Cac ch tieu c ban cua mach khuech ai.

Bai 1

CAC CH TIEU C BAN CUA MACH KHUECH AI.

1.1. nh ngha.
Mach khuech ai la mach bien oi nang lng cua nguon cung cap, di
tac dung khong che cua nguon tn hieu, nham tao ra tren tai nang lng bien
thien theo quy luat bien oi cua tn hieu nhng mc cao hn nang lng cua
nguon tn hieu.
Mach
khuech ai
Nguon
tn hieu
Tai





1.2. Cac ch tieu c ban.
1.2.1. o li cua mach khuech ai (he so khuech ai).
o li ap A
v
la ty so gia gia tr bien oi ien ap ngo ra v
O
va gia tr bien
oi ien ap ngo vao v
I
cua mach khuech ai:

Phan 1. Mach khuech ai. Trang 1

Trong o v
i
, v
o
lan lt la ien ap tn hieu ngo vao va ngo ra.
i
o
I
O
v
v
v
v
v
A =

=
o li dong A
i
la ty so gia gia tr bien oi ien ap ngo ra i
O
va gia tr bien
oi ien ap ngo vao i
I
cua mach khuech ai:
i
o
I
O
i
i
i
i
i
A =

=

Trong o i
i
, i
o
lan lt la dong ien tn hieu ngo vao va ngo ra.
o li cong suat A
p
la ty so gia gia tr cong suat tn hieu ngo ra P
o
va gia tr
cong suat tn hieu ngo vao P
i
cua mach khuech ai:

Trong o: P
o
= v
o
.i
o
, P
i
= v
i
.i
i
, Nh vay: A
p
= A
v
.A
i
.
i
o
i
P
P
A =
Ro rang mot mach khuech ai co o li ap, o li dong cang ln, cang
tot.
1.2.2. Hieu suat.
Hieu suat la tham so bieu th mc o li dung nguon cung cap. Co hai
loai: hieu suat mach ra (trong bai khuech ai cong suat goi tat la hieu suat),
va hieu suat cua toan mach khuech ai.
Hieu suat mach ra cua tang khuech ai cong suat la ty so gia cong suat tn
hieu ngo ra P
o
hay cong suat tren tai P
L
vi cong suat nguon cung cap cho
mach ra P
CC
.
CC
L
P
P
=

Cac ch tieu c ban cua mach khuech ai.
Hieu suat cua toan mach khuech ai la ty so gia cong suat tn hieu ngo ra
P
o
hay cong suat tren tai P
L
vi cong suat cac nguon cung cap cho toan mach
P.
P
P
L

Hieu suat ch co y ngha vi cac mach khuech ai co cong suat ln, v
vay ch c e cap en trong bai Khuech ai Cong Suat.
Tat nhien mot mach khuech ai co hieu suat cang cao cang tot.
1.2.3. Tr khang vao, ra.
Tr khang vao z
i
cua mot mach khuech ai la tr khang tng ng khi
nhn vao mach khuech ai tai ngo vao.

Mach
khuech ai
Tai
z
i

i
i
i
i
v
z =




Trong trng hp ngo vao thuan tr, luc o tr khang vao z
i
= r
i
.
Neu mach co tr khang vao cang ln, th cang t anh hng en nguon tn
hieu hoac tang khuech ai at trc no.
Tr khang ra z
o
cua mot mach khuech ai la tr khang tng ng khi
nhn vao mach khuech ai tai ngo ra.

Mach
khuech ai
Nguon
tn hieu
Z
o

o
o
o
i
v
z =




Trong trng hp ngo ra thuan tr, luc o tr khang ra z
o
= r
o
.
Neu mach co tr khang ra cang be, th cang t b anh hng cua tai hoac
tang khuech ai at sau no.
1.2.4. Tr khang nguon, tai.
Tr khang nguon la tr khang nhn vao nguon tn hieu, tai ngo ra cua
nguon tn hieu. Cac nguon tn hieu eu co the bien oi tng ng thanh
mot nguon ap v
s
mac noi tiep vi tr khang nguon z
s
, hoac mot nguon dong i
s

mac song song vi tr khang nguon z
s
(nh ly Norton-Thevenin).
Trng hp thuan tr z
s
= r
s
.

Phan 1. Mach khuech ai. Trang 2
Cac ch tieu c ban cua mach khuech ai.
Tr khang nguon tren cac thiet b phat tn hieu nh may phat am tan, cao
tan, thng c ghi tren ngo ra. oi vi trng hp nh cac mach khuech ai
nhieu tang, tr khang nguon cua tang sau, chnh la tr khang ra cua tang trc.


Nguon
tn hieu
v
s
i
s
z
s
z
s



Tr khang tai z
L
. Mot mach khuech ai luon c s dung e cung cap ien
ap, dong ien va (hoac) la cong suat cho mot vai loai tai c ket noi vi
ngo ra cua chung. Tai nay co the la loa, antenna, coi bao ong, mot thiet b
canh bao, mot motor ien hay mot thiet b hu dung nao o. Tai co the la tr
khang vao mot mach khuech ai khac.
Trng hp thuan tr z
L
= r
L
.
1.2.5. ap ng tan so-Meo bien o va meo pha.
ap ng tan so.
ap ng tan so cua mot mach khuech ai (hay he thong) bat ky la cach
c x cua mach khuech ai (hay he thong) o, tuy thuoc vao tan so cua tn
hieu vao. Luc nay o li cua mach co module va argument phu thuoc tan so tn
hieu. ap ng tan so cua mot mach khuech ai cho biet pha va bien o cua cac
thanh phan tan so tn hieu qua mach khuech ai se thay oi nh the nao.
Meo bien o (Amplitude distorsion).
Neu module cua o li cua mach khuech ai khong ong eu tai moi tan
so th tn hieu (thng co pho cha nhieu thanh phan tan so) sau khi qua mach
khuech ai se co dang khac vi dang tn hieu ngo vao. Meo tn hieu do hien
tng nh vay c goi la meo bien o.
Mot mach khuech ai ly tng phai co module cua o li khong oi theo
tan so.
Meo pha (Phase distortion)
Khi tn hieu i qua mot mach khuech ai se b tre. Trng hp cac thanh
phan tan so cua tn hieu b tre khong giong nhau, tn hieu ngo ra se co dang
khac vi tn hieu ngo vao. Meo tn hieu do hien tng nh vay c goi la meo
pha.
Mot mach khuech ai ly tng hoac la khong lam dch pha cac thanh
phan tan so cua tn hieu, hoac la cac thanh phan tan so cua tn hieu khi qua
mach khuech ai phai co o dch pha thay oi tuyen tnh theo tan so. (ieu nay
se c chng minh trong bai ap ng Tan So).
Tong quat o li cua mach khuech ai co dang: A = K().e
j()
. Nh vay,
e tranh meo bien o va pha, o li cua mach khuech ai phai co dang:
A = Ke
ja
Vi K va a la hang so.

Phan 1. Mach khuech ai. Trang 3
Cac ch tieu c ban cua mach khuech ai.
Meo bien o va meo pha la meo tuyen tnh, no khong tao ra thanh phan
tan so mi.
1.2.6. ap ng xung-Meo qua o.
ap ng xung.
e anh gia ap ng xung cua mach khuech ai, ngi ta dung ac tuyen
qua o. No la ng bieu dien s bien thien cua ien ap ra (hay dong ien ra)
theo thi gian khi au vao co tac dung mot ien ap (hay dong ien) co dang
ham n v E.1(t).

Phan 1. Mach khuech ai. Trang 4






Meo qua o.
Meo qua o c tnh theo:
- Thi gian thiet lap t
r
(hay o rong sn xung): la thi gian khi sn xung at
gia tr 0,1 gia tr xac lap V (t
0,1
) en khi sn xung at gia tr 0,9 gia tr xac
lap V (t
0,9
): t
r
= t
0,9
- t
0,1

- Bu sn trc : c nh ngha:
- o sut nh
-
va o nang nh
+
trong khoang thi gian t
p
.








Thi gian thiet lap va bu xung ac trng cho o meo sn xung, neu
khong meo th t
r
= 0 va = 0. o sut nh
-
va o nang nh
+
trong khoang
thi gian t
p
ac trng cho o meo nh xung (o khong bang phang cua nh
xung).
Meo qua o khong phat sinh thanh phan tan so mi nen thuoc loai meo
tuyen tnh.
1.2.7. Meo phi tuyen.
Meo phi tuyen la meo do cac phan t phi tuyen trong mach khuech ai
gay ra. Khi a vao mach khuech ai mot tn hieu sine, meo phi tuyen se lam
bien dang hnh sine, v vay meo phi tuyen lam phat sinh thanh phan tan so mi.
t
v
o
(t)
0
Mach
khuech ai
v
i
=E.1(t)
t
0
E
% 100
V
V v
max o

=
t
0,1
t
0,9
v
o
(t)
V
0,9V
0,1V
t
t
p
t
r
v
omax

+
Cac ch tieu c ban cua mach khuech ai.
V vay e anh gia meo phi tuyen cua mot mach khuech ai, at tai ngo
vao mot tn hieu sine co tan so . Tai ngo ra cua mach khuech ai ngoai thanh
phan tan so , do meo phi tuyen se phat sinh cac hai bac 1, bac 2, bac 3,cua .
He so hai (con goi la he so meo phi tuyen) c tnh:


Phan 1. Mach khuech ai. Trang 5

ay P
1
, P
2
, P
3
, P
4
, la cong suat cua thanh phan tan so va cac hai bac
2, bac 3, bac 4,cua . Khi tai thuan tr, co the tnh he so meo phi tuyen theo
cac tr so dong ien hay ien ap ngo ra:
1
4 3 2
P
P P P + + +
=


Trng hp ly tng, = 0.
1
2
4
2
3
2
2
1
2
4
2
3
2
2
U
U U U
I
I I I + +
=
+ +
=
1.2.8. Nhieu.
Nhieu trong mach khuech ai do cac nguon sau gay ra:
Nhieu nhiet.
Nhieu nhiet trong mot day dan (hoac linh kien) la do chuyen ong nhiet
cua cac ien t t do gay ra. Cac chuyen ong nay mang tnh ngau nhien, chung
tao ra tren hai au day dan (hoac linh kien) mot sc ien ong bien oi ngau
nhien. Tr so cua sc ien ong nay phu thuoc vao nhiet o, ien tr cua day
dan va co pho eu, lien tuc suot t tan so f = 0 en f = .
Neu mach khuech ai co dai tan f va ien tr thuan cua mach hau nh
khong oi va bang r, th tong bnh phng cac thanh phan nhieu nam trong dai
f la: E
n
2
= 4kTrf
Vi: k = 1,38.10
-23
J/K (hang so Boltzmann)
T: nhiet o tuyet oi (K)
r: ien tr thuan cua mach ()
f: dai thong cua mach (Hz)
E
n
: ien ap nhieu (V)
Nh vay mach ien nao cung co the coi nh co mot nguon nhieu c
bieu dien di dang nguon ap hoac nguon dong nh hnh ve:

r+jX r+jX E
n
I
n

Trong o z = r+jX la tr khang cua nguon nhieu.
Tat ca cac mach eu sinh ra nhieu nhiet, nhng trong thc te ch can tnh
nhieu nhiet ngo vao mach khuech ai, do thanh phan ien tr cua nguon tn
hieu gay ra, v no c khuech ai len nhieu nhat va do o co tac dung quan
trong nhat.
Cac ch tieu c ban cua mach khuech ai.
Nhieu do cac phan t khuech ai.
cac phan t khuech ai nh transistor, nhieu gom co nhieu nhiet tai cc
base, nhieu hat tai cac tiep giap p-n va nhieu xao ong do s phan phoi dong
gia cac cc cua transistor. e anh gia mc nhieu do cac transistor gay ra,
ngi ta thng s dung he so nhieu NF (noise figure), vi NF = 10lgF [dB]. F
la ty so gia tong cong suat nhieu ngo ra mach khuech ai P
n
va cong suat
nhieu nhiet do ien tr nguon gay nen au ra mach khuech ai P
nr
.

nr
n
P
P
F

=

Vi P
nr
= A
v
2
4kTr
s
f/R
L
A
v
: o li ap cua mach.
r
s
: noi tr cua nguon tn hieu (phan thc cua tr khang nguon).
R
L
: phan thc cua tr khang tai.
Ngi ta cung thng anh gia nhieu theo ty so tn hieu tren nhieu S/N:

=
n
o
v
v
N
S


Trong o v
o
= A
v
v
i
vi v
i
la ien ap tn hieu at tai ngo vao mach
khuech ai. v
n
tong ien ap nhieu tai ngo ra mach khuech ai:

F . f . r . T . k 4 A v
s v n
=

Nhieu do hieu ng microphone.
La nhieu xuat hien do cac linh kien, ac biet la trong cac tang au b
rung ong do am thanh, hoac do nguyen nhan khac gay ra. e tranh nhieu loai
nay mach khuech ai, ac biet la cac tang au phai c lap rap, gia co chac
chan.
Nhieu do cac nguon ien khac gay ra.
Nhieu do nguon ien li cung cap cho mach cha c loc tot, no the
hien au ra mach khuech ai bang ien ap nhieu, co tan so la boi so cua tan
so ien li (50Hz). Vi mach tang am (amplifier) nghe thay tieng u. Mot
nguyen nhan khac la do dong ien cam ng t bien ap nguon at trong may,
thng khac phuc bang cach boc kim bien ap nguon.
Nhieu do cac thiet b ien t, c ien khac, gay ra. Khac phuc bang
cach at xa cac thiet b gay nhieu, boc kim toan bo may, hoac tng bo phan,
kh ghep nguon ien li cung cap cho mach.
1.2.9. Dai ong.
Trong thc te mach khuech ai ch co the khuech ai tn hieu trung thc
trong khoang tn hieu vao t v
imin
en v
imax
. o la do gii han vung lam viec cua
cac linh kien khuech ai. Neu tn hieu vao nam ngoai pham vi cho phep se ay

Phan 1. Mach khuech ai. Trang 6
Cac ch tieu c ban cua mach khuech ai.
mot hoac nhieu tang, hoac toan bo cac tang cua mach khuech ai ra khoi vung
tuyen tnh. Ty so v
imax
/v
imin
c goi la dai ong cua mach khuech ai, ky hieu
la D.
min i
max i
min i
max i
v
v
lg 20 ] dB [ D
v
v
D = =

Dai ong tn hieu D
s
la dai bien thien cua mc tn hieu vao, t mc cc
tieu v
smin
en mc cc ai v
smax
.


Phan 1. Mach khuech ai. Trang 7

e mach khuech ai co the khuech ai trung thc toan bo dai ien ap
cua nguon tn hieu, dai ong cua mach khuech ai phai ln hn hoac t ra phai
bang dai ong cua tn hieu, tc la D D
s
.
min s
max s
s
min s
max s
s
v
v
lg 20 ] dB [ D
v
v
D = =