CONJUNCTIONS

Una conjuncin es una 'joining word', es decir, una palabra que une dos partes de una oracin. Hay dos tipos de conjunciones: COORDINATING conjunctions: unen partes equivalentes de una oracin (dos frases que forman una oracin: The sun shone and everyone felt happy (coordinacin) SUBORDINATING conjunctions: unen una frase subordinada con una frase principal: You can do it if you try hard (subordinacin)

Conjunciones coordinantes
Significado o funcin Adicin, hacer una lista Alternativas Contraste Adicin negativa Comparacin Condicin Conjunciones simples And Or But Nor Conjunciones de 2 3 palabras Conjunciones dobles both...and not only...but either...or not...but neither...nor as...so as...as if...then

Conjunciones subordinantes
as, than, like (EEUU) if, unless as if, as though seeing (that) given (that) provided (that) as / so long as even though as far as but (that) except (that) where, wherever rather than sooner (than) as...so the...the so that in order that because, as, since in that so that such that Whether, if (that) when(ever), while, as before, until, till after, since once, when, whereupon immediately (that) now (that) whether...or

Contraste Grado o medida Excepcin Lugar Preferencia Proporcin Propsito Causa y razn Consideracin Resultado Pregunta indirecta Afirmacin indirecta tiempo (mismo tiempo) (tiempo anterior) (tiempo posterior) (justo despus)

(al)though while whereas

although...yet so...that

Pgina

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LINKING WORDS unen ideas juntas en una oracin o un texto. Hay tres clases principales: Conjunciones COORDINANTES Conjunciones SUBORDINANTES ADVERBIOS que unen Las palabras que unen o linking words estn seguidos de a) una frase coordinada b) uan frase subordinada c) una oracin (ingls escrito)
Unen: (a) una frase coordinada (b) una frase subordinada (c) una oracin (ingls escrito) (dependiente de una o (a) o (b) principal)

Conjunciones
Algunos significados : Aadiendo And ideas juntas:

Coordinantes

Subordinantes

Adverbios que unen

In addition Also moreover (formal) Furthermore (formal) ...too ...as well Alternativeley (or) else Otherwise However (bastante formal) Yet (a veces es conjuncin) Even so (but) still Still Nevertheless (formal) Nonetheless (formal) On the other hand Therefore (formal) Consequently (formal) (and) so (a veces es conjuncin) thus (formal) hence (formal) (a) Then After(wards) Beforehand Soon (b) Meanwhile

Mostrando alternativa s: Contrastan do ideas:

Or (a) but yet (a veces es adverbio) Although Even though Though

(b) Mostrando causa, razn o efecto: Relacionan do ideas en TIEMPO (a)una idea sigue a otra: (b)una al mismo tiempo que otra:

Whereas While Because Since As For So (a veces adverbio) (a) After Before When(ever) As soon as (b) While As When(ever)

*** NOTA: Todas las palabras del cuadro de arriba que empiezan en mayscula pueden ir al principio de una oracin. Las palabras en minscula deben ir normalmente en posicin media.

Frases coordinantes:
Las conjunciones and, or, but y nor. And, or y but pueden unir dos oraciones, frases o palabras: FRASE 1 NEXO FRASE 2 The police arrived(,) and the thieves were arrested Would you like tea(,) or would you prefer coffee? We rang the bell(,) but nothing happened Se puede poner una coma (en forma escrita) al final de la primera frase.

Pgina

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CONJUNCIONES DOBLES
both A and B neither A nor B either A or B not only A but B not A but B if A then B

both ...and ... (se aade un elemento o idea a otro) Both my father and my sister were born in Valladolid The cat family includes both lions and tigers either ... or ... (alternativas) You can drink either Coke or Fanta. You cannot have both Either you like rugby or you hate it not ... but ... (sustituyendo una idea por otra) We are leaving not next week, but the week after It is not the players, but the supporters, that cause trouble at rugby matches not only ... but (also) ... (aadiendo una idea a otra: enftico) She is not only beautiful, but (also) a great actress Not only is television boring, but it (also) wastes a lot of time Esta conjuncin doble tiene el mismo significado de 'adicin' que both...and. Pero en not only A but B , el A es algo conocido o esperado y el B es algo inesperado que recibe enfasis. Para enfasis extra, se ade also despus de but. NEGATIVE WORDS AND PHRASES requieren un cambio en el orden de las palabras (para enfatizar una negacin, podemos colocarla al principio de la frase barely in no way only at that moment hardly ...when on no account only by hardly ever on no condition only if least of all no sooner ...than... only in little neither ...nor some respects never not a ... only later never again not once only on rare occasions never before not only ...but... only when at no time not until/till only withrarely by no means nowhere scarcely...when in/under no circumstances only after scarcely ever seldom She at no time mentioned her earlier marriage At no time did she mention her earlier marriage La estructura sera: PARTE NEGATIVA + AUXILIAR/BE + SUJETO + (VERBO) (...) I not only heard the car... = Not only did I hear the car... He hasn't once offered to help = Not once has he offered to help You must under no circumstances make jokes...= Under n.c. must you make... No sooner was I in bed,... Hardly we had arrived home,... Seldom have I been to a more terrible movie. neither ... nor... (aadiendo dos ideas negativas juntas) She is neither negative nor clever Neither Regino nor his wife are coming if...then... (resultado lgico) If you hate violence, then you must hate war films If the law has been broken, then the police will arrest you. AS Pgina Comparativo (He is as tall as me) as-clause expresando similaridad o comparacin: He behaved badly, (just) as I thought he would

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as-clause de tiempo: As the police arrived, the crowd began to shout angrily / The crowd began to shout angrily (just) as the police arrived (as = when) as-clause de razn: As Regino is the eldest child, he has to look after the other children ( as = because o since) as-clause de proporcin: As prices rise, (so) the demand for higher wages will increase. ((so) es formal y se puede omitir. As = over the same period of time that ...) as-clause como clauses de comentario: As everyone knows, taxes are unpopular / Everyone knows that taxes are unpopular As if /as though (conjunciones subordinantes): expresan comparacin con algo que puede ser verdadero o imaginario: It looks as if the weather is improving (it may be true) She treats me as if she hated me (it may be unreal) As well (adverbio) significa lo mismo que too (= tambin) The food is good here. Yes, and the prices are reasonable, as well As well as (preposicin) ( = adems de / 'in addition to') As well as being an actor, he was a writer. Than introduce una frase comparativa: She is more intelligent than (she is) beautiful (adjective) She drives more quickly than she should (adverb) I would rather + verb + .... than ......: I'd rather play soccer than tennis Rather tan + verb: I'd prefer to play soccer, rather than play tennis Different than Other than Like como conjuncin (slo informal) It looks like it is going to rain (inf. EEUU) Preposicin like + pronombre / frase nominal Conjuncin as + frase If introduce una condicin (algo que puede o no suceder, dependiendo de las circunstancias) As if Even if If I were you... If only A = I wish A Unless = if ...not ... (cuando introduce una excepcin sea lo que se declare en la frase principal) Unless you take more care, you'll have an accident Unless if....not... en oraciones condicionales de would (have) (significado irreal): You would be our best player if you weren't so lazy Unless if....not... en if = whether: She promised to let me know if she was not coming Unless if....not... cuando la condicin negativa est en la mente de alguien: I will be really surprised if they don't come to the meeting (al)though expresa contraste entre dos ideas. La conjuncin though es una forma acortada de although (suele ir al principio y though en medio): Although the weather is bad, we are enjoying ourselves / We are enjoying ourselves (al)though the weather is bad . Though como adverbio (informal) va al final de la oracin: I quite like studying English. It`s hard work, though.

Pgina