Está en la página 1de 5

451 DQOLVLV FRPELQDWRULR

4514 Lqwurgxfflq
Od frpelqdwruld hv od sduwh gh odv pdwhpwlfdv txh hvwxgld ho qphur gh frq0
jxudflrqhv glvwlqwdv txh vh sxhghq kdfhu frq orv hohphqwrv gh xq frqmxqwr1
Vhjq ho fulwhulr xvdgr/ od lpsruwdqfld gh od rughqdflq gh orv hohphqwrv r txh
sxhgdq dsduhfhu hohphqwrv uhshwlgrv/ vh whqguq glihuhqwhv irupdv gh frqwdu
txh gduq qrpeuh d odv djuxsdflrqhv1

4515 Yduldflrqhv
Odv yduldflrqhv vh sxhghq ghqlu frpr orv glvwlqwrv juxsrv txh vh sxhghq iru0
pdu frq orv hohphqwrv gh xq frqmxqwr/ grqgh ho rughq wlhqh lpsruwdqfld/ hv
ghflu grv juxsrv vhuq glvwlqwrv fxdqgr wlhqhq glvwlqwrv hohphqwrv r fxdqgr
whqlhqgr orv plvprv hvwq hq glihuhqwh rughq1 Ghshqglhqgr gh vl sxhghq uhsh0
wluvh r qr hvwrv hohphqwrv vh glvwlqjxlu hqwuh yduldflrqhv frq uhshwlflq | vlq
uhshwlflq1

451514 Yduldflrqhv vlq uhshwlflq


Gdgr xq frqmxqwr gh 6 hohphqwrv glvwlqjxleohv/ vh ghqrplqdq yduldflrqhv gh
6 wrpdgdv gh ? hq ? d orv glihuhqwhv juxsrv gh ? E?  6 hohphqwrv glvwlqwrv
txh sxhghq irupduvh gh prgr txh grv juxsrv vh glihuhqflhq hq txh wlhqhq dojq
hohphqwr glvwlqwr r sru od rughqdflq gh vxv hohphqwrv1
Ho qphur gh yduldflrqhv vlq uhshwlflq hv=
T6c? ' 6E? ' 6E6  E6  2E6  ? n 
Odv yduldflrqhv gh 6 wrpdgdv gh ? hq ? vrq odv glihuhqwhv pxhvwudv rugh0
qdgdv gh wdpdr ? vhohfflrqdgdv hq xq pxhvwuhr vlq uhhpsod}dplhqwr gh xqd
sreodflq gh 6 lqglylgxrv1
Hmhpsor 4= Hq xqd fodvh gh 63 doxpqrv vh yd d hohjlu xqd whuqd sdud rfxsdu
orv sxhvwrv gh Suhvlghqwh/ Vhfuhwdulr | Whvruhur fxqwdv whuqdv glihuhqwhv
sxhghq irupduvhB

DQOLVLV FRPELQDWRULR

"

Hvwd fodur txh vh wudwd gh T fc ' f  2b  2H ' 2e Sf vhuq odv glvwlqwdv


srvlelolgdghv gh hohfflq

451515 Yduldflrqhv frq uhshwlflq


Vl do irupdu orv juxsrv txh frqvwlwx|hq odv yduldflrqhv orv hohphqwrv sxhghq
wrpduvh uhshwlgrv vh rewlhqhq odv yduldflrqhv frq uhshwlflq gh 6 hohphqwrv
wrpdgrv gh ? hq ?1
Ho qphur gh yduldflrqhv frq uhshwlflq hv=
T -6c? ' 6? 
Odv yduldflrqhv frq uhshwlflq gh 6 wrpdgdv gh ? hq ? vrq odv glihuhqwhv
pxhvwudv rughqdgdv gh wdpdr ? vhohfflrqdgdv hq xq pxhvwuhr frq uhhpsod}d0
plhqwr gh xqd sreodflq gh 6 lqglylgxrv1
Hmhpsor 5= Fxqwrv qphurv gh grv fliudv vh sxhghq irupdu frq orv
qphurv 4/5/6/7 | 81
Hq hvwh fdvr vh sxhghq xwlol}du fxdotxlhud gh odv fliudv wdqwr sdud ho oxjdu
gh odv ghfhqdv frpr sdud odv xqlgdghv/ vh wudwdud sxhv gh yduldflrqhv gh 8
hohphqwrv wrpdgrv gh grv hq grv/ hv ghflu=
T -Dc2 ' D2 ' 2D

4516 Shupxwdflrqhv
451614 Shupxwdflrqhv vlq uhshwlflq
Odv shupxwdflrqhv gh 6 hohphqwrv vrq odv glihuhqwhv rughqdflrqhv txh sxhghq
kdfhuvh frq orv 6 hohphqwrv1 Sru wdqwr/ frlqflghq frq odv yduldflrqhv vlq
uhshwlflq gh 6 hohphqwrv wrpdgrv gh 6 hq 61
Ho qphur gh shupxwdflrqhv hv=
6 ' 6- ' 6E6  E6  2
Hmhpsor 6= Xqd hqflforshgld gh 8 yrophqhv/ gh fxqwdv irupdv glvwlqwdv
vh sxhgh frorfdu hq xqd hvwdqwhud
D ' D- ' D  e   2  ' 2f
#

DQOLVLV FRPELQDWRULR

451615 Shupxwdflrqhv frq uhshwlflq


Frqvlguhvh xq frqmxqwr gh 6 hohphqwrv gh orv fxdohv o vrq glvwlqwrv/ dsduh0
flhqgr ho sulphur ? yhfhv/ ho vhjxqgr ?2 yhfhv/ 111/ ho u0vlpr ?o yhfhv/ frq
? n ?2 n  n ?o ' 61 D odv glihuhqwhv rughqdflrqhv gh hvwh frqmxqwr gh 6
hohphqwrv vh ohv ghqrplqd shupxwdflrqhv frq uhshwlflq1
Ho qphur gh shupxwdflrqhv frq uhshwlflq hv=

?
 -6Q c?

cc?o

'

6
? - ?2 -?o -

Odv shupxwdflrqhv frq uhshwlflq uhsuhvhqwdq odv glihuhqwhv sduwlflrqhv gh


o juxsrv txh sxhghq kdfhuvh hq xq frohfwlyr gh 6 lqglylgxrv gh irupd txh hq
ho sulphu juxsr kd| ? lqglylgxrv/ hq ho vhjxqgr ?2 /111 | hq ho u0vlpr kd| ?o 1
Hmhpsor 7= Vl hq xq dxod gh 48 doxpqrv | vh ghvhd irupdu wuhv htxlsrv
gh edorqfhvwr +fdgd htxlsr gh 8 mxjdgruhv,1 Fxqwdv srvlelolgdghv kd| sdud
fdgd xqrB1
Dc
 -DDcD '

D' .DS.DS
D-  D-  D-

4517 Frpelqdflrqhv
Odv frpelqdflrqhv vh ghqhq frpr ho qphur gh glvwlqwrv juxsrv txh vh sxhghq
kdfhu frq xq frqmxqwr gh hohphqwrv gh irupd txh qr lpsruwd ho rughq hq ho
txh vh hqfxhqwuhq hvwrv hohphqwrv1 Ghshqglhqgr gh vl hq fdgd juxsr sxhgh
dsduhfhu uhshwlgr ho plvpr hohphqwr r qr vh glvwlqjxluq hqwuh frpelqdflrqhv
frq uhshwlflq | vlq uhshwlflq1
Sdud ho fofxor gho qphur gh frpelqdflrqhv hv wlo od vljxlhqwh ghqlflq
vl  | & vrq grv qphurv qdwxudohv wdohv txh &  ?/ ho qphur frpelqdwrulr
? ?
& hvw gdgr sru od h{suhvlq/
 
?E?  E?  2E?  & n 
?
?E&
G'
'
&&E&  E&  2
&

Surslhgdghv=
41

 ?

'

?

'

51

?
f
 ?
'?

61

 ?

71

 ?

&

'

?!&
?& ' &- E?!&-

FRPELQDFLRQHV

81
91

?  ? ?n
& ! n & ' &
? ? ?
 
n n 2 n  n ? ' E n ? ' 2?
f
?

Xq uhvxowdgr lpsruwdqwh/ txh shuplwh phgldqwh h{suhvlrqhv frq qphurv


frpelqdulrv h{suhvdu od srwhqfld gh xq elqrplr hv ho ghqrplqdgr Elqrplr gh
Qhzwrq txh glfh txh gdgrv grv qphurv fxdohvtxlhud @ | K | xq hqwhur srvlwlyr
? vh yhulfd txh=

?  
? ' [ ? @ K?!
E@ n K
 'f 
451714 Frpelqdflrqhv vlq uhshwlflq
Gdgr xq frqmxqwr gh 6 hohphqwrv glvwlqjxleohv/ vh ghqrplqdq frpelqdflrqhv
gh 6 wrpdgdv gh ? hq ? d orv glihuhqwhv juxsrv gh ? hohphqwrv txh sxhghq
irupduvh gh prgr txh grv juxsrv vh glihuhqflhq hq txh wlhqhq dojq hohphqwr
glvwlqwr +qr lpsruwd ho rughq,1
Ho qphur gh frpelqdflrqhv vlq uhshwlflq hv=


6E6  E6  2E6  ? n 
6
'
6c? '
?
?Odv frpelqdflrqhv gh 6 wrpdgdv gh ? hq ? vrq odv glihuhqwhv vxesreodflrqhv
+pxhvwudv hq odv txh qr vh frqvlghud ho rughq, gh wdpdr ? vhohfflrqdgdv hq
xq pxhvwuhr vlq uhhpsod}dplhqwr gh xqd sreodflq gh 6 lqglylgxrv1
Hmhpsor 8= Vh frqvlghudq rfkr sxqwrv hq xq sodqr  c 2 c H gh orv txh
qr kd| wuhv hq xqd plvpd uhfwd1
Fdqwdv uhfwdv sdvdq sru grv gh orv rfkr sxqwrvBFdqwrv wulqjxorv ghwhu0
plqdq hvwrv rfkr sxqwrvB
Ho qphur gh uhfwdv frlqflglu frq ho qphur gh frpelqdflrqhv gh hvrv ;
sxqwrv wrpdgdv gh grv hq grv= Hc2 ' 2H
Gho plvpr prgr ho qphur gh wulqjxorv hv= Hc ' DS

451715 Frpelqdflrqhv frq uhshwlflq


Vl do irupdu orv juxsrv txh frqvwlwx|hq odv frpelqdflrqhv orv hohphqwrv sxhghq
wrpduvh uhshwlgrv vh rewlhqhq odv frpelqdflrqhv frq uhshwlflq gh 6 hohphqwrv
wrpdgrv gh ? hq ?1
%

DQOLVLV FRPELQDWRULR

Ho qphur gh frpelqdflrqhv frq uhshwlflq hv=




6n?
-6c? '
?
Odv frpelqdflrqhv frq uhshwlflq gh 6 wrpdgdv gh ? hq ? vrq odv glihuhqwhv
vxesreodflrqhv gh wdpdr ? vhohfflrqdgdv hq xq pxhvwuhr frq uhhpsod}dplhqwr
gh xqd sreodflq gh 6 lqglylgxrv1
Hmhpsor 9= Fdqwdv pxhvwudv gh wuhv shuvrqdv vh sxhghq irupdu holjlhqgr
dohdwruldphqwh qphurv gh xq olvwlq whohiqlfr gh 433 lqglylgxrvB1
Hq hvwh fdvr hq fdgd pxhvwud qr lpsruwd ho rughq hq txh vh rewhqjd fdgd
lqglylgxr/ | frpr hq fdgd vhfxhqfld yxhoyh d hohjluvh xq qxhyr qphur dohdwrulr
hv srvleoh txh sxhgd vdolu vhohfflrqdgd od plvpd shuvrqd pv gh xqd yh}/ sru or
txh hvwdprv frqwhpsodqgr od srvlelolgdg gh uhshwlflq/ ho qphur gh pxhvwudv
hv=


ff n 
K
-ffc '
' f2 fKff ' ..ff
K2K

Hv lqwhuhvdqwh srghu uhvxplu odv glvwlqwdv irupdv gh frqwdu hq xqd wdeod/ dv/
ho qphur gh pxhvwudv gh wdpdr ? txh vh sxhghq hohjlu gh xqd sreodflq gh
6 lqglylgxrv/ vh sxhgh dyhuljxdu whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd vl vh sxhghq r qr uhshwlu
orv hohphqwrv | vl lpsruwd r qr ho rughq/ hvwr vh uhvxph hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh=

Qr vh sxhghq uhshwlu
Vl vh sxhghq uhshwlu

FRPELQDFLRQHV

Vl lpsruwd ho rughq
T6c?
T -6c?

Qr Lpsruwd ho rughq
6c?
-6c?

&

También podría gustarte