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F'LDF)CHSD(JD^ ;( DFJH F)J'HL)U( FD D(L'D(JEH( W')D(DF DFLE)TD( '( JD]J*!
L'D(JH( '(H X)FJ*E)H * L*(FJE'`D( '( *T&DJ*m 9( F)\(*! D(J*(LDF! DFJi
EDNHL)*(HG* L*( F' *T&DJ* ` L*( '( interretcnte! DN L'HN (* DF '( F'&DJ* F)(* '(
L*S[*(D(JD K'(GHSD(JHN GDN [E*LDF* )(JDE[EDJHJ)C* L*( LHEHLJDE)VHL)*(DF
F'T&DJ)CHFj DF GDL)E! NH HTG'LL)U( (* [HEJD GD NH (HGH () NND\H H '( ['(J*
HTF*N'J* ` GDK)()J)C*! [*E DN L*(JEHE)*! [HEJD GD '( cbjetc Jincmicc GD NH EDHN)GHG
OJH(\)TND * )(JH(\)TNDP! DF D('(L)HG* SDG)H(JD '( [E*LDF* L*S[ND&* GD
GDFLE)[L)U( GDJHNNHGH! L*( N* L'HN FD JEH(FK*ESH D( DN *T&DJ* GD DFJ'G)*
GD(*S)(HG* reresentcmen! DN L'HN! [*E F' [HEJD! DF LH[JHG* GD HN\'(H SH(DEH
[*E '(H SD(JD D( NH L'HN FD DFJHTNDLD( GDJDES)(HGHF EDGDF! ('(LH )\'HNDF H
*JEHF W'D FD ['DGH( DFJHTNDLDE D( *JEH SD(JD! L*( N* L'HN FD L*(C)DEJD D(
interretcnte^ =T&DJ* G)(iS)L*! reresentcmen D interretcnte F*( F)\(*F D( DN
[E*LDF* HTG'LJ)C*! N* L'HN )S[N)LH EDGDF GD FD(J)G* F'FLD[J)TNDF GD FDE
*EGD(HG*F GDFGD '(H [DEF[DLJ)CH GDK)()GH * G)FL)[N)(H [HEJ)L'NHE^
;( [HNHTEHF GD 8H)SD 2'T)*NH.

OmP NH HTG'LL)U( DF DN [E*LDF* SDG)H(JD DN W'D \D(DEHS*F X)[UJDF)F [HEH
GHE L'D(JH GD HW'DNN*F XDLX*F W'D (*F F*E[ED(GD(^ ID)ELD L*(F)GDEU W'D NH
HTG'LL)U( DFJHTH D( DN L*EHVU( (* FUN* GD NH HLJ)C)GHG L)D(JQK)LH! F)(*
JHST)_( GD J*GHF NHF HLJ)C)GHGDF X'SH(HF *EG)(HE)HF O2'T)*NH $++,P^



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ID)ELD N* D][EDFH GD NH F)\')D(JD SH(DEH.

<H :TG'LL)U( DF NH LNHFD GD *[DEHL)U( W'D F'\)DED '(H [E*[*F)L)U( W'D (*
DFJi L*(JD()GH D( N*F GHJ*F GD N*F W'D [E*LDGD^ qH` '( (*STED SiF
KHS)N)HE [HEH DNNH W'D DN GD cbJuccicn! ['DF (* DF () SiF () SD(*F W'D
HG)C)(HE (uessin)^ 9( GDJDES)(HG* *T&DJ* [EDFD(JH '(H L*ST)(HL)U(
D]JEH*EG)(HE)H GD LHEHLJDEDF [HEH NH W'D (*F \'FJHEQH '(H D][N)LHL)U(^ OmP^
2DdJ*(! FD G)Ei! F'['F* W'D NH ND` FDEQH '(H F*NH ` F)S[ND^ IDE*! wLUS*
NND\U H DFJ* F)(* HL'S'NH(G* HG)C)(HL)U( F*TED HG)C)(HL)U(x R*(
FD\'E)GHG! F*( S'LXQF)S*F SiF N*F KD(USD(*F GD NH (HJ'EHNDVH L*S[ND&*F
W'D N*F F)S[NDF OmP OID)ELD ,4+,! MS. 34$! cuJ 2'T)*NH $++,P^

:F)S)FS*! EDK)E)_(G*FD H NH HF)S)NHL)U( D(JED HTG'LL)U( D )(KDED(L)H! G)LD.

R'HNW')DE (*CHJ* D( NU\)LH ['DGD F*E[ED(GDEFD GD W'D NNHSD )(KDED(L)H H
'(H HG)C)(HL)U(^ ;F )\'HN GD KiL)N GDK)()E NH )(KDED(L)H GD S*G* W'D D]LN'`H *
GD S*G* W'D )(LN'`H H NH HTG'LL)U(^ IDE* J*G*F N*F *T&DJ*F GD DFJ'G)*
NU\)L* XH( GD FDE LNHF)K)LHG*F ` (* XH` *JEH LNHFD SD&*E D( NH W'D [*(DE NH
HTG'LL)U( W'D NH GD NHF )(KDED(L)HF^ >'LX*F NU\)L*F! F)( DSTHE\*! NH GD&H(
F)( LNHF)K)LHE! H S*G* GD '( F'[DE('SDEHE)* NU\)L*! L*S* F) F' )S[*EJH(L)H
K'DEH GDSHF)HG* [DW'DvH [HEH JD(DE GDEDLX* H '( N'\HE [E*[)*^ ;NN*F
DC)GD(JDSD(JD *NC)GH( W'D () NH GDG'LL)U( () NH )(G'LL)U( ['DGD( &HSiF
HvHG)E N* SiF SQ()S* H N*F GHJ*F GD NH [DELD[L)U( OID)ELD ,4+,! MS.34$!
cuJ! 2'T)*NH $++,P^

I*E *JEH [HEJD! NH H(HN*\QH SDG)H D(JED DN '()C*L)FS* ` DN DW')C*L)FS*! D(JED NHF
[EDJD(F)*(DF S*GDE(HF ` NHF [*FS*GDE(HF! D(JED DN [*F)J)C)FS* ` DN EDNHJ)C)FS*!
H'(W'D (* FDH _FJD DN l()L* DNDSD(J* W'D GDK)(D DFJ*F G*F S*SD(J*F
X)FJUE)L*F^ ?HN JD(F)U(! L*( F'F EDF[DLJ)CHF LEQJ)LHF GD NHG* ` NHG*! XH D(E)W'DL)G*
NH G)FL'F)U( K)N*FUK)LH^ 2* FUN* DF _FJH NH [DEF[DLJ)CH GD NH H(HN*\QH! F)(* W'D DN
L*(*L)S)D(J* X'SH(* D( \D(DEHN FD HNLH(VH GD SH(DEH H(HNU\)LH! N* L'HN
[DES)JD W'D FD NH L*(F)GDED S_J*G* ` \'QH GD [D(FHS)D(J*! H'( D( NH
XDESD(_'J)LH! L*S* DW')N)TE)* G)(iS)L* )(JD\EHG*E D(JED N* '(* ` N* G)CDEF*!
[E)(L)[HNSD(JD lJ)N [HEH '(H S*GDEHL)U( (DLDFHE)H D( NHF G)FL)[N)(HF X'SH(HF `
F*L)HNDF^ ;( DFJD FD(J)G*! NH H(HN*\QH DF '( [E*LDG)S)D(J* G)HNU\)L* W'D! H JEHC_F
GD NH G)FL'F)U(! [DES)JD )GD(J)K)LHE FDSD&H(VHF ` G)KDED(L)HF ` SDG)HE D( NH N'LXH
D(JED FDSD&H(VH ` G)FJ)(L)U(! G)KDED(L)H ` *[*F)L)U(^ IHEH D&DELDE NH H(HN*\QH DF


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(DLDFHE)* L*(F)GDEHE NH K'DEVH SDJ*(QS)LH ` SDJHKUE)LH! '(H `D(G* GD N*F
DKDLJ*F H NHF LH'FHF ` GD N* [HEJ)L'NHE H N* \D(DEHN ` C)LDCDEFH! *JEH! 'T)Li(G*FD
D( NH JEHFNHL)U( GD N*F FD(J)G*F ` EDKDED(L)HF! [E*G'L)D(G* L*( )(\D()*!
)SH\)(HL)U( ` LEDHJ)C)GHG D(JED DN FD(J)G* N)JDEHN ` DN K)\'EHG*^ <H H(HN*\QH
[DES)JD NH EDNHL)U( SiF Q(J)SH W'D D])FJD D(JED N* '()CDEFHN ` N* [HEJ)L'NHE! DFH
HF)SDJEQH DFD(L)HN D(JED DNDSD(J*F GD NH S)FSH EDHN)GHG! ` DN SDLH()FS* W'D
[DES)JD D]L)JHE! GDFGD DGHGDF S'` JDS[EH(HF! NHF XHT)N)GHGDF GDN ND(\'H&D!
L*S* SDJiK*EH X'SH(H^
>H'E)L)* MD'LX*J [E*[*(D '( G)iN*\* D(JED XDESD(_'J)LH ` H(HN*\QH L*S*

OmP '( )(JD(J* GD HS[N)HE DN SHE\D( GD NHF )(JDE[EDJHL)*(DF F)( [DEGDE N*F
NQS)JDFj GD HTE)E NH CDEGHG JD]J'HN! DFJ* DF! NH GD NHF [*F)TNDF NDLJ'EHF GD '(
JD]J*! F)( W'D FD [)DEGH NH [*F)T)N)GHG GD W'D XH`H '(H &DEHEW'QH GD
HLDELHS)D(J*F H '(H CDEGHG GDN)S)JHGH * GDN)S)JHTND OMD'LX*'J ,447.637P^

;( DFJD FD(J)G* NH LDELH(QH D(JED HTG'LL)U( ` H(HN*\QH ['DGD L*(F)GDEHEFD
L*S* '(H rcmcticc! ['DF FD *L'[H GD HW'DNN* W'D S'LXHF G)FL)[N)(HF
GDFGDvH(! [DE* W'D DF (DLDFHE)* )(L*E[*EHE D( '( DFW'DSH GD CHN*EHL)U(
DF[DLQK)L*^ ?HN DF NH JHEDH GD NH HTG'LL)U(! L*S* HW'_NNH DF NH GD NH H(HN*\QH^
?H(J* NH HTG'LL)U( L*S* NH H(HN*\QH )(JD(JH( )(JD\EHE NH EHVU( ` DFJHTNDLDE
NHV*F GD L)DEJH JD(F)U( ` L)DEJH KND])T)N)GHG D(JED DNNH ` *JEHF G)SD(F)*(DF
X'SH(HF L*S* NH [HF)U(! DN GDFD*! NH C*N'(JHG ` NH DS*L)U(! ` EDFJ)J')E DN
CQ(L'N* L*( NH KD ` L*( N*F EDNHJ*F SQJ)L*F! L*(F)GDEH(G* NH [*FJ'EH GD NH
[)FL*N*\QH ` NH K)N*F*KQH X'SH()FJHF HLDELH GDN FDE X'SH(*! L*S* '(H J*JHN)GHG
)S[N)LHGH D( LHGH [HEJ)L'NHE)GHG^ :(HN*\QH ` HTG'LL)U( )S[N)LH( L*S[HvQHj DFH
L*S[HvQH! W'D ['DGD NDDEFD L*S* )(JDEG)FL)[N)(HE)DGHGj [DES)JD( [E*G'LL)U( `
LEDHL)U( F*N)GHE)HF ` EDF[DJ'*FHF GD [D(FHS)D(J*F ` ('DC*F L*(*L)S)D(J*F^
?*G* EDL*(*L)S)D(J* EDW')DED NQS)JDFj DF (DLDFHE)* \D(DEHE W')HFSHF!
D(JEDLE'VHS)D(J*F! EDNHL)*(DF ` H(iN)F)F L*S[HEHG*F^ <H H(HN*\QH L*S* NH
HTG'LL)U(! L*(F)FJD D( )E GD N* L*(*L)G* H N* GDFL*(*L)G*! GD N*F DKDLJ*F H NHF
LH'FHF W'D H CDLDF F*( DFW')CHF! GD N* [HEJ)L'NHE W'D HKDLJH N*F FD(J)G*F H N*
[HEJ)L'NHE W'D D]L)JH NH SD(JDj NH H(HN*\QH J)D(D '( L*S[*(D(JD HTG'LJ)C* ` NH
HTG'LL)U( '(H THFD H(HNU\)LH^ 1D [HEJD GD '(H EDHN)GHG * KD(USD(* GHG* ` FD
[HFH HN J*G*! (* [*E '( DFK'DEV* GD HTFJEHDE! F)(* [*E NH HTFJEHLL)U( S)FSH W'D
D])\D DN KD(USD(* * F)\(* [DEL)T)G*! [HEH C*NCDE ('DCHSD(JD HN KD(USD(*
GHG* L*( '(H S)EHGH )(JDE[EDJHJ)CH ` L*S[ED(F)CH^ <H \D(DEHN)VHL)U( DF '(H


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'()CDEFHN)VHL)U( X)[*J_J)LH L*( SHJ)LDF GD [HEJ)L'NHE)GHG^ ;( J*GH X)[UJDF)F XH`
H(HN*\QH ` J*GH X)[UJDF)F L*S[ED(F)CH )S[N)LH HTG'LL)U(! D( L*(JEHFJD L*( NHF
X)[UJDF)F [EDG)LJ)CHF ` [EDG)LHJ)CHF! L*EEDF[*(G)D(JDF H NH GDG'LL)U( ` H NH
)(G'LL)U(! EDF[DLJ)CHSD(JD^
;( *JEHF [HNHTEHF! NH HTG'LL)U( DF DN [E*G'LJ* GD '( [D(FHS)D(J* H(HNU\)L* `!
HN S)FS* J)DS[*! F' ['DFJH D( [EiLJ)LH H`'GH H HK)(HE G)LX* J)[* GD
[D(FHS)D(J*! ['DF FD JEHJH GD '(H EHL)*(HN)GHG E)\'E*FH [DE* HT)DEJH! F)(
LDEEHEFD H '( l()L* D(K*W'D * H '(H l()LH CDEGHG! ` F)( HTE)EFD D( '( )(K)()J* GD
[*F)T)N)GHGDF G*(GD FD GDFCH(DVLH DN T'D( [E*LDGDE )(JDE[EDJHJ)C* * N* [E)CD GD
HNLH(VHE F'F [E*[UF)J*Fj HF)S)FS*! [DES)JD G)iN*\*! N* L'HN )S[N)LH
)(JDEG)FL)[N)(HE)DGHG! ` F'[*(D '(H HLJ)J'G GD TlFW'DGH D )(GH\HL)U(
[DESH(D(JDF! N* L'HN )S[N)LH )(CDFJ)\HL)U(^ 1)\')D(G* H yH(J! J*G*
L*(*L)S)D(J* EDW')DED GD )(KDED(L)HF! HFQ! FUN* XH` L*(*L)S)D(J* L'H(G* N*
SlNJ)[ND GD NH FD(FHL)U( [DEL)T)GH FD EDG'LD H NH '()GHG GD NH F)\()K)LHL)U(! DF
GDL)E! `H N*F F)\(*F (* L'D(JH( GD SH(DEH H)FNHGH! F)(* D( L*(&'(J*! L*( N* L'HN
FD ['DGD NH(VHE '(H X)[UJDF)F! ['(J* GD NND\HGH GDN [E*LDF* )(KDED(L)HN
HTG'LJ)C*^ bD HL'DEG* L*( N*F [*FJ'NHG*F GD ID)ELD [*GDS*F GDL)E W'D NH
HTG'LL)U( DF '(H DF[DL)D GD SHJE)S*()* D(JED H(HN*\QH ` XDESD(_'J)LH^ <H
HTG'LL)U( * XDESD(_'J)LH H(HNU\)LH! L*S* NH GD(*S)(H MD'LX*J! [HEJD GDN
XDLX* W'D J*G* [D(FHS)D(J* FD L*(K)\'EH H [HEJ)E GD DNDSD(J*F L*(JEHE)*F.
EHVU( ` KD(USD(*! ND` ` XDLX*! [HEH NND\HE H L*(FJE')E X)[*J_J)LHSD(JD '(H
D][N)LHL)U( * EDL*(FJE'LL)U( [NH'F)TND *! [*E N* SD(*F! [*F)TND^ <H [ED\'(JH (*
DF [*E N*F '()CDEFHNDF () [*E NHF [HEJ)L'NHE)GHGDF! F)(* [*E NH 'J)N)GHG ` DN FD(J)G*^
R*(C)D(D G)KDED(L)HE DN [E*LDF* HTG'LJ)C* GDN )(G'LJ)C* ` GDN GDG'LJ)C*.
S)D(JEHF NH HTG'LL)U( K*ESH [HEJD GDN [E*LDF* GD GDFL'TE)S)D(J*! ['DF )(CD(JH!
[EDF'[*(D * [E*[*(D '(H X)[UJDF)F D][N)LHJ)CH * LEDHJ)CH GD N*F XDLX*F
*TFDECHG*F! NH GDG'LL)U( ` NH )(G'LL)U( K*ESH( [HEJD GDN [E*LDF* GD
&'FJ)K)LHL)U(! DN L'HN NNDCH H HLD[JHE * EDLXHVHE '(H X)[UJDF)F Ocjr^ r_(*CH ,445P^
<H )(KDED(L)H HTG'LJ)CH FD LHEHLJDE)VH [*E F' [E*THT)N)GHG! DF GDL)E! NH L*(LN'F)U(
(* DF FD\'EH () (DLDFHE)H! F)(* SDEHSD(JD L*(&DJ'EHN * [E*THTND! ['DF [*GEQH
D])FJ)E *JEH D][N)LHL)U( GDN XDLX*! G)FJ)(JH GD NH W'D FD [E*[*(D D( NH L*(LN'F)U(
Ocjr. 2)v* $++$P! F) FD HF'SD *JE* ['(J* GD EDKDED(L)H JDUE)L*^ I*E JH(J*!
JD()D(G* LNHE* DN S_J*G*! NH X)[UJDF)F GD[D(GD GDN H(GHS)H&D JDUE)L*^
;N [D(FHS)D(J* H(HNU\)L* [DES)JD XHLDEFD NH [ED\'(JH LD(JEHN [*E NH L*(&'(L)U(
D(JED N* '()CDEFHN ` N* [HEJ)L'NHE! ['DF N*F J)D(D L*S* ['(J*F GD EDKDED(L)H. [*E
'( NHG* DN F)\(* * NH DC)GD(L)H L*(LEDJH JH(\)TND! [*E *JE*! NH JD*EQH! ED\NH! ND` *
[E)(L)[)* HF'S)G*F [HEH NDDE G)LX* F)\(*^ ;( DFJD FD(J)G*! NH CHN)GDV GD


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H[N)LHL)U( GD DFJD S_J*G*! FD D(L'D(JEH D( NH SH(DEH L*S* FD \D(DED G)iN*\*
D(JED NH '()CDEFHN)GHG GD NH JD*EQH ` F' 'J)N)GHG D( NH [HEJ)L'NHE)GHG GDN F)\(*!
G*(GD EHG)LH F' DKDLJ)C)GHG^ I*E DF* FD D][EDFH H SH(DEH GD X)[UJDF)F^ :W'Q DF
G*(GD NH LEDHJ)C)GHG X'SH(H FD L*(&'(JH L*( DN [D(FHS)D(J*! [HEH DFJHTNDLDE
('DCHF EDNHL)*(DF D(JED N*F DNDSD(J*F GD W'D G)F[*(D! H [HEJ)E GD L)DEJ*F
L*(JD]J*F GD D][DE)D(L)H Ocjr^ :N)FDGH $++6P! F'FL)JH(G* DN EHV*(HS)D(J*
H(HNU\)L*^
<H (HJ'EHNDVH GD NH XDESD(_'J)LH DF FDE HEJD ` L)D(L)H GD NH )(JDE[EDJHL)U( L'`*
[E*[UF)J* L*(F)FJD D( NH L*S[ED(F)U( GD '( JD]J* OJD&)G*P L*( F'J)NDVH `
[E*K'(G)GHG^ ;])FJD NH XDESD(_'J)LH JDUE)LH ` NH XDESD(_'J)LH [EiLJ)LH *
H[N)LHGHj NH JDUE)LH L*(F)FJD D( NH EDL*NDLL)U( GD GHJ*F L*\()J)C*F W'D ['DGD(
\')HE '(H )(JDE[EDJHL)U( HGDL'HGH GD '( GDJDES)(HG* JD]J*j NH [EiLJ)LH L*(F)FJD
D( NH H[N)LHL)U( GD G)LX*F [E)(L)[)*F D( NH )(JDE[EDJHL)U( GD '( KD(USD(*
L*(LEDJ*^ <H XDESD(_'J)LH H(HNU\)LH )(JD(JH L*(L)N)HE NHF G*F H(JDE)*EDF!
[*()D(G* D( '( S)FS* DFLD(HE)* N*F F)\(*F * DC)GD(L)HF OJD]J*P ` NHF JD*EQHF *
ED\NHF \D(DEHNDF OG)FL)[N)(HFP^ IHEH DNN* DF (DLDFHE)* [*(DE DN KD(USD(*
DFJ'G)HG*! W'D FD J*SH L*S* JD]J*! D( F' L*(JD]J* GD DSDE\D(L)H * H[HE)L)U(^
<HF L*(LN'F)*(DF F*( DN EDF'NJHG* GDN GDFLHEJD F'LDF)C* ` F)FJDSiJ)L* GD
X)[UJDF)F W'D (* L*EEDF[*(GD( L*( HN\l( ['(J* GDN [E*LDF*! `H FDH L*( N*
JDUE)L* * L*( N* H[N)LHJ)C*! L*( N* SDJ*G*NU\)L* * L*( N* G)FL)[N)(HE^
;N [E*[UF)J* GD W')D( 'J)N)VH NH HTG'LL)U( L*S* S_J*G* [HEH DN DFJ'G)* GD
KD(USD(*F L'NJ'EHNDF! (* DF DN GD GDFD(JEHvHE NHF S)FSQF)SHF D][EDF)*(DF
*E)\)(HNDF! F)(* NHF L*(G)L)*(DF! N*F S*G*F GD C)GH! NH JEHSH GD N*F EDNHJ*F ` NHF
C)F)*(DF GD S'(G*! W'D NNDCHE*( H G)LX* KD(USD(*! ['DF! [HEH NH HTG'LL)U(! '(
KD(USD(* L'NJ'EHN DF '(H (HEEHL)U( D( NH L'HN DFJi NH )GD(J)GHG GDN (HEEHG*E ONH
L*S'()GHG * NHF [DEF*(HFP HN XHLDE SDS*E)H GD FQ S)FS*j L*S* F'\)DED A)L*D'E
HN XHTNHE GD NH )GD(J)GHG (HEEHJ)CH. el ser humcnc Jice lc que es ccntcnJcse^ ;FH
SDS*E)H DF ['(J* GD )(JDE_F [HEH NH HTG'LL)U(! H'( L'H(G* N* )S[*EJH(JD (*
F)DS[ED FD GDFL'TEH H F)S[ND C)FJH! F)(* H\'VH(G* N*F FD(J)G*F! LHF)
*TFDF)CHSD(JD! [HEH (* [DEGDEFD ()(\l( F)\(*! ['DF XHFJH DN H[HED(JDSD(JD
SiF )(F)\()K)LH(JD! DF )S[*EJH(JD ` ['DGD EDF'NJHE GDK)()J)C*! ` J*G*F N*F F)\(*F
XHTNH(! )(LN'F)CD N*F W'D (* F*( N)(\kQFJ)L*F^ :'(W'D! XHL)D(G* NH H(HN*\QH L*(
NH [HNHTEH! FD ['DGD EDL'EE)E H NH D][EDF)U( XD)GD\\DE)H(H.

OmP NH [HNHTEH [*GEQH! L)DEJHSD(JD! [DEJD(DLDE H NH CDEGHG GDN 1DE OSeynP^ OmP^
;(J*(LDF XHTEQH W'D DFLNHEDLDE GDFGD HNNQ D( W'_ EDF[DLJ* FD D(L'D(JEH DNNH


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OmP L*( HW'DNN* W'D! H G)KDED(L)H GDN L'DE[* CDETHN! FD GD(*S)(H gDN HNSHh!
L*( NH F)\()K)LHL)U( OqD)GD\\DE ,4%% O,446P.-P^

;N [E*[UF)J* SDJ*G*NU\)L* GD NH HTG'LL)U( DF EDL*(FJE')E D][N)LHL)*(DF
L*(F)FJD(JDF GD '( XDLX* *TFDECHG* O[DEL)T)G*P! SDG)H(JD DN GDFLHEJD GD NHF
X)[UJDF)F SD(*F HGDL'HGHF! H [HEJ)E GD JD*EQHF G)F[*()TNDF^ IDE*! GDJEiF GD _FJD!
JHN CDV DN [E*[UF)J* ncturcl GD NH HTG'LL)U( DF NH )(JD\EHL)U( GD L*(*L)S)D(J*F!
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10
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12
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