PRES Large Eddy Simulation

KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and
National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association www.kit.edu

35th IAHR World Congress
Wolfgang Rodi

Institute for Hydromechanics
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Karlsruhe, Germany
Large-Eddy Simulation in Hydraulics -
the method and its potential
2
Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
New Book in IAHR Monograph Series
Large-Eddy Simulation in Hydraulics

Wolfgang Rodi Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Germany

George Constantinescu The University of Iowa,
USA

Thorsten Stoesser Cardiff University, UK

Published June 27, 2013
by CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group

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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Eddies in Turbulence
Surface of stirred tank Energy spectrum of turbulence
Large eddies dominate mean-flow behaviour
Small eddies dissipate energy
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Large eddies in shallow mixing layer
courtesy of
W. Uijttewaal
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Flow in flood plain with vegetation
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Large eddies in groyne field
From Weitbrecht, Socolofsky &
Jirka (2008)
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Flow over rectangular structure/roughness
element
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Flow over gravel bed
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Coherent structures bursts/streaks near wall
From Nezu and Nakagawa (1993)
Courtesy of T. Stoesser
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Calculation approaches for turbulent flows
Starting point: Navier Stokes equations:

0 ,
1
) (
2
=
c
c
c c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
i
i
j j
i
i
j i
j
i
x
u
x x
u
x
p
u u
x t
u
v
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS):

Numerical solution of exact time -
dependent Navier-Stokes equations
No. of grid points ~ Re
3

Large-Eddy Simulation (LES):
Numerical resolution of only the larger
eddies; subgrid-scale model for effect
of smaller eddies

Solution of Reynolds - averaged
Navier-Stokes equations (RANS):
Turbulent fluctuations averaged out.
Effect of all turbulent motions accounted
for by turbulence model: Main method
used in practice, economical, but poor on handling complex phenomena
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
DNS LES RANS Spectral Perspective
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Difference large/small eddies the idea of LES
The idea of LES is to calculate explicitly the large scales by solving the 3D
unsteady equations and to model the motion of the small scales
This avoids problem of having to model the large-scale, problem - dependent
motion - and at the same time of having to resolve the small-scale dissipative
motion, thus removing restriction to low Re
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Concept of LES Scale Separation
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Spatial averaging / filtering
0 ,
1
) (
2
=
c
c
c c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
i
i
j j
i
i
j i
j
i
x
u
x x
u
x
p
u u
x t
u
v
Starting point: Navier-Stokes equations:

RANS introduces time averaging/
filtering
In LES small-scale motion removed
by spatial averaging or filtering.
Aproaches:
Averaging over control volume of mesh:
is Schumanns volume-balance method
=> discrete balance equations for each CV
Filtering:
e.g. top hat or
Gaussian filter:
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi 29.08.2013
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Filtered / averaged equations SGS stresses
appearing in filtered/ averaged equations
This needs to be modeled (SGS model) effect mainly dissipative can be
achieved by numerical dissipation (ILES method)
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Originally the non-linear convection term is

Difference is subgrid-scale (SGS) stress
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Effect of filter width / cut-off boundary
Fairly large filter width - relatively large
unresolved scales requiring more SGS model
effort VLES
Small filter width, most scales resolved,
only smallest scales to be modeled
Simple SGS model ok
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Subgrid-scale Models
Strain tensor:
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi

In shallow water 2 range spectrum
- 2D LES resolving only large-scale
horizontal motion possible
- Sub-depth-scale model necessary,
e.g.:
- 2D LES not covered here
(see Hinterberger et al, JHE 2008)
3D/2D LES
Away from walls LES not restricted to low Re

At high Re near walls, such as bed, important
scales small No. of grid points ~ Re
2

- near-wall model necessary
- either wall functions or RANS treatment in
Hybrid approach
Genuine LES is 3D
- large computing times

*
hu
t
v
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Boundary conditions/near-wall treatment
Walls:

Wall-resolved LES: no slip
(not for high Re)
High Re: wall model needed
- Wall functions
(log/exponential velocity)
- RANS near wall
Hybrid approach, e.g.
Detached Eddy Simulation
(DES)

Free surface:

Usually rigid lid approximation
- Surface elevations suppressed, effects simulated via pressure variations
ok when surface deviations from mean small
inflow
free
surface
bed/walls
outflow
LES
RANS
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Inflow and outflow conditions
Inflow:

In addition to mean values,
realistic fluctuations must be
provided
- Periodic conditions when
flow periodic (developed)
- Precursor calculation of
developed flow in channel
of inflow cross section
- Synthetically generated turbulence
superimposed on measured or guessed
velocity distribution

Outflow: Convective condition used - solving 1D equation in flow direction -
allows disturbances to leave domain freely
periodic conditions
inflow
outflow
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Hybrid LES RANS Methods
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Two-layer methods
near-wall layer calculated by RANS
different eddy-viscosity models in the 2
regions
sharp or smeared interface
Detached Eddy Simulation (DES)
also RANS near wall
same
model in 2 regions,
length-scale determination different
Embedded LES
only where complex
flow LES applied
main problem is
coupling
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
LES of open channel flow at Re

= 590, Re
h
= 11000

Hinterberger et al (2008)
grid ~ 8 Mio cells
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Channel flow with sediment erosion
A B
A B
Instantaneous velocity and sediment concentration in cross-sectional plane
Courtesy of Jing Bai and Hongwei Fang, Tsinghua University, Beijing
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Channel flow over 3 layers of spheres
computational set-up
LES of Stoesser et al (2007 Proc. 32nd IAHR Congress)
In analogy to PIV measurements from Aberdeen University (Dr. D. Prokrajac)

Domain: 5.3H x 3.5H x H, 18 x 12 spheres per layer, H/D=3.42
200 , 15 Re = =
u
H u
b
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Instantaneous Streamwise Velocity
Longitudinal Plane
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Perturbation vectors (u-w)
Slice a
Ejections
Slice b
Sweeps
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
DNS of moveable bed motion
Calculations of A. Kidanemariam and M. Uhlmann,
Institute for Hydromechanics, KIT
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Periodic dunes Flow structure 1
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Periodic dunes instantanous velocity
vectors
a) instantaneous velocity perturbations in a longitudinal plane
b) snapshot of instantaneous velocity
perturbations near surface
c) snapshot of instantaneous velocity
vectors near bed
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Periodic dunes 3D flow structures
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From Omidyeganeh and Piomelli (2011)
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Flow through vegetation
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From Stoesser et al (2010)
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Flow structures at river confluence
Momentum ratio M
r
1 Momentum ratio M
r
5

Vortical structures in horizontal plane near surface

DES of Miyanaki, Constantinescu et al (2010)
Re = UD/ = 18 000, 4 Mio grid cells
A3
A1
A
C
(a) (b)
20D
N
A3
A1
A
C
e
z
D/U
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Flow structure at river confluence 2
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Flow past cylinder in shallow water
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Flow past bridge pier with deformed bathymetry
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LES of Kirkil et al (2008)
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Flow past bridge abutment
near surface near bed
high Re low Re
from Koken and Constantinescu (2009)
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Flow past bridge abutment u* time series
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Groyne field instantaneous flow field
Snapshot of instantaneous vectors
of velocity perturbation

Top: PIV measurements

Bottom: LES
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Groyne field flow and mass exchange
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Groyne field mass exchange
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Prof. Wolfgang Rodi
Concluding remarks
LES allows to predict and study flows with complex behaviour
Method yields information on unsteady features, resolves large-
scale eddies
Superior to RANS whenever large-scale structures dominate
flow and scalar transport
Well-resolved LES feasable only at low Re at high Re near-
wall region needs to be bridged by wall functions
or simulated by RANS in Hybrid method (e.g. DES)
Embedded LES promising for large-scale problems
With increasing computer power LES and in particular Hybrid
LES-RANS will be used more and more in Hydraulics
29.08.2013

PRES Large Eddy Simulation

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KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and

National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association www.kit.edu

Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS):

Starting point: Navier-Stokes equations:

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