SD e th hnh thang ABMN l
thit din ca khi chp khi ct bi mt phng
(ABM).
+
SABCD SADB SANB
SADB
SAND
V V V
SD
SN
V
V
4
1
2
1
2
1
= = = =
SABCD SBCD SBMN
SBCD
SBMN
V V V
SD
SN
SC
SM
V
V
8
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
.
2
1
. = = = = =
M V
SABMN
=V
SANB
+V
SBMN
=
SABCD
V
8
3
.
Suy ra V
ABMN.ABCD
=
SABCD
V
8
5
. Vy
5
3
.
=
ABCD ABMN
SABMN
V
V

Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com
I
O
A
B
C
D
S
E
F
M


V d 4: Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD, y l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn to
vi y gc 60

. Gi M l trung im SC. Mt phng i qua AM v song song vi BD,

ct SB ti E v ct SD ti F.
a) Hy xc nh mp(AEMF)
b) Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD
c) Tnh th tch khi chp S.AEMF












Li gii:
a) Gi I SO AM = . Ta c (AEMF) //BD
EF // BD
b) . D D
1
.
3
S ABC ABC
V S SO =
vi
2
D ABC
S a =

+ SOA c :
6
.tan60
2
a
SO AO

= =

Vy :
3
. D
6
6
S ABC
a
V =

C) Phn chia chp t gic ta c
. EMF S A
V
=V
SAMF
+V
SAME
=2V
SAMF

. S ABCD
V
=2V
SACD
=2 V
SABC

Xt khi chp S.AMF v S.ACD
Ta c :
1
2
SM
SC
=

SAC A c trng tm I, EF // BD nn:

2
3
SI SF
SO SD
= =
D
1
.
3
SAMF
SAC
V SM SF
V SC SD
= =

3
D D
1 1 6
3 6 36
SAMF SAC SAC
a
V V V = = =
3 3
. EMF
6 6
2
36 18
S A
a a
V = =


V d 5 : Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, SA vung gc
y, 2 SA a = . Gi B, D l hnh chiu ca A ln lt ln SB, SD. Mt phng
(ABD) ct SC ti C.
a) Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD.
b) Chng minh ( ' ') SC AB D
c) Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD
Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com
A
S
I
O
D
B
C
C'
D'
B'
















Li gii :
a) Ta c :
3
.
1 2
.
3 3
S ABCD ABCD
a
V S SA = =

b) Ta c ( ) ' BC SAB BC AB
& ' SB AB Suy ra : ' ( ) AB SBC
nn AB SC .Tng t AD SC.
Vy SC (ABD)
C) Tnh
. ' ' ' S AB C D
V

+Tnh
. ' ' S AB C
V
: Ta c :
' '
' '
. (*)
SAB C
SABC
V SB SC
V SB SC
=

SAC A vung cn nn
' 1
2
SC
SC
=

Ta c :
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
' 2 2 2
3 3
SB SA a a
SB SB SA AB a
= = = =
+

T
' '
1
(*)
3
SAB C
SABC
V
V
=


3 3
' '
1 2 2
.
3 3 9
SAB C
a a
V = =

+
3
. ' ' ' . ' '
2 2
2
9
S AB C D S AB C
a
V V = =















Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com
a
3a
C'
B'
A'
C
B
A



TH TCH KHI LNG TR
Dng 1: Lng tr ng
V d 1: y ca lng tr ng tam gic ABC.ABC l tam gic ABC vung cn ti A
c cnh BC = a 2 v bit AB =3a. Tnh th tch khi lng tr.









Li gii:
Ta c
ABC vung cn ti A nn AB =AC =a
ABC ABC l lng tr ng AA ' AB
2 2 2 2
AA ' B AA ' A ' B AB 8a = =
AA ' 2a 2 =
Vy V = B.h = S
ABC
.AA =
3
a 2



V d2: y ca lng tr ng tam gic ABC.ABC l tam gic u cnh
a =4 v bit din tch tam gic ABC bng 8. Tnh th tch khi lng tr.

A'
C'
B'
A
B
C
I

Li gii:
Gi I l trung im BC .Ta c
ABC u nn

AB 3
3 &
2
AI 2 AI BC
A'I BC(dl3 )
= =


A'BC
A'BC
2S 1
S BC.A'I A'I 4
2 BC
= = =
AA' (ABC) AA' AI .
2 2
A'AI AA' A'I AI 2 = =
Vy : V
ABC.ABC
=S
ABC
.AA=8 3

Dng 2: Lng tr xin
V d 1: Cho lng tr xin tam gic ABC ABC c y ABC l tam gic
u cnh a , bit cnh bn l a 3 v hp vi y ABC mt gc 60
o
.
Tnh th tch lng tr.

Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com
H
o
60
a
B'
A'
C'
C
B
A

Li gii :
Ta c C'H (ABC) CH l hnh chiu
ca CC trn (ABC)
Vy
o
gc[CC',(ABC)] C'CH 60 = =
0
3a
CHC' C'H CC'.sin60
2
= =
S
ABC
=
2
3 a
4
= .Vy V = S
ABC
.CH =
3
3a 3
8



V d 2: Cho lng tr xin tam gic ABC ABC c y ABC l tam gic
u cnh a . Hnh chiu ca A xung (ABC) l tm O ng trn ngoi tip
tam gic ABC bit AA hp vi y ABC mt gc 60 .
1) Chng minh rng BBCC l hnh ch nht.
2) Tnh th tch lng tr .


H
O
o
60
C'
A
a
B'
A'
C
B

Li gii :
C) Ta c A'O (ABC) OA l hnh
chiu ca AA trn (ABC)
Vy
o
gc[AA',(ABC)] OAA' 60 = =
Ta c BBCC l hnh bnh hnh ( v mt
bn ca lng tr)
AO BC ti trung im H ca BC nn
BC A'H (l 3 )
BC (AA'H) BC AA' m AA//BB
nn BC BB' .Vy BBCC l hnh ch
nht.
2) ABC u nn
2 2a 3 a 3
AO AH
3 3 2 3
= = =
o
AOA' A'O AOtan60 a = =
Vy V = S
ABC
.AO =
3
a 3
4








Nguyn Qu Bo Gio vin trng THPT Ph Bi - baonguyenquy@gmail.com
C- BI TP T LUYN:
Bi tp t luyn c chia thnh 3 t, mi t 5 bi, cc em gii xong th a
ln trang web ca trng cc bn cng tham kho, sau thy s a bi gii
cc em i chiu.
BI TP T LUYN T 1
Bi 1
Cho hnh chp SABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v D, AB=AD =2a,
CD =a. Gc gia (SBC) v (ABCD) l 60
0
. Gi I l trung im AD, bit (SBI) v (SCI)
cng vung gc vi mp(ABCD). Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD.
Bi 2
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B, BA =3a, BC =4a; mt phng
(SBC) vung gc vi mt phng (ABC). Bit SB =2 3 a v

0
30 SBC = Tnh th tch khi
chp S.ABC v khong cch t im B n mt phng (SAC) theo a.
Bi 3
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn SA =a ; hnh
chiu vung gc ca nh S trn mt phng (ABCD) l im H thuc on AC, AH =
4
AC
.
Gi CM l ng cao ca tam gic SAC. Chng minh M l trung im ca SA v tnh th
tch khi t din SMBC theo a.
Bi 4
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh 2a, SA = a, SB = 3 a v
mt phng (SAB) vung gc vi mt phng y. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca cc
cnh AB, BC. Tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp S.BMDN v tnh cosin ca gc gia hai
ng thng SM, DN.
Bi 5
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAD l tam gic u v
nm trongmt phng vung gc vi y. Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh
SB, BC, CD. Chng minh AM vung gc vi BP v tnh th tch ca khi t dinCMNP.